Strategic Litigation

Arif Bulkan and Tracy Robinson provide a legal commentary that challenges modern-day public policy making in the Anglophone Caribbean to build more gender just societies by rejecting longstanding colonial criminal codes steeped in racial, sexual and gendered discrimination. The commentary presents the work of the UWI Rights Advocacy Project (U-RAP), an outreach activity of the Faculty of Law at the UWI, a project focussed on promoting social justice and human rights in the Anglophone Caribbean through the use of strategic litigation as an advocacy tool for gender justice. This paper explores the work of the project in the territories of Guyana and Belize to secure the rights of sexual minorities.

Este artículo analiza la manera en que las organizaciones feministas guatemaltecas han intervenido en la construcción de memoria histórica y obtención de justicia por delitos de violencia sexual y esclavitud doméstica durante el conflicto armado interno. Se toma el caso de Sepur Zarco como ejemplo de un proceso organizativo que incluyó la creación de espacios para que las mujeres indígenas rompieran el silencio sobre estos delitos, así como la participación como querellantes en un proceso penal por delitos de lesa humanidad. Estas intervenciones dieron como resultado no sólo darles visibilidad a estos abusos, especialmente ante una sociedad sexista y racista que estigmatiza a las víctimas, sino también reconocer la responsabilidad del Estado en la comisión de estos delitos y determinar reparaciones integrales. A pesar de los resultados positivos, se requiere la continuación de este trabajo para lograr la creación de efectivas
garantías de no repetición que desmantelen los sistemas de opresión tan enraizados en la sociedad guatemalteca.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el uso de la función consultiva de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CorteIDH) para suprajudicializar la megapolítica.

Argumentamos que la solicitud del gobierno costarricense ejemplifica la posibilidad de activar  la función consultiva de la CorteIDH con fines estratégicos.

Se configuraría una nueva tipología de procesos judiciales estratégicos, de los cuales el litigio estratégico sería la vía de uso frecuente –función contenciosa de la CorteIDH–
y la consulta estratégica - función consultiva de la CorteIDH- por las limitaciones de su objeto y las condiciones de legitimación activa, la excepción.

This genealogy of the “right to truth” explores the ambivalence of this new concept in international legal discourse. It argues that although various distinct mobilizations have coalesced around the idea of a “right to truth” as a resource to reform international law, the competition around its parameters has
also acted as a constraint for certain truth activists.
Given the diversity of interests at play, the institutionalization process of the “right to truth” before various bodies reveals strategies of alignment and misalignment among truth entrepreneurs that may reinforce or undermine each other’s cause. Although all these visions of the “right to truth” are presently celebrated as “complementary”, the advent of this multifaceted legal category thus conceals a range of conflicts around conceptions of justice and more generally, the social and political priorities given to the treatment of mass atrocities.

El peritaje histórico-geográfico del caso aquí expuesto, incluyó pruebas de archivos históricos con distintos peritajes, como fue el peritaje antropológico sobre la continuidad histórica de las prácticas culturales Ch’orti’. El caso sobre el Común de los Ch’orti’ de Jocotán obtuvo el dictamen favorable a las comunidades Ch”orti” y la administración de sus territorios: la recuperación más grande de tierras comunales hasta la fecha, que también logró parar el desarrollo del proyecto hidroeléctrico Las Tres Niñas S.A. La revista Territorios presenta esta parte para exponer el proceso histórico Ch’orti’ de luchar por la seguridad jurídica sobre sus tierras ancestrales.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il diritto internazionale e le cause pilota contro la discriminazione dei Rom. -2. Strategie di successo: i vizi processuali. -3. Il valore della caparbietà: insistere, insistere, insistere! -4. Strategie probatorie: dimostrare l'esistenza di fenomeni sistemici. -5. Rom e cause pilota in Europa occidentale: il caso italiano.

El domingo 8 de julio de 2018 se cumplieron 10 años de la sentencia de fondo dictada por la CSJN en la causa "Mendoza, Beatriz y otro c/ Estado Nacional y ots. s/ Daños y Perjuicios" (causa M.1569.XL). Además de ser el litigio estructural más complejo de la República Argentina, es importante tener en cuenta que "Mendoza" representa la judicialización de una problemática ambiental y social muy profunda que tiene sus más remotos antecedentes a comienzos del siglo XIX.

El presente artículo reflexiona acerca de los modelos de regulación del aborto en el mundo, el debate sobre la modificación del marco legal en el Perú, los estándares internacionales sobre el uso de procesos constitucionales para el acceso a los servicios de aborto en supuestos permitidos por las leyes nacionales, y se esbozan ideas sobre la posibilidad de ampliar las causales permitidas por vía procesal constitucional.

This paper looks at the use of litigation as a means to pressurise governments to change public policies in the interest of a social movement. It specifically looks at the legal opportunities that EU law provides. The paper decides on what makes this strategy successful by looking at the struggle of British women for equal pay during the eighties. Finally, it assesses the risks and benefits of using EU Law based litigation as a strategy to achieve desired change.

This report examines strategic litigation in the area of sex discrimination law, both at the national and at the EU level. ‘Strategic litigation’ describes the employment of litigation strategies to elicit social, legal or policy change and is often carried out by civil society organisations and/or lawyers as a form of activism. In the realm of gender equality, this approach has been used both at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and at the national level.

Both legal and extra-legal factors contribute to the success of strategic litigation. This report aims to determine such factors, focusing on the area of sex discrimination law in the ambit of the six EU gender equality directives and including best-practice examples. The area of research includes both the national level (Chapter 2), and the EU level (Chapter 3). The main purpose of the report is to provide insights regarding the necessary steps to stimulate and support gender equality strategic litigation. It draws on questionnaires given to 31 national legal gender experts of the European Equality Law Network.

The report was published by the EU Commission and the European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination Strategic litigation in EU gender equality law (EELN)

Balance macondiano del reciclaje en Colombia: han ganado los hijos de un presidente, alcaldes populistas, multinacionales oportunistas, bodegueros, industriales y burócratas. Los recicladores lo han perdido todo: ni formalización ni autonomía.

Comment comprendre la tendance qu’on observe aujourd’hui chez diverses associations de se tourner vers l’action en justice pour promouvoir des causes multiples, tels que la défense des droits fondamentaux, la protection de l’environnement ou la lutte contre la pauvreté ? Quel sens revêt pour ces associations le recours aux tribunaux ? Sans contester les limites et les risques d’effet pervers que comporte ce type de stratégie, nous entendons montrer, dans cette contribution, comment et en quoi, dans certaines circonstances, l’engagement dans une action en justice peut constituer un moyen pour des acteurs de la société civile de participer à la vie politique. Nous visons par-là une participation à la définition, à la transformation et à la mise en œuvre des normes et principes qui régissent les rapports entre individus et entre groupes au sein d’une collectivité politique.

Nous commencerons par quelques clarifications conceptuelles. Les recours engagés par des associations en vue de défendre une cause relevant de leur objet social sont souvent qualifiés de « contentieux stratégique », traduction de l’anglais strategic litigation. Il nous semble que cette expression, importée des États-Unis, n’est que partiellement adaptée à la réalité juridique et judiciaire belge. Nous lui préférons celle, plus large, de « mobilisations judiciaires ». (I) Dans une seconde partie, nous développerons la thèse selon laquelle le recours en justice peut constituer une forme de participation politique. Nous soutiendrons que cette dimension politique s’observe au moins sur trois plans : celui de la motivation des associations à agir en justice, des modalités de construction du recours et des modes particuliers de prise de parole qu’offre à ces acteurs l’instance judiciaire. (II)

Litigation PR takes place in the tension between media and law. By comparing the "legal" and the media framework conditions in the U.S. and Germany, the question, whether litigation PR practiced in the U.S. can be transferred to Germany, can be clarified. The paper describes relevant features of U.S. law and the U.S. media, which are crucial for the development and the characteristics of litigation PR. These are on the one hand class actions, punitive-damages, pretrial discoveries and the jury system and -on the other hand -special interest channels and journalistic standards of the U.S. media. This analysis is being contrasted with similar aspects of German law and German media -lay judges, accumulation of litigants and competitive situation among German media. Finally, the article works out the vast differences and answers the here questioned transferability.

The paper sets out to establish a basis for research into the role of litigation involving business entities as part of the larger project of regulating business activity for sustainability. The paper frames the wave of climate litigation against companies in domestic courts alongside the expanding practice of domestic legal actions against business alleging human rights abuses. Drawing on case law databases, the paper develops a taxonomy of litigation involving business entities, across fields of litigation normally fragmented by legal regime and jurisdiction. Based on the substance of these cases, the paper identifies four broad categories of litigation - biosphere violations, eco-human toxicity, predation, and corporate lawfare – and describes the main dimensions in each category. The substance of these cases reflect attempts to enforce legal standards of sustainability against business entities or, in the case of corporate lawfare, to challenge attempts to corporate accountability for their impacts on people and the planet. The paper suggests that by framing the substance of these cases as part of a set of cases involving business entities, we may better understand the place of litigation in general, and counter corporate litigation in particular, as a legal tool in the development of regulation designed to secure sustainability. The paper is a result of research conducted as part of the project Sustainable Market Actors and Responsible Trade (SMART, EU Horizon 2020) Faculty of Law, University of Oslo.

The worldwide wave of demonstrations that started in 2011 had a specific resonance in Europe. The protests in Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece and more recently, France, represent a milestone for the debates on the democratic characteristics of the European Union and the role of economic institutions in shaping political decisions. The critique of austerity measures and curtailing of social rights is nowadays at the core of the claims of social movements, especially following the impoverishing effects of the " one size fits all " policies proposed by international institutions and the so-called " Troika ". Since then, the academic and activist debates are trying to understand the multiple meanings of these struggles and also the movements' strategies in this context. Significant scholarship has been already produced in this matter, however it does not fully explain the role and the progressive potential of activist lawyers in their cooperation with social movements in the frame of these struggles. The paper focus mainly in two examples of contestation and legal strategies of social actors against austerity in Europe, namely the legal confrontation during the peak of the Portuguese crisis (2011) and the social mobilizations against the labor law and " its world " in France (2016). By doing so, the aim of my input is to highlight complex relations between movements, lawyers and courts, also applying the concept of mobilization of rights not only as analytical tool but also as an impulse for the activist practice of lawyering and strategic litigation.

reSuMo O artigo examina o uso de estratégias judiciais nas lutas contra os trans-gênicos no Brasil. O objetivo é entender os mecanismos que levam essas organizações a buscarem no judiciário uma forma de influenciar em deci-sões políticas. Argumentamos que a constituição deste tipo de estratégia deve entendida a partir da observação das razões que levam organizações a recorrerem à ação judicial. Nesse sentido analisamos que em certos aspec-tos o apelo ao judiciário revela uma limitação das possibilidades de entendi-mento via espaços de participação e deliberação. Além disso, evidenciamos que o litígio estratégico, nesse conflito, ocorre de formas distintas: por um lado, refere-se ao conteúdo da questão proposta judicialmente e, por outro, à preservação do espaço de participação e atuação das organizações. Palavras-chave: Litígio estratégico. Movimentos sociais. Transgênicos. Democracia. aBStract The article examines the use of legal strategies in the struggle against GMOs in Brazil. The goal is to understand the mechanisms that lead these organizations to seek justice in a way to influence policy decisions. We argue that the constitution of this type of strategy is understood from the observation of the reasons why organizations to resort to legal action. In this sense we analyze that in certain respects the appeal to the judiciary reveals a limitation of the possibilities of understanding via spaces for participation and deliberation. In addition, it noted that the strategic litigation, this conflict occurs in different ways: on the one hand, refers to the content of the question posed in court and, second, the preservation of space for participation and performance of organizations.

The Italian Court of Cassation has decided that same-sex marriages entered into abroad cannot be registered in Italy because of their unfitness to produce effects - no longer because of their purported "non-existence". The European Court of Human Rights has radically overcome the approach that a difference of gender between the parties to the marriage is a prerequisite. The decision of the Court of Cassation maintains continuity with the previous decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court and may be seen as an example of what Lawrence Friedman defined as "disruption through court".
Xenia Chiaramonte, A case of creative disruption: the Italian Court of Cassation rules on same-sex marriage [Gay rights - Same-sex couples - Same-sex marriage - Registration]

La Corte di Cassazione stabilisce che il matrimonio fra gay contratto all’estero non è trascrivibile in Italia per inidoneità a produrre effetti, non più per inesistenza. La CEDU ha radicalmente superato la concezione secondo cui la diversità di sesso dei nubendi è presupposto indispensabile per il matrimonio. La decisione è in linea di continuità con le precedenti pronunce della Corte Costituzionale e può essere vista come un esempio di ciò che Lawrence Friedman ha definito "disgregazione realizzata attraverso i tribunali".

O artigo analisa interações entre os movimentos sociais e as instituições jurídicas com o objetivo de observar efeitos gerados pelo uso do litígio como estratégia de ação coletiva em conflitos ambientais. A partir de dados empíricos e tendo em vista o debate teórico da Legal Mobilization Theory, apresentamos uma caracterização de tipos de efeitos: efeitos que alteram ou incrementam os próprios processos de mobilização social e efeitos sobre as instituições. Argumentamos que a adoção de estratégias judiciais produz implicações importantes sobre processos de mobilização social e de mudança institucional. As análises foram elaboradas a partir dos achados de duas pesquisas que investigaram o uso da Ação Civil Pública em conflitos ambientais. Uma levantou dados de conflitos ambientais em geral no Estado de Espírito Santo e na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e outra levantou dados da Campanha por um Brasil Livre de Transgênicos.

Palavras-chave : Mobilização do direito; Movimentos sociais; Ambientalismo; Justiça ambiental; Transgênicos; Litígio estratégico; Ação Civil Pública.

Este artículo analiza las estrategias de adjudicación utilizadas en Argentina y Brasil en dos casos estructurales de restauración socioambiental: el caso de la cuenca MatanzaRiachuelo (CMR), en Argentina, y el derivado del colapso de la presa de relaves Fundão en la cuenca Rio Doce (CRD), en Brasil. Nos interesa reflexionar sobre los efectos de creación, coordinación y desbloqueo, creación de nuevas políticas públicas y el efecto deliberativo o participativo, producido a partir de la intervención del Poder Judicial en el caso argentino y del Ministerio Público en el brasileño. En definitiva, el artículo intenta revelar cómo, a través de mecanismos deliberativos, el poder judicial puede intervenir en este tipo casos sin exceder el umbral de sus funciones y, al mismo tiempo, obtener buenos resultados. Los casos estudiados evidencian, asimismo, oportunidades regionales de aprendizaje mutuo entre vecinos con problemáticas análogas e instituciones con desafíos semejantes.

La decisión de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en el caso “F.A.L.s/ medida autosatisfactiva” marcó un punto de inflexión en la interpretación correcta de la regulación del aborto por causales en Argentina, al leer el artículo 86 del Código Penal argentino a la luz de la Constitución Nacional y los Tratados Internacionales de Derechos Humanos. En esa sentencia, la Corte estableció que las mujeres tienen derecho a la interrupción legal del embarazo en los casos de peligro para la vida, peligro para la salud, y en caso de violencia sexual. Sin embargo, la violencia institucional ejercida tanto desde los efectores de salud como los operadores judiciales aún perdura, limitanto el acceso a ese derecho para las mujeres, niñas y adolescentes del país.

Este documento analiza a las dinámicas de la judicialización de casos en distintas jurisdicciones de Argentina del periodo marzo de 2012 - diciembre de 2014 para identificar las resistencias, oportunidades y nudos problemáticos que susbsisten luego de la decisión de la Corte Suprema, con el objetivo de explorar posibles estrategias de incidencia que contribuyan a mejorar el acceso al derecho al aborto.

The Bay Checkerspot Butterfly reached its threatened status largely as a result of habitat loss through development. The species now benefits from the habitat pro- tection powers of the Endangered Species Act, yet the biggest new hazard to the survival of remaining Bay Checkerspot Butterfly populations may come from atmos- pheric nitrogen deposition. Driven by combustion and agricultural emissions, such deposition is an important cause of change in ecosystem structure and function, including potentially critical changes in the remaining Bay Checkerspot Butterfly habitat. We use the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly case to examine whether the Endan- gered Species Act, as it currently stands, is capable of protecting endangered species from the newly appreciated, remote-origin threat of nitrogen deposition. We employ legal analysis that builds on relevant case law to determine whether the limitations on harmful activities as set by sections 7 and 9 of the Endangered Species Act can be applied to the emissions that cause nitrogen deposition. As part of the analysis, we juxtapose our case with a similar case that has become quite salient in recent discus- sions of conservation law: the case for using the Endangered Species Act to help control greenhouse gas emissions.
Our findings leave us cautiously optimistic that the take and jeopardy prohibi- tions of the Endangered Species Act could be fruitfully leveraged against existing federal and state air quality and emission control programs to help improve the protection of nitrogen-sensitive species and ecosystems.

Este artigo analisa a origem social da controvérsia constitucional do aborto no Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil, assim como a vinculação do STF com a demanda social durante seu processo decisório e na sua jurisprudência neste campo. O artigo estuda a construção social das demandas judiciais que, em 2004, converteram o Tribunal na primeira corte constitucional da América Latina a processar uma demanda constitucional feminista sobre liberalização da lei do aborto, e que, em 2017, tornaram-no o primeiro tribunal constitucional na região a processar um pedido de legalização do aborto no primeiro trimestre de gestação. Com isso, analisa-se como o STF implementou novas formas de interação com organizações sociais motivadas por essas demandas e como sua jurisprudência incorporou o enquadramento das demandantes.

This article outlines the challenge of statelessness in Kenya and proceeds to focus on two seminal cases filed by the Nubian community against the Kenyan state: one before the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the other at the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Attention then turns to Kenya's transitional justice agenda and its interaction with the plight of stateless persons in Kenya. Through the experiences of the Nubian, Makonde and Shona communities, the article also explores the role of community-led activism in furthering the cause of ending statelessness in Kenya. It concludes with key lessons to be learned from utilising litigation, transitional justice and community-led activism as part of the struggle for the rights of stateless persons in Kenya. It relies on desk-review and research of the Nubian cases, Kenya's truth commission report and other official inquires, civil society reports, the 2010 Constitution and related laws.

TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANCAIS: L'apport du contentieux, de la justice transitionnelle et de l'activisme communautaire à l'éradication de l'apatridie au Kenya: réflexion à partir des cas des communautés nubienne, makonde et shona

This ReSOMA brief explores some options for strategic litigation and advocacy to stop and prevent the criminalisation of migration and wider policing of humanitarianism. It is answering the following questions:

• How can criminalised individuals, civil society organisations frame their claims? What judicial, administrative and democratic accountability venues are available to them at the EU level?

• Which are other international and regional venues that have been or could be used to highlight the shared responsibility of the EU and its Member States for the crackdown on NGOs?

• Are there effective remedies available for judicial harassment, when a criminal prosecution amounts to persecution of civil society?

• What can be done to challenge early signs of policing (suspicion, intimidation and harassment, disciplining on other unrelated administrative offences) before they escalate into a criminal prosecution?

Nutrient pollution of rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries is one of the preeminent water quality issues in the United States today, and poses a significant threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Agricul- tural nonpoint discharges, the runoff of nitrogen and phosphorous from animal manure and chemical fertilizers, are the primary sources of such nutrient pollution.
A pervasive and long-standing problem, nonpoint pollution, nutri- ent and otherwise, has proven to be one of the toughest challenges in contemporary environmental regulation. This situation is significantly attributable to the political and administrative dynamics of fragmented regulatory authority. The power to control such nonpoint discharges re- mains largely beyond the reach of federal Clean Water Act authority, and rests with the states, who have proven to be reluctant regulators.
This Article proposes a new, conceptually different approach to changing the regulatory status quo and tackling the problem of nonpoint nutrient pollution. It draws a roadmap for a strategic leveraging of the Endangered Species Act, particularly Section 9, against individual non- point dischargers and/or their state regulators. It starts with the wide- spread ecological damage from nonpoint nutrient pollution and looks for a regulatory silver lining to the harmful effects that such nutrient pollu- tion is having on threatened and endangered species of aquatic wildlife. The core objective is to show how the strong protections ESA provides for listed wildlife can be leveraged to better protect the broader nutrient- afflicted aquatic ecosystems of which listed species are but one part.

El tercer capítulo, ofrece un análisis interdisciplinario de la acción colectiva de los abogados y abogadas indígenas en Guatemala, que actúan dentro del sistema y que aspiran a su transformación. La acción legal indígena es entendida como una expresión de la resistencia política de los pueblos indígenas, en una sociedad y un Estado marcados por el racismo histórico y estructural. Además, se demuestra cómo los abogados, las abogadas y demás activistas legales que intervienen en el circuito del Derecho occidental, ocupan y ejercen un rol diferenciado de conectores de mundos ante las Cortes. También, se analiza la diversidad de estrategias legales que han implementado y la variedad de medios probatorios empleados para contextualizar los mundos indígenas en los escenarios judiciales. Para este análisis, María Ximena González-Serrano y Lieselotte Viaene realizaron entrevistas virtuales y presenciales con abogados, abogadas, peritos y activistas indígenas de distintas generaciones y procedencias geográficas, triangulando sus testimonios y experiencias de vida con cuerpos de literatura sobre racismo estructural, litigio estratégico, traducción interlegal,  judicialización y juridificación de las políticas indígenas. A su vez, a finales de enero de 2022 las autoras organizaron una mesa de trabajo virtual con los abogados previamente entrevistados, para que ellos pudieran dar su retroalimentación a los resultados de esta investigación.

This Policy Paper is a part of ILGA World’s Treaty Bodies’ Strategic Litigation toolkit. It provides information about the concept, aims and components of strategic litigation in general and on the human rights of LGBTI people specifically. It also contains basic information about Treaty Bodies and their working methods, as well as procedural aspects of bringing individual complaints to the Committees. It presents the analysis of existing Treaty Bodies’ jurisprudence on SOGIESC issues and pending cases, and identifies gaps and opportunities for future developments. Further, it includes six regional-specific sections with background information on LGBTI strategic litigation before Treaty Bodies, as well as evidence, recommendations and thoughts on the topic from activists, lawyers and experts working in the regions. Finally, it contains tables with brief information about Treaty Bodies’ jurisprudence, pending cases and useful resources and contacts. We hope that this publication, as well as the full toolkit, will help LGBTI advocates in different parts of the world to use litigation strategies more effectively and creatively to bring positive changes to their communities.

A lo largo de 7 años, los autores, en el marco del Programa Urbano de UNITAS en Bolivia ha desarrollado procesos de Formación e Intervención Estratégica en DESC que han provisto a cientos de participantes, de importantes oportunidades de aprendizaje técnico y, por su atención en la dimensión subjetiva y emocional de los derechos, constituyeron experiencias intensas de cambio personal y posicionamiento político. El diseño colectivo y solidario de estrategias y los procesos de exigibilidad emprendidos por las propias organizaciones, han logrado resolver varios casos de violación de derechos que no se agotan en sí mismos. Las acciones de politización y articulación también consiguieron cambios de mayor nivel tales como la elaboración participativa de propuestas de marcos normativos y la implementación de políticas públicas que se orientan al cumplimiento de los Derechos Humanos y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible a nivel local y nacional. Los procesos de formación participativa propuestos en esta guía ponen a disposición una serie de herramientas teóricas y prácticas que se dirigen tanto al intercambio y construcción de conocimientos como a la motivación y generación de voluntades que fundamenten las acciones orientadas al cambio individual y colectivo buscando hacer de los ODS objetivos exigibles y alcanzables por medio de la acción concreta de las comunidades en la búsqueda de satisfacción de sus necesidades en ámbitos urbanos

The European Commission has added the issue of Strategic Lawsuit(s) against Public Participation (SLAPP or SLAPPs) onto its legislative agenda for 2021. In particular, the European Democracy Action Plan targets SLAPP phenomenon.2 This study aims to shed light on the legal environment of SLAPP in the European Union and its Member States. This includes an overview of the legislative environment and court practices relevant to SLAPP. The study also analyses specific cases of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the context of SLAPP. Moreover, an assessment is made of how democracy, the rule of law, and fundamental rights are interconnected with the issue of SLAPP.

herald a new era for climate change litigation. The Dutch court broke new ground in finding that Royal Dutch Shell ("RDS") holds a legal obligation to play its part in combating climate change. It ordered the fossil fuel giant to reduce the CO2 emissions resulting from its global operations by net 45% by 2030 compared to 2019 levels, thereby establishing a reduction obligation similar to the one imposed upon the Dutch state in the Urgenda case. The climate campaigners behind the case rightly welcomed the verdict as a 'historic victory'.

Este capítulo caracteriza la segregación horizontal de los mercados laborales como una violación al derecho al trabajo y analiza cómo la utilización del litigio estratégico y otras herramientas de movilización legal pueden combatir o compartamentalizar estas situaciones de injustica estructural. El recorrido comienza con una definición de la segregación horizontal (que a menudo es concebida únicamente en términos económicos) desde una perspectiva jurídico-laboral, como una pieza central del derecho al trabajo. Luego, se exploran los leading case en la materia en Argentina. Finalmente, el capítulo traza algunas coordenadas acerca del marco global de la discusión: los debates sobre un derecho del trabajo en clave feminista-sindical para el siglo XXI.