Stomatal Index

The sensitivities of benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and Li/Ca to bottom water temperature and carbonate saturation state have recently been assessed. Here we present a new approach that uses paired Mg/Ca and Li/Ca records to calculate simultaneous changes in temperature and saturation state. Using previously published records, we first use this approach to document a cooling of deep ocean waters associated with the establishment of the Antarctic ice sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition. We then apply this approach to new records of the Middle Miocene Climate Transition from ODP Site 761 to estimate variations in bottom water temperature and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. We estimate that the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater varied by ∼1‰ between the deglacial extreme of the Miocene Climatic Optimum and the glacial maximum following the Middle Miocene Climate Transition, indicating large amplitude variations in ice volume. However, the longer-term change between 15.3 and 12.5 Ma is marked by a ∼1°C cooling of deep waters, and an increase in the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater of ∼0.6‰. We find that bottom water saturation state increased in the lead up to the Middle Miocene Climate Transition and decreased shortly after. This supports decreasing pCO 2 as a driver for global cooling and ice sheet expansion, in agreement with existing boron isotope and leaf stomatal index CO 2 records but in contrast to the published alkenone CO 2 records.

O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Capão dos Óleos, município de Coqueiral, Minas Gerais, de 2009 a 2011, objetivando verificar as modificações na anatomia foliar em cafeeiros implantados, com o uso de polímero hidrorretentor. Para tanto coletaram-se folhas para posterior avaliação da anatomia foliar, de plantas oriundas de diferentes tratamentos (diluições, doses e locais de aplicação de polímero hidrorretentor hidratado). O experimento constou do delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 4x3x2 mais 1 tratamento adicional, com quatro repetições, perfazendo um total de 25 tratamentos (100 parcelas). Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro doses do polímero hidrorretentor, diluídas em 400 litros de água (0,5 kg, 1,0 kg, 1,5 kg e 2,0 kg) no primeiro fator; três volumes do polímero hidrorretentor previamente diluído (1,0 litro, 1,5 litro e 2,0 litros) aplicados por planta, no segundo fator; dois locais de aplicação (misturado na cova de plantio ou colocado em uma cova lateral das mudas plantadas) no terceiro fator; e um tratamento adicional, como testemunha, sem a utilização do polímero hidrorretentor. Coletaram-se folhas para avaliação das seguintes características anatômicas: espessura do floema, diâmetro dos vasos do xilema, número dos vasos do xilema, relação entre o diâmetro polar e equatorial dos estômatos, índice estomático de plantas, densidade estomática de plantas, espessura do parênquima paliçádico e espessura do parênquima esponjoso. Modificações anatômicas que favorecem as relações hídricas das plantas estão presentes em algumas dessas, após 24 meses da implantação de cafeeiros com a aplicação de polímero hidrorretentor. Termos para indexação: Coffea arabica L., microscopia óptica, estresse hídrico, hidrogel, implantação de lavouras.

Nas principais areas brasileiras de cultivo de cafe arabica longos periodos sem chuvas sao frequentemente observados. A seca e considerada como o principal fator limitante para o cultivo de cafe nessas areas. As condicoes de seca afetam o crescimento e produtividade da cultura, em parte, atraves de reducoes na taxa de assimilacao liquida de carbono (A), seja por um efeito direto da desidratacao sobre o aparato fotossintetico ou em decorrencia do efeito indireto do fechamento dos estomatos. Assim, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estudar o impacto da nutricao nitrogenada e do deficit hidrico sobre as trocas gasosas em mudas de cafe arabica. Para avaliar as trocas gasosas em condicoes de deficit hidrico e de nitrogenio cinco cultivares de cafe arabica foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: N-suficiente (+N, 5,0 mmol L-1 N-NO3-) sem deficit hidrico, N-suficiente (+N, 5,0 mmol L-1 N-NO3-) com deficit hidrico (-1,5 MPa) e N-deficiente (-N, 0,0 mmol L-1 N-NO3-) sem deficit hidrico, em ...

Se determinó el efecto de la salinidad del agua de riego sobre el índice estomático, la densidad estomática y el espesor de la lámina foliar de plantas de lechosa (Carica papaya L.). Se evaluaron hojas ubicadas en el sexto nudo en sentido basípeto. Las plantas sometidas a los tratamientos a cuatro concentraciones de salinidad, ajustados a conductividades eléctricas de 0,001; 2; 4 y 8 dS m -1 , presentaron un descenso tanto del índice como de la densidad estomática, 17,4 a 14,1 y de 399,2 a 265,2 estomas mm -2 , respectivamente y un incremento del espesor de la lámina foliar de 1,17 a 2,13 µm, lo que podría considerarse como una respuesta morfogenética que permitió contrarrestar los efectos negativos de las sales. Estos valores pueden ser importantes para la eficiencia del uso del agua y para la tolerancia de la planta al estrés salino.

Se determinó el efecto de la salinidad del agua de riego sobre el índice estomático, la densidad estomática y el espesor de la lámina foliar de plantas de lechosa (Carica papaya L.). Se evaluaron hojas ubicadas en el sexto nudo en sentido basípeto. Las plantas sometidas a los tratamientos a cuatro concentraciones de salinidad, ajustados a conductividades eléctricas de 0,001; 2; 4 y 8 dS m -1 , presentaron un descenso tanto del índice como de la densidad estomática, 17,4 a 14,1 y de 399,2 a 265,2 estomas mm -2 , respectivamente y un incremento del espesor de la lámina foliar de 1,17 a 2,13 µm, lo que podría considerarse como una respuesta morfogenética que permitió contrarrestar los efectos negativos de las sales. Estos valores pueden ser importantes para la eficiencia del uso del agua y para la tolerancia de la planta al estrés salino.

A gas vents area was recently localized in Central Italy. The gas emitted from the vents is composed by 92 ~o of carbon dioxide and this produces an anomaly in the composition of the atmosphere over an area of about 2 ha. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was measured by means of an infrared gas analyzer and diffusion tubes in several points and for some days within the area. Measurements revealed that the site can be at least divided into three sub-areas having increasing CO2 concentration in the air. A preliminary analysis of natural vegetation in the area was conducted by counting stomatal and epidermal cells number and measuring guard cell size on leaves of several oak trees growing both near and far away from the vents. This analysis suggested that elevated CO2 may have reduced the size of guard cells leaving stomatal density and stomatal index unaltered.

Leaf stomatal density (SD), net photosynthetic rates (P N), and stomatal conductance (g s) of Hordeum vulgare and Pisum sativum cultivars in Himalaya increased with altitude. Higher P N and leaf temperature under low CO 2 partial pressure at high altitudes could evoke a higher g s and SD to allow sufficient influx of CO 2 as well as more efficient leaf cooling through transpiration.

The predicted enhancement of air [CO2] and of global climate changes in this century, linked, e.g., to increased temperatures, appear as a risk factor for coffee crop according to it agroclimatic zoning. However, after exposure to long-term adverse conditions, plants may trigger acclimation/tolerance mechanisms. Furthermore, the positive impact of the enhanced [CO2] on the photosynthetic metabolism (and absence of down regulation) might help to mitigate the effects of high temperature on the coffee plant, which was never characterized for Coffea sp.. Therefore, this study aims at linking the physiological and biochemical responses of coffee to temperature and [CO2] changes IX Simposio de Pesquisa dos Cafes do Brasil 24 a 26 de junho de 2015, Curitiba PR using the photosynthetic metabolism as probe to evaluate the acclimation and tolerance of the plant. For that, Coffea arabica L. cv. IPR 108 plants were grown for one year at 25/20 oC (day/night) and under controlled conditions (temp...

Se determinó el tamaño y la densidad de los estomas en 20 poblaciones de Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart. ex. Pfeiff.) Console para saber si la posición del segmento de la rama y la distribución geográfica modifican el tipo, densidad y tamaño de los estomas. Se recolectaron 49 muestras en los Estados

Se evaluaron dos formas de riego localizado sobre el crecimiento y producción de la berenjena (Solanum melongena L.). Las plantas fueron cultivadas en bolsas de polietileno y regadas con cinta de goteo (T0) ó riego subterráneo (T1) utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones y 14 plantas por unidad experimental. Con el sistema de cinta de goteo se obtuvo mayor altura de planta (53,08 vs. 45,93 cm) y mayor rendimiento (2388 vs. 1882 g•m-2) que en el sistema de riego subterráneo. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al número de hojas (11,58 vs. 11,51) al final del ensayo, 85 días después de la siembra (dds).

• Stomatal index values of fossil plants are widely used in reconstructing palaeo-[CO 2 ]. This depends upon the assumption that the stomatal index is determined by the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 ([CO 2 ]). This study investigates whether fumigation with, and resistance to, sulphur dioxide (SO 2) induces a reduction in the stomatal index that may affect stomatal reconstructions of palaeo-[CO 2 ] coinciding with episodes of global-scale volcanism. • Agrostis canina from Mefite di Ansanto, Italy, grow in atmospheres of elevated-[CO 2 ], SO 2 and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S). Mefite A. canina were compared with a control population in a 'common-garden' experiment and a controlled-environment study under elevated-[CO 2 ] and SO 2 fumigation. • In A. canina, resistance to toxic volcanic gases is not associated with reduced stomatal index, and fumigation with SO 2 does not cause a decrease in stomatal initiation. The two populations of A. canina analyzed in this study exhibit different stomatal index-[CO 2 ] 'responses', with control plants showing a reduction in stomatal index and Mefite plants showing no response. • Stomatal reconstructions of palaeo-[CO 2 ] during past episodes of global-scale volcanism probably reflect atmospheric [CO 2 ] and not [SO 2 ]. The lack of a reduction in the stomatal index in response to elevated [CO 2 ] in the Mefite plants, suggests that resistance to toxic gases and ⁄ or long-term growth at high [CO 2 ] reduces, or negates, sensitivity of the stomatal index-[CO 2 ] relationship, or that stomatal index-[CO 2 ] in the Mefite plants is attuned to [CO 2 ] fluctuations at much higher concentrations.

Se evaluaron dos formas de riego localizado sobre el crecimiento y producción de la berenjena (Solanum melongena L.). Las plantas fueron cultivadas en bolsas de polietileno y regadas con cinta de goteo (T0) ó riego subterráneo (T1) utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones y 14 plantas por unidad experimental. Con el sistema de cinta de goteo se obtuvo mayor altura de planta (53,08 vs. 45,93 cm) y mayor rendimiento (2388 vs. 1882 g•m-2) que en el sistema de riego subterráneo. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al número de hojas (11,58 vs. 11,51) al final del ensayo, 85 días después de la siembra (dds).

Se determinó el efecto de la salinidad del agua de riego sobre el índice estomático, la densidad estomática y el espesor de la lámina foliar de plantas de lechosa (Carica papaya L.). Se evaluaron hojas ubicadas en el sexto nudo en sentido basípeto. Las plantas sometidas a los tratamientos a cuatro concentraciones de salinidad, ajustados a conductividades eléctricas de 0,001; 2; 4 y 8 dS m-1 , presentaron un descenso tanto del índice como de la densidad estomática, 17,4 a 14,1 y de 399,2 a 265,2 estomas mm-2 , respectivamente y un incremento del espesor de la lámina foliar de 1,17 a 2,13 µm, lo que podría considerarse como una respuesta morfogenética que permitió contrarrestar los efectos negativos de las sales. Estos valores pueden ser importantes para la eficiencia del uso del agua y para la tolerancia de la planta al estrés salino.

Herbarium specimens of Quercus robur L. from 25 localities on the Iberian Peninsula covering the time period from 1901 to 2003 were studied to develop a suitable stomatal index (SI)-atmospheric CO 2 inference model that met the specific demands of the abundant fossil material from this geographical region. Significant SI changes were observed under the atmospheric CO 2 increase since the onset of industrialization, resembling a sigmoidal response. The highly comparable SI response rates of Iberian and Northwest European data sets confirmed that Q. robur has reached its response limit at 330 ppmv, and adaptation of Quercus to changing CO 2 concentration is in principle the same. A 3.5% SI difference between both data sets is likely to be a result of the differences in irradiation level at the high and low latitudes. An adjusted SI-CO 2 calibration data set for the Northern Iberian Peninsula is provided for the CO 2 range from 295 ppmv to 330 ppmv, where the best statistical fit for the CO 2 inference model is achieved when data are restricted to an altitudinal range of 0-1000 m a.s.l. Geographical extension of the model is attained by the incorporation of the month irradiance average (W/m 2) as an independent factor. Additional pore length increase was observed over the same CO 2 range. Usage of the Stomata-Pore Coefficient (proportion of pore length over the Stomatal length) was introduced in order to give a better description of the response of stomatal dimensions to the rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations.

Morphological variability (needles, galbulus) among seven populations of the Juniperus oxycedrus L. species-complex in Algeria. The comparative study of plant polymorphism using plant taxonomic characters is underrated in Algeria, especially for species of the genus Juniperus L. The present work has been realized in order to look out for the existence of phenotypic variability among seven natural populations of Juniperus oxycedrus L. through a descriptive and comparative analysis of the needles, galbulus and stomata. The epidermal surfaces have also been investigated in order to better characterize this species. Twenty-three quantitative and qualitative morphological characters have been studied. The observation and evaluation of macro and micro-morphological characters have been realized with binocular optical and scanning electronic microscopes. The variance analysis showed that the seven studied populations present a considerable morphological diversity at both intra-and inter-po...

The comparative study of plant polymorphism using plant taxonomic characters is underrated in Algeria, especially for species of the genus Juniperus L. The present work has been realized in order to look out for the existence of phenotypic variability among seven natural populations of Juniperus oxycedrus L. through a descriptive and comparative analysis of the needles, galbulus and stomata. The epidermal surfaces have also been investigated in order to better characterize this species. Twenty-three quantitative and qualitative morphological characters have been studied. The observation and evaluation of macro and micromorphological characters have been realized with binocular optical and scanning electronic microscopes. The variance analysis showed that the seven studied populations present a considerable morphological diversity at both intra- nd inter-population levels for the variables needles, galbulus and stomata, while the multivariate analysis allowed to separate all the stud...

Misopates orontium L. is a traditionally used medicinal plant belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. The present research work is focused on pharmacognostic standardization including macroscopic, microscopic evaluation and micrometery of leaf, stem and roots powders of M. orontium. TS observation of leaf, stem and root showed the shape and arrangements of different cells. In conjunction with these observations palisade ratio, stomatal index, vein termination, vein inlet number of leaf were also calculated. Histochemical features were studied by using Phlorogucinol, Conc. HCl, Iodine solution, Ferric chloride and Sudan III solution. These reagents were used to locate the presence of Ca+2 oxalate crystals, lignin, starch, tannins and oil globules, respectively. Powder study of the leaf showed the presence of epidermal cells, diacytic stomata, glandular trichomes and vessels. In stem powder collenchyma, reticulate vessels, fibers, cortex cells with tracheids were observed. While in root powder boarderd and pitted vessels along with the reticulate vessels, cork cells, parenchyma, oil ducts and oil cells were observed. Different colors were observed under ordinary light, short and long wavelength of UV light influorescence analysis. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of whole herb confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, proteins and tannins. All these results obtained will provide guide lines in establishing the quality control parameters which will help in setting down the pharmacopoeial standards for M. orontium L.

Le gisement de Chaldecoste (Loz6re, Sud de la France) est dati de l'Hettangien-Sinimurien. Des rameaux feuillis de Pagiophyllum peregrinum (Lindley et Hutton) Schenk emend. Kendall, Brachyphyllum paparelii Saporta, quelques rares fragments d'Hirmeriella airelensis Muir et van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, des 6cailles ovulifires et des c6nes mfiles ont 6t6 collect6s dans ce gisement. L'itude des cuticules, et plus particuli&ement l'anatomie des appareils stomatiques, a permis d'associer icailles ovulifires et c6nes mfiles de Classostrobus Iozerianus sp. nov., fi l'espice Pagiophyllurn peregrinum. L'6caille ovulifire la mieux conserv6e montre de nombreuses affinitis avec la famille des Cheirolipidiac6es telles qu'un ipimatium, une cuticule double, l'arrangement entre la bract6e et l'6caille ovulifire, ou encore, la pr6sence dans les priparations, de grains de pollen du genre Corollina Malyavkina. Des comparaisons avec des 6cailles ovulif6res de la famille des Cheirol6pidiacies (Hirmeriella airelensis, Hirmeriella muensteri (Schenk) Jung) ont 6t6 r6alis6es. Elles ont montri la nicessiti de crier une nouvelle esp6ce Hirmeriella peregrinum pour le mat6riel du bassin des Causses. De plus, l'association de l'6caille ovulifire avec les rameaux feuillis de Pagiophyllum peregrinum nous amine ~i classer l'esp6ce Pagiophyllum peregrinum dans la famille des Cheirolipidiac6es.

The variations induced by x-irradiation of seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus in xz generation have been studied. Percentage of germination showed a slight increase in treatments at 1 to 3 kR, while at the higher doses there was a gradual decrease in germination. Seedling growth measured at regular intervals of 6 hr up to 96 hr, showed that growth rate was reduced and germination delayed at doses of 8 to 10 kR. Lateral root number and length were not significantly effected by the dosage rate. Total chlorophyll content of leaves was reduced by 50~o at 8 kR treatment, while an increased chlorophyll metabolism was observed at doses of 4 and 7 kR. Increasing dose rate caused a gradual decrease in plant height. Early flowering was induced in 8, 9 and 10 kR treatments, while flowering was delayed in the 5 and 6 kR treated samples. Average pod length did not show significant variations between the different dose rates as was also the stomatal index. Increased seed weight was observed in samples treated above 8 kR.

Las hojas de la lima Tahití (C. latifolia Tanaka) son anfiestomáticas y la formación de los estomas parece cesar cuando la lámina foliar alcanza aproximadamente una cuarta parte del tamaño definitivo de este órgano. A fin de evaluar el efecto de ocho patrones cítricos sobre el número e índice estomático (NEST-IE), se colectaron cuatro hojas por planta de las ramascon crecimiento secundario del tercio medio de la copa de lima Tahití y se fijaron en FAA 70 % (Alcohol etílico: Acido acético: Formol); posteriormente se realizaron preparaciones semi-permanentes de aclarados de segmentos epidérmicos de ambas superficies y en los tercios apicales, medios y basales de la lámina. La tinción se realizó con verde malaquita y el montaje con agua- glicerina (1:1). Las observaciones se realizaron con un microscopio Olympus Bx40 y con objetivo de 400X. Para el análisis se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones y ocho tratamientos. Los resultados señalan que los valore...

Pax, and D. rotundata Poir. are the major species cultivated in this country. Previous studies on anatomical research of the genus Dioscorea have been concentrated mostly on quantitative morphometrics, while broad foliar anatomical studies, especially qualitative features of this crop receive little attention. Therefore, using qualitative and quantitative characteristic features in the anatomical study will be more detailed; ditto this study aimed at improving the anatomical and taxonomic knowledge to broaden evolutionary information of the cultivated Dioscorea spp. in Nigeria. Four major cultivated Dioscorea species' leaf and petiole anatomical features were evaluated, focusing on epidermis histology using transverse sections. Qualitative features were observed under a light microscope, while quantitative data were subject to mean separation using One-Way ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The cultivars and species studied had hypostomatic leaves with similar stoma types. Only D. dumetorum had distinct unicellular trichomes and lacked raphides, while the wing character of D. alata is a distinguishing feature for the species. PCA showed that stomata area (mm 2) is an important characteristic feature in the anatomical study of yam; also, D. alata, D. cayenensis, and D. rotundata were closely related. The D. rotundata had the highest value for stomata quantitative characteristic features.

Pavonia senegalensis (Cav.) Liestner (Malvaceae) is a plant used in African Traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to carry out pharmacognostic studies and HPLC fingerprinting on the leaves of P. senegalensis for standardization purposes. Macroscopic, organoleptic, microscopic and physico-chemical evaluation were carried out on the leaf of the plant. The diagnostic microscopic features of the leaf include anomocytic stomata, unicellular covering stellate trichomes, polygonal epidermal cells with beaded anticlinal walls. The powdered leaves under light microscope showed the presence of numerous unicellular covering trichomes and clusters of rosette calcium oxalate crystals with groups of epidermal and parenchyma cells. The physico-chemical characteristics determined are total ash 10.53 %, acid-insoluble ash 4.83 %, moisture content 7.26 %, water-soluble and alcohol soluble-extractive 15.15 and 12.25 % respectively. The presence of heavy metals determined in the leaves of P. senegalensis were zinc and lead which were 0.24 and 4.00 mgkg-1 respectively while cadmium, arsenic and mercury were not detected. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous ethanol leaf extract of P. senegalensis showed the presence of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) and steroids/triterpenes (saponins). The HPLC fingerprints of the aqueous ethanol leaf extract determined under optimized conditions showed 5 peaks with retention times 1.26, 1.56, 2.18, 3.10 and 4.34 mins. The result of this study can be used to evaluate any sample or products labelled as Pavonia senegalensis.

Reducing the uncertainty in predictions of future climate change is one of today’s greatest scientific challenges, with many significant problems unsolved, including the relationship between pCO2 and global temperature. To better constrain these forecasts, it is meaningful to study past time intervals of global warmth, such as the Eocene (56.0–33.9 Ma), serving as climatic analogues for the future. Here we reconstructed pCO2 using the stomatal densities of a large fossil Lauraceae (laurel) leaf database from ten sites across the Eocene of Australia and New Zealand. We show that mostly moderate pCO2 levels of ∼450–600 ppm prevailed throughout the Eocene, levels that are considerably lower than the pCO2 forcing currently needed to recreate Eocene temperatures in climate models. Our data record significantly lower pCO2 than inferred from marine isotopes, but concur with previously published Northern Hemisphere Eocene stomatal proxy pCO2. We argue that the now globally consistent stomat...

A bananeira (Musa spp.) e uma planta de grande expressao economica e social tanto no Brasil como no mundo, com elevado indice de consumo per capita e producao entre as especies frutiferas tropicais. No entanto, a maioria das cultivares de bananas e platanos amplamente cultivadas se caracterizam por serem parcialmente ou completamente estereis e produzirem reduzida quantidade de mudas por meio de metodos convencionais de propagacao, os quais podem ainda ocasionar a disseminacao de pragas e doencas economicamente importantes. Diante desse contexto, a tecnica de micropropagacao representa uma promissora alternativa para a obtencao clonal massal de mudas com certificacao genetica e fitossanitaria. Segundo Silva et al. (2005), uma das dificuldades de sucesso da propagacao vegetativa utilizando a micropropagacao e a transferencia das plantas de um local com condicoes controladas para casas de vegetacao ou outras areas. Isso porque as plantas produzidas in vitro possuem diferencas anatomic...

No processo de micropropagacao de plantas, a etapa de aclimatizacao e, na maioria das vezes, considera limitante e pode ocasionar elevado indice de perdas. Isso porque a transferencia abrupta das plantas de um local com condicoes controladas ( in vitro ) para casa de vegetacao ou telados pode provocar acentuada transpiracao, principalmente dos orgaos aereos, o que tem sido atribuido as alteracoes anatomicas e fisiologicas induzidas pelas condicoes peculiares dos recipientes de cultivo. Alem disso, as folhas e raizes formadas in vitro sao consideradas pouco funcionais, nao garantindo uma satisfatoria taxa fotossintetica e absorcao de agua e nutrientes. Portanto, torna-se imprescindivel submeter as plantas micropropagadas a gradual aclimatizacao, anteriormente o trasplantio para o campo, pois os novos orgaos formados terao essas alteracoes corrigidas.  De acordo com Sandoval et al. (1994), embora as modificacoes induzidas in vitro perdurem ate os primeiros dias apos a transferencia da...

Aim and Objectives: The exploitation, adulteration and substitution of herbs is major hurdle for development of commercial natural products. Thus, the microscopic evaluation is the first step towards standardization of medicinal plant. A leaf from Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook is examined both macroscopically and microscopically in the current study. Materials and Methods: Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook (Asparagaceae) is an indoor ornamental plant. Macroscopic characteristics viz. size and shape, colour, odour and taste were studied. Microscopic evaluations were performed by means of high-resolution microscope. Anatomy of the leaves was examined by following standard method of section cutting. Results: The macroscopic assessment showed that the plant leaves are light to dark green in colour having highly fibrous structure. Stomatal constants of 230, 19.6% stomatal index, 53.34/mm2 vein islet number, and 79.12/mm2 vein termination number were noted in the leaves. Anomocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, xylem fibres, oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. were all revealed in detailed microscopy. Conclusion: The macroscopic and microscopic findings of the Sansevieria cylindrica leaf are applicable for standardization and authentication of plant.

In order to analyze the Land Surface Temperature (LST) in metropolitan area including Seoul, Landsat and MODIS land surface temperature, Automatic Weather Station (AWS) temperature, digital elevation model and landuse are used. Analysis method among the Landsat and MODIS LST and AWS temperature is basic statistics using by correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error and linear regression etc. Statistics of Landsat and MODIS LST are a correlation coefficient of 0.32 and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 4.61 K, respectively. And statistics of Landsat and MODIS LST and AWS temperature have the correlations of 0.83 and 0.96 and the RMSE of 3.28 K and 2.25 K, respectively. Landsat and MODIS LST have relatively high correlation with AWS temperature, and the slope of the linear regression function have 0.45 (Landsat) and 1.02 (MODIS), respectively. Especially, Landsat 5 has lower correlation about 0.5 or less in entire station, but Landsat 8 have a higher correlation of 0.5 or more despite of lower match point than other satellites. Landsat 7 have highly correlation of more than 0.8 in the center of Seoul. Correlation between satellite LSTs and AWS temperature with landuse (urban and rural) have 0.8 or higher. Landsat LST have correlation of 0.84 and RMSE of more than 3.1 K, while MODIS LST have correlation of more than 0.96 and RMSE of 2.6 K. Consequently, the difference between the LSTs by two satellites have due to the difference in the optical observation and detection the radiation generated by the difference in the area resolution.

In a study conducted, we evaluated two fruit trees of their responses to emissions from thermal power plants. The study was conducted in all directions within a perimeter of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 kilometers from thermal power plant. In the study, fluctuations in total chlorophyll, phosphorus, sulphur, total soluble sugars and phenol content in leaves and percentage of leaf damage were studied as response parameters. The resultant data indicates that the degree of response increased with decreasing distance from the source of pollution in relativity to a reference site situated at 15 km. Both the plants exhibited different reactions to the power plant emissions. The sensitivity index calculated was based on the percentage of leaf injury and biochemical parameters. The sensitivity index for Mangifera indica found was 231.3 and that of Sizygium cumini was 250.9. Mangifera indica with a lower sensitivity index was a tolerant species than Sizygium cumini to power plant emissions.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule with diverse biological functions in plants. NO plays a crucial role in growth and development, from germination to senescence, and is also involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In animals, NO is synthesized through well described nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. NOS activity has also been detected in higher plants, but no gene coding for a NOS protein, or for the enzymes required for the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of mammalian NOS activity, have been identified so far. Recently, a NOS gene from the unicellular marine alga Ostreococcus tauri (OtNOS) has been discovered and characterized. Arabidopsis thaliana plants were transformed with OtNOS under the control of the inducible short promoter fragment (SPF) of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Hahb-4 gene, which responds to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid. Transgenic plants expressing OtNOS accumulated higher NO concentration compared ...

Convolvulus arvensis Linn. (Convolvulaceae) was studied to determine the various parameters for pharmacognostical standards. The present investigation deals with the report on macro and microscopical, vein islet and vein termination numbers, palisade ratio, stomatal index (upper and lower surfaces of the leaf) and different chemical parameters. The present study reports some quantitative parameters needed for pharmacognostical quality, which might be helpful for future workers, pharmacologists and herbal practitioners involved in herbal medicines.

, Angela Maria SOARES (UFLA), Nelson DELÚ FILHO (UFLA),José Donizeti ALVES (UFLA), Evaristo Gomes GUERRA NETO(UFLA), Paulo Tácito Guimarães GONTIJO (EPAMIG) RESUMO: Este trabalho faz parte de um programa que tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento fisiológico de sistemas de consórcio de cafeeiros e seringueiras, já implantados em regiões como Varginha, São Sebastião do Paraíso, Guapé e Lavras. Foram realizadas avaliações de plantas de café e seringueira em sistemas de monocultivo e consórcio, através de análise de densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativo, fotossíntese, transpiração, temperatura foliar, condutância estomática, concentração interna de carbono, fluorescência e produtividade, em um sistema instalado há dez anos na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, em Patrocínio-MG. Os sistemas de consórcio utilizados foram os de três e cinco linhas de café (3x1), intercaladas com seringueira (3x4). O delineamento estatístico foi o DBC, sendo para o cafeeiro (Catuaí IAC 99) utilizados nove tratamentos em dois blocos, totalizando quatro plantas por tratamento. Para a seringueira (Clone GT1), foram três blocos com seis plantas cada, onde foram medidos produção de látex, circunferência das plantas e potencial hídrico foliar, os quais não apresentaram variações em função destes sistemas. Para características de trocas gasosas foram utilizadas outras doze plantas de seringueira. O cafeeiro apresentou-se diferenças de fotossíntese, densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos e produtividade tanto nas linhas mais sombreadas quanto na produção, considerando a lavoura, podendo dizer que o sistema consorciado com cinco linhas de café não sofreu influência negativa da seringueira, visto que sua produção foi estatisticamente igual ao de monocultivo, ao contrário do sistema intercalado com três linhas que apresentou produção inferior.

The understanding of the behavior of each cultivar under adverse climatic conditions is important in the choice of plants that best fit the region to be inserted. Due to the large number of cultivars available on the market it makes it difficult for producers to choose which material to plant. In view of the above, this study aimed to know the morphophysiological characteristics of coffee. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 10 treatments, that is, arabic coffee varieties: Catuai IAC62; Catuai IAC99; Ouro IAC4397; Tupi RN IAC1669-13; Obatã IAC1669-20; Mundo Novo IAC379-24; Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2; Mundo Novo SH3 Faz São José; Bourbon IACJ15 and Icatu IAC 2944-11 and with four replications totaling 40 plots, where each plot was composed of seven plants. The Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2 coffee variety shows higher yield in the seventh year of cultivation. Variety of Bourbon IACJ15 coffee presented water use efficiency (EUW) which did not reflect in higher productivity. Th...

Photosynthesis allows plants, through metabolic reactions, to obtain products for their growth and development. Knowledge of and estimating the physiological variables involved in the photosynthetic process can be an advantage in choosing accessions for setting up an orchard. The aim of this study therefore was to evaluate some of the physiological characteristics involved in the photosynthetic process of six commercial accessions of the fig tree. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, comprising six treatments and six replications, giving a total of 36 experimental units. The treatments consisted of the following fig accessions: ‘Roxo de Valinhos’, ‘Palestino’, ‘Figo Vermelho’, ‘PI 189’, ‘Cuello Negro’ and ‘Turco’. The net rate of CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal leaf temperature varied statistically between accessions. Some accessions demonstrated the same performance as ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ for the photosynthetic varia...

Alterações na anatomia de folhas são causadas por diversos fatores ambientais, principalmente a disponibilidade de radiação, podendo causar mudanças na capacidade fotossintética e afetando a produção final. Este trabalho objetivou identificar alterações na estrutura anatômica de folhas de videiras 'Niagara Rosada' e 'Niagara Branca' em três diferentes sistemas de condução: espaldeira (ESP), manjedoura em 'Y' (Y) e manjedoura em 'Y' coberto com plástico (YPLA). Os estudos anatômicos foram realizados em folhas, externas em relação ao dossel, retiradas em três diferentes alturas da planta (superior, mediana e inferior). Para a caracterização anatômica, as amostras foram fixadas em FAA, emblocadas em parafina, seccionadas em micrótomo e coradas com safranina e azul de alciã. As lâminas foram analisadas com o auxílio de um microscópio óptico acoplado a uma câmera de captura de imagens. As espessuras da epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial, dos parênquimas ...

Se evaluo la fenologia floral de A. muricata durante 11 meses, en una plantacion establecida en CENFRUZU-CORPOZULIA (110 00’ LN-710 00’ LO), zona de vida clasificada como bosque muy seco tropical. Las plantas de 7 anos de edad, sembradas a una distancia de 6 x 6m, se encontraban injertadas sobre los patrones A. glabra (C1), A. montana (C2), A. muricata (C3) las cuales se compararon con plantas a pie franco (PF). Se utilizo un diseno completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y repeticiones en el tiempo, una planta constituyo la unidad experimental. En cada planta se marcaron todas las yemas florales incipientes (YFI) en la periferia de la copa, realizando seguimiento semanal de los diferentes estados fenologicos, desde diferenciacion floral (DF) hasta cuaje evidenciado mediante el erizado (ER). Se tomo el registro de la precitacion y la temperatura promedio mensual. Los estados fenologicos fueron descritos y codificados, empleando la escala general BBCH. El guanabano presento cua...

O uso de sistemas de cultivo agrícola que favorecem a conservação dos recursos naturais e a diversidade de produção representa uma alternativa para produtores que visam menores custos em uma produção sustentável. Dentre esses sistemas de cultivo, destaca-se o sistema de consórcio entre cafeeiros e seringueiras, que tem sido estudado na região sul de Minas Gerais. Nesse contexto, avaliaram-se características de trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e relações hídricas de cafeeiros e seringueiras, em monocultivo e consórcio, na fase de implantação dos cultivos, com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento dessas espécies em diferentes sistemas de cultivo. Os resultados apontaram que um ambiente caracterizado por níveis de radiação e temperatura menores favorece as trocas gasosas do cafeeiro, enquanto maior disponibilidade hídrica e valores elevados de radiação são favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da seringueira quando em sistemas consorciados.

Las hojas de la lima Tahití (C. latifolia Tanaka) son anfiestomáticas y la formación de los estomas parece cesar cuando la lámina foliar alcanza aproximadamente una cuarta parte del tamaño definitivo de este órgano. A fin de evaluar el efecto de ocho patrones cítricos sobre el número e índice estomático (NEST-IE), se colectaron cuatro hojas por planta de las ramascon crecimiento secundario del tercio medio de la copa de lima Tahití y se fijaron en FAA 70 % (Alcohol etílico: Acido acético: Formol); posteriormente se realizaron preparaciones semi-permanentes de aclarados de segmentos epidérmicos de ambas superficies y en los tercios apicales, medios y basales de la lámina. La tinción se realizó con verde malaquita y el montaje con agua- glicerina (1:1). Las observaciones se realizaron con un microscopio Olympus Bx40 y con objetivo de 400X. Para el análisis se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones y ocho tratamientos. Los resultados señalan que los valore...

Using a free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, poplar trees (Populus • euramericana clone I214) were exposed to either ambient or elevated [CO 2 ] from planting, for a 5-year period during canopy development, closure, coppice and re-growth. In each year, measurements were taken of stomatal density (SD, number mm À2) and stomatal index (SI, the proportion of epidermal cells forming stomata). In year 5, measurements were also taken of leaf stomatal conductance (g s , lmol m À2 s À1), photosynthetic CO 2 fixation (A, mmol m À2 s À1), instantaneous water-use efficiency (A/E) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO 2 (C i :C a). Elevated [CO 2 ] caused reductions in SI in the first year, and in SD in the first 2 years, when the canopy was largely open. In following years, when the canopy had closed, elevated [CO 2 ] had no detectable effects on stomatal numbers or index. In contrast, even after 5 years of exposure to elevated [CO 2 ], g s was reduced, A/E was stimulated, and C i :C a was reduced relative to ambient [CO 2 ]. These outcomes from the long-term realistic field conditions of this forest FACE experiment suggest that stomatal numbers (SD and SI) had no role in determining the improved instantaneous leaf-level efficiency of water use under elevated [CO 2 ]. We propose that altered cuticular development during canopy closure may partially explain the changing response of stomata to elevated [CO 2 ], although the mechanism for this remains obscure.

Annona glabra is a tropical species that has significant agronomic potential in terms of furnishing fruits for in natura consumption and for the production of phyto-pharmaceuticals. In vitro cultivation has been considered the most promising form of propagation for this species, although large scale utilization of this technique is currently limited by high rates of leaf abscission, reduced rates of explant multiplication and slow bud growth. The present work evaluated the effects of different cytokinins on mineral accumulation in shoots of A. glabra cultivated in vitro, and their effects on growth and survival of these plants. Buds of A. glabra were cultivated in Wood Plant Medium (WPM) in the presence of 6-benzilaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin (KIN), and zeatin (ZEA). KIN and BAP use resulted in the greatest growth, largest accumulation of dry mass and leaf area development, as well as the greatest survival rate during in vitro cultivation of this species. All cytoki...

O efeito de diferentes fontes de citocininas durante o cultivo in vitro de A. glabra sobre características anatômicas de folhas e crescimento das plantas foi avaliado neste trabalho. BAP (6-benzilaminopurina) e KIN (cinetina) induziram aumento na espessura do mesofilo, enquanto que ZEA (zeatina) promoveu aumento na densidade e no índice estomático e no desenvolvimento do sistema vascular de folhas. A utilização de KIN e BAP proporcionou maior desenvolvimento e taxa de sobrevivência das plantas durante as fases de enraizamento e aclimatização.

Lolium (Poaceae) is composed of five species in Iran that are of forage and weed importance. Culm and glume anatomy of grasses is inadequately explored. In the present study culm and glume anatomical structures of 17 population of four Lolium species is considered by use of 16 qualitative and quantitative features to distinguish Lolium species in Iran and to determine their diagnostic value. The culm cross-section showed multilayered hypodermis, ribbed or un-ribbed culm cross-sections, cuticles with different thicknesses, and the cortex with different tissues. Vascular bundles are arranged in two to more rings in the culm anatomy. Glume anatomical observations showed differences in girder attachment to vascular bundles, the outline of the cross-section, and the cortex tissue composition. The multi-variate statistical method based on culm and glume anatomical features showed that L. perenne and L. multiflorum are grouped near each other but there is more mixture between L. persicum a...