Sports History

This paper explores the emergence and evolution of nationalist movements among Europe’s Jewish communities and the indigenous inhabitants of Ottoman Palestine during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It examines how economic restrictions, forced conscription, and assimilation policies in Europe fostered Jewish nationalist sentiments, culminating in the rise of Zionism. Simultaneously, Ottoman legal reforms such as the Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane (1839) and the Islahat Fermani (1856) reshaped governance and citizen rights in Palestine, influencing local perceptions of identity and sovereignty. As Ottoman rule weakened and European involvement intensified, Palestinian nationalism emerged in response to both imperial decline and increasing Zionist immigration. Through historical analysis and primary documents, this paper traces the intersecting trajectories of Jewish and Palestinian nationalisms, emphasizing how shared contexts of modernization, state reform, and external pressures shaped their parallel yet conflicting nationalist projects. The study reveals the enduring historical roots of the Israel–Palestine conflict, situating it within broader patterns of 19th-century nationalism and imperial transformation.

This comprehensive case study examines the potential of football as a peacebuilding instrument in South Sudan, with particular focus on the Bhar El Ghazal region. Drawing from firsthand experience as Technical Coach for Tonj South County and founder of Red Flames FC, this analysis presents evidence from five regional football initiatives to propose a transformative mixed-team model for sustainable peace through sport. The research reveals that while traditional county-based tournaments often reinforce ethnic and regional divisions, innovative approaches that deliberately mix players across communities show remarkable promise for fostering unity. The successful implementation of the Tonj Super League in 2025, which I keenly observe concrete evidence that cross-community football initiatives can transcend traditional boundaries when properly structured and managed. The proposed Bhar El Ghazal Counties Peace Tournament (BCPT) model offers a scalable framework that could transform regional dynamics by creating 23 mixedplayer teams representing unified Bhar El Ghazal identity rather than narrow county allegiances. This approach addresses persistent challenges of corruption, bias, and violence that have undermined previous initiatives while establishing sustainable governance structures for long-term impact.

1923-1939 yılları arasında, İki Savaş Arası Dönemde (1918-1939) Türkiye ve Yunanistan birbirlerine karşı on yıllarca süren savaşların ardından bir yandan ulus-devlet olma süreçlerini tamamlarken, bir yandan da modern birer devlet olma yolunda kendi prototip vatandaşlarını şekillendirme sürecine girmişlerdir. Özellikle 1930’lardaki ilişkilerinde hem diplomatik hem de özel bir çaba ile spor alanında dostane bir çizgi takip eden iki ülke bunu destekler bir biçimde beden politikaları konusunda birbirlerini yakından takip etmişlerdir. Bu süreçte Türk ve Yunan takımları devletlerinin bu konudaki teşviklerinin etkisiyle defalarca futbol ve daha sonra basketbol maçları yapmış ve iki ülkenin sporcuları Balkan Oyunlarında karşı karşıya gelmişlerdir. Savaşlar arası dönemde her ne kadar Yunanistan’da siyasi istikrar inişli çıkışlı olsa da, her yeni iktidarın beden politikaları konusundaki çizgisi benzerlik göstermektedir. Beden politikaları bağlamında her iki ülkede de -pek çok başka ülkede olduğu gibi- dönemin faşist rejimleri olan İtalya ve Almanya’dan etkilenme gözlemlenmektedir. Mussolini’nin faşist rejiminin, sporu hükümetin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak kullanan ilk rejim olduğu iddia edilir. Mussolini’nin modelinden kaynaklanan stratejilerin çoğu, Nazi Almanya’sında da benimsenmiştir. Öjeni, vatandaşın beden ve ruh sağlığının ve hatta ahlaki değerlerinin önemsenmesi, kadın bedenine medikal yaklaşımlar, çocuk yetiştirmeye ve gençlere yönelik özel ilgi o dönemde esen faşizm rüzgârının iki ülkedeki yansımalarıdır. Yunanistan, bu dönemdeki beden ve spor politikalarını Antik Yunan Medeniyetinin görkemli dönemlerine atıf yaparak meşrulaştırırken; Τürkiye, Osmanlı geçmişinin üzerinden atlayarak Türk Tarih Tezi ve Güneş Dil Teorisi ile Türklüğün ve Türkçenin kadimliğine vurgu yapmıştır. Ek olarak, yıllar süren savaşlar sonucunda azalmış ve yıpranmış nüfusu verimli üreticiler ve olası savaşlara yönelik güçlü askerler haline getirme kaygılarının, dönemin politikalarını şekillendirmedeki etkisi yadsınamaz. Yani, beden politikaları rejime gönülden bağlı yurttaşlar yetiştirmeyle ilişkiliyken, beden eğitimi de vatandaşın ideolojik şekillenmesinin bir uzantısıdır. Elinizdeki makale Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ın spor ilişkilerini Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet, Yunanistan’da ise spor gazeteleri üzerinden incelemektedir. Beden politikaları ikincil literatür üzerinden karşılaştırılmaktadır. Yöntem olarak niteliksel içerik analizi ve literatür incelemesi kullanılmakta ve kuramsal olarak Foucault’un biyoiktidar ve biyopolitika kavramlarından yararlanılmaktadır. Özellikle İki Savaş Arası Dönemde Foucault’un modern devletler üzerine yaptığı tespitler faşist rejimler ve dönemin ikliminden etkilenen ülkelerde bir apaçıklık olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye-Yunanistan, Beden Politikaları, İki Savaş Arası Dönem, Biyopolitika, Spor İlişkileri.

This paper investigates the figure of Ngatsha kaMpande within the historiography of the Zulu royal household in order to disentangle his identity from that of King Cetshwayo kaMpande. It asks how archival, genealogical, and regimental evidence can be read to correct conflations of Ngatsha with the reigning monarch. Drawing primarily on the James Stuart Archive (Webb & Wright 1979) and supplementary genealogical traditions, the study examines Ngatsha's placement in the Dududu regiment and his maternal-house affiliations as points of departure for clarifying his status. The paper further engages with Cetshwayo's izibongo (Canonici & Cele 1998) and succession struggles, including the elimination of rivals such as Mbuyazi, Mkhungo, and Mtonga (Bryant 1929; Colenso 1885), to highlight the stark differences between the two figures. In doing so, the paper aims to demonstrate that Ngatsha was a distinct male prince within Mpande's lineage, whose historical presence has been overshadowed by Cetshwayo's prominence. By revisiting regimental membership, maternal affiliations, and the politics of succession, the study contributes to a fuller understanding of Zulu royal history and the complexity of Mpande's household beyond the figure of the king.

This article explores the question: what does it mean to psychoanalyse sport? Bringing together eighteen contributors working across sport and psychoanalysis, it offers a series of theoretical provocations that position sport as a privileged site for the expression, formation, and negotiation of unconscious life. Rather than treating sport as a domain of performance, spectacle, or statistics, it is approached as a space where desire, loss, aggression, fantasy, and ambivalence are enacted and shaped. Several key themes are identified and discussed, including the uncovering of sport’s unconscious dynamics, its constitutive contradictions, its staging of psychic limits and lack, its function as a cultural framework, the bonds of fandom and intimacy, its challenge to traditional sport psychology, and its potential to reframe the epistemological assumptions underpinning sport. Taken together, these themes develop an understanding of sport as a space saturated with unconscious meaning, indeed, a space not to be decoded or resolved but to be attended to in its opacity and excess. In doing so, the article opens up new critical possibilities for thinking about sport as a cultural phenomenon in which psychic and social life are inextricably entangled.

In authoritarian regimes, sport goes beyond its traditional role as recreation and becomes a strategic instrument of political power. It reinforces regime legitimacy, mobilizes mass consent, and reproduces ideological narratives through cultural, emotional, and symbolic channels. Although numerous case-specific studies have examined the political use of sport, a systematic and theory-based synthesis has been lacking. This study addresses that gap by conducting a qualitative meta-analysis of how sport functions as an ideological apparatus in authoritarian regimes, drawing on Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony and Louis Althusser's concept of Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs). Following PRISMA 2009 guidelines, 173 peer-reviewed studies were initially identified, 23 were screened for eligibility, and 9 were selected for in-depth analysis. The final sample was determined according to three criteria: (1) explicit focus on the political instrumentalization of sport in authoritarian or hybrid regimes, (2) reliance on conceptual, theoretical, or comparative qualitative methods, and (3) publication in peer-reviewed academic journals. Each eligible study was independently reviewed by two authors to ensure relevance and methodological rigor. Qualitative content analysis and thematic coding were then applied to extract dominant political functions of sport. Three recurring strategies were identified: (1) constructing leader cults by associating athletic success with regime power, (2) organizing mega-events as ideological spectacles to foster national unity, and (3) employing sports media to disseminate propaganda and control discourse. Historical and contemporary case studiesincluding Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, China, and Russiademonstrate strikingly consistent patterns. The study concludes that sport in authoritarian regimes operates as a hegemonic mechanism embedded in state structures, facilitating both domestic consent production and international legitimation through symbolic practices and cultural rituals.

An introduction to major political and cultural events of 5th Century BCE Athens, which serve as the crucial context for properly understanding the great works of the period -- including, the emergence of the polis in Greece, the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes, the Persian Wars, the Age of Pericles, the Peloponnesian Wars, the Sophists and the Death of Socrates.

Resumen: En 1992 se celebraron los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona. El 14 de julio, y siguiendo la tónica del resto de España, el fuego olímpico llegó a Tenerife, recorriendo ese mismo día varios municipios del norte, uno de los cuales fue La Orotava. El tenista Miguel Pérez Díaz hizo el último relevo de la antorcha, que finalizaba en la plaza del Ayuntamiento, donde Domingo Jorge González Expósito confeccionó una alfombra conmemorativa.

__

Abstract: In 1992, the Olympic Games were held in Barcelona. On 14 July, following the trend in the rest of Spain, the Olympic flame arrived in Tenerife, travelling through several municipalities in the north that same day, one of which was La Orotava. Tennis player Miguel Pérez Díaz carried the torch for the last leg of the relay, which ended in the Town Hall square, where Domingo Jorge González Expósito had made a commemorative carpet.

In contemporary psychology, there is a known phenomenon that is unjustly named—the "Pollyanna Syndrome." This term purports to describe a defensive psychological mechanism in which an individual strives to perceive only the positive aspects of events. Yet this does not align with the genuine image of Pollyanna.

Sports matter. They hold a singular position among leisure time activities and have an unparalleled impact on the everyday lives of billions of people. 1 We show how, why, and for whom this has been the case for well over a century on both sides of the Atlantic. Analyzing the continuities and changes that have characterized sports cultures in the United States and Europe, we find complex processes involving global transformations alongside persistent local and national factors. This book poses the following questions: How has a continuing process that we call " postindustrialization " and " second globalization " transformed sports? More specifically, How have developments since roughly the 1970s—in the advanced industrial capitalist economies of the liberal democracies of the United States and Europe—altered key aspects of contemporary sports cultures? And, to what degree have globalized sports and their participating athletes in turn influenced postindustrial s...

Il contributo cerca di delineare un’interpretazione delle origini del fenomeno sportivo, ma anche della valenza attuale dello stesso, mediante l’analisi dell’incidenza che gli aspetti di ritualità in esso presenti hanno svolto e svolgono nel suscitare e canalizzare le pulsioni violente, nonché nell’educare alla gestione delle stesse, permettendo il costituirsi e lo stabilizzarsi della socialità.

Il paper è stato presentato al I Festival di Pratiche Filosofiche organizzato dalla rivista «Diogene. Filosofare oggi» al Castello di Belgioioso (PV) il 23 settembre 2006, nell’ambito della XVI rassegna dei piccoli editori Parole nel tempo. Il mio intervento era una riflessione sugli aspetti etici messi costantemente in discussione dall'attuale mercificazione e commercializzazione della pratica sportiva.

The chapter starts with an overview, giving some snapshots about Kurds and the sphere of football in Turkey. The second section focuses on Diyarbakırspor, with a particular emphasis on the club’s history and its political stance. The third section focuses on Amedspor, where the
emphasis on Kurdishness and the Kurdish political movement’s position is visible. In the second and third sections, the chapter discusses the ways in which spectators of other teams view Diyarbakırspor and Amedspor with nationalist stereotypes at away matches, accusing these clubs of being separatist.

Nel quadro del PRIN 2022 – “Folklore and Oral Traditions in Greek Culture (20222NFMAH)”, due giornate di studio sul potenziale semantico di oggetti, strutture e paesaggi antropici che restituiscono immagini mentali ed esperienze partecipative vicine a quelle suscitate dal racconto orale.

Graduation rates for male athletes overall as well as men's football and basketball players lag behind those of male non-athletes at Division I colleges and universities. Scholarship athletes, however, are much more likely to be drawn from racial and ethnic groups with lower average graduation rates. After accounting for differences in racial composition, graduation rates for male athletes overall as well football players match or exceed those of their peers, and racial differences account for over one-quarter of the shortfall in men's basketball graduation rates. This is a classic example of Simpson's Paradox.

A insercao do Brasil nos Jogos Olimpicos ocorreu na edicao da Antuerpia realizada em 1920. Entre os atletas participantes estava o gaucho Dario Barbosa que integrou a equipe de tiro esportivo, conquistando uma medalha de bronze. Apoiado nos estudos da cultura material e utilizando alguns registros sobre essa participacao, o objetivo desse texto e analisar a medalha conquistada por Dario Barbosa nos Jogos Olimpico da Antuerpia em 1920 considerando o contexto de sua producao e circulacao. Ao analisarmos a materialidade deste artefato visibilizamos aspectos relativos a insercao do Brasil neste evento esportivo, valorizando o pioneirismo dessa historia.

O presente trabalho teve como foco as representacoes sociais acerca do corpo de algumas mulheres, a partir da fala de consumidoras de academias. Utilizamos a pesquisa qualitativa, orientada pelo metodo dialetico, e pela tecnica de triangulacao de dados. Assim notamos a existencia de varias representacoes que estao intimamente ligadas e permeadas pela logica do consumo e por discursos racionais. Identificamos tres posicoes “pretendidas” pelas consumidoras na busca por este mercado fitness, ser “independente, saudavel e sarada”.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of pre-season training on oxidative stress,
muscle damage and iris in wheelchair basketball players and running basketball players. The
results obtained in the study and the effects of the training on the oxidative stress, muscle
damage and irisin parameters of the participating groups were compared and examined.
To work; 9 adult male wheelchair basketball players with a mean age of 30.00 ± 5.8 years and
9 adult male running basketball players with a mean age of 22.44 ± 2.50 years were included
voluntarily. After taking some physical measurements (Age, Body Weight, Height, BMI (Body
Mass Index, Training Age)) of the athletes, 24-hour food consumption records and 90 minutes
of 70-80% intensity acute training program were applied to the teams. CK, A, C and Vitamin
E, MDA, SOD and Irisin hormone values were examined on the blood samples taken
immediately after. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, when the teams were
compared within the group, there was a statistically significant difference in the CK levels of
the wheelchair basketball players before and after the training. (p<0.05), no significant
difference was found between vitamin A, C and E, irisin, MDA and SOD levels (p>0.05). While
there was a significant difference (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between vitamin
A, C, and E and irisin levels (p>0.05). While there was a statistically significant difference
between post-training, irisin pre- and post-training, MDA pre- and post-training, SOD pre- and
post-training values (p<0.05), wheelchair basketball players and running basketball players had
CK pre-training, vitamin A training There was no significant difference between pre- and posttraining
levels of vitamin C, pre- and post-training levels, and pre-training levels of vitamin E
(p>0.05).
Keywords: Muscle Injury, Oxidative Stress, Irisin, Wheelchair, Basketball

Bu calismada, 2008 yilinda Turkiye Super Ligi’ne cikan Eskisehirspor’la ilgili haber yapan spor muhabirlerinin, degisen haber pratikleri arastirilmistir. Eskisehirspor’un Super Lig’e cikisi, endustriyel futbolun dinamikleriyle birlikte kavramsallastirilmis ve bu nedenle, endustriyel futbolla ilgili literatur incelenmistir. Calismanin amaci dogrultusunda; hem Eskisehirspor’un Super Lig oncesi donemindede, hem de Super Lig sonrasi doneminde muhabirlik yapan, alti gazeteciyle, yari-yapilandirilmis derinlemesine gorusme yapilmistir. Yapilan gorusmelerin dogrultusunda elde edilen veriler su temalar altinda toplanmistir: Kuluple iliskiler; mesleki kosullar (maddi-manevi kosullar, mac takibi kosullari, meslek-ici iliskiler); haber icerikleri; haber kaynaklari ve kulup taraftarligi. Kulup taraftarligi disindaki tum temalarla ilgili haber uretme pratiklerinin, Super Lig oncesi ve Super Lig sonrasi donemde onemli degisiklikler gecirdigi saptanmistir.

This note explains how different countries performed at the Tokyo World Athletics Championship 2025 when we compare medal counts not just in absolute terms but also relative to population and GDP. The goal is to move beyond the usual medal table and show which countries are most efficient in producing medals given their size and resources.

В художественном тексте проявляется картина мира автора
в виде эмоционально-смысловой
доминанты как системы
когнитивных и эмотивных эталонов, служащих психиче‑
ской основой метафоризации и вербализации картины
мира в тексте. Типологический подход к художественному
тексту предполагает, что в психологически разных типах
художественных текстов по-разному представлены не толь‑
ко эмоции, но и ощущения (звук, цвет, движение, баланс
и др.). Так, в «веселых» текстах много громких звуков, дви‑
жений и цвета. А в «печальных» — тишина и статика. Тем
самым, в художественную картину мира (и тем самым,
в модель творчества) целесообразно включать не только
мировоззрение, но и мироощущение, в том числе пред‑
ставленность сенсорных характеристик мира.
Ключевые слова: литературное творчество, художественный
текст, картина мира, доминанта, типология.

Este artigo propõe uma análise narrativa de uma rede social online – Reddit – para compreender a mediatização das Olimpíadas de Tóquio 2020 por parte das comunidades internautas. Escolheu-se uma modalidade olímpica pouco valorizada, o futebol, mas que, devido à sua popularidade e presença global constante, enquanto desporto verdadeiramente universal, tem a capacidade de manter vivos os princípios enunciados por Coubertin fora do restrito contexto dos Jogos Olímpicos. Os objetivos do estudo centraram-se em compreender como se constroem os protagonistas do futebol olímpico e em que medida essa construção confirma ou infirma os valores olímpicos. A narrativa dos subreddits privilegia o coletivo em detrimento do individual, reforçando os valores olímpicos; a rede social Reddit opera numa lógica binária de herói/vilão, pondo em confronto seleções, equipas e países. A análise confirmou ainda a existência de uma construção binária no universo das figuras que povoam as narrativas do Reddit, baseada sobretudo em ideais e valores olímpicos, mais conciliadores do que o que ocorre em competições desportivas de outra natureza. A “heroicização” é preferencialmente coletiva e são raros os desportistas individuais que se destacam, o que se explica precisamente pela prevalência de valores e ideais olímpicos contemporâneos. Já a dimensão disruptiva e crítica aponta para agentes externos, institucionais e políticos, revelando que os limites do Olimpismo no futebol se jogam fora das quatro linhas.

This paper introduces the volume Herodotus, Sparta and Austerity, edited by Anton Powell and Stephen Hodkinson. The volume is the fourth publication in the International Sparta Seminar series, 'Source + Sparta', initiated before his death by the late Anton Powell. Besides outlining the chapters in the volume. this Introduction surveys the history of the International Sparta Seminar and Anton Powell's achievement in creating and co-organising the Seminar since its inception in 1986.

O processo de esportivização da Luta Marajoara tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, impulsionado pela sua institucionalização por entidades autorreguladoras, como a Federação Paraense de Luta Marajoara (FPLM). Esta federação estabelece como proposta a incorporação dos códigos do esporte moderno à prática desta luta brasileira. O presente artigo investigou as percepções dos praticantes de Luta Marajoara em relação às iniciativas de esportivização promovidas pela FPLM. Para tanto, foram entrevistados seis lutadores que participaram do 1º Campeonato Paraense de Luta Marajoara, realizado no município de Ponta de Pedras, no ano de 2021. Os resultados indicam uma aceitação por parte dos lutadores em relação às propostas de esportivização da FPLM, como a criação de um livro de regras e a organização de eventos esportivos, evidenciando uma certa alienação em relação aos possíveis efeitos advindos desse processo, que tende a descaracterizar a forma tradicional e singular das lutas.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica de orientação reflexiva que objetiva discutir sobre os aspectos e características que constituem as dimensões tradicional e moderna na Luta Marajoara. Os resultados indicam que a tradição e a modernidade perfazem a história da Luta Marajoara como manifestação cultural do povo da Ilha de Marajó, e que existe um conjunto
de caracterizações que dizem respeito a tais modalidades de experiência presentes nesta luta brasileira. Na tradição, destacam-se os contextos tradicionais de prática da Luta Marajoara, e seu caráter ritualístico. Conectados com a expressão moderna, são observados desafios,
tensões e tendências de avanço em direção à sua esportivização e escolarização.

Et si le rituel ne transformait plus, mais protégeait ce qui refuse de changer ? Et si le temple, lieu de transfiguration, devenait le théâtre feutré des pulsions non résolues ? Ce texte ne cherche ni à plaire ni à rassurer. Il éclaire, sans complaisance, les glissements silencieux qui transforment certaines loges en refuges identitaires, en scènes de reconnaissance symbolique, en antichambres de l’influence. Car là où le symbole devient décor, le silence devient écran, et la parole posture, il ne reste plus qu’un simulacre d’initiation. Quand le rituel cesse d’être vécu, il ne transforme plus, il protège ce qui refuse de changer. Dans ce texte, il est proposé une lecture psychanalytique et comportementale des dérives silencieuses qui affectent certaines loges maçonniques. À rebours des discours convenus, il éclaire les glissements où le symbole devient décor, le silence écran, et la fraternité stratégie. S’appuyant sur les travaux de Guénon, Cassirer, Honneth, Jung, Freud, Platon, Lacan, Lévi-Strauss, Borella et Diel, l’auteur interroge le rituel comme syntaxe du réel, capable de structurer l’invisible ou, lorsqu’il se fige, de le masquer.
Ce texte ne dénonce pas, il observe, nomme, et met en lumière. Il s’adresse à celles et ceux qui refusent de confondre l’art de la parole avec l’art de plaire, et qui savent que le temple n’est sanctuaire que si ceux qui l’habitent sont en chemin. Un regard maçonnologique lucide, pour que le silence maçonnique reste habitable.

The exclusion of Dutch winger Steven Bergwijn from the Netherlands national team by coach
Ronald Koeman has sparked debate over the criteria used for selecting players for national
squads. This paper examines the rationale behind Bergwijn’s exclusion, contrasts it with the
international contributions of players such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Aymeric Laporte, and
explores the broader implications for national team selection policies in the context of players
participating in Gulf leagues.

for comments, as well as the audience in Munich and online for discussion of the oral version. 1 Rood 2019. Plutarch in this essay does admittedly make his speaker Theon note the presence of some oracles in prose in Herodotus alongside numerous ones in verse (403e); Theon does, however, start his speech with two prose oracles in Thucydides (403b, referring to Thuc. 1.118.3, 5.16.2). For the separation of truth from the fabulous, cf. e.g. Polyb. 9.1-2; Diod. 4.1; Dion. Hal. Thuc. 6-7. 2 The phrase 'golden topknots' compresses the arrangement of the hair and the golden cicadas used as hairpieces: see below.

This article contextualizes South Africa's men's cricket test team's historic victory in the third edition of the ICC World Test Championship and its embodiment of social justice. By positioning this win, achieved under the leadership of a black African, Temba Bavuma, within the post-colonial Indian setting, the article argues that South Africa's previous failures in ICC tournaments have been deliberately promoted within the dominant discourse by Hindu right-wing and upper-caste elites to undermine affirmative action, such as reservations. However, Bavuma's success under the quota policy has challenged the narrative that affirmative action undermines meritocracy, thereby sparking a renewed debate around reservation in Indian cricket. Especially with the Indian government's plan to conduct a caste-based census in 2026, the upcoming Bihar state election offers an opportunity for socialist leaders across the political spectrum, such as Nitish Kumar, Tejashwi Yadav and Prashant Kishore, to popularize the discourse around reservation in cricket in a genuine effort to achieve complete social equity from this land of social justice movement.

Η Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (ΑΕΚ) αποτελεί έναν από τους πολλούς αθλητικούς συλλόγους, που ιδρύονται στην Ελλάδα κατά την περίοδο του Μεσοπολέμου, και έναν από τους σημαντικότερους, οι οποίοι έχουν ως ιδρυτές τους πρόσφυγες που κατέφυγαν σ' αυτήν μετά τη Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή. Τα κείμενα αυτού του συλλογικού τόμου, που έχουν ως αφορμή την επέτειο των 100 χρόνων από την ίδρυση του συλλόγου στην Αθήνα, το 1924, δεν μελετούν μόνο όψεις της κοινωνικής του ιστορίας. Επιχειρούν επίσης να προσφέρουν ευρύτερη οπτική κατανόησης του αθλητικού φαινομένου, αναφορικά με την κοινωνική, πολιτική, πολιτισμική και ιδεολογική του διαχείριση.

« Para nascer pouca terra; para morrer, toda a Terra. Para nascer, Portugal; para morrer, o Mundo. » « Un lopin de terre pour naître ; la Terre entière pour mourir. Pour naître le Portugal ; pour mourir, le Monde » Poème d'Antonio Vieira (1608-1697)

Le sport est un phénomène culturel presque universel dans le temps et dans l'espace : que ce soit dans la Grèce antique, dans la Rome antique, dans l'Occident médiéval puis moderne, en Amérique précolombienne ou en Asie, toutes ces cultures sont marquées par l'importance de pratiques physiques 1 . Pourtant, le terme sport n'est utilisé qu'à partir du XIXe siècle. Bien qu'il reste un objet mal identifié 2 , le Conseil de l'Europe en donne la définition suivante en 2001 : « On entend par « sport » toutes formes d'activités physiques qui, à travers une participation organisée ou non, ont pour objectif l'expression ou l'amélioration de la condition physique et psychique, le développement des relations sociales ou l'obtention de résultats en compétition de tous niveaux. » 3 Selon une étude de l'Injep (Institut national de la Jeunesse et de l'Éducation populaire) en 2023, 70% des Français de quinze ans ou plus déclarent pratiquer un sport et y consacrent quatre heures par semaine, contre deux heures par semaine en 2012 4 . De fait, le sport comme phénomène de société suscite un intérêt croissant de l'Église catholique. Nous allons nous intéresser à la manière dont l'Église catholique a mis en valeur et a promu la pratique sportive comme contribuant de la cohésion des vertus morales. On émet l'hypothèse que lorsque la pratique du sport, par son exigence globale sur la personne humaine (corps, volonté, intelligence, persévérance, etc.) est vécue dans un esprit et un cadre sain, elle favorise simultanément la formation et la cohésion des vertus cardinales -prudence, tempérance, force et justice -dans la vie morale de la personne humaine. Nous appuyons notre définition de la « cohésion des vertus morales 5 » sur celle de Thomas d'Aquin dans la Somme de théologie. Il dit que les vertus sont liées entre elles et que la vertu de prudence dirige les trois autres 6 . Pour répondre à cette problématique nous adopterons une approche chronologique en trois grandes parties : (I) XIXe siècle, (II) XXe siècle, (III) XXIe siècle 7 . Dans chacune de ces parties nous analyserons (1) le contexte socio-historique du sport, (2) les positions et initiatives de l'Église à cette époque, et (3) la manière dont le sport est compris comme contribuant à la cohésion des vertus morales.

In this book, you are not merely a recipient of knowledge -you are a field researcher, a linguistic observer, and a cultural ambassador. The questionnaire in your hands is not a traditional classroom activity; it is a gateway to real life and a key to the language as it is spoken, not as it is taught in textbooks. Every time you step into the community to ask your questions, you are taking a step toward deeper acquisition of Arabic, discovering how people think, how they shape their answers, and how language expresses their culture and identity. Do not fear making mistakes -they are an essential part of learning. Do not hesitate to ask -questions are a form of strength. Do not expect standard answers -it is diversity that makes your experience unique. 1. Understand the topic and purpose of the questionnaire Read the questions carefully, familiarize yourself with the subject, and think about suitable contexts for conducting it. This will make your communication more precise and meaningful. Review the vocabulary of the questionnaire, practice pronunciation, and anticipate possible answers. Prepare phrases to clarify or rephrase questions when needed. Learn how to address both males and females appropriately. Practice using pronouns, question words, and polite expressions. Look for diversity in age, profession, environment, or dialect. This will give you a broader view of the language in context. ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻃﻘﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ 100 Take notes immediately after each interview. Capture new words, answer structures, and how the person used the language in real life. In class, don't simply repeat what was said. Highlight what stood out to you, compare responses, and share your personal observations. 7. Turn each interview into a linguistic story Every questionnaire is a story. Tell your classmates how the experience went, what challenges you faced, and how it felt to communicate in Arabic. Listen to your classmates as they present their findings. Compare their experiences to yours, and take note of different styles of expression. Pay attention to what the answers reveal about society, values, and customs. Learn to see language not just as words, but as a window into minds and cultures. 10. Making the questionnaire a daily habit Don't wait for class to use the questionnaire. Pick a question and ask your roommate, a shopkeeper, or a university staff member. Every moment can be a language opportunity. This book does not teach you the language -it empowers you to use it. Each questionnaire is a path to fluency, and every interview is a mirror that shows you how far you've come in your journey.

The biennial Southeast Asian or SEA Games, a regional sport megaevent modeled on the Olympic and Asian Games, were established by Thailand in 1959, and since then have been conducted 32 times across 10 of the region's 11 countries. This article examines how this understudied event has operated as a forum for diplomatic representation, negotiation and communication in Southeast Asia. We make three key arguments: (1) the SEA Games have provided member countries with a means to signal national progress and membership of the regional community, as well as to define and delineate this region; (2) the SEA Games have evolved parallel to the region's political grouping, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), but with important differences as well as similarities; and (3) the regional perspective of the SEA Games offers insights that blur the distinction in recent scholarship between traditional 'sports diplomacy' (foregrounding the state) and 'international-sport-as-diplomacy' (foregrounding non-state actors).

The author argues that the terms modernization and Europeanization should not be used interchangeably, as has been the case in the Balkans – as well as in many non-European societies – since the early nineteenth century. Instead, the former should be reserved for the process of becoming modern, while the latter can designate the process of importing or imitating north-west European everyday and high culture, which did not substantially contribute to political, social and economic modernization. In both modernization and Europeanization the key concept was copying. In aesthetic modernization at the beginning of the twentieth century, however, copying was explicitly rejected, thus demonstrating that (aesthetic) modernity can and should be multiple, and in the process it aestheticized the nation.

Questo lavoro ricostruisce l’evoluzione della moda di genere dal crossdressing al genderless, mostrando come il vestire abbia messo in discussione stereotipi e ruoli sociali per oltre un secolo. Attraverso figure iconiche come Marlene Dietrich e Katharine Hepburn fino alle collezioni contemporanee di Gucci, la ricerca evidenzia come la moda diventi strumento di libertà, espressione identitaria e superamento dei codici binari.

Snow cover is a critical resource for ski athletes, particularly in Gulmarg, India, where climate change has resulted in significant reductions in snow cover extent. This study investigates the socioeconomic and psychological impacts of snow cover depletion on international-level ski athletes from 2004-2024. This study employs the Sport Ecology Framework and the Geospatial and Socio-Environmental Systems Framework to explore the interplay between environmental changes, sports performance, and mental well-being. Using Landsat data the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) has been calculated in ArcMap 10.1 and correlated with the socio-psychological and economic challenges athletes face through thematically analysed qualitative interviews. Key findings of the study reveal a measurable 14.82% reduction in snow-covered areas, leading to a shortened ski season. Psychological challenges such as demotivation and frustration were observed, alongside heightened financial strain as athletes often resorted to crowdfunding or personal savings to cover training costs due to travel for training to European countries. The findings emphasize the need for targeted policy interventions, including enhanced snow sports infrastructure, improved government support for winter sports, and the use of artificial snowmaking technology. The study underscores the urgency for adaptive strategies, such as indoor ski training facilities and diversified funding models, to ensure the sustainability of competitive skiing in Gulmarg. The research significantly contributes to understanding snow cover depletion in Gulmarg due to climate change impacts on winter sports in general and Ski Athletes in particular, offering practical implications for policymakers, sports authorities, and stakeholders in the skiing industry. It highlights the necessity for comprehensive strategies to support athletes while addressing climate-induced challenges in snow-dependent sports. The study is limited to a specific geographic region and a small sample size, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Further research is recommended to assess long-term impacts and explore cross-regional comparisons to strengthen policy frameworks for winter sports sustainability.

International reconsideration of Mexican film noir is a recent phenomenon. For decades, Mexican film criticism tended to dismiss the importance of this tradition and even to deny its existence, often citing the presence of melodramatic elements in would-be noir films and the lack of a crime novel tradition for screen adaptations. By comparing two Mexican films to similar American productions and examining the local political and economic conditions of the former, this article argues that Mexican film noir had its own pessimistic viewpoints, which were borrowed from journalism and the illustrated press. These viewpoints were based on existing social ailments and delivered relevant criticism of the institutions, classism, and sexual norms of the postrevolutionary Mexican state of the 1940s and 1950s.

The development of motor skills during childhood is crucial for overall physical fitness and athletic performance. Traditional games, which hold cultural significance, play a vital role in enhancing fundamental movement skills. However, limited research has examined their direct impact on specific athletic abilities such as long jump performance. This study aims to evaluate the effects of traditional games—Engklek and Lompat Tali—on the long jump performance of elementary school students. A comparative research design was employed, involving a sample of 24 male students from Elementary School SDN Bawakaraeng 1. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups, with 12 students in the Engklek group and 12 in the Lompat Tali group. Motor skills were assessed through standardized tests measuring agility, coordination, explosive power, and speed, while long jump performance was evaluated based on four key components: take-off, push, flight, and landing. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, starting with homogeneity and normality tests to ensure the validity of the data. A one-way ANOVA test was then performed to determine significant differences between the groups, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in long jump performance between the two groups, indicating that participation in traditional games can effectively enhance motor skills, which in turn improves long jump ability. These findings suggest that incorporating traditional games into physical education (PE) programs can serve as an engaging and culturally relevant method for motor skill development. Additionally, this study underscores the potential of traditional games as alternative training methods for improving athletic performance in school settings. Further research is needed to explore the long-term benefits and broader applications of traditional games across different sports disciplines and age groups.

Cette étude n'aurait pas vu le jour sans l'accord et l'intérêt de Patrice Gergès (Directeur Technique National de la Fédération Française d'Athlétisme) pour le sujet, sans la sollicitation et l'indispensable travail de mise en relation ainsi que les échanges fréquents et précieux avec Christine Hanon (responsable scientifique, Fédération Française d'Athlétisme). Nous tenons également à remercier Monique Amiaud (anciennement à la Mission d'Optimisation de la Performance, INSEP puis Agence Nationale du Sport) pour la transmission des données nécessaires à l'analyse statistique succinctement présentée dans la première partie du rapport. Enfin, nous remercions tous les athlètes et acteurs -qui accompagnent ces derniers au quotidien dans la construction de la haute performance : entraîneurs, préparateurs physiques et mentaux, agents, dirigeants, élus -qui ont accepté de partager leurs expériences, par l'intermédiaire d'entretiens (n=52) réalisés en 2019 et 2020. Ce travail a bénéficié du financement de la Fédération Française d'Athlétisme (2019) puis du Ministère des Sports (2020). L'équipe était constituée de 5 chercheurs et 2 étudiantes. 2 des chercheurs ayant participé à l'enquête sont d'anciennes sportives de haut niveau, dont 1 en athlétisme, 1 chercheure a performé au niveau national en athlétisme également ; 3 ont réalisé leur terrain de recherche de doctorat dans le sport de haut niveau ; 4 chercheurs sont enseignants-chercheurs en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives. Ce travail sur le sport de haute performance a pour objectif de relever d'éventuelles différences en fonction du niveau de performance et du sexe des athlètes. Pour préserver l'anonymat des athlètes et acteurs interviewés, les informations permettant de les identifier ont été limitées. Cependant, le sexe est indiqué sous la forme F pour femmes et H pour hommes ; et le niveau de performance sous la forme TE pour Top Elite, E1 pour Elite 1, E2 pour Elite 2, HN pour Haut Niveau (voir typologie, pp. 8-9). Lorsqu'aucune information n'est indiquée explicitement au sujet du niveau de performance et/ ou du sexe des athlètes, cela signifie que les données récoltées ne permettent pas de préciser de décompte, mais uniquement de mettre en avant de grandes tendances. Dans certains thèmes, nous proposons des « profils » d'athlètes ayant pour but de faciliter la lecture et de mieux se représenter l'ensemble des cas de figure possibles. Ils n'engagent aucun jugement de valeur.