South East European Studies

A smart city is a framework that uses information and communication technologies to improve public safety, quality of life, transportation and energy efficiency. A big share of these technologies has intelligent networks consisting of connected objects and devices that transmit data using wireless technology and cloud-based solutions. These technologies and their applications can receive, analyze and manage data in real-time to help citizens and municipalities make better decisions to improve quality of life. Also, pairing devices and data with already existing physical infrastructure can cut costs and significantly improve sustainability. The main focus of this work is managing traffic flows in urban transport networks regarding minimizing traffic congestion and improving air quality. The main goal of the proposed models is to provide a good starting point for the future development of smart city models and their implementation in urban areas that show significant congestion and air quality problems.

With an emphasis on the intricate relationship between normative duties and national legal autonomy, this paper seeks to investigate how EU legal harmonisation has affected the limits of human rights protection. This study explores how harmonised legal frameworks affect the interpretation and application of human rights standards by looking at the European Union's approaches to legal approximation and transposition, both within its Member States and in relation to candidate or neighbouring countries. With a focus on Albania's experience implementing the acquis communautaire, the paper draws attention to a persistent discrepancy between formal legal alignment and the substantive realisation of human rights standards. The analysis demonstrates how factors such as institutional capacity, political commitment, and prevailing legal culture contribute to this discrepancy, prompting critical reflection on the depth and authenticity of harmonization efforts.

Праксу дечјих бракова треба искоренити зато што угрожава права деце и неоспорно им наноси штету. Поред тога, дечји бракови генеришу читав низ проблема, од оних у вези са недостатком образовања, преко незапослености и сиромаштва, до потпуне осујећености у остваривању права на квалитетан и испуњен живот у сваком погледу. Заједници је неопходно понудити алтернативе. Укључити је у токове образовања и тржишта рада, без имплицитне дискриминације, социјалне мимикрије и „стаклене таванице“. Исто тако, ако се очекују промене у ромским заједницама, већинско друштво мора да се суочи са сопственом одговорношћу, са опресијом који врши како на манифестном, тако и на латентном нивоу. Не сме се заборавити да праксе дечјих бракова једнако има у доминантном друштву. Исто, ни они не смеју бити толерисани.Приказ извештаја: Дечији бракови у ромској популацији у Србији: етнографско истраживање. Ромски женски центар БИБИЈА, Етнографски институт САНУ и УНИЦЕФ; Београд 201

The overall overcrowding in Rwandan prisons increased to 140.7% in 2022/2023 from 129% in the previous year, accommodating a total of 86,274 individuals against a designed capacity of 61,300. Notably, approximately 10,994 inmates were in pre-trial detention, and 156 individuals remained in prison after their detention periods had expired, highlighting persistent challenges in managing the prison population. Despite efforts by the Rwanda Correctional Service to address overcrowding, the influx of new inmates remains substantial, averaging over 2,000 incarcerations monthly from May to October 2023 alone. This paper aims to review the national penal policy and legislation as alternative for reduction of overcrowding in correctional facilities of Rwanda. Data were collected using documentary techniques, allowing the author to review various international instruments, domestic laws, case laws, library books, online books, journal articles, and other relevant materials, including internet sources. The findings revealed that the legal framework, while comprehensive, is often inadequately implemented, leading to prolonged pretrial detentions and over-reliance on custodial sentences. Moreover, the absence of robust rehabilitation and reintegration programs means that many inmates are ill-prepared to reenter society, resulting in high recidivism rates and a continuous cycle of incarceration. The paper also has underscored key strategies and alternatives for addressing prison overcrowding in Rwanda. In sum, the study found that legal and practical issues arising from the stuffing detainment facilities in Rwanda include some provisions of the Rwandan criminal law, criminal procedure and judicial practice. Both legal reforms and policy can insure a significant reduction of the carceral population in Rwandan jails. The recommendations emphasize legislative reforms to expand the legal framework for sentencing alternatives, the use of community-based sanctions, enhance rehabilitation programs within correctional facilities, utilization of Electronic Monitoring, GPS and drones programs and strengthen oversight mechanisms to uphold human rights standards.

The overall overcrowding in Rwandan prisons increased to 140.7% in 2022/2023 from 129% in the previous year, accommodating a total of 86,274 individuals against a designed capacity of 61,300. Notably, approximately 10,994 inmates were in pre-trial detention, and 156 individuals remained in prison after their detention periods had expired, highlighting persistent challenges in managing the prison population. Despite efforts by the Rwanda Correctional Service to address overcrowding, the influx of new inmates remains substantial, averaging over 2,000 incarcerations monthly from May to October 2023 alone. This paper aims to review the national penal policy and legislation as alternative for reduction of overcrowding in correctional facilities of Rwanda. Data were collected using documentary techniques, allowing the author to review various international instruments, domestic laws, case laws, library books, online books, journal articles, and other relevant materials, including internet sources. The findings revealed that the legal framework, while comprehensive, is often inadequately implemented, leading to prolonged pretrial detentions and over-reliance on custodial sentences. Moreover, the absence of robust rehabilitation and reintegration programs means that many inmates are ill-prepared to reenter society, resulting in high recidivism rates and a continuous cycle of incarceration. The paper also has underscored key strategies and alternatives for addressing prison overcrowding in Rwanda. In sum, the study found that legal and practical issues arising from the stuffing detainment facilities in Rwanda include some provisions of the Rwandan criminal law, criminal procedure and judicial practice. Both legal reforms and policy can insure a significant reduction of the carceral population in Rwandan jails. The recommendations emphasize legislative reforms to expand the legal framework for sentencing alternatives, the use of community-based sanctions, enhance rehabilitation programs within correctional facilities, utilization of Electronic Monitoring, GPS and drones programs and strengthen oversight mechanisms to uphold human rights standards.

Introducere Steagul național al României reprezintă unul dintre cele mai puternice simboluri ale identității collective romaneasca. Compoziția sa tricoloră, cuprinzând roșu, galben și albastru, are o istorie complexă, documentată înainte de Revoluția de la 1848, dar și supusă unor interpretări și controverse cu privire la ordinea culorilor. Acest eseu explorează originile și simbolistica celor trei culori, precum și impactul pe care ordinea lor l-a avut asupra mentalității și identității românilor, utilizând surse istorice și documente disponibile înainte de 1848.

These plans aim to strike a balance between the prevalent use of private cars and alternative modes of transport. A pivotal aspect of SUMP formulation lies in the identification of indicators, serving as tools for cities to assess their mobility systems and strategically address strengths and weaknesses. The European Commission provides a set of reliable indicators for standardized assessments, ensuring uniform data collection. Despite the importance of SUMPs, cities often lack consistent political and institutional support for their integration into urban development plans. Additionally, disparities exist in the application of methodologies for data collection in defining SUMP indicators. This paper thoroughly analyzes the indicator identification process within the SUMP creation framework. It highlights the need for continuous political backing and institutional support for SUMP projects within urban development plans. Furthermore, the paper addresses the variations in applying methodologies for data collection, emphasizing the importance of standardization. The focus is on the European Commission's indicators, providing practical insights into their application for a more uniform assessment of mobility systems. The research contributes by presenting a refined method for data collection, encompassing both basic and additional SUMP indicators. The study also introduces an in-depth analysis of modal distribution, offering a valuable resource for cities interested in formulating new SUMPs. By enhancing our understanding of these critical aspects, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable urban mobility and supports the development of more effective and harmonized transportation planning strategies.

U ovom radu analizirana je nestašica kafe koja je zadesila Jugoslaviju u vreme ekonomske krize osamdesetih godina. Fokus rada je na ekonomskim i sistemskim uzrocima koji su doveli do manjka ove veoma popularne robe u Jugoslaviji, kao što su nedostatak deviza, sistemska promena uvoza, vezivanje uvoza kafe za izvoz domaće robe, parcelizacija jugoslovenskog tržišta, neregulisano pitanje nadležnosti cena, kao i logističke kompliakcije uvoza iz više desetina zemalja. U radu se takođe daje kratak osvrt na posledice do kojih su ove nestašice dovele, kao što su potrošačka histerija, stvaranje zaliha, crna berza, preprodaja i šverc.

Over the three decades following the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, collective memory has evolved from mass burials of exhumed victims to the creation of memorial centers, which serve as powerful symbols of remembrance. Paradoxically, the denial of genocide and war crimes has strengthened collective memory, prompting deeper investigation into these
traumatic events. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has been crucial in documenting and acknowledging these atrocities, intertwining remembrance with research. Collective memory is shaped by personal experiences, cultural narratives, political
agendas, and global interventions, deeply influencing Bosnian identity. Genocidal policies sought to erase Bosniak identity, but this very denial has reinforced the national identity of survivors. In Bosnia, where genocide denial persists, collective memory remains a vital tool for confronting denial, preserving historical truth, and fostering reconciliation. Memorialization, research, and dialogue continue to play a key role in shaping public discourse and identity in post-war Bosnia.

Oficjalna wizyta premiera Węgier Viktora Orbána w Rosji 5 lipca premier Węgier Viktor Orbán oraz przedstawiciele węgierskiego rządu odbyli oficjalną wizytę w Rosji, gdzie spotkali się z prezydentem Rosji Władimirem Putinem. Podczas oficjalnej części spotkania rozmawiano zarówno o bilateralnych relacjach węgiersko-rosyjskich, jak i sytuacji międzynarodowej. V. Orbán, choć formalnie nie posiadał kompetencji, aby reprezentować całą Unię Europejską, podkreślał rolę Węgier jako państwa, które przewodniczy Radzie Unii Europejskiej (RUE) i podejmuje realne kroki w kierunku osiągnięcia pokoju. Wizyta w Moskwie miała miejsce zaledwie kilka dni po pierwszej od 12 lat wizycie V. Orbána w Kijowie. Organizacja i przebieg spotkania. Decyzja o wizycie w Moskwie zapadła podczas pobytu V. Orbána w Kijowie. Już wtedy premier zlecił zorganizowanie spotkania ministrowi spraw zagranicznych Péterowi Szijjártó 1 , który przeprowadził rozmowę telefoniczną ze swoim rosyjskim odpowiednikiem Siergiejem Ławrowem. Stronie węgierskiej zależało na zachowaniu wizyty w tajemnicy, dlatego komunikat o rozmowie, który pojawił się zaraz po niej na stronie MSZ Rosji, został szybko usunięty (zapewne na prośbę Węgier), by ponownie pojawić się dzień później. Publiczna część spotkania w Moskwie odbyła się w formie transmitowanej online konsultacji pomiędzy V. Orbánem i W. Putinem oraz przedstawicielami ich rządów. W jej trakcie wielokrotnie podkreślano dobre relacje bilateralne oraz odmienne w stosunku do innych państw zachodnich stanowisko Węgier w sprawie wojny w Ukrainie. Premier Węgier stwierdził, że "Węgry to jedno z nielicznych państw, które mogą prowadzić rozmowy i z jedną, i z drugą stroną konfliktu", czym nawiązał bezpośrednio do swojej wizyty w Kijowie kilka dni wcześniej ("Komentarze IEŚ", nr 1159). Rzecznik Kremla Dmitrij Pieskow zapewnił za pośrednictwem telewizji Rossija 24, że "wizyta odbyła się z inicjatywy Węgier", co jest implikacją słów V. Orbána: "pokój sam z siebie nie przyjdzie, dlatego trzeba podjąć realne działania. W czasie węgierskiego przewodnictwa w UE uczynimy pierwsze kroki w kierunku pokoju" 2. Oficjalne rozmowy skupiły się na planie pokojowym dla Ukrainy, warunkach zawieszenia broni oraz sytuacji gospodarczej. W. Putin podkreślił, że "oczekuje od Węgier przedstawienia ich stanowiska w sprawach węgiersko-rosyjskich, a także stanowisk europejskich partnerów, których [V. Orbán-przyp. autorów] reprezentuje" 3 , sugerując, że traktuje premiera Węgier jako wysłannika UE. Jak stwierdził W. Putin: "Rozumiem, że przyjechałeś tu nie tylko jako partner, ale jako przedstawiciel prezydencji UE" 4. Chociaż V. Orbán utrzymuje, że nie reprezentował stanowiska UE 5 , to bezpośrednie odwołania do faktu sprawowania przez Węgry prezydencji w Radzie UE tworzyły właśnie takie wrażenie. Kontekst wizyty. Spotkanie przedstawicieli rządów Węgier i Rosji odbyło się w kontekście rozpoczętej 1 lipca prezydencji Węgier w RUE ("Komentarze IEŚ", nr 1154). Premier Węgier od miesięcy podkreślał brak realnych działań UE w celu osiągnięcia pokoju. Jednocześnie na spotkaniu zwrócił się do W. Putina: "Węgry są wdzięczne, że nawet w tych warunkach [tj. wojny w Ukrainie i sankcji Zachodu-przyp. autorów] byłeś chętny mnie gościć, i muszę powiedzieć, że jest tylko kilka krajów, które są w stanie rozmawiać z obiema stronami [wojny w Ukrainie-przyp. autorów], Węgry są niestety w mniejszości" 6. W trakcie wizyty w Moskwie towarzyszący V. Orbánowi

The author reserarches in this paper the political, economic and legal trends concerning the integration of Moldova in European Union. The researcher pays the greet attention to the principles of freedom and pluralistic democracy, supremacy of European law above the national law, in the non-discrimination and equality before the law, reflected in the European and national acts, as well as the principles of the market economy.

Former Law on Termination of Pregnancy incited public discontent and protests, due to the manner in which termination of pregnancy was stipulated. The Law was challenged for its questionable constitutionality at the Constitutional Court. Although the effort was unsuccessful, the impugned Law was changed in the following years by the Assembly.

This volume strengthens the dialogue between conceptual perspectives, approaches and fields on deliberative and participatory forms of democratic innovation and offers novel insights, focusing on the Southeast European space. Traditional forms of participation seem insufficient in satisfying the growing complexity of the democratic processes, especially in the context of autocratizing societies. It is crucial to examine the possibilities of democratic innovation in political research and practice, trying to establish a connection between the possibilities and limits of representative democracy and social movements as possible carriers of the process of democratic innovation. This book offers novel insights into practices of civil society and social movements and their pathways carved to initiate a deep change in political thinking and practice and compelling insights for scholars and students of Southeast Europe, social movements and democracy.

Gifts, as a specific reflection of time and space in history, have captured the attention of all social and humanistic sciences for many centuries. As unique examples, they speak not only about the giver but also about the recipient. Their presence reflects the political and economic landscape, as well as the diplomatic skills that were practiced during that period. Through this lens, the author reveals which gifts were received and which were given under specific circumstances related to various events in Diriyah, the capital of the First Saudi State, at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. By analyzing these gifts, the study uncovers the skill and attitude of the Diriyah authorities toward the Ottoman sultan, as well as the economic power, political independence, and diplomatic sophistication of the ruling Saudi family.

Usually, the reception of Nikolaus Lenau’s work appears rather rarely or not at all in connection with his birthplace. Supported by biographical information, the article puts the poet’s life path in an overall context of contemporary events at his time, viewed from the perspective of the reception of Lenau’s most famous poem Schilflieder in Serbian and Serbo-Croatian literature. The framework conditions valid in Serbian and Serbo-Croatian literature for the reception of Nikolaus Lenau’s life and work, which arise from the prevailing social institutions and the established understanding of values, serve as a basis for building a bridge from the ,Weltschmerz‘ discussed in his songs to Daniel Falb’s poem Chicxulub Paem. Concepts and terms such as the Anthropocene, Max Frisch's Holocene, a Poetocene or a Terrapoetics are linked with literary-theoretical questions that arise from both, from processes of building literary historical eras as well as aspects of structural form being understood as art but also are constantly being subject to change.

У раду се говори у којој мери и обиму је вршена бугаризација на југословенском простору и које су биле главне установе и организације које су вршиле асимилацију становништва. У уводу је дат кратак преглед приласка Бугарске силама Осовине и односа са Југославијом у периоду 1939-1941. година. Aкценат је на политичком, војном, привредном и културном потчињавању Бугарске Трећем рајху. Главни део текста приказује интензитет и распон бугаризације и скреће пажњу на главне фазе у асимилацији становништва. Закључак обухвата сажетак изнетих података и анализу главног дела текста. Чланак је настао на необјављеној архивској грађи, објављеним изворима и релевантној литератури.

The legislative proposal recently adopted by the Romanian Legislator and subject to a priori constitutionality review, following the decision adopted on 5th December 2023 by the Supreme Court, raises issues that require debates both from the perspective of substantive law and criminal procedure, including from the perspective of EU law and respect for the rights and freedoms enshrined in the ECHR and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which has equal value to the Treaties. The present scientific approach is concerned only with the analysis from the perspective of substantive law, while the procedural and unitary analysis will be the subject of a future work by the authors.

I would like to say grateful thanks to my supervisors, Professor Balázs Trencsényi a n d P r o f e s s o r J a s m i n a L u k i . T h e y s p e n t a t r e m e n d o u s a m o u n t o f t i m e o n discussing my ideas, gave a lot of advice, had many suggestions about the texts and also gave encouraging feedback. I would like also to say thanks to Professor Sorin Antohi for encouraging to go on with my initial idea. Thanks to Professor István Rév for the thought-evoking discussions about certain parts of the thesis. Also to the archivists in the OSA, Botond Barta and Robert Parnica for their help. I a m a l s o v e r y g r a t e f u l t o J a s m i n k a P e š u t f r o m t h e C e n t a r z a ž e n s k e s t u d i j e (Women Studies Centre) in Zagreb for the lot of useful material she provided me with. Thanks to Bojan Aleksov for the contacts he gave. To Frau Butterstein and Hagen Betzwieser for the photocopying in Stuttgart. T o A n d r i j a n a T e o d o r o v i , P e t a r M i t r i a n d D a n i l o Š a r e n a c f o r h e l p i n g w i t h t h e language. To all the people with whom we had the lond-durée coffees. And finally, to Stevo uraškovi for helping with the translations, guiding in Zagreb, especially in the National and University Library, giving a roof over my head there, photocopying the material I forgot. And for everything. Of course, the responsibility for the final outcome is exclusively mine, all these people simply did their best for the best results.

In seinem Schreiben drückte er außerdem seine Überzeugung aus, dass das Amt des Hierarchen der Siebenbürger Rumänen nur "einem solchen Mann angeboten werden sollte, der etwas weiß; so viele Tausende von Seelen sollten nicht irgendeinem unwissenden Mann anvertraut werden [...], einem einfachen Mann, der im walachischen Aberglauben verwurzelt ist". 1 Daraufhin schickte Geleji einen Abgesandten in die Walachei zu einem Abt, der einige Bücher gedruckt hatte, mit der Bitte, nach Siebenbürgen zu kommen und Bischof der rumänischen Kirche zu werden. Geleji war der Meinung, dass es besser gewesen wäre, einen echten orthodoxen Bischof in Siebenbürgen zu ernennen, "denn die griechische Religion ist nicht so verdorben wie die rumänische, da diese größtenteils reiner Aberglaube ist". Geleji bezog sich in seinem Brief an den Fürsten auf Meletie Macedonianul ( †1642), einen gebürtigen Mazedonier (die rumänische Geschichtsschreibung hält ihn für einen Aromunen). Der gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts geborene Meletie war Mönch im Kloster von Zografou auf dem Berg Athos. Er erlernte das Druckerhandwerk in Kiew und zog dann in die Walachei. Der Woiwode Matei Basarab in der Walachei (1632-1654) bat ihn, in Kiew eine Druckerei zu kaufen (1633), und ernannte ihn ein Jahr später zum Abt des Klosters Govora in Oltenien (Kleine Walachei). Hier druckte er zwei Bücher in slawischer Sprache: das Psalmenbuch (1637), den Katechismus (1638), dann zwei Bücher in rumäni-

The main goal of this paper is to consider the most represented ideas about the connection between sports and Orthodoxy in the scientific papers of contemporary researchers in the Serbian intellectual and academic space. The content analysis method and the historical method were used in the paper. The paper will list the most influential personalities and relevant literature in the context of the mentioned ideas in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, as well as the most important organizations that promote the significant connection between sports activities and Orthodoxy in the Republic of Serbia.
Keywords: orthodoxy, sports, growing importance of sports

This article discusses the consequences of the war economy era in Europe. It refers to the recent political crisis in the European Union and France in particular, as well as the uncertain future of the European South - especially Greece. The argument is that war preparations are always followed by austerity and budget cuts. (paron 31/08/2025)

Elsine-i S̱elās̱e explores the complexities of translation in the Ottoman Empire, examining the intersections of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish (elsine-i s̱elās̱e) that formed the linguistic backbone of Ottoman high culture and literature. The contributors investigate translation practices, cultural exchange, and power relations that shaped the Ottoman intellectual landscape, covering topics such as literary translations, lexicography, and the evolution of Ottoman Turkish as a lingua franca. Focusing on the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, the articles reveal the intricate web of linguistic, cultural, and historical forces that influenced translation decisions, authorship, and readership in the Ottoman Empire, shedding new light on the dynamics of cross-cultural communication and knowledge transfer in pre-modern Eurasia.

Subsequent to pronouncement by the European Court of Human Rights of the semi-pilot judgement in case Iacov Stanciu v. Romania and the pilot judgement in case Rezmiveş and Others v. Romania -where the Court found structural problems concerning overcrowding of detention facilities and improper conditions of detention -national authorities were imposed to adopt an appropriate legal instrument in order to eradicate injuries of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Convention. The mechanism established by Law no. 169/2017 amending legislation on execution of punishments and detention measures aimed at achieving a double goal. On the one hand, it pursued to grant compensation to convicted persons executing punishments consisting in deprivation of liberty in improper conditions; on the other hand, it was destined to contribute to relieving places of detention. The purpose of this study is to analyze the degree to which the recently adopted legislation is suitable to fully attain the assumed end. The objectives of the study are to make an analysis of the relevant legal provisions and their impact on prison system and execution of punishment and at the same time of relevant case-law, in order to determine if the present form of the law leads to differentiations in treatment towards those to whom it addresses, incompatible to fundamental law.

Subsequent to pronouncement by the European Court of Human Rights of the semi-pilot judgement in case Iacov Stanciu v. Romania and the pilot judgement in case Rezmiveş and Others v. Romania - where the Court found structural problems concerning overcrowding of detention facilities and improper conditions of detention - national authorities were imposed to adopt an appropriate legal instrument in order to eradicate injuries of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Convention. The mechanism established by Law no. 169/2017 amending legislation on execution of punishments and detention measures aimed at achieving a double goal. On the one hand, it pursued to grant compensation to convicted persons executing punishments consisting in deprivation of liberty in improper conditions; on the other hand, it was destined to contribute to relieving places of detention. The purpose of this study is to analyze the degree to which the recently adopted legislation is suitable to fully attain the assu...

This article discusses the significance of social capital in Bourdieu-inspired analyses of contemporary South-East European societies. We first recapitulate Bourdieu?s theorization of social capital, emphasizing that it allows different operationalizations expressly because of its rather abstract theoretical character. Following that, we explain what is meant by ?South- East European societies? and that their inequality-generating mechanisms are largely based on social closure. In the central part of the article, we comment on some attempts at operationalization of social capital in the SEE region. While we also discuss two cases of eclectically mixing Lin?s operationalization with Bourdieusian concepts, at the center of our attention is the elaboration of Bourdieu?s theorization of social capital put forward by the Serbian sociologist Predrag Cveticanin. The relevance of his concepts of ?social capital of solidarity? and ?social capital of informal connections? for the study of cla...

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions on Russian gas have triggered a severe energy crisis in Europe, with gas prices soaring tenfold, pushing economies into recession and heightening energy poverty risks, particularly in Southeast Europe (SEE). This issue of Political Trends and Dynamics by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung examines the region’s precarious socio-economic conditions and reliance on subsidized energy, which have left SEE unprepared for disrupted energy supplies. While some EU countries have bolstered natural gas storage and sought imports from the US, Qatar, and Nigeria, SEE faces the challenge of reverting to polluting coal amid a push for cleaner energy alternatives. Contributors like Stefan Bouzarovski, Simon Uzunov, Julian Popov, and Marta Szpala argue that the crisis could accelerate SEE’s green transition, leveraging its rich renewable potential in biomass, hydropower, wind, and solar energy. However, this shift requires strategic investments in energy research, education, and advanced technologies, alongside socially just policies to address energy poverty and local disparities. The issue offers critical analyses and strategic insights, highlighting opportunities for SEE to lead in renewable energy while navigating the pressing challenges of the current energy crisis.

This article examines international approaches to the implementation of probation as an alternative to custodial sentences within penal enforcement systems. The primary aim is to conduct a comparative legal and institutional analysis of probation frameworks in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and selected European Union countries, including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, and Germany. The study applies a structuralfunctional methodology and legal-document analysis to explore the regulatory models, operational mechanisms, and practical challenges of probation systems. Findings reveal that probation serves as a cost-effective and humane penal instrument aimed at reducing recidivism and promoting the social rehabilitation of offenders. However, its effectiveness is often constrained by inadequate funding, shortage of trained personnel, and institutional fragmentation. The article concludes that successful probation systems require coordinated interagency efforts, individualised resocialisation programmes, and continuous oversight, and recommends integrating international best practices adapted to domestic socio-legal contexts.

This study investigates the evolution of societal values regarding homosexuality and abortion in Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia from 1995 to 2020. Utilizing data from the World Values Survey, the research examines how these values have shifted in relation to religiosity and institutional changes. The findings reveal significant divergences among the three countries. Croatia and Serbia have experienced an increase in conservative attitudes towards sexuality, particularly influenced by rising religiosity and the impact of religious nationalism. Conversely, Slovenia has shown a liberalizing trend, with decreasing proportions of the population viewing homosexuality and abortion as unjustifiable. The study employs regression models to analyse the influence of religiosity, gender, age, and education on these values. The results indicate that while religiosity is a significant factor, national differences persist even after controlling for it. The paper concludes that historical trajectories and the interplay between formal and informal institutions play crucial roles in shaping values on sexuality. The study highlights the need for further research on the connection between institutional reforms, historical contexts, and value changes.

Jedan od osnovnih zadataka nove jugoslovenske vlasti u prvim godinama nakon oslobođenja bila je obnova ratom razorene zemlje, kao i omogućavanje razvoja privrede, infrastrukture i izgradnja mnogobrojnih objekata različite namene. Paralelno sa ovim zahtevnim zadatkom, bilo je potrebno izvršiti i modernizaciju zemlje, ali i raditi na uspostavljanju novog, socijalističkog društva. Veliki potencijal viđen u mladim ljudima, njihovoj snazi, elanu i entuzijazmu, što je iskorišćeno na mnogobrojnim omladinskim radnim akcijama, koje su posmatrane ne samo kao velika gradilišta, već i kao prostor za obrazovanje i vaspitavanje omladine, ali i kao priprema mladih kadrova za prelazak na rad u industriji.

Μέ ἀφορμή τή συμπλήρωση ἑνός αἰώνα ἀπό τήν ἵδρυση καί συνεχῆ κυκλοφορία τοῦ περιοδικοῦ Θεολογία, τοῦ ἐπιστημονικοῦ περιοδικοῦ πού ἐκδίδεται ἀπό τήν Ἱερά Σύνοδο τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τῆς Ἑλλάδος, θά διεξαχθεῖ τό Β΄Διεθνές Ἐπιστημονικό Συνέδριο μέ τόν ἀνωτέρω τίτλο, καί οἱ παράλληλες Ἐκδηλώσεις του, στό Μέγαρο Μουσικῆς Θεσσαλονίκης καί στήν Αἴθουσα Τελετῶν τοῦ Ἀριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης, ἀπό τή Δευτέρα 29 Σεπτεμβρίου ἕως τήν Τετάρτη 1 Ὀκτωβρίου 2025.

DA) has been collecting aggregated data on illicit drug use among European prison populations for over a decade. Additional studies were identified in a literature search. Together, these sources yielded 53 studies reporting data during the period 2000 to 2008. Analysis of these studies reveals that the available data are scarce and patchy, with large variations in methodology. This diversity hampers comparison, and may, in part, account for the wide range of prevalence estimates for drug use and drug injecting, both prior to imprisonment and while in prison. This article concludes that a common instrument to measure drug use and its consequences in European prison populations is needed.

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCD-DA) has been collecting aggregated data on illicit drug use among European prison populations for over a decade. Additional studies were identified in a literature search. Together, these sources yielded 53 studies reporting data during the period 2000 to 2008. Analysis of these studies reveals that the available data are scarce and patchy, with large variations in methodology. This diversity hampers comparison, and may, in part, account for the wide range of prevalence estimates for drug use and drug injecting, both prior to imprisonment and while in prison. This article concludes that a common instrument to measure drug use and its consequences in European prison populations is needed.