Sociology of journalists

第一次世界大戰後，中國知識界出現了明顯的文化保守主義傾向，這是中國對西方科學現代性破產的反應。不同於將中國文化保守主義作為國家現代化理念的普遍解釋，本文考察了梁啟超及其同儕張君勱和張東蓀獨特的文化保守主義興趣以及他們為恢復戰後世界普世道德的構想。在對實證主義的全球性反叛中，研究系（梁啟超派）哲學家將中國文化重新定義為一種地方性的、有助於創造新世界文化的普世道德源泉。本文闡明瞭他們的文化保守主義如何將普遍性（the universal）歷史化（historicize）為透過有意識的人類努力而恢復普世道德，並與不同的地方文化相一致的目標。

如何在南⽅邊陲⼩島，醞釀聯動世界、重理內外疆界的思想震動？如何在後殖⺠的都市，修築現代理論的話語系統，在業已逝去的⽂字檔案中，譬喻未來，重構當下？對於張歷君⽽⾔，⽂學批評是構成想象香港的⼀種姿態，更是指向了香港本⾝。他的新書《⽂學的外邊》與其說是⼀本關於⽂學批評的論⽂集，倒不如說是關於如何在香港書寫⽂學批評的實驗冊，更是關乎如何「作」香港（乃⾄中國）⽂學的評論、如何理解香港在地⽅與全球之間的⽂化指南書。此書是其多年來的批評⽂字之集錄，卻是體現出張⽒對於香港和香港⽂學的念茲在茲之深情。

This thesis is about the subtle ways in which discourses on the individual professionalisation of journalists have been fetishised and used since the neoliberal turn to narrow international debates on imbalances in global flows of information and communication; prevent reform of increasingly inegalitarian media systems, and more importantly to dismantle organised resistance and politically divide reporters.

This study examines the job satisfaction of women at Iowa newspapers by assessing women’s attitudes and perceptions in three distinct areas: job quality, work-life balance, and organizational support. The findings indicate that job quality is an important and positive aspect of women’s job satisfaction while organizational support offers room for improvement. The respondents generally were satisfied with their jobs and work-life balance, but low salaries emerged as a significant problem. The respondents also expressed a desire for consistent personnel policies and greater opportunities for advancement. The results are intended to help community newspapers in their efforts to recruit and retain highly skilled women, who continue to be underrepresented in the field

“To know is to compare,” declare Mora Matassi and Pablo J. Boczkowski in their recent book of the same title. But what is it precisely that we can know from comparisons? Three new and important books about journalism provide distinct answers to this question, and in so doing usefully broaden our understanding of the multifaceted dimensions of contemporary news media at a moment of crisis and potential renewal, simultaneously economic, technological, and civic. Matthew Powers and Sandra Vera-Zambrano, The Journalist’s Predicament: Difficult Choices in a Declining Profession (New York, Columbia University Press, 2023, 302 p.) Sylvain Parasie, Computing the News: Data Journalism and the Search for Objectivity (New York, Columbia University Press, 2022, 299 p.) Elena Raviola, Organizing Independence: Negotiations between Journalism and Management in News Organizations (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, 2022, 163 p.)

“The Theory of Political Scientist Bluntschli” (1903) is often regarded an essay that signifies Liang Qichao’s switch from Rousseauian democratic republicanism and liberalism to German theory of the state, collectivism, and statism. In this article, I reinterpret this important essay by looking at the political philosophies behind this essay. My main questions include what exactly was Liang talking about when he used the term “republicanism”? What exactly is the new theory of Bluntschli, and how did Liang understand it? What are the inner connections between Bluntschli and Rousseau, especially regarding the ideas of “freedom,” “right,” and “human will”?

I argue that Liang uses “republicanism” at least in three senses: the first being the spirit and the practice of self-government, the second referring to representation and the notion of separation of powers and the third being a state system that exercises representative democracy and that has no kings or emperors. Liang only said farewell to “republicanism” in the third sense. I also argue that Bluntschli’s theory of the state cannot be simply understood as collectivism or statism. It inherits key notions from Rousseauian republicanism, including the notions of “freedom”, “right” and “human will”, and the principle that the people should be holding legislative power. Bluntschli’s theory of the state also has to be understood in the framework of German liberalism, which emphasizes the importance of constitutionalism, separation of power, and representation, and contains an ethical Hegelian theory of the state.

Therefore, to simply say that Liang by 1903 had parted from republicanism is not an accurate historical understanding of Liang’s own thinking. This analysis is colored by a particular kind of liberalism, the one that emerged in the English-speaking world after WWII, which focused on negative liberty. As researchers, we have to enter Liang’s own theoretical world to better understand his thinking and the decisions he made.

Sports journalists in the UK and Ireland are encountering an alarming rise in online abuse, which is profoundly affecting their work and well-being. Social media, while enabling direct interaction with audiences, has also exposed journalists to a constant threat of harassment, creating a new reality for the profession. The ubiquity of online abuse has significant implications, not only for journalists’ mental health, but also for the quality and integrity of sports journalism itself. Online abuse frequently leads to self-censorship and emotional exhaustion, with formal institutional support and training for managing online abuse largely absent. While this leaves journalists with the task of navigating these difficulties on their own, it also highlights the need for further research on the nature of online abuse in sports, as well as stronger institutional measures to support journalists facing online harassment.

由李金銓教授主編的《「國際傳播」國際化》中文版，集合多國傳
播與社會學領域共14 位明星學者的論文，英文原著緣起於李教授任職
香港城市大學講座教授期間所發起的「南北對話」，由美國密西根大學
出版。中文版誕生於李金銓教授自眾國外名校榮退後，回歸知識出發之地——母校政大傳院擔任「玉山學者」期間出版，意義深遠。因為這部書從國際強權秩序、傳播與文化帝國主義、學術霸權與典範轉移，甚至隱含學門間的競合，勾勒傳播思路變化，可能也屬於李教授本人的學思傳記（intellectual biography）。

The identity of the new generation of Hong Kong youth underwent a major change in the 1960s and 1970s. Under the influence of the political and social turmoil in Hong Kong and China, Hong Kong youth identified themselves as Chinese. The identity of Hong Kong people gradually changed into identity consciousness. This article will analyse how contemporary youth in Hong Kong recognise and discuss their identity orientation through the analysis of the Chinese Student Weekly, a popular contemporary youth publication. This article summarises three main reasons for the drastic changes in the identity orientation of contemporary youth, including "the loss of local consciousness", "the emergence of Hong Kong identity" and "the conflict between the two Chinas". These factors caused Hong Kong youth to recognise the identity of Hong Kong people from 1960 to 1970 and led to the closure of the Chinese Student Weekly in the mid-1970s.

When the Greek philosopher Heraclitus said that the world is in constant flux and that opposites are intrinsically linked, he was not understood. In our current world, however, we can confidently say that change is one of the few constants and that change is often driven by the resolution of opposites in what has become known as the dialectic. We have witnessed dramatic changes since the World Wide Web became user-­‐friendly – or less user-­‐unfriendly. The speed of communication technology is helping us to avoid stepping into the same river twice. Our economic values have changed to include digital assets as property. Media consumers are now producer-­‐users or ‘produsers’. Movies have moved from Hollywood to Bollywood and from Bollywood to Nollywood. We have witnessed news priorities shift from rich, so-­‐called elite nations to poor, non-­‐western nations as we have moved from CNN to Al jazeera and seen how non-­‐western news sources have reshaped global thinking. We have witness...

除夕夜俄羅斯總統普丁接受美國新聞媒體主播卡爾森採訪的談話視頻，除將採訪俄文內容直接翻成中文，期能真實表達普丁的原意。

這篇報導引發旁觀者對於俄羅斯掌權者發動這場軍事特別行動背後的動機與思維感到興趣？

拜讀完俄羅斯 Nikolai Danilevskii 研究中心於 2022 年將 D 氏於
1895 年所著 Russia and Europe 乙書、轉成現代俄文版後，對於俄羅斯帝國性、
宗教意識有了進一步認識，盼對俄烏軍事衝突背后有所瞭解者有所助益，故起心動念寫些淺薄論點，另再述及關於索忍尼辛----俄羅斯的良心-----渠與普丁互動往來，拜請指教!

Regarded as books containing anecdotes in ancient China, the concept of novel can be deemed the fictitious literary genre. Comparing with modern western "fiction", it belongs to different s ystematic concept. The study of "Redology" is always a controversial issue. That's why Yu Ying-shih constructed "new paradigm" of Redology, attempting to solve problems and set up standard for Redology through the analysis of academic History. Although his ambition failed, pedigree he constructed helps to highlight the characteristics, such as author's historical discourse and situation reproduction of reality or simulation in author's works. Regardless of red-inked commentaries, figurist Redology, 文學新鑰 第 19 期 122 autobiographical Redology, or Yu Ying-shih's New Paradigm, the research in fact shows that they all come down in one continuous line, after converting and completing the integration of ancient Chinese "novel" concept with western "fiction" tradition.

Media massa dan isu HAM Papua memiliki keterkaitan satu sama lain. Dalam proses liputan, terdapat satu pihak yang terlibat dan paling dominan yaitu profesi jurnalis. Jurnalis perlu mempersiapkan diri dan kemampuan khusus saat hendak meliput. Sayangnya, masih belum banyak orang mengetahui tentang pengalaman dari wartawan peliput isu HAM Papua. Maka dari itu, peneliti merasa bahwa hal ini penting dilakukan untuk mengisi kekosongan dan menambah ilmu pengetahuan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemaknaan atas pengalaman jurnalis dalam meliput dan melakukan proses produksi berita isu HAM di Papua. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian Fenomenologi dengan aliran Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA) yang dimiliki oleh Edmund Husserl. Dengan aliran IPA dinilai mampu untuk menjelaskan pemaknaan pengalaman secara detail. Key informan, peneliti memilih tiga wartawan yang sudah berpengalaman kurang lebih tujuh sampai dua puluh tahun dalam meliput isu H...

對主張使用「台語」、「台灣話」用詞ê人來講，che是beh凸顯ka-tī是 “台灣” 人、m̄是中國 “閩南” 人，是強調台灣認同kap台灣意識ê表現。對反對ê人來講，in認為客語、原住民語、甚至華語mā是新ê台語，所以Hō-ló人講 “Hō-ló話是台語” 是teh否定其他族群語言chiâⁿ做本土語言ê排他性ê作法。
「台語」、「台灣話」用詞kám有嚴重到chiâⁿ做排他性ê沙文主義？當原住民有權利使用「原住民」取代「番仔」ê稱呼ê時，kám講台語人就有接受歧視意涵ê「閩南人」或者接受語義不清ê「Hō-ló人」ê義務？
本論文ê研究目的beh ùi語言學ê角度分析「台語」、「台灣話」ê語意內涵，koh會ùi kāng-sî kap歷時ê視野來探討「台語」、「台灣話」用詞ê正當性。
【本文原底發表tī 2006年台灣主體性與學術研究研討會，7月1日，台灣歷史學會，台北，台灣會館；bat收錄tī蔣為文2007 《語言、文學kap台灣國家再想像》台南：國立成功大學。】

Tsao, Hung-ping (2023). Touring Northern Taiwan Fortnight. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 5, NUMBER 5, May 2023; 51 pages. Lenox Institute Press, Auburndale, MA, 02466, USA. No. STEAM-VOL5-NUM5-MAY2023;  https://doi.org/10.17613/eq40-vp42    .....    ABSTRACT:  This is my recollection of two weeks stay in Northern Taiwan starting mid-April for promoting the Natural Sudoku by giving talks to various level of students ranging from elementary school to college. The first week was primarily spent on visiting relatives, friends and the historical site of my grandfather’s old three-storied mansion. The second week was mostly spent for the theme detailed as follows: (a) Hard sudoku puzzles are usually designed for defying our logical reasoning, so we can counter with the Principle of Least Choice (PLC) by selecting the least likely one when facing the multiple choices of our next move. The harder the puzzle, the more often PLC is recommended to be used. (b) This lecture serves as the preface for promoting the Natural Sudoku (Sudoku with 17 givens). Accordingly, I plan to give a series of lectures, each containing two puzzles with illustrative solutions, the second one of which is the demonstration of the first of the 49 practice puzzles with annotated solutions. All Natural Sudoku puzzles are downloaded from Gordon Royle list. (c) The minimum of 17 givens is required for a Sudoku puzzle to not having multiple solutions. There are no extra givens that puzzle makers can maneuver to design extremely hard Sudoku. Therefore, we shall not use PLC at all for any of our lectures. Hard puzzles can sometimes be solved by the construction of strategic flipflops. (d) The purpose of my lectures is for you not to waste time in playing Sudoku. In addition to the introduction of efficient methods, we most importantly screen out those puzzles with multiple or no solutions in the collection of practice sets for you. and (e) The lectures are presented in the power point format, convenient for any interested instructors to use.

Attacks against journalists and the hostility they receive have now earned a lot of researchers' attention, and reasonably so, as reports on attacks are significantly increasing in recent years (UNESCO, 2021). Nowadays, researchers have dived into a more specific context and looked into how it is to work as a journalist during a pandemic (e.g., Hoak, 2021), the attacks journalists receive and experience, and the consequences and influence on society (Larsen et al., 2021; Löfgren Nilsson & Örnebring, 2016). Much research focuses on describing the nature of hostility; however, studies have paid little attention to (systemizing) how hostility reaches journalists. It would provide more knowledge for discussing how to protect journalists or how journalists can protect themselves-both of which are complex topics because of the nature of the job (see Martin & Murrell, 2020; Ogunyemi & Akanuwe, 2021; UNESCO, 2021). We, as journalism educators, often struggle with explaining in a systemized manner the hostility that reaches journalists and probable strategies for dealing with it. Our study aims to fill this gap. In addition, the article provides a helping hand in journalism training when discussing professional hazards and analyzing the possibilities to find personal strategies to prevent unnecessary stress and trauma or how to cope with them. Following the example of other researchers (Mendes, 2022; Miller, 2021), we use the word "hostility" in this study as a cover term wherever needed for describing different kinds of verbal harassment, abusive communication, or threats to avoid adding to the terminological confusion around the word harassment. We include in our studies both offline and online experiences with hostility. Context At the center of this study is Estonia, a country considered peaceful for journalists to work in (the fourth position in the Press Freedom Index-Reporters Without Borders, 2022b). Even so, research has brought out severe issues with hostility (death threats, stalking, receiving ropes for hanging oneself, etc.) among Estonian journalists (Ivask, 2020; Riives et al., 2021). Journalists are aggressively approached at protests, threatened, and forced to leave (Eesmaa & Mooste, 2022). Journalists have tried to fight against hostility but failed on a regulatory basis and are being bullied about it (e.g., Joonas, 2021). As we face more and more situations where journalists are defenseless, journalists need to have coping and prevention strategies. Literature Overview Hostility Against Journalists and Their Reactions The severest cases of attacks and hostility against journalists include journalists disappearing, being murdered, being held hostage, or being imprisoned. At the time of writing this article, there were 537 journalists imprisoned and 56 murdered (Reporters Without Borders, 2022a). In addition, attacks and harassment against journalists covering protests have risen (UNESCO, 2020). Female journalists report experiencing a worrisome amount of hostility, attacks, and threats (Posetti et al., 2022). Although there is a stigma surrounding men admitting to being in dangerous situations and not reporting it (Riives et al., 2021; Stahel & Schoen, 2020), evidence indicates male journalists face similar issues (Löfgren Nilsson & Örnebring, 2016). Although most journalists have received

This article focuses on a newly discovered archival document, a letter to Hitler by Taixu in August 1937. This letter reflects the interesting interaction between Buddhism and the then German ideology, National Socialism (often called Nazi). It will help us understand the status and role of Buddhism in Nazi Germany and its subtle relationship with German politics. It will also help us understand the complexity and multifaceted nature of the historical figure of Taixu.

Political alternation and changes in the field of information in France after 1981 Philippe Juhem This article wants to assess the effects of the changes in the left parties' political offer as soon as 1981 and chiefly from 1983 onwards and the « first stringency measures », upon the tranformation of the then considerd « of the left » newspapers' editorial line (Liberation, Le Matin de Paris, Le Monde). By modifying the indissociable political and commercial strategies the « left » papers were able to adopt and by initiating the process of the privatization of television, the arrival of a socialist government contributed to weakening the hold of political concepts over the journalistic comments, thus favoring a rather commercial policy. The evolution, however, of the « left » parties' political offer and the process of relative neutralization of the newspapers also contributed to modifying the opinion one might have about political struggles. The phenomenon known under t...

This research identifies an Indonesian-language Twitter disinformation campaign posting pro-government materials on Indonesian governance in Papua, site of a protracted ethno-nationalist, pro-independence insurgency. Curiously, the campaign does not employ common disinformation tactics such as hashtag flooding or the posting of clickbait with high engagement potential, nor does it seek to build user profiles that would make the accounts posting this material appear as important participants in a debate over Papua’s status. The campaign simply employs synchronous, duplicate posts by ostensibly distinct authors to ensure that a significant proportion of posts mentioning contentious special autonomy arrangements are pro-government. Despite lacking sophistication, the scale of this information campaign in overall Twitter discussion of special autonomy adds to concerns about the ability of pro-government actors to employ disinformation to constrict political discourse in Southeast Asia.

The frequent referencing of service to the public interest as a core professional journalistic value raises the question of the correspondence between the perception of journalists and the public as to what constitutes good and bad journalism. In this study, a sample of Israeli journalists and a sample of the Israeli public were asked a series of questions about the core values and practices of journalism. Results suggest four major conclusions: first, Israeli journalists have a clear, relatively uniform perception of what constitutes worthy journalism. Second, journalists and the public differ in the degrees of significance they assign to various journalistic norms and practices. Third, the public is slightly more positive in its overall assessment of the Israeli media in comparison with the journalists. Finally, the two general assessments are constituted by different, or even opposing, components.

2013 至 2014 年間，我在美國達特茅斯學院( Dartmouth Col- lege) 作聯合培養博士生，師從艾蘭( Sarah Allan) 教授。經由艾蘭教授的熱心推薦，我得以和彼時正在哈佛大學費正清研究中心擔任訪問研究員的瓦格納教授相識。因爲博士論文論題和瓦 格納教授的研究領域相近，我曾數次當面向他請益。以下這篇訪談也正是在這種機緣下完成的。回國之後，我忙於博士論文的寫作，訪談稿的發表事宜也就擱置了下來。2019 年10月末， 我們沉痛得知瓦格納教授仙逝的消息。此時將這篇訪談稿發表於《道家文化研究》，竟也算是另外一種機緣的成就了。瓦格納教授曾致力於《老子》文本及注本的研究，並與本刊主編陳鼓應教授有過親密交往。我們謹以此篇訪談，向瓦格納教授致以深切懷念。

In this paper, liberal democracy is problematized by examining one paradox inherent to its conceptualization and practice: the possibility for those elected in to power to call out the state of exception, thereby implementing mechanisms of control through the system of law. At the same time, our assumption is that people are not only controlled by instruments of the state, but also by their self-imposed control and built-in processes of socialization and adaption. Thus we conceptualize a theoretical framework where the use of big words like "democracy" and "freedom" is changed into the analysis of external and internal control mechanisms in a democracy based on the idea of sovereignty.
To combine this theoretical groundwork with empirical practice, we conducted qualitative interviews with Israeli journalists. In doing so, we wanted to analyze their reflections on what could be considered the potential control of a professional group of media practitioners whose role it is to expose the misuse of power, and act as a watchdog in a democratic society. Israel is used as an intensified example, because it is a liberal democracy where the state of emergency has endured for over fifty years. This has affected its media landscape through control mechanisms, such as media censorship or gag orders. The reflections of these Israeli journalists did pave the way for our explorative research to question the extent of "freedom" in any democracy that is based on the idea of sovereignty and focus on the mechanisms which limit and control their actions.

La empatía es uno de los constructos de la llamadas neurociencias sociales. Se define como una disposición de dimensiones múltiples que permite colocarse en el estado emocional del otro. Colombia presenta un conflicto interno irregular prolongado, que ha venido deteriorándose en crueldad. Objetivos: Evaluar las dimensiones de la empatía de 285 excombatientes del conflicto armado colombiano, usando el Índice de Reactividad * Financiado por Colciencias, mediante Contrato No. 455-2009. Datos derivados del proyecto Procesamiento emocional y su modulación en personas reinsertadas del conflicto colombiano, pertenecientes a

This study explores how the social dimensions of a reporter’s world shape ethical decisions through parallel surveys of daily newspaper reporters in Israel and one Midwestern US state. Through regression analysis, we found that personal factors (gender, years of education) were not related to ethical decisions nor were professional factors (professional experience, professional membership, having studied journalism). In contrast, the social context element (country of practice) was relevant for two of three ethical situations. We also found that personal, professional and social dimensions varied in their utility to ethical decision-making from situation to situation. Considering a reporter’s ethical predisposition, this study found that personal value systems may be more important for ethical decision-making than formal written codes. This study suggests that ethical foundations shared across nations can create cultural bridges – but that diverging ethical perspectives also may cre...

Nowadays, social media is considered one of the vastly used media not only by the public but also by professionals of all fields. Like other professionals, the journalists also use social media for dissemination of their stories with the public and also gathering information for story development through social media. Facebook is one of the popular social media networks among journalists to gather information for the stories. The purpose of this study is to determine and examine the patterns of use of Facebook information news production by Pakistani journalists. The data was collected by applying a survey method from Pakistani journalists through purposive sampling technique. The findings showed that the majority of surveyed urban journalists in this study used information sought from facebook for journalistic professions; mainly, they make the highest use of facebook information for getting themselves updated, writing follow-up stories, and then quoting facebook as source respectively.

is interested in how people represent themselves in their own media, with a particular interest in peoples who do not fit neatly within the traditional notions of the nation-state. Shayna has researched and engaged with Romani media, migrant media and Indigenous media in Canada, the US and Europe for nearly 15 years. As a Fulbright and Vanier scholar, she has lived and worked in Hungary and the Balkans. She teaches and researches at the University of Winnipeg.

Nowadays, social media is considered one of the vastly used media not only by the public but also by professionals of all fields. Like other professionals, the journalists also use social media for dissemination of their stories with the public and also gathering information for story development through social media. Facebook is one of the popular social media networks among journalists to gather information for the stories. The purpose of this study is to determine and examine the patterns of use of Facebook information news production by Pakistani journalists. The data was collected by applying a survey method from Pakistani journalists through purposive sampling technique. The findings showed that the majority of surveyed urban journalists in this study used information sought from facebook for journalistic professions; mainly, they make the highest use of facebook information for getting themselves updated, writing follow-up stories, and then quoting facebook as source respectively.

When the Greek philosopher Heraclitus said that the world is in constant flux and that opposites are intrinsically linked, he was not understood. In our current world, however, we can confidently say that change is one of the few constants and that change is often driven by the resolution of opposites in what has become known as the dialectic. We have witnessed dramatic changes since the World Wide Web became user-­‐friendly – or less user-­‐unfriendly. The speed of communication technology is helping us to avoid stepping into the same river twice. Our economic values have changed to include digital assets as property. Media consumers are now producer-­‐users or ‘produsers’. Movies have moved from Hollywood to Bollywood and from Bollywood to Nollywood. We have witnessed news priorities shift from rich, so-­‐called elite nations to poor, non-­‐western nations as we have moved from CNN to Al jazeera and seen how non-­‐western news sources have reshaped global thinking. We have witness...

High levels of stress "coupled with journalists' often priest-like commitment and passion for the work" makes journalism "a fertile field for burnout development," reports Scott Reinardy, assistant professor in the William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of Kansas. In this piece, Reinardy touches on the case of former journalist Reni Winter, and reports on several studies he has conducted over the past six years examining the rate and causes of burnout among journalists.

This study provides a roadmap for economics instructors to use a graphical model along with various clips from ESPN’s critically-acclaimed 30FOR30 films series in order to complement classroom discussion of cartel theory, particularly the story of the National Collegiate Athletics Association as a cartel. The two films used here are Thaddeus D. Matula’s Pony Excess (2010) and