Sociology of Corruption

One of the important components of the living standards is health. The population health is an important indicator of socio-economic development of modern society. The health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical aid and level of development of the health care system at the modern stage. Medical assistance in state and municipal institutions of health care provides to citizens free, at the expense of the appropriate budget, insurance premiums and other proceeds. There are acts of public law and order in the public health, that is, everything is prohibited, except prescribed, or allowed only what the law expressly provided. In other words, the law is manifested according to its public institutions. Health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical care. A large share of corruption observed in the sphere of health, conducted a number of studies on issues of corruption. Purpose of work is the study of opinions of the population and experts about the forms and manifestations of corruption in the health care sector. Studies were carried out from 2007 to 2013. The results showed that 95% of doctors and 77% of nurses have additional sources of income. [Frolova I.I., Zakirova L.M., Khamitova L.M. Results of research of corruption`s problem in the health care system of Tatarstan.

Il termine corruzione indica primariamente un reato penale, ovvero un crimine. Quasi sempre tuttavia nell’uso comune risalta il riferimento all’immoralità della condotta dei soggetti coinvolti: il solo sospetto rischia di macchiarne la reputazione in maniera significativa e prolungata. Quando si passa dall’osservazione del singolo atto alla corruzione intesa come fenomeno sociale, l’immoralità, intesa come riflesso di situazioni o contesti in cui i valori latitano, ne viene spesso considerata il presupposto. Non sorprende dunque che solitamente si parli di corruzione quando ad essere coinvolti sono politici o amministratori pubblici, appartenenti a categorie privilegiate, di élite contrapposte al popolo, fatto di cittadini comuni. La distinzione fra corrotti (coloro che si lasciano corrompere) e corruttori (che inducono i primi all’atto) generalmente risulta secondaria: l’attenzione prevalente sui primi, figure di rilievo pubblico, riflette anch’essa la rappresentazione, ricorrente nel senso comune, della contrapposizione fra una minoranza segnata da un’immoralità – tanto più grave in quanto essa è investita della responsabilità di tutelare l’interesse pubblico – e una maggioranza (impotente) di onesti cittadini.

The present article investigates the parameters of scientific morality in the school of Imam Khomeini. The methodology used in this paper is text analysis; the findings uncover that imam Khomeini pays specific attention to the correct training and adoption of customs and internalization of these in the process of education of soul. He believes that if the soul of human becomes heavenly, his behaviors and intentions would also become heavenly. The parameters found in this study are discipline, humbleness, mastery of the issue, creativity, and innovation, and welcoming criticism. In the last part of the paper the parameters for training students in three issues, namely, moral, political, and scientific training are discussed.

The growing incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases and the negative demographic situation in the Russian Federation determine the relevance of an in-depth study of the processes that cause negative trends in regional morbidity, the development of organizational and methodological measures and technologies to improve the quality of health care and increase the average life expectancy. The objective is to study the influence of the age factor and the availability of medical care on the changes in the morbidity of the urban population of the Republic of Tatarstan. We applied modern research methods such as bibliographic (content analysis), comparative, analytical, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, time series analysis, and assessing the significance of differences with p <0.05. The research material was data of Rosstat for 2006–2018. An absolute increase in the population in densely populated areas was established due to an increase in the number of children 0-14 y...

در روزگار ما با وجود جنگ های عقیدتی، مهاجرت و جهانی شدن، گفت وگو پدیده ای اجتناب ناپذیر
است. در مقام مقایسه، در جهان غرب، مسیحیان شخصیت اصلی گفت وگوی بین دینی هستند و
روحانیون مسیحی تکنیک ها و روش های آن را فرا می گیرند؛ درحالی که مسلمانان که مهم ترین هدف
گفت وگوی مسیحیان هستند، کمتر به آموزش روش ها و فنون گفت وگوی بین ادیان در آموزشگاه های
خود می پردازند. مسئله اصلی این مقاله آن است که دانشگاه چه نسبتی با موضوع گفت وگوی ادیان
دارد؟ آیا انتظار نقش آفرینی دانشگاه در این زمینه با رسالت دانشگاه مغایر است یا بالعکس؟ دانشگاه با
چه سازوکاری می تواند به این موضوع بپردازد تا نتایج در خوری به دست آورد؟ زیربنای این آموزش
باید دانش تحول گرا، اخلاق محور و ارزش بنیان باشد. این دانش در وهله نخست موجب شناخت
ارزش ها و اهداف ادیان و در گام بعدی، موجب احترام به ویژگی های فرهنگی و اجتماعی سنت های
دینی مختلف می شود. برنامه ریزی راهبردی برای آموزش گفت وگوی ادیان، رسالت دانشگاهی است که
در پی حقیقت، صلح و رفاه اجتماعی از طریق آموزش و پژوهش است. این مقاله متکفّل تبیین
ضرورت آموزش گفت وگوی ادیان در دانشگاه به شیوۀ تحلیلی و توصیفی است.

Принципы оценки терапевтической эквивалентности на основе исследований биоэквивалентности в настоящее время в России значительно отличаются от зарубежных, в частности, это касается препаратов с узким терапевтическим диапазоном. Регистрация таких лекарственных препаратов на основании результатов исследования биоэквивалентности с общепринятыми границами признания биоэквивалентности неприемлема, поскольку в указанном диапазоне они могут вызывать серьезные нежелательные реакции, быть в большей степени опасными по сравнению с референтным препаратом. Особенно критичным это становится при замене референтного на воспроизведенный лекарственный препарат. Последнее обуславливает необходимость разработки более жестких требований к препаратам с узким терапевтическим диапазоном. В данной статье рассмотрены подходы к планированию исследований биоэквивалентности препаратов с узким терапевтическим диапазоном, предлагаемые ведущими мировыми регуляторными органами с целью гармонизации их к проведению ...

The growing incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases and the negative demographic situation in the Russian Federation determine the relevance of an in-depth study of the processes that cause negative trends in regional morbidity, the development of organizational and methodological measures and technologies to improve the quality of health care and increase the average life expectancy. The objective is to study the influence of the age factor and the availability of medical care on the changes in the morbidity of the urban population of the Republic of Tatarstan. We applied modern research methods such as bibliographic (content analysis), comparative, analytical, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, time series analysis, and assessing the significance of differences with p <0.05. The research material was data of Rosstat for 2006–2018. An absolute increase in the population in densely populated areas was established due to an increase in the number of children 0-14 y...

Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðaeêå ïðîåêòà ÔÁ-60 «Ðàçðàáîòêà ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîäõîäîâ ê îöåíêå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ìåð íàëîãîâîãî è òàìîaeåííîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ» (íîìåð ðåãèñòðàöèè â ÔÃÍÓ ÖÈÒèÑ 01201256015).  ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåí êðàòêèé îáçîð èññëåäîâàíèé î ïðèðîäå íåôîðìàëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè. Îáñóaeäàåòñÿ ñîîòíîøåíèå ïîíÿòèé «íåôîðìàëüíàÿ ýêîíîìèêà», «ïîäïîëüíàÿ ýêîíîìèêà», «òåíåâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà». Ôîðìóëèðóþòñÿ ðàçëè÷èÿ ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ïîäõîäîâ ê èçó÷åíèþ ðîëè ôåíîìåíà êîððóïöèè â ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè ïîäïîëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè. Îáîñíîâûâàåòñÿ öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü èçó÷åíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ êîððóïöèè íà ýêîíîìèêó ñ ó÷åòîì ïîëîaeåíèé òåîðèè ïðàâ ñîáñòâåííîñòè. Îòìå÷àåòñÿ íåîäíîçíà÷íîñòü âûâîäîâ íåêîòîðûõ ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé î âëèÿíèè êîððóïöèè íà ýêîíîìèêó. Îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ óñëîâèÿ, ïðè êîòîðûõ êîððóïöèÿ ñïîñîáíà áëàãîïðèÿòñòâîâàòü ýêîíîìè÷åñêîìó ðîñòó. Íà îñíîâàíèè ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé è äàííûõ ìåaeäóíàðîäíûõ ðåéòèíãîâ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñðåäû, ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ïîäõîäà êëàñòåðíîãî àíàëèçà âûÿâëÿþòñÿ è àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ âçàèìîñâÿçè ìåaeäó îöåíêîé ðàçìåðà òåíåâîãî ñåêòîðà ýêîíîìèêè, ýêîíîìè÷åñêèì áëàãîñîñòîÿíèåì íàñåëåíèÿ, íàëîãîâûì áðåìåíåì, èíäåêñîì âîñïðèÿòèÿ êîððóïöèè è íàáîðîì èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûõ èíäèêàòîðîâ âåäåíèÿ áèçíåñà. Íà îñíîâå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïðîâåäåííîãî àíàëèçà ôîðìóëèðóþòñÿ âûâîäû î ïðèîðèòåòíûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñðåäû âåäåíèÿ áèçíåñà, ñòèìóëèðóþùèõ ðàçâèòèå íàöèîíàëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ ñðåäà; òåíåâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà; êîððóïöèÿ; èíñòèòóò ïðàâ ñîáñòâåííîñòè; íàëîãîîáëîaeåíèå.

Although loss is a common shared experience among human beings, the broad variety of loss and different meaning people give it, makes its definition a challenging problem for researchers and psychotherapists who work with this phenomenon. In the present study, based on a qualitative and phenomenological approach, the definition and meanings of loss and the variety of experienced losses were examined in a sample of young people who live in Tehran. The sample consisted of 13 people who attended two focused groups and 8 people who were deep-interviewed individually. All sessions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using Interpretive phenomenological analysis. Results revealed that young people's definition of loss could be categorized in three major groups: losing something and/or someone that we had, emotional consequences of loss and losing the desired object. In addition, a variety of personal and interpersonal loss experiences such as death of a close person, family, romant...

Background and Aim Needlestick injury (NSJ) is a common occupational health problem among dental healthcare workers, putting them at significant risk for blood-borne infections. This study aimed to investigate occupational exposure to NSJ and the psychological factors associated with it among dentistry students. Methods & Materials This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on students in the Arak school of dentistry training curriculum in the last three years in 2018. The questionnaires included questions about students' awareness of NSJ conditions, the frequency of vaccinations, and antibody titration tests. The SCL-90 (Symptom checklist-90) questionnaire assessed psychological factors after NSJ in four dimensions of anxiety, phobia, self-morbidity, and depression. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical methods and a chi-square test. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.269). Results Of the eighty students surveyed, 59 students had experienced NSJ at least once. However, only 25.4% of students had reported the NSJ occurrence. The highest incidence rate of NSJ was reported in the endodontics section. In addition, 80% of students had received hepatitis B vaccinations. Based on the SCL-90 test, the anxiety dimension was more affected by NSJ than the other dimensions. Conclusion Despite the high prevalence of NSJ in dental students, the rate of reporting after the accident is very low. Also, due to the lack of attention to vaccination in some students, there is a need for more infection control training. Based on the SCL-90 test, the occurrence of NS is effective in causing psychological problems.

The purpose of this study was to identify and discover unknown models and relationships and to identify cases outside the models, from the huge volume of data in the educational system of the University of Applied Science & Technology. For this purpose, the scores of 19207 students/courses in 8 courses, 6 provinces and 120 educational centers that have been centrally held throughout the country in the second semester of the academic year 1397-98 have been studied. Statistical analyses and data mining were performed using SPSS Modeler software. First, statistics were calculated and the relationship between different features and courses was examined. Then, by K-means clustering, 5 clusters were obtained. Cluster 1 is for poor students, who have low test scores. Cluster 2 is for excellent students who have a high number of credits and a high-test score. Cluster 4 is for excellent students who have taken fewer credits. These students have even higher test scores than cluster 2 students. Cluster 5 corresponds to the small number of credits taken, which includes conditional students. Students in this cluster have better test scores than weak students (cluster 1). Then the relationship between different variables was investigated. Among the variables, there is a direct relationship between test score and grade point average. The results of the research can be effective in advancing the educational goals of the university.

Dans le cinéma italien, l'élu politique incarne toujours l'anti-héros. En effet, à l'exception de quelques pères constituants devenus les icônes d'une conception morale de la politique 1 , les politiciens à l'écran, soient-ils des personnages réels ou fictifs, sont constamment représentés comme corrompus, malhonnêtes, impunis, immoraux et incompétents. Il s'agit, sans doute, des « Grands méchants » du cinéma italien. Certes, les criminels, les mafieux, les terroristes sont aussi représentés comme des personnages négatifs. Cependant, leur méchanceté est parfois nuancée par un certain romantisme. Et surtout, les films montrent que, très souvent, derrière un malfaiteur il y a un élu politique qui le soutient, le protège et commandite ses crimes, en en étant, donc, tout autant responsable 2. Or, la représentation négative des élus à l'écran tient à notre avis à deux raisons qui, tout en étant distinctes, s'alimentent réciproquement. D'une part, le cinéma restitue la réalité d'une partie importante de la vie politique italienne. De nombreux procès attestent de l'existence de relations étroites entre la mafia et les hommes politiques locaux et nationaux 3 , de connivences houleuses entre les hommes politiques, les services secrets et des organisations soit terroristes 4 soit subversives 5 , de pratiques diffuses de pots-de-vin, de financements illicites des partis politiques 6 et, encore, de la promiscuité de certains politiciens avec les milieux de la drogue et de la prostitution 7 .

Background & Objective: The exam night phenomenon is a phenomenon observed among Iranian students in recent years This means that students study the lessons offered during the term only on the night before the exam The aim of this study was to investigate students views and reasons regarding the exam night ‎phenomenon of night Methods: This qualitative study was conducted through phenomenological method and purposive sampling The participants consisted of BSc students of Babol University of Medical Sciences (Iran) who had completed at least two half semesters and had experienced the exam night phenomenon Data were collected through indepth semistructured interviews and analyzed using open coding and a deep coding Results: The 3 main themes of personal problems (mental preoccupation lack of motivation students personality working while studying and study methods) educational issues (teacher textbooks interest in courses and the field of study and compact classes and the resulting fatigue) and implicit issues (university atmosphere family and the influence of friends) were effective in the exam night phenomenon Conclusion: According to the results the exam night phenomenon and its effective factors is an important issue which affects the students study method final score and many other issues

This Persian report is about the role of student communities in the formation of academia through history and across geography. The main discussion is on the precedence of Agora over Academia.

این گزارش با همین عنوان در سال ۱۳۹۶ توسط دفتر سیاست‌گذاری و برنامه‌ریزی فرهنگی و اجتماعی وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری منتشر شده است.

زنده نگه‌داشتن فرهنگ عمومی به‌گونه‌ای که قابلیت رقابت در عرصه‌های بین‌المللی را داشته باشد، خود مبتنی بر کیفیت نظام دانشگاهی و نظم درونی آن است. همچنین روزآمدکردن نظام ارزشی جامعه در چارچوب زمانی و مکانی خاص آن، تا حدودی بستگی به نظام دانشگاهی، تولیدات علمی و اشاعه آن در سطح کلان جامعه دارد . از دهه 1960 به بعد دانشگاه‌ها در کنار انتقال دانش به دانشجویان، عهده‌دار تولید دانش و پژوهش و تحقیق در زمینه‌های علمی و اجتماعی نیز گردیده و عهده‌دار مسئولیت‌های اجتماعی در حوزه‌های فرهنگی گردیدند. با توجه به اینکه تجارب کشورهای موفق درزمینه فعالیت‌های اجتماعی و فرهنگی در آموزش عالی، می‌تواند در ساماندهی مؤثرتر و کارآمدتر این نوع فعالیت‌ها در نظام دانشگاهی کشور ما به خدمت گرفته شود مقاله‌ی حاضر با هدف پاسخگویی به این سؤال انجام ‌شده است که نحوه سیاست‌ فرهنگی در دانشگاه‌های نمونه این تحقیق چه قلمروهایی را دربرمی‌گیرند و چگونه سازماندهی می‌شوند؟ برای انتخاب دانشگاه‌های نمونه، براساس فهرست رتبه‌بندی دانشگاه‌ها، سه دانشگاه استنفورد، شیکاگو و ییل از حوزه آمریکای شمالی و کانادا و دو دانشگاه آکسفورد و منچستر از حوزه اروپا انتخاب شدند. برنامه‌های مورد اجرا در پنج دانشگاه در حوزه‌های فرهنگی، هنری،اجتماعی و عام‌المنفعه به‌تفصیل بررسی و گزارش شدند و در انتها پیشنهادات کاربردی محقق ارائه شده است.

مطالعات نشان می‌دهند که ارتباط اثر بخش پزشک و بیمار، موجب افزایش پیروی از روند درمانی و بهبود نتایج سلامت، افزایش رضایت‌مندی بیمار و پزشک، کاهش مدت اقامت در بیمارستان، کاهش هزینه‌های درمانی، کاهش خطا‌های پزشکی و دارویی و همچنین کاهش شکایات از پزشکان می‌گردد. عدم برقراری ارتباط مناسب بین پزشک و بیمار، نیز موجب درک نادرست، پیروی نکردن بیمار از دستورات پزشک، عدم رضایت و پیامد‌های نامطلوب دیگر می‌شود. نوع ارتباط بین بیمار و پزشک وابسته به شرایط همکاری و نیز باور‌های آنان نسبت به جایگاه مطلوب مسؤولیت و قدرت است.
اگرچه فیلسوف قرن بیستم میلادی، مارتین بوبر مستقیماً چیزی در باب پزشکی ننگاشته است، اما «فلسفه‌ی گفتمانی» وی، بویژه تفکیکی که وی بین دو نحوه مواجهه‌ای که انسانها باهم می‌توانند داشته باشند، یعنی «نسبتِ من ـ آن»، که مستلزم وجود سوژه‌ای «فعال» و «تعیین کننده» در مقابل ابژه‌ی «منفعل» و «تعیین شونده» است و «رابطه‌ی من ـ تو»، که در آن هر دو طرف رابطه به نحو همزمان و به نحو یکسان فعال و منفعل هستند، بینش‌های ارزشمندی را در باب رابطه‌ی پزشک ـ بیمار ارائه می‌دهد.

چکیده
آموزش فرایندی است که طی آن اطلاعات به صورت منظم و دقیق با استفاده از یک میتود خاص که تسهیل کننده ی آن باشد، به هدف آموختن انتقال می یابد. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی موانع درس خوانی دانشجویان و همینطور برای شناسایی عوامل، دلایل و راه-حل¬های آن در جریان سال 1397 انجام یافته است. برای اکمال این پژوهش بیشتر به روش تحقیق توصیفی اتکأ گردیده که منجر به بررسی ده ها منبع معتبر و مرتبط با اصل هدف و مضمون این مطالعه شده است. در سیر این تحقیق موانع عمده و اساسی درس خوانی دانشجویان از دید نویسنده گان، دانشمندان، استادان و عده ای از دانشجویان شناسایی و مهمترین آنها را در یک دسته بندی کُلی طی چهار مبحث ارائه گردیده است. علت اساسی انجام این تحقیق را همانا مشارکت ضعیف و کمرنگ دانشجویان در فعالیت های درسی دانشگاه و همینطور شرکت غیرمعنادار آنها در صنوف که عاری از انگیزه های معلوم و اهداف برجسته در نزد شان تشخیص گردیده، تشکیل میداده است. قبل از اکمال این تحقیق از سوی یک عده دانشجویان فرض براین بوده که موانع سدِراه درس خوانی آنها را استادان ضعیف، دروس بی ربط، روش تدریس کلاسیک ... تشکیل میدهد و همینطور از جانب یک عده استادان چنان استدلال گردیده که موانع درس خوانی دانشجویان عبارت از عدم مسئولیت پذیری، عادت به کم آموزی، مشکلات شناختی ... مسایلی اند که مربوط به خودِ آنها میشود؛ عده ای هم از هردوجناح تقصیر را بدوش نظام درسی حاکم گذاشته اند، البته با تأیید نظریات تمام طرف ها و استفاده از سایر نظریات منتشره در کتب و مقالات علمی مرتبط به این باب، شناسایی گردیده که مختل کننده های شرایط تعادلی سیستم آموزشی (موانع درس خوانی) کدام ها اند. طوریکه گفته اند: "کمی آسیاب کُند است و کمی گندم نم دارد".
واژگان کلیدی
موانع درس خوانی، مشکلات شناختی، انگیزش، علم، تحقیق، سیستم آموزشی

Combater a corrupção tornou-se prioridade política para a comunidade internacional em desenvolvimento ao longo das últimas duas décadas e extensos esforços de reforma nesse sentido foram empreendidos. Tais reformas apoiam-se na ideia de que a corrupção é uma disfunção da administração pública que surge na presença do monopólio e do sigilo, o que, por sua vez, pode ser controlado promovendo-se presta-ção de contas e transparência. A corrupção debilita políticas e programas que visam reduzir a pobreza, de modo que o combate à corrupção é fundamental para o cumprimento da missão global do Banco de reduzir a pobreza. Banco Mundial A proposta de qualquer nova lei ou regulação de comércio que venha desta ordem deve sempre ser ouvida com grande precaução, e nunca deve ser adotada até que seja examinada longa e cuidadosamente, não só com os maiores escrúpulos,

Одним из ключевых концептов в современных западных исследованиях и практиках, связанных с экономикой, политикой, устойчивым развитием общества, распределением ресурсов, корпоративным управлением и др. является концепт прозрачности, обеспечение которой в обществе в целом, и на финансовых рынках, в частности является одной из значимых функций многих социально-экономических институтов, в том числе институтов учета и финансов. Целью данной работы является анализ концепта прозрачности применительно к финансовой сфере. В работе использован институциональный подход; объектами анализа служат практики учета, аудита, раскрытия финансовой информации; основной метод исследования - критический дискурс-анализ. Рассматриваются особенности подходов к определению прозрачности, инструменты и механизмы ее реализации в финансовой сфере, преимущества и проблемы, связанные с практиками финансовой прозрачности. Показано, что основными механизмами прозрачности служат раскрытие и публикация информации об экономических субъектах в публичном пространстве, а инструментами – бухгалтерский учет, отчетность, аудит, квантификация и стандартизация. Основными достоинствами прозрачности признаются снижение рисков и возможности управления на расстоянии, а проблемными аспектами – оценка акторов по «картинке», сформированной специально для этой оценки, возможные рыночные паники в кризисные периоды и поддержка процикличности финансовых рынков. Обсуждается роль оценки активов по справедливой стоимости в финансовых кризисах последних двадцати лет: показано, что справедливая стоимость не может являться причиной финансового кризиса, но может служить его акселератором. При обсуждении вопроса о том, следует ли стремиться к повышению прозрачности на финансовых рынках, показано, что выбор акторов сейчас – лишь выбор стратегии, а сама прозрачность является императивом, не подлежащим обсуждению. Работа завершается основными выводами и предложением направлений дальнейших исследований.

One of the important components of the living standards is health. The population health is an important indicator of socioeconomic development of modern society. The health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical aid and level of development of the health care system at the modern stage. Medical assistance in state and municipal institutions of health care provides to citizens free, at the expense of the appropriate budget, insurance premiums and other proceeds. There are acts of public law and order in the public health, that is, everything is prohibited, except prescribed, or allowed only what the law expressly provided. In other words, the law is manifested according to its public institutions. Health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical care. A large share of corruption observed in the sphere of health, conducted a number of studies on issues of corruption. Purpose of work is the study of opinions of the population and experts about the forms and manifestations of corruption in the health care sector. Studies were carried out from 2007 to 2013. The results showed that 95% of doctors and 77% of nurses have additional sources of income. [Frolova I.I., Zakirova L.M., Khamitova L.M. Results of research of corruption`s problem in the health care system of Tatarstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(11s):398-402] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 90

The article presents the results of sociological research to assess the level of corruption in the education system. The survey participants were experts-teachers, postgraduate students, students, schoolchildren, parents of children attending preschool institutions and schools. The goal of research to assess the level of corruption in the monitoring mode in the system of " preschool educational establishment-school-University-postgraduate study " in Naberezhnye Chelny. The results shows that among the respondents 78% of the experts, 83,8% of students, 57.5% of students, 70% of graduate students and 61% of parents of children of preschool institutions fall into the corruption situation. At different stages of the educational process forms of corruption acquire the various forms.

One of the important components of the living standards is health. The population health is an important indicator of socioeconomic development of modern society. The health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical aid and level of development of the health care system at the modern stage. Medical assistance in state and municipal institutions of health care provides to citizens free, at the expense of the appropriate budget, insurance premiums and other proceeds. There are acts of public law and order in the public health, that is, everything is prohibited, except prescribed, or allowed only what the law expressly provided. In other words, the law is manifested according to its public institutions. Health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical care. A large share of corruption observed in the sphere of health, conducted a number of studies on issues of corruption. Purpose of work is the study of opinions of the population and experts about the forms and manifestations of corruption in the health care sector. Studies were carried out from 2007 to 2013. The results showed that 95% of doctors and 77% of nurses have additional sources of income. [Frolova I.I., Zakirova L.M., Khamitova L.M. Results of research of corruption`s problem in the health care system of Tatarstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(11s):398-402] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 90

The transition to federal public administration in the Russian education system is determined by the legislation and presupposes responsible participation and interaction in education management of all educational agents. In the presented article an analysis has been carried out on the status of one of the federal public administration factors-information transparency of vocational and higher educational institutions. The paper defines the information realm of educational institutions from the perspective of educational services customers; there have been set the priorities for action in the field of transition to federal public administration of educational institutions. This article is written for managers and employees of the education authorities, educational institutions, as well as for all professionals and individuals interested in developing the Russian education system.

Теоретически исследуется концентрационная поляризация ионообменных мембран в условиях свободной конвекции в рамках математической модели функционирования электромембранной системы. Дано описание разностной схемы и комплекса программ для проведения вычислительного эксперимента на персональном компьютере типа IBM PC. Приведены результаты расчетов.

This article examines the history of the sociology of corruption. It is shown that from the 1950s until the early 1970s, the sociological discourse on corruption was dominated by a functionalist approach that tried to offer a counter-intuitive perspective on deviant behavior in arguing that corruption has positive functions for political and economic development. Because of a political reading of this discourse, its ambiguous terminology and some difficulties in methodology, it was largely abandoned in sociology. However, this not only led to a change in paradigmatic orientations in the sociology of corruption, but also to a general decline in interest for the phenomenon in sociology. This gap was filled by economic models of corruption that could bypass some terminological difficulties in defining corruption and, building on this, also enabled a largely quantitative approach in numerically comparing, correlating and ranking corruption. The effect was a consensus on the mostly negative effects of corruption on development, a proliferation of the transparency ideal and the disability of sociology to offer an alternative perspective on evaluating the effects of corruption.

This article is about a type of corruption in Iranian university that author has experienced as student and professor for the duration 21 years. It argue that students use strategies i to influence their professors. Author has described his lived experiences in various Iranian universities.

Capacity building for local NGOs; A guidance manual for good practice
متن کامل کتاب. فصل‌های این کتاب ارائه‌دهنده راهنمایی کاربردی در زمینه‌های متفاوت مدیریت ان‌.جی‌.او در طیفی گسترده است و شامل این موارد می‌شود: زمامداری سازمانی، برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک،  مدیریت امور مالی، مدیریت نیروی انسانی، مدیریت پروژه، امور اداری، تبلیغات و جلب پشتیبانی مالی

В статье представлен краткий обзор исследований о природе неформальной экономики. Обсуждается соотношение понятий «неформальная экономика», «подпольная экономика», «теневая экономика». Формулируются различия существующих подходов к изучению роли феномена коррупции в функционировании подпольной экономики. Обосновывается целесообразность изучения влияния коррупции на экономику с учетом положений теории прав собственности. Отмечается неоднозначность выводов некоторых современных исследователей о влиянии коррупции на экономику. Обозначаются условия, при которых коррупция способна благоприятствовать экономическому росту. На основании макроэкономических показателей и данных международных рейтингов институциональной среды, с применением подхода кластерного анализа выявляются и анализируются взаимосвязи между оценкой размера теневого сектора экономики, экономическим благосостоянием населения, налоговым бременем, индексом восприятия коррупции и набором институциональных индикаторов ведения бизнеса. На основе результатов проведенного анализа формулируются выводы о приоритетных направлениях реформирования институциональной среды ведения бизнеса, стимулирующих развитие национальной экономики.

‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮاره‬ ‫ادب‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ،‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ً ‫ﺿﺮورﺗﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬ . ‫در‬ ‫ادب‬ ‫زﺑﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ،‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ‫دﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ارﺷﺪ‬ . ‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ادب‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﺮاز‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮑﺪه‬ ‫دو‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ‬ ‫اﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ) ‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬ -‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮ،‬ -‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎد،‬ -‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬ ‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬ -‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬ ( ‫ﻟﻮﯾﻨﺴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺮاون‬ ‫ادب‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب‬ ‫در‬ ) 1987 ( ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ . ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬ -‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﯿ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ادب‬ ‫زﺑﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ،‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﯾﻨﺴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺮاون‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬ ) 1987 ( ‫ﻟﯿﭻ‬ ‫و‬ ) 1983 ( ‫ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺴﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ . ‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺖ،‬ ‫وﺟﻬﻪ،‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ،‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬ ً ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ِ ‫ﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺮوز‬ ‫اﻣﮑﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬ . ‫واژه‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ : ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ‫دﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ،‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت،‬ ‫ادب،‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ،‬ 1 -‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ،‬ ‫ادﺑﯿﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫اراك‬ m-hoseini@araku.ac.ir

Corruption in the public sector erodes tax compliance and leads to higher tax evasion. Moreover, corrupt public officials abuse their public power to extort bribes from the private agents. In both types of interaction with the public sector, the private agents are bound to face uncertainty with respect to their disposable incomes. To analyse effects of this uncertainty, a stochastic dynamic growth model with the public sector is examined. It is shown that deterministic excessive red tape and corruption deteriorate the growth potential through income redistribution and public sector inefficiencies. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that the increase in corruption via higher uncertainty exerts adverse effects on capital accumulation, thus leading to lower growth rates.