Sociology of Corruption

This article examines the history of the sociology of corruption. It is shown that from the 1950s until the early 1970s, the sociological discourse on corruption was dominated by a functionalist approach that tried to offer a counter-intuitive perspective on deviant behavior in arguing that corruption has positive functions for political and economic development. Because of a political reading of this discourse, its ambiguous terminology and some difficulties in methodology, it was largely abandoned in sociology. However, this not only led to a change in paradigmatic orientations in the sociology of corruption, but also to a general decline in interest for the phenomenon in sociology. This gap was filled by economic models of corruption that could bypass some terminological difficulties in defining corruption and, building on this, also enabled a largely quantitative approach in numerically comparing, correlating and ranking corruption. The effect was a consensus on the mostly negative effects of corruption on development, a proliferation of the transparency ideal and the disability of sociology to offer an alternative perspective on evaluating the effects of corruption.

Combater a corrupção tornou-se prioridade política para a comunidade internacional em desenvolvimento ao longo das últimas duas décadas e extensos esforços de reforma nesse sentido foram empreendidos. Tais reformas apoiam-se na ideia de que a corrupção é uma disfunção da administração pública que surge na presença do monopólio e do sigilo, o que, por sua vez, pode ser controlado promovendo-se presta-ção de contas e transparência. A corrupção debilita políticas e programas que visam reduzir a pobreza, de modo que o combate à corrupção é fundamental para o cumprimento da missão global do Banco de reduzir a pobreza. Banco Mundial A proposta de qualquer nova lei ou regulação de comércio que venha desta ordem deve sempre ser ouvida com grande precaução, e nunca deve ser adotada até que seja examinada longa e cuidadosamente, não só com os maiores escrúpulos,

The article presents the results of sociological research to assess the level of corruption in the education system. The survey participants were experts-teachers, postgraduate students, students, schoolchildren, parents of children attending preschool institutions and schools. The goal of research to assess the level of corruption in the monitoring mode in the system of " preschool educational establishment-school-University-postgraduate study " in Naberezhnye Chelny. The results shows that among the respondents 78% of the experts, 83,8% of students, 57.5% of students, 70% of graduate students and 61% of parents of children of preschool institutions fall into the corruption situation. At different stages of the educational process forms of corruption acquire the various forms.

Борьба с ветряными мельницами? Социально-антропологический подход к исследованию коррупции. Сост. и отв. ред. И.Б. Олимпиева, О.В. Паченков. СПб, Изд-во Алетейя, 2007 г.
Аннотация
Сборник знакомит российского читателя с антропологической традицией в исследовании коррупции, которая хорошо представлена в англоязычной литературе, но, к сожалению, мало известна в России. Основная идея сборника состоит в том, чтобы выйти за рамки доминирующего в сегодняшних исследованиях коррупции идеологизированного дискурса, стимулировать критическую дискуссию относительно существующих представлений о коррупции. Рассмотрение коррупции с позиций самих участников процесса, характерное для социально- антропологического подхода, позволяет по-новому взглянуть на данное явление, приводит к нетривиальным, а иногда и парадоксальным выводам, разрушающим укоренившиеся в массовом (и научном) сознании привычные представления о коррупции. Все тексты, вошедшие в сборник, представляют собой результаты эмпирических исследований, в основе которых лежит антропологический подход и соответствующая методология. Важной отличительной чертой сборника является принципиальная ориентация на изучение и понимание незападных обществ. В сборнике представлены как ставшие классическими тексты о коррупции в странах третьего мира (в основном, в Африканских странах), так и статьи, представляющие менее известные исследования коррупции и антикоррупции в некоторых постсоветских обществах.

Коррупция, антикоррупция и позиция социального ученого (предисловие редакторов)
Джеймс Скотт. Анализ коррупции в развивающихся странах
Тон Кристин Сиссенер. Феномен коррупции в антропологической перспективе
Оливер де Сардан. Моральная экономика коррупции в Африке?
Герхард Андерс. Подобно хамелеонам: государственные служащие и коррупция в Малави
Стивен Сэмпсон. Борцы за честность: мировая мораль и антикоррупционное движение на Балканах
Клавс Седлениекс. Параллель между Латвией и азанде: коррупция как колдовство в латвийском обществе переходного периода
Ирина Олимпиева. Фоновая коррупция в сфере малого и среднего бизнеса: "оружие слабых"

One of the important components of the living standards is health. The population health is an important indicator of socioeconomic development of modern society. The health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical aid and level of development of the health care system at the modern stage. Medical assistance in state and municipal institutions of health care provides to citizens free, at the expense of the appropriate budget, insurance premiums and other proceeds. There are acts of public law and order in the public health, that is, everything is prohibited, except prescribed, or allowed only what the law expressly provided. In other words, the law is manifested according to its public institutions. Health indicators of the population depend on the quality of medical care. A large share of corruption observed in the sphere of health, conducted a number of studies on issues of corruption. Purpose of work is the study of opinions of the population and experts about the forms and manifestations of corruption in the health care sector. Studies were carried out from 2007 to 2013. The results showed that 95% of doctors and 77% of nurses have additional sources of income. [Frolova I.I., Zakirova L.M., Khamitova L.M. Results of research of corruption`s problem in the health care system of Tatarstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(11s):398-402] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 90