Social Archaeology

Pottery is one of the most abundant artifact categories recovered from Northern Iroquoian archaeological village sites dating prior to the widespread adoption of European technologies. As a result, it receives a great deal of attention from archaeologists. Of particular note on sites dating after ca. AD 1300 is the presence of pots with collars and collarless pots with wedges (broad, flat lips). These platforms were used by Iroquoian potters for the creation of often very intricate designs generally composed of straight incised or stamped lines. While we do not know the meanings of these designs, we can deduce that they were signals, a means of conveying to others information about the potters and pottery users (Hart and Engelbrecht 2012).

Following the devastation of the northern Iraqi city of Mosul by the
Islamic State (IS), UNESCO launched a project to ‘Revive the Spirit of
Mosul’. This article critically reflects on this UNESCO-led project, drawing
on 47 interviews with Syrians and Iraqis, as well as documenting the
implications of UNESCO’s efforts in earlier (post-)conflict heritage reconstruction
projects in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Mali. Specifically, this
article focuses on two sites in Mosul, both deliberately destroyed by the
IS and both nominated by UNESCO for reconstruction. The data analysed
reveal that heritage reconstruction projects, especially in complex (post-)
conflict environments such as Iraq, requires ongoing, nuanced and careful
engagement with local populations to succeed. Failure to do so
leaves both local people and their heritage sites vulnerable to renewed
attacks and therefore ultimately undermines UNESCO’s broader mission
to foster peace.

Louvain-la-Neuve, 8-9 december 2016 Collective tombs were widespread in the Near East and Europe during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, up to the point that their proliferation and diffusion in the late 4 th millennium BC was singled out as a «phenomenon». For example, 6000 Neolithic collective burials have been identified in France 1 and it is by far the most common type of tomb on Crete during the Early Bronze Age, a situation which strongly contrasts with the mortuary customs of other areas and periods of the Aegean 2. All collective burials are characterized by the successive gathering, during a more or less extended period of time, of several deceased within the same confined space. The treatment of the body, however, as well as the mortuary practices and the rituals associated with collective tombs display much variability. The latter can be architectural, with natural and man-made tombs, subterranean and above-ground structures or apply to funerary treatment with a diversity which includes primary or secondary deposits, cremation and inhumation. It can also imply a variety in the deposition of objects, such as personal belongings, provisions for the journey of the deceased or ceremonial items. Finally, it may also entail various manipulations of bones for tomb cleaning or ritual purposes. Currently, research on collective tombs tends to focus on one of the following issues: 1 Chambon 2003 Les morts dans les sépultures collectives néolithiques en France, CNRS éditions. 2 Herrero 2009 The Minoan fallacy: cultural diversity and mortuary behaviour on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28: 29–57

Excavations at Lefkandi have dispelled much of the gloom enshrouding the Early Iron Age, revealing a community with significant disposable wealth and with connections throughout the Mediterranean. The eastern imports in particular have drawn scholarly attention, with discussion moving from questions of production and transportation to issues surrounding consumption. This article draws attention to some limitations in prevalent socio-political explanations of consumption at Lefkandi, arguing that models relying on gift-exchange, prestige-goods and elite display cannot adequately account for the distribution, chronology, find context and function of imports at Lefkandi. A study of trinkets – small but manifestly foreign imports of cheap material – offers a new perspective. An analysis of their form, context, use and meaning demonstrates that trinkets were meaningfully and deliberately deposited with children as talismans or amulets. Talismanic practice had Late Bronze Age precedents, and in the Early Iron Age was stimulated from personal contact with the Near East or Cyprus and nurtured by the unique mortuary landscape at Lefkandi. This article demonstrates the need for archaeologists to treat mortuary beliefs as a meaningful explanatory variable. Moreover, the ability of non-elite objects to convey powerful ideas has important implications for the nature and dynamics of artistic and cultural exchanges between Greece and the East in the Iron Age.

The 'Past Sense' Project (PSP) brings together contemporary and historical archaeology, and psychotherapy, to consider the significance of material culture within contexts of domestic and sexual abuse, past and present. PSP will pilot a range of approaches to explore how collaborative community encounters with historic landscapes and buildings, artefacts, and other historical sources might enhance the process of identity (re-)construction and trauma management, for survivors of childhood and adulthood violence and abuse.
Methods include experimental auto- and co-archaeologies that integrate personal narratives and reflections within analyses of data obtained from archaeological surface- and building surveys, and auto-archive material. This will involve considering the (re)construction of meanings for material culture in relation to memory and identity, through studies of artefact biographies, and attending to the production and appropriation of transitional objects, through autobiographical studies.
We will also test the incorporation of recording, analysis, and interpretation of archaeological and other historical material (including written evidence, oral histories, photography, and artistic images) from earlier periods (particularly the 19th - mid 20th centuries) within community work – potentially involving creative elements (such as storytelling and artwork). In doing so, we will explore how engagement with material relating to domestic life in the more distant past (where appropriate, integrating historical material relating to domestic and sexual violence) might enable traumatised individuals and groups to confront experiences of violence in the more recent past. By examining diachronically continuous and changing abusive practices, and socio-political responses to abuse, we aim to foster recognition of dominant ideologies, and the practical, detrimental, effects of structural gender inequality. Emphasising acts of resistance to violence in and around the home, we endeavour to highlight personal and collective achievements that might reinforce and augment both a sense of self, and of community, for survivors of abuse.

TMA 9, mei 1992, 5de jaargang nr. l prijs los num mer f1. 12,95 / bfr. 240. TMA is' een onafhankelijk tijdschrift dat aandacht besteedt aan het actuele archeo logische onderzoek in de Mediterrane wereld, in het bijzonder verricht vanuit Nederland en België. Het overnemen van artikelen is toegestaan m its met bronver melding. Bijdragen van lezers zijn welkom en kunnen al dan niet verkort door de redactie worden gepubliceerd. Deze uitga ve kwam tot stand met steun van de Stich ting ter Ondersteuning van O udheidkun dig Onderzoek. abonnementen TMA verschij nt twee keer per jaar. Op gave kan schriftelijk of door storting van f1. 25,-op girorekening 5859344, of bfr. 450 op bankrekening 172.1305816.76 Rabo bank België. Studenten betalen f1. 22,50 of bfr. 410 (onder vermelding van studienummer). De abonnementen lopen van 1 januari tot 31 december en worden automatisch ver lengd, tenzij een maand van tevoren is op gezegd. redactie en administr' atieadres Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie Postbus 7030, 9701 JA Groningen 050-635183 (dinsdagoch tend) redactie

This paper discusses territorial markers in the Late Mesolithic based on ethnoarchaeological data as well as findings from modern social psychology. On the basis of the archaeological evidence from Southern Scandinavia, it is suggested that Late Mesolithic graves, which often appear to have had visual markers above ground and probably, in some instances, were ‘air graves’ located in trees or on platforms, were used as the primary territorial markers, whereas coeval shell middens played a role as site markers at archaeological sites where molluscs were collected.

On the basis of the evidence from the mouth of the River Muge in Portugal, it is suggested that the shell middens here may have constituted the primary territorial markers.

In general, the picture that emerges is of aggressive, territorial and non-egalitarian Late Mesolithic societies, in good accordance with the skeletal record .

Die Nachbestattungen des Neolithikums erfolgen in einer regionalen Unterteilung:
Ziel ist es diese regionale Unterteilung durch Kartierung und Analyse in den drei Komponenten vorzunehmen. 1. Fundtypkategorie, 2. Grabtypkate- gorie 3. Kombination der Fundtyp und Grabtypkate- gorie. Diese weisen schon in den bisher teilweise untersuchten regionalen Arbeitsgebieten von Nordjütland, Nordwestseeland, und Nordfünen und Südfünen Unterschiede im Bezug auf die Art des Grabtyps in Form der Nachbestattung und dem Fundgut sowohl in der Primärbestattung als auch in den folgenden Nachbestattungen. In Hinsicht auf die neolithische Bestattungssitte fällt die Vielfallt der unterschiedlichen Ausführungen und Kombinationen des Grabtyps und der Fundvergesellschaftung auf.

The past few decades have witnessed a growing realisation that market based measures of human well-being—measures that centre on income and consumption
distributions—miss some other perhaps even more essential elements of human well-being. This insight has found a prominent expression in the work of the Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen’s so-called capability approach. At the same time, the market-based measure of inequality as a function of the distribution of material remains in graves and other locations remain dominant in archaeology. In this
paper, we explore the significance of the capability approach, and the associated concept of human well-being based on the idea of capabilities, to the archaeology of social inequality and socialmalintegration.We discuss these notions using the case study of the Late Neolithic Bosnian tell site Okolište and argue that there, in c. 5200–4600 BCE, the monopolisation of certain critical goods led to a critical capability inequality,
malintegration and to a prolonged period of social unrest and decline.

The focus of the present paper is the spatial organisation of daily life in dwellings related by their occupying households, or to sub-groups of these. Experimental social psychology and ethnoarchaeological data provide a basic syntax for human spatial behaviour in dwellings. The present paper makes use of this in outlining and discussing a framework for the interpretation of the
spatial organisation of archaeological dwellings, on the basis of repeated organisational patterns observed in excavated dwellings, drawing further on the analysis of recent ethnographic contexts
and existing experimental social-psychological data about humans’ non-verbal interaction in space. This paper deliberately engages with a very broad chronological and cultural range of
domestic buildings, in order to make the best use of the detailed recording of prehistoric, as well as historic material.

Most archaeological discussion of intensification has centered around identifying the conditions under which it emerges — that is, around problems of cause. Secondarily, disciplinary effort has focused on the consequences of intensification, most notably its supposed undergirding of complexity, by which we often simply mean institutionalized inequality. In part, this dual focus on cause and effect reflects basic archaeological biases about what the major issues of the field are, or ought to be. If we consider intensification to be a process rather than a thing, as such, it may seem curious that its causes and consequences rather than the process itself should have become the focus of archaeological attention. I briefly discuss issues of cause and consequence below; however, the majority of this paper is concerned with neither cause nor effect, but process.

This paper outlines an archaeological approach to rituals that separates ritual (praxis) from religion or belief (doxa). Rather than trying to elucidate what people may have thought, we suggest focusing on ritual as action; these actions have a huge communicative and transformative potential and thus it is their effect on society that interests us here. This social efficacy can be scrutinized archaeologically in the longue durée. We apply this understanding to a new approach to the study of hoards and deposits. These, too, are understood as the results of ritual action, i.e. sequenced and communicative practice that involves handling and manipulating cultural knowledge, reproducing and maybe altering it, thus affecting social identities and relations. We therefore suggest focusing on the depositional practice rather than the motivations behind deposition. Moreover we suggest proceeding from the understanding of depositions as ritual actions to analysing what effect they had on space and how they simultaneously were directed by culturally perceived spatial structures.

The Natufians of the southern Levant (15,000 -11,500 cal BP) underwent pronounced socioeconomic changes associated with the onset of sedentism and the shift from a foraging to farming lifestyle. Excavations at the 12,000-year-old Natufian cave site, Hilazon Tachtit (Israel), have revealed a grave that provides a rare opportunity to investigate the ideological shifts that must have accompanied these socioeconomic changes. The grave was constructed and specifically arranged for a petite, elderly, and disabled woman, who was accompanied by exceptional grave offerings. The grave goods comprised 50 complete tortoise shells and select body-parts of a wild boar, an eagle, a cow, a leopard, and two martens, as well as a complete human foot. The interment rituals and the method used to construct and seal the grave suggest that this is the burial of a shaman, one of the earliest known from the archaeological record. Several attributes of this burial later become central in the spiritual arena of human cultures worldwide.

Jak się napracować i się niezaangażować, czyli badania archeologiczne -wstęp wzbroniony | Biografia Archeologii https://biografiaarcheologii.wordpress.com/2014/10/22/jaksienapracowacisieniezaangazowacczylibadaniaarcheologicznewstepwzbroniony/ 1/7 Biografia Archeologii Jak się napracować i się niezaangażować, czyli badania archeologiczne -wstęp wzbroniony PAŹDZIERNIK 22, 2014GRUDZIEŃ 8, 2014 / MKOSTYRKO / Kornelia Kajda, Mikołaj Kostyrko Ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego, jego konceptualizacja oraz znaczenie są w archeologii od kilkunastu lat niezwykle istotnymi problemami badawczymi (por. Goddard 2009; Leniaud 2009; Holtorf, Högberg 2013). W ramach studiów archeologicznych prowadzi się specjalne bloki przedmiotów, które mają zapewnić przyszłym archeologom odpowiednią wiedzę na ten temat. Niektóre instytuty organizują także specjalne studia podyplomowe zajmujące się tylko tą tematyką. Jednocześnie, coraz częściej na gruncie archeologii podejmuje się tematy związane z angażowaniem społeczeństwa w ochronę dziedzictwa kulturowego, jego edukacją o historii regionalnej i odpowiedzialnością archeologów wobec społeczności, zwłaszcza lokalnych. Tymczasem w Polsce… na wielu uniwersytetach niewiele czasu poświęca się nauczaniu o tym, w jaki sposób sprawić, aby nauka stała się czymś interesującym i nie była kojarzona jedynie ze spędzaniem czasu w bibliotekach. Nie mówi się także o tym, że nauka jest czymś, co powinno służyć społeczeństwu, a wyniki pracy naukowej powinny być udostępniane w taki sposób, aby służyły one nie tylko naukowcom czy konserwatorom, ale także innym osobom niezajmującym się danym tematem w sposób naukowy (por. Rączkowski 2006). A przecież archeologia to nauka, z którą większość osób ma pozytywne skojarzenia. Niestety nowe perspektywy badawcze archeologii 13.12.2014 Jak się napracować i się niezaangażować, czyli badania archeologiczne -wstęp wzbroniony | Biografia Archeologii https://biografiaarcheologii.wordpress.com/2014/10/22/jaksienapracowacisieniezaangazowacczylibadaniaarcheologicznewstepwzbroniony/ 2/7

The obscured role of women in Sri Lankan archaeological historiography has portrayed a false impression to contemporary society, that women in history were not socially engaged and remained in the background. This study unveils the image of women and offers alternative explanations that contextualize the female in eighteenth through twentieth century Sri Lanka. The mural paintings that embellished the Sri Lankan Buddhist temples in the period were examined as primary sources for a comparative study. Mural paintings provide a rich multi-vocality created by different artists from different localities including urban, suburban, and rural settings and they evoke diverse social attitudes which determined and prescribed the social behaviour of women. The concept of motherhood, which has generally been assigned to women in many different cultures around the world for centuries, is emphasized in Sri Lankan murals, and the presence of plentiful figures of women in the act of breast-feeding is also remarkable. Mural depictions suggest that men were also directly involved in child-rearing as a shared responsibility, and this visual evidence is corroborated by contemporary textual sources and folk literature. The caring, affectionate, sensitive, mothering qualities of women are constantly highlighted. The artists of the temple murals arrogated the historical themes into their contemporary social contexts and attempted to perpetuate the ideal role of Buddhist women through their visual expressions. With this agenda, the artists weighted and valued the role of mother, who has a boundless compassion, selfless care and the nurturing qualities towards the family in general and towards her offspring in particular.

https://thecjbs.org/archive-document-details/?id=269

The #MeToo movement has turned global attention to structural power differentials grounded in gender, race, sexual orientation, and other aspects of identity, leading archaeologists to confront injustice in different sectors of our discipline, with a focus on sexual harassment and sexual assault. In 2019, the Canadian Archaeological Association's Working Group on Equity and Diversity conducted a survey of Canadian archaeologists to identify the extent of both sexualized and non-sexualized forms of discrimination , exploitation, harassment, and violence in our field. Our survey yielded 564 responses from archaeologists representing a wide range of genders, ages, career stages, and sectors. The results indicate a large portion of Canadian archaeologists have had negative experiences in the course of their work and study. This first stage of analysis focuses on demographic trends among survey respondents and noteworthy differences in their experiences based on gender, career stage, and participation in the academic or cultural resource management sector.

This thesis examines the long-term transmission of a distinctive corpus of religious images in later European prehistory. These are depictions of birds which, often together with solar motifs, formed a recurrent design element on Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age metalwork. Objects with this type of imagery were deposited in different contexts, across Central Europe, for about eight centuries, from the 12 th century BC to the first half of 5 th

The Phoenician settlements of Cerro del Villar (south of Spain) and Mozia (Sicily) constitute two appropriate settings to analyze the processes of formation of new identities in the western Phoenician colonial areas. The material culture of these
settlements, founded during the 8th century B.C.E., express the coexistence of Phoenicians with various western Mediterranean populations. The present study analyzes how the inhabitants of these colonies consciously used their material culture to construct new identities. Architecture, technological
innovation, ritual and tableware for the service of food and drinks show a formal homogeneity that expresses links with the metropolis and with other Phoenician Mediterranean settlements. All these elements are highly visible and public, which contrasts with the presence of material elements of local cultures or hybrids in the domestic sphere, or in workshops associated with handcrafted processes already known
by the local groups. Architecture, technology, ritual and tableware were all used actively in the construction of new identities in these settlements. These new identities
go beyond ethnicity and are the expression of social and political negotiations within colonial spaces.

-n-Ajjer (Algeria). Photo by Malika Hachid KNM-ER 1813 skull. Photo from cast by CENIEH Trihedron from the Acheulean hominin site of Tighennif (ex. Ternifine, Algeria). Photo by Jordi Mestre ISBN: 978-84-946649-1-5 Depósito legal: AS 1258 -2017 Edita: Consorcio para la construcción, equipamiento y explotación del Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

William Ricketts Sanctuary presents itself as a peaceful refuge in the forest-clad hills of the Dandenong Ranges, on the outskirts Melbourne (Australia). Intertwined among the winding paths, 92 major and numerous minor clay sculptures of Aboriginal people and wildlife themes animate a vision of civil life with essential human spirituality, here captured as Aboriginal being. We explore in this article William Ricketts' imaginary Aboriginality-his clay-sculpted vision in intellectual, social and historical contexts.

S. SELVİ BENER, Antikçağda Oyun ve Oyuncaklar, İstanbul, 2013, 238 sayfa (274 adet resim ile birlikte). ISBN: 9786051051178 Aykan AKÇAY  Antikçağdan günümüze oyun ve oyun araçlarının gelişim süreci çok fazla araştırmaya konu olmamış, yeterince irdelenmemiştir. Oysaki oyun, tarih boyunca toplumsal hayatın içinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Oyunun insanların bir araya gelmesi ve sosyalleşmesinde oynadığı rolün önemi, oyun tipleri ve hangi kurallar çerçevesinde oynandıkları toplumsal ilişkilere dair ipuçları vermektedir.

En Filipo II y el Arte de la Guerra tendremos la oportunidad de conocer en profundidad a uno de los más grandes reyes de la antigua Macedonia. Gracias a su habilidad como estratega, diplomático, político y soldado, heredó un reino pobre, débil y acosado por innumerables enemigos y lo transformó en el más poderoso de toda Grecia.

A lo largo de sus páginas podremos conocer la historia del reino Macedonio, desde sus orígenes míticos hasta la formación de un imperio, de la mano del que, a la postre, se convertiría en el padre del mítico Alejandro Magno y en el forjador de un nuevo ejército que cambiaria el devenir de la guerra en la Antigüedad. Filipo II fue el creador de la falange macedonia, formación que se demostraría como inigualable en el campo de batalla y que reportaría incontables victorias sobre poderosos enemigos, como los ilirios, los tesalios, los tracios, los beocios o los atenienses. Pero no sólo eso, logró integrar en el campo de batalla a la infantería y a la caballería para emplearlos en nuevas formaciones tácticas: armó a sus soldados con las míticas sarissas y apreció como pocos las posibilidades militares que la maquinaria de guerra podía proporcionarle, siendo el mecenas de numerosos avances en este campo. Soñó con conquistar el Imperio persa, cuando ya había logrado lo que nadie antes fue capaz: el control de Grecia.

Sólo la muerte le arrebató esa hazaña, pero sentó las bases de lo que más tarde conseguiría su propio hijo. Su figura levantó tanto odios como pasiones; se le conocía como mujeriego y bebedor, pero también por su habilidad para la oratoria, por sus astucia, determinación y valor. Siempre luchó en primera línea junto a sus soldados y nunca permitió que éstos le llamaran rey, sino solo "General".

1. By ‘social structure’ I understand the composition and specific features of the groups of people which constitute a society, and by ‘social stratification’ the presence in it of groups of people who occupy different social positions.
The research of social organization includes identifying clan and family structure, the type of lineage and the locality of settlement. The study of social stratification is aimed at identifying different groups within a society.
2. All the above issues are considered on the basis of pottery traditions of the Bronze- Age Fatianovo culture which was located in the forest zone of Eastern Europe. What kind of the information did the work yield?
Firstly. The study of raw materials, pottery paste, and tools for decoration used for the vessels from each grave permitted to find out how many potters had made the vessels. In Fatianovo cemeteries there are a lot of graves which include clay vessels made by two different potters. This fact reflects offerings of pottery by relatives on the two sides, i.e. the duality of society.
Secondly. Vessels from one and the same potter which occur in different graves at the cemetery show that the graves are synchronous and belong to relatives.
Thirdly. On the basis of the materials from Volosovo-Danilovsky cemetery and the different pottery traditions associated with different sex and age groups the author has identified that the connection between men and children was closer than that between women and children, which makes it possible to assume that Fatianovo society was patrilinear and patrilocal.
Fourthly. There are many graves with 6–10 vessels which were made by 3–4 and more potters. In these cases the vessels were brought by a wider circle of persons than the relatives on the two sides. Such outstanding (atypical) graves usually have nonstandard features in the
funeral custom.
3. Thus, on the basis of research of the Fatianovo pottery production we can speak about the ways of family organization, the kinds of lineages and the site’s locality, and about the social stratification of its society. Comparing the data from pottery and the funeral traditions of the ancient population will, of course, give more extensive information.

The interdisciplinary project reported here combines art history, archaeology and the historical anthropology of religion. It consists of a study based on the material culture of recusancy from the mansion and medieval bishop’s palace at Fetternear, Aberdeenshire. After the Reformation, the property became the main seat of the Leslies of Balquhain, a recusant family. A stone plaque bearing the inscription IHS MRA, probably dating from 1691, placed on the façade of the mansion indicates the religious allegiance of the family. This study of the contents of the mansion is based on surviving material culture associated with Fetternear and documentary sources and shows that the Leslies of Balquhain were building up the necessary intellectual and material resources for sustaining Roman Catholic worship and that their property served as the headquarters of the Jesuit mission in Scotland in the late 17th century.

Content

AD GLORIAM 

S. V. Beletsky, N. I. Platonova (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Anatoliy Nikolaevich Kirpichnikov. Life and Works17
L. M. Vseviov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
List of Scientific Works by A. N. Kirpichnikov27


WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS 

E. N. Nosov, N. V. Khvoshchinskaia (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Weapons from Rurikovo Gorodishche (excavations of 2011—2012)47
I. P. Vozny (Chernivtsi, Ukraine)
Shock Weapons during the 12th — Early 13th Centuries on the Territory of Northern Bukovina55
S. V. Beletsky (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
A Hatchet from Suzdal Opolye65
E. R. Mikhaylova (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Rider and Horse Equipment of Pskov Long Barrow Culture73
S. Yu. Kainov, Yu. A. Kuleshov (Moscow, Russian Federation)
Battle Half-masks of Eastern Europe in Light of Recent Findings and New Research83
A. V. Kurbatov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
What Was Olstra According to Written Sources and Archaeological Evidence99


HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS 

M. M. Kazanski (Paris, France)
Gelon with Falx: About Staftarms of the Great Migrations Period103
S. B. Sorochan (Kharkov, Ukraine)
Byzantine Military Forces in the Crimea in 6th—7th Centuries113
A. V. Fedoruk (Chernivtsi, Ukraine)
Artillery in the Great War of 1409—1411 (according to written sources and archaeological materials)133
V. L. Myts (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Armenian Community of Kaffa during the War with the Ottoman Turks in 1475149
P. E. Sorokin, V. N. Matveev, B. S. Korotkevich, K. A. Mikhailov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Assault on the Landskrona Fortress by Archaeological Data163


MONOGRAPH INSIDE THE JOURNAL 

V. P. Kirilko (Simferopol, Crimea)
Fortress Structures in the Medieval Alushta177


MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE 

G. G. Atanasov (Silistra, Bulgaria), N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova)
Fortress Gate of the Early Byzantine Dorostol and the Medieval Drăstăr (6th—10th cc. AD)247
N. Yu. Skripinskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Yamburg Bastion System249
A. I. Saksa (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
The Old Cathedral in Vyborg — a Unique Object of Cultural Heritage261


SIGNS OF TIME 

M. V. Ivashchenko (Saratov, Russian Federation)
Ceramic Stamps from Chersonesos “Nymphaeum”273
L. S. Klejn (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Rus’ in the System of Ethnonyms as a Clue to the Origin of the Term283
A. G. Shpilev (Kursk, Russian Federation)
Rings with Christian Symbols of the Late 10th — 17th cc. from Kursk Region287


TALENTS AND LEPTA OF THE ANTIQUITY 

E. Ya. Turovsky (Sevastopol, Crimea)
Monetary Business of Chersonesos: between Mithridates Eupator and Emperor Tiberius (63 BC — 37 AD)307
L. V. Nosova (Odessa, Ukraine)
Tyras in the Middle of the 1st Century AD: Political History by Numismatic Data315


HARD FLOWERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES 

G. Yu. Starodubtsev (Kursk, Russian Federation)
Russian Coins in the Last Quarter of the 10th — first half of the 11th Centuries and Russian Monetary Circulation331
A. V. Crivenco (Tiraspol, Moldova)
Serbian Medieval Coins Found on the Territory between the Rivers Prut and Dniester341
N. A. Alekseienko (Sevastopol, Crimea), L. V. Dergaciova (Kishinev, Moldova), Ju. A. Tzepkov (Sevastopol, Crimea)
New Findings of Moldavian Coins From the South-Western Crimea349


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

List of Abbreviations361
Submissions365

The rural sites of the Middle Bronze Age have not received much scholarly attention. A number of sites were excavated over the years, however, and the accumulating data allows a discussion of Middle Bronze Age rural communities. An analysis of the archaeological evidence indicates that the villages can be divided into two main groups. An in-depth examination of the archaeological data, in light of ethnographic and historical data, suggests that these villages should be interpreted as belonging to the following types: A few villages, exhibiting a surprisingly high standard of living, should be viewed as ‘independent’ villages. Other villages were ‘owned’ by a person/family or by an institution. The latter is divided into two subtypes depending on whether the landlord was present or absent. In the first, poor dwellings were the norm, but one can identify an outstanding structure, greatly surpassing the rest, that hosted the landlord. The second type is characterized by poor standards of living throughout the site, as all the surpluses were sent outside and left the village.

gedruckt mit unterstützung der deutschen forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg) die deutsche nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese publikation in der deutschen nationalbibliografie. detailliertere Informationen sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar.

The thesis deals with spatial structure and chronological development of the early Lengyel Culture (4900-4700 cal BC) settlement at the site Svodín - Busahegy in Nové Zámky district, SW Slovakia. The approach is based on the settlement area theory and more generally on the theory of artefacts. The used evidence consists finds from 1756 features, of which 679 belong to the Lengyel Culture and 184 are burials. The work includes a comprehensive electronic catalogue containing all relevant find documentation, localization plans of the trenches and features, plans of archaeological structures, belonging to different phases of the Lengyel culture settlement. The methodical chapters describe a process for direct digitization of ceramic fragments by laser scanning of profiles and automated reconstruction of ceramic shapes. The elaboration of chronology is based on the observed stratigraphic relations and typological analysis of the finds. Morphometric analysis and multivariate statistical methods were applied for the computerized typological classification of 1992 profiles of ceramic vessels. Find units were assigned to chronological phases based on a stochastic model, which integrates stratigraphic and typo-chronological data. A set of solutions was computed using hybrid particle swarm optimisation and genetic algorithm analysed by Monte Carlo simulation using Markov chains and interpreted in terms of Bayesian Statistics. Based on the spatial distribution of archaeological structures, three residential, three funerary and one rondel component have been identified in the settlement area. The final solution of the chronological model divides the settlement into seven phases, three pre-rondel phases, two phases in which subsequently the smaller and the larger rondels were built and two post-rondel phases. A spatial differentiation of settlement area based on social aspects was observed, and a possible association of the localization of the rondels with previous residential structures. In addition of burials in the vicinity of houses for the entire duration of the settlement, we also observe a separate burial area in the pre-rondel period. The typological composition of pottery shows a strong influence from the area Tisza culture, especially in the pre-rondel period. The usability of seriation and multivariate statistical methods for chronological ordering of find units was critically assessed based on the analysis of typo-chronological development of grave inventories.

We tried to advance from the "Social Archaeology" in knowledge that until now it had about
the cora of Sidonia (􀀎􀂗􀂔􀂃􀂖􀀃􀁥􀂋􀂆􀃳􀂐􀂃), bringing into play multidisciplinary research strategies including
map analysis, geological, toponymical, documentary and archaeological. The results that we offer
demonstrate the ability to generate substantive knowledge of our "Theoretical Position" also with regard
to the history of al-Andalus.

Content

AD MEMORIAM 

I. O. Gavritukhin (Moscow, Russian Federation)
The Danube “Stratum” of the Early Slavic Archaeology. A Word from the Editors 17
D. Jelínková (Brno, Czech Republic), I. O. Gavritukhin (Moscow, Russia)
Lubor Niederle (1865—1944) 27
V. Ya. Petrukhin (Moscow, Russian Federation)
Lubor Niederle and the Beginning of the Slavs 35

“… AND THE SLAVS SETTLED ON THE DANUBE …” 

M. M. Kazanski (Paris, France)
Slavic Weapons and Harness of the 5th—7th Centuries43
N. Profantová (Prague, Czech Republic)
Slavs on the Territory of Czechia and their Contacts in 6th—7th Centuries97
D. Jelínková (Brno, Czech Republic)
On the problem of Prague-Type Pottery Culture in Moravia: the origins and specifics117
G. Fusek (Nitra, Slovakia)
Earliest Slavic Population on the Territory of Slovakia151
I. Stanciu (Cluj-Napoca, Romania)
The Earliest Slavs in the Intra-Carpathian Region of Romania163
P. V. Shuvalov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Diverse Slavs in Pseudo-Maurice’s Strategikon217

“… ALL THE WAY ACROSS THE DANUBE …” 

A. Pleterski (Ljubljana, Slovenia)
The Early Slavs in the Eastern Alps and Their Periphery227
Đ. Janković (Belgrade, Serbia)
On Slavisation of Northern Illyria and Dalmatia249
D. Radičević (Belgrade, Serbia)
Towards the Study of the Early Slavic Sites of the Serbian Danube Region (Questions of Chronology and Ethnocultural Belonging)285
N. Hrissimov (Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria)
Early Slavic Sites in the North-Eastern Part of the Balkan Peninsula309

FOLLOW-UP ON EARLIER DISCUSSIONS 

L. S. Klejn (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Leningrad Neonormanism Indeed? Free!345
O. L. Gubarev (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
“Neo-Normanism” or Neo-Antinormanism? Free!351

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

List of Abbreviations57
Submissions359

Содержание

AD MEMORIAM 

И. О. Гавритухин (Москва, Россия)
Дунайский «страт» раннеславянской археологии. От редакторов этого номера 17
Д. Елинкова (Брно, Чехия), И. О. Гавритухин (Москва, Россия)
Любор Нидерле (1865—1944) 27
В. Я. Петрухин (Москва, Россия)
Любор Нидерле и начало славян 35


«… СѢЛИ СУТЬ СЛОВѢНЕ ПО ДУНАЕВИ …» 

М. М. Казанский (Париж, Франция)
Вооружение и конское снаряжение славян V—VII вв.43
Н. Профантова (Прага, Чехия)
Славяне на территории Чехии и их контакты в VI—VII вв.97
Д. Елинкова (Брно, Чехия)
К изучению культуры с керамикой пражского типа на территории Моравии: формирование и особенности117
Г. Фусек (Нитра, Словакия)
Древнее славянское население на территории Словакии151
И. Станчу (Клуж-Напока, Румыния)
Ранние славяне в румынской части Карпатского бассейна163
П. В. Шувалов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Разные славяне в«Стратегиконе» Псевдо-Маврикия217


«… ДА И ЗА ДУНАЙ, ЗА ДУНАЙ …» 

А. Плетерский (Любляна, Словения)
Ранние славяне в Восточных Альпах и на соседних землях227
Дж. Янкович (Белград, Сербия)
О славянизации Северной Иллирии и Далмации249
Д. Радичевич (Белград, Сербия)
К изучению раннеславянских памятников Сербского Подунавья (вопросы хронологии и этнокультурной принадлежности)285
Н. Хрисимов (Велико Тырново, Болгария)
Раннеславянские памятники в северо-восточной части Балканского полуострова309


ПО СЛЕДАМ ПРОШЛЫХ ДИСКУССИЙ 

Л. С. Клейн (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Ленинградский неонорманизм — в самом деле? 345
О. Л. Губарев (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
«Неонорманизм» или неоантинорманизм? 351


ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений357
Авторам Stratum plus
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus»359

This chapter introduces Boundary Line Type (BLT) mapping, a vector GIS based cross-culturally and diachronically comparative method, used for mapping the socio-spatial significance of urban built environments. This new research method is related to other methods currently used to study contemporary as well as historical urban built environments such as urban morphology, space syntax, and GIS based approaches. BLT mapping uses GIS technology in order to apply an ontology of formal boundary conceptualisations expressing the constitutive differences among the materially constructed subdivisions which shape built environments and are inhabited by urban society. This ontology resulted from a firm socio-spatial theoretical grounding (Vis in Sp Flows: Int J Urb ExtraUrb Stud 2(4): 15–29, 2013a; Vis 2013b; Vis in J Borderland Stud, forthcoming) and is here operationalised on the basis of contemporary, historical, historically reconstructed, and archaeological ground-level city plans of the historic city of Winchester (UK) and Chunchucmil (Classic Maya, Mexico). The research processes of data preparation and the analytical mapping of BLTs by identifying them in empirical data contexts are presented. This alerts the prospective user to the challenges and practical measures involved in using spatial datasets of different origin. The interpretive opportunities of the resultant formal redescription of the urban landscape and the potential of the BLT data structure for both advanced spatial analysis and visualisation is explained. Facilitating this interpretive and analytical mapping practice is expected to stimulate future research to systematically explore societyspace relations as manifest and developing in cities over time and in socioculturally contrasting urban traditions. Devising and conducting this methodology advances the qualitative GIS research agenda for the spatial humanities and social sciences by marrying theoretically informed ideational concepts to quantifiable empirical units of information.

Modern archaeology has amassed considerable evidence for the disposal of the dead through burials, cemeteries and other monuments. Drawing on this body of evidence, this book offers fresh insight into how early human societies conceived of death and the afterlife. The twenty-seven essays in this volume consider the rituals and responses to death in prehistoric societies across the world, from eastern Asia through Europe to the Americas, and from the very earliest times before developed religious beliefs offered scriptural answers to these questions. Compiled and written by leading prehistorians and archaeologists, this volume traces the emergence of death as a concept in early times, as well as a contributing factor to the formation of communities and social hierarchies, and sometimes the creation of divinities.

Sommaire 7 Avant-propos CHAPITRE I 25 Champ de la discipline : concepts et mise en oeuvre CHAPITRE II 43 Les pratiques funéraires au fil du temps CHAPITRE III 63 Percevoir le temps des funérailles : le cas des crémations MISE EN PERSPECTIVE 83 Les lieux des morts pour les vivants 92 Tableau chronoculturel Cartographie CHAPITRE IV 97 Autour du mort CHAPITRE V 119 Le corps, un témoignage objectif CHAPITRE VI 139 Déchiffrer l'organisation des sociétés 159 Conclusion 163 Bibliographie 173 Index ISBN 978-2-7071-6651-7

Archaeology, as the discipline that searches to explain the development of society by means of material remains, has been avoiding the big issues involved with its research agenda. The topic of social evolution is concealed by anxiety about previous paradigmatic malpractice and the primary archaeological division of the world in culture areas still suffers from the archaic methods by which it was established. Archaeological inference of developing societies is weighed down by its choice of particularism within agency approaches and overtly reductionist due to the prevalence of statistical, classificatory and biological approaches. This book addresses these issues through a perspective on the spatial analysis of the built environment. As one of the principal properties of our dataset, as well as being the first materialisation of sociality, such spatialities are suggested to be a fundamental key for enabling an understanding of the developing social identity of places, regions and ar...

English Summary:


This remarkable book is the fruit of 30 years of investigations of two archaeologists, husband and wife, Maria Magdalena and Andrzej Antczak, on the pre-Hispanic archaeology of the majestic Los Roques Archipelago, Venezuela. The uniqueness of the Los Roques Archipelago within the panorama of insular pre-colonial archaeology in the Americas centers on the discovery of more than 400 human clay figurines on one small island, Dos Mosquises, along with elaborate primary ritual contexts and the remains of a gargantuan queen conch (lobatus gigas) exploitation enterprise. This book is the winner of two of the highest scientific publication awards in Venezuela (2006 & 2009).


Resumen en Español:


Desde el título de este volumen de indiscutible valor, la palabra “prometidas” aplica oportunamente a nuestro maravilloso archipiélago venezolano de Los Roques la alegoría bíblica que coloca al final de un exigente camino hermosas tierras, donde corren ríos de leche y miel. Hacia estas islas con abundantes recursos marinos, entre los cuales destaca el gran caracol marino llamado ‘botuto’, se dirigían las canoas indígenas durante al menos cuatro siglos antes de la conquista europea. Las campañas de explotación de los recursos en las islas dependían del éxito de la actividad ceremonial, testimoniada por centenares de figurinas humanas, incensarios, ocarinas y pipas cerámicas, flautas de hueso y silbatos de concha, recuperados por los arqueólogos en complejos contextos primarios.

La presencia de esta diversidad de objetos en los campamentos temporales de las pequeñas islas oceánicas es un fenómeno excepcional en la arqueología del Caribe. En este sentido, la publicación de esta monografía es el cumplimiento de un prolongado esfuerzo y de un caro anhelo por proporcionar al lector una explicación sólida y coherente de este fenómeno arqueológico único. Es también el final de una importante etapa de ese camino verdaderamente exigente de la investigación arqueológica. A través de sus páginas, con un soporte teórico documental de inusual solidez y pertinencia, se difunde el fruto de muchos años de perseverante dedicación para sus autores, María Magdalena Mackowiak de Antczak y Andrzej Antczak, arqueólogos y antropólogos vinculados desde hace tiempo con la Universidad Simón Bolívar.

Se trata, sin duda, de una obra mayor, enriquecida por 1500 ilustraciones y más de 200 tablas, que describe hallazgos arqueológicos excepcionales recuperados de manera sistemática durante más de 60 campañas de trabajo de campo, y desarrolla propuestas verdaderamente seminales para el entendimiento del significado y la valoración del legado prehispánico en Venezuela y, en especial, en sus territorios insulares.

Este volumen ha sido concebido no solamente como lectura referencial para profesionales y estudiantes de arqueología y antropología, sino también esta dirigido al lector no especializado que puede sentirse atraído por el vibrante, colorido y desconocido pasado prehispánico presentado en estas páginas. También, a través de esta monografía los autores aspiran a infundir El Orgullo por el Pasado, el lema que orienta sus trabajos de investigación y docencia.

Este vasto y complejo proyecto editorial ha sido posible gracias a la concertación de un gran equipo profesional y una venturosa alianza de nuestra Universidad con Banesco y Petrozuata, confluencias que celebramos también como promesas felizmente cumplidas.

El libro ha recibido numerosos premios nacionales incluyendo:

IV Premio Nacional del Libro 2006, Mejor Libro Científico otorgado por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Cultura.

2009 Premio Alterno por Mejor Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, otorgado por la ASOVAC (Asociación Venezolana para el Avance de la Ciencia).

2007 Premio Andrés Bello para la Mejor Investigación en Ciencias Sociales otorgado por la Universidad Simón Bolívar.

Archaeological materialities and imaginaries have been deeply entwined in colonial rivalries and struggles for self-determination that have lasting legacies across the Middle East. Neoimperial ambitions and conflict over territory, religion, oil, and antiquities have similarly been accompanied by heritage claims and the rhetoric of high cultural humanism. Throughout the twentieth century, foreign occupation and military adventurism emboldened archaeological elites, including Hogarth, Kenyon, Lawrence, Woolley, and Bell, to implement expansive new designs for a one-world archaeology. Whether situated in London or Jerusalem, Western archaeologists were instrumental in the colonial carve-up that extended to historical sites, concessions, collections, and even the creation of new states, often working through international agencies, such as the League of Nations and UNESCO, under a banner of salvage and uplift. The connected histories of archaeology, espionage, and the end of empire have cast a long shadow, prompting deeper analysis of archaeologists' role as participants and beneficiaries. It is thus timely to reconsider disciplinary histories and interventions-from the colonial era through two World Wars to recent regional conflicts with the attendant international responses-and to interrogate archaeology's century-old ambitions and practices that are replicated in new technics of "oversight." [espionage, war, archaeology, military-industrial-academic complex, Middle East] RESUMEN Materialidades e imaginarios arqueológicos han estado profundamente entrelazados en rivalidades coloniales y luchas por la autodeterminación que tienen legados persistentes a través del Medio Oriente. Ambiciones neoimperiales y conflicto sobre territorio, religión, petróleo, y antigüedades han estado similarmente acompañados por reclamaciones del patrimonio cultural, y la retórica de humanismo cultural elevado. A lo largo del siglo XX, la ocupación extranjera y el aventurismo militar motivaron las élites arqueológicas, incluyendo Hogarth, Kenyon, Lawrence, Woolley y Bell, a implementar nuevos diseños expansivos para una arqueología de un mundo. Ya sea situados en Londres o Jerusalén, los arqueólogos occidentales fueron instrumentales en el reparto colonial que se extendió a sitios históricos, concesiones, colecciones, y aun la creación de nuevos estados, a menudo trabajando a través de agencias internacionales, tales como la Liga de las Naciones y UNESCO, bajo el estandarte de salvamento y elevación. Las historias conectadas de arqueología, espionaje, y el final del imperio han proyectado una larga sombra, dando lugar a un análisis más profundo del rol de los arqueólogos como participantes y beneficiarios. Es por lo tanto oportuno, reconsiderar las historias e intervenciones disciplinarias-desde la era colonial durante las dos guerras mundiales hasta los conflictos regionales recientes con las consecuentes respuestas internacionales

During the construction period of the controversial Merowe Dam in Sudan, foreign archaeologists were surveying and excavating in order to save the cultural heritage of the land to be flooded without considering the local people's attitude towards the development project that would resettle them. This article addresses the ethical implications of conducting salvage archaeology when the local people are in opposition to the development project that necessitates both their resettlement and the archaeological salvage.

An introduction to archaeology (in Spanish), with particular emphasis on current research themes and public archaeology. The document includes the table of contents, introduction and Chapter 1.
Una introducción a la arqueología (en español) que pone el énfasis en los temas de investigación recientes y en la arqueología pública. El documento incluye el índice, la introducción y el primer capítulo.