Social Archaeology

espanolEste trabajo es un avance sobre los vestigios de una salina romana para la extraccion de este producto mediante insolacion que ha sido localizada en el termino municipal de Prado del Rey (Cadiz). El lugar esta muy proximo al yacimiento arqueologico de Cabeza de Hortales, identificado con la ciudad estipendiaria de Iptuci, en la antigua demarcacion provincial romana del Conventus Gaditanus. A partir del periodo romano, datos arqueologicos y fuentes documentales confirman la continua explotacion de las salmueras que tenian su origen en esta area. La explotacion de los manantiales salinos de esta region se ha mantenido en uso hasta epoca contemporanea. EnglishThis paper is a preliminary study on the remains of a Roman saltworks where salt was obtained through the evaporation of salt water by the sun and which has been located in the district of Prado del Rey (Cadiz). The place is very close to the archaeological site of Cabeza de Hortales, identified with the city of Iptuci, in ...

The widespread distribution of clay pots (and other items) raises the question of who were the carriers and who carried out the exchanges in an agricultural economy that had not yet taken on a commercial form. The reasoning is as follows: if we take into account, on the one hand, that permanent and seasonal movements of animals in search of food and, consequently, of hunters for their survival are "as old as humanity itself," and that grazing animals constitute movable property, which circulates with livestock farmers at a frequency incomparably greater than that of permanently settled farmers, then it is possible that the spread of objects during the 6th to 4th millennia may be largely due to nomadic herders. Without drawing inappropriate parallels, it is worth remembering that when there were no borders, for example, in the empires during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, the mountain dwellers  of the southern Balkan Peninsula (Sarakatsani, Vlachs, Yuruks) preferred livestock farming as the most profitable source of livelihood compared to agriculture. In many areas of the Mediterranean, flocks of sheep and goats move in spring and autumn from the plains to the mountains (vertical movement) and vice versa, or from the plains to the plateaus (horizontal movement) because the survival of the animals depends on the ecosystem, the presence/absence of low vegetation for grazing.
The shepherds, often accompanied by their families, lead the animals along fixed routes from dawn to dusk. The shepherds have knowledge of the environment and ecological balance (forest and water resource management) skills related to all types of handicrafts and food production, while the whole undertaking involves a stable social organization (kinship largely determines relationships), institutions, and recurring rituals. For this reason, "seasonal transhumance" has been inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

During the first century and a half of its history, archaeology had to rely on surviving objects – for example, jewellery items, weapons, and other tools – in drawing conclusions on the life of prehistoric people, since no
written sources are known from this historical period. Therefore, expanding and enhancing knowledge of one-time people and events by utilising state-of-the-art methods of contemporary sciences represents an exceptional opportunity for archaeology today. New branches emerged from the close collaboration of diverse disciplines. One of them is bioarchaeology, a science similar to forensics (more precisely, crime scene investigation) in many respects, and sharing its main data source: human remains. When completed with behavioural scientific, environmental, and social aspects, this study allows for the biosocial evaluation of archaeological remains, thanks to which one-time people, and not only their bare skeletons, can be the subject of research. This complex approach is adopted in this book: We look at history through a magnifying glass to bring the reader closer to the first half of the two thousand-year-long Bronze Age (2500–800 BC) in the Carpathian Basin. Who they were and how they lived emerges from reconstructed micro-histories of individuals dwelling in the territory of modern-day Hungary sometime during the thousand years after the 26th century BC and before the time of the Trojan War, when the pharaohs of the Great Pyramids ruled in Egypt, and kings resided in the palaces of Minoan Crete.

Bothroi are a distinctive feature of late 3rd-millennium bce living environments in mainland Greece, but their usage and purpose remain unclear. This article critically examines the paradigms influencing their study and argues that bothroi have often been analyzed through a dichotomy between practical and ritual interpretations, limiting our present understanding. By focusing on the spatial relationships of bothroi and their fills, this study offers an alternative approach. While centered on Lerna, it also incorporates evidence from other mainland sites, suggesting that activities associated with bothroi played a role in reinforcing the connections of people to specific places during a period when living environments were undergoing significant transformation.

The Sardinian bronzetti represent a unique iconographic body, today consisting of more than 630 representations of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures, boats, nuraghi and diverse tools, weapons, vessels and other objects. They were produced from the FBA until the EIA, when contacts with other Mediterranean regions and with Iberia had intensified and pictorial art became a distinctive cultural expression in many regions. Therefore, they provide insights into distinctive local as well as widely shared symbolisms and intercultural contacts through the representations of archetypical figures and characteristic objects (swords, vessels, armoury). The bronzetti were publicly exposed at sanctuaries and often fixed on stone slabs, where they might possibly have been arranged in evocative combinations. The anthropomorphic figurines include women, sometimes as mothers with their babies, persons offering food, shepherds, sexually ambivalent figures, musicians, a “minotaur”, and supernatural fourarmed, four-eyed warriors. The detailed representations of dress, hairstyle, and weapons might have signalled local identity and social coherence. However, over 50% of the figurines, represent warriors, often with horned headgear, armed with sword and shield, or bow and arrow. The statues from Mont’e Prama from the 10th century BC, which thus far represent the oldest stone statuary in the Mediterranean beyond Egypt, the Levant and Anatolia, shared the same warrior theme and many decorative details with the bronze figurines). Some warrior figurines carry pistilliforme swords, a type that was common in the Atlantic Bronze Age and Iberia in the 11th century BC and some of which have also been found on the island. The typological evolution of swords in the FBA followed the same trajectory in Iberia and Sardinia. It is somehow surprising that Sardinians preferred the Iberian-Atlantic weapons to central European types, considering the closer proximity to the Apennine Peninsula and southern France, and to Aegean types, despite their existing eastern contacts. On the other hand, Mycenaean sword types were represented on statue-menhirs in Corsica. There are almost 150 miniature boats, or navicelle, often with a mast and therefore representing sailing vessels. The navicelle are circumstantial evidence that seafaring played a crucial role in FBA Sardinia. Moreover, boats were part of nuragic cosmology: The symbolic complex of the navicelle incorporated horned land animals (bulls, deer, ram) as figureheads, other land animals aboard (pigs, boar, dogs), nuraghe towers and birds as well as ploughing oxen. There was also a number of clay boat-miniatures, some with zoomorphic figureheads, which seem to have been used as lamps or incense- burners at sanctuaries. Largely contemporary clay models of boats are also known from Crete, Cyprus, where they also have animal figureheads of bulls and birds, from Lipari and the Levant. The Byblos hoard (c. 1500–1200 BC) contained several bronze boats, one of which is steered by a monkey, similar to one Sardinian navicella. This indicates that travel and subsequent intercultural contacts were deeply rooted in Sardinian as well as other Mediterranean communities. It is probable that the display of well-known archetypical images like the (horned) warriors or the female and mother-representations and some possibly integrated figures from other regions like the “minotaur” or the monkey on a navicella together with local Sardinian symbols must have enabled strangers who came to the sanctuaries to relate to some shared myths, cosmologies and beliefs. This would be a reference to practices of innovative, more inclusive ritual activities that incorporated guests and newcomers while maintaining local identity, after the ancestor worship at collective megalithic tombs had decreased. The figurines, miniatures and boat models at the sanctuaries could thus be interpreted as a complex of symbolic representations that – amongst many other local and individual levels of meaning –promoted inclusive, shared and sometimes syncretic social practices and rituals that were frequently related to travel and seafaring.

Proponemos una reflexión crítica sobre los conceptos de Origen y Desarrollo (vinculados a ideas de Progreso y Proceso) y de Desigualdad Social (aproximación formal sin contenido real). Igualmente revisamos diversos conceptos derivados de los anteriores y de amplio uso en arqueología, evaluando sus problemas y limitaciones. Finalmente, intentamos aportar argumentos para una sociología histórica desde la arqueología, que contemple las condiciones objetivas de la vida social. Consideramos la producción y el trabajo social como el punto de partida imprescindible para valorar la realidad de las mujeres y los hombres. Porque creemos que el objetivo prioritario de una Arqueología Social es conocer en cada situación histórica, si los colectivos sexuales y sociales mantienen relaciones simétricas o disimétricas, si prima la reciprocidad o si se impone la explotación del trabajo.

Se reflexiona sobre el papel que las Representaciones Figurativas juegan en las prácticas político-ideológicas de las sociedades ágrafas. Se analiza el cómo y el por qué de muchas de las interpretaciones realizadas sobre estos objetos. Se advierte de su importancia en la configuración de norma y estereotipos. Se insiste en la ausencia, en muchas ocasiones, de indicadores materiales donde sustentar las propuestas.

This paper has had as starting point my interest in analyzing the production models that coexisted in the Roman Empire. These were characterized by the relationship between the state taxation and the use of slave labour in all economic sectors. Undoubtedly, the dominant model in the whole Empire is built on the slavery, but at the same time other models exist in the Empire, these are governed by the small property, the taxation or the exploitation for subsistence. On the other hand, the territorial analysis in the South-eastern of the Iberian Peninsula has enabled us to observe as in this part of Empire the landscapes organization is characterized by the existence of small rural settlements (whether property or leasing). These are putting into production by peasant's units. In this way, about the data available archaeological and written, this paper pretend to emphasize the work that women did in these units, both the agricultural and domestic.

We propose a critical reflection on concepts of Origin and Development (linked to ideas about Progress and Process) and of Social Inequality (formal approximation without real content). Likewise we revise their implications, evaluating its problems and limitations.

scientific museums were barely forming; art and cabinets of curiosities as precious rooms where an individual belonging to the elite expressed their erudite cosmovision, were becoming, due to the rationalistic and encyclopaedist incentive of Enlightenment, formal collections and centres of study for the progress of human knowledge'. (Anders, Jansen and Reyes 1993: 33). Collections were created by men or families belonging to the elites who had the economic and political power to either purchase "peculiar" objects unknown to the rest of society that adventurers would bring along with them or to organize scientific expeditions to the outermost regions where these objects came from. These collections are, in many cases, the result of scientific expeditions that took place in different parts of the world, for example, New Zealand, Tahiti, Toga, Rapa Nui, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Tierra del Fuego.1 The objects were exhumated from their places of origin to be transported and displayed mainly in the exhibition rooms of European museums. These spaces became a place for "fantastic objects" with unfamiliar contexts. In Mexico, a similar history arises, when after gathering archaeological pieces from across the country, the National Museum is founded in 1825 . The National Museum is born as a cabinet of curiosities, just as its European predecessors, where the rooms were filled with objects unearthed from ancient sites and moved from their places of origin to be studied in Mexico City. The first collections were created in the seventeenth century, and in the nineteenth century the Museum built departments dedicated to archaeology and ethnography (Saborit, 2019). Museums have become spaces to study otherness, conceived as something distant and reflected in the exhibit objects from the collections; through them the material culture of other communities is brought closer to society. The beauty and rareness of the pieces captivate the visitors who come to these places. Discourses are built around these pieces that explain their provenance and possible uses. The communication taking place between the "objects" and museum curators privileges the languages of the latter, as stated by Bergeron and Rivet quoting Tereza Scheiner, who "challenge the hegemony of thought in the production of anglophone and francophone discourses to the detriment of other languages [. . .]" (Bergeron and Rivet 2021: 47); prioritising in communication the languages that "unite" and "bring people together". In the case of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, most pieces come from German archaeological expeditions to the territory of the Ottoman Empire, after 1871.

El capítulo 2 de “Ecos de hierro y plomo. Arqueología en campos de batalla de Iberoamérica, siglos XIX y XX” nos traslada al contexto europeo y español de las Guerras Napoleónicas (1808–1814). En particular, se centra en Cataluña, un territorio de frontera que sufrió durante seis años un conflicto continuo que dejó una profunda huella en el patrimonio, la arqueología y la memoria colectiva.

Siguiendo el rastro de la batalla de Ordal (1813), el investigador y arqueólogo Pablo Carrasco Gómez reconstruye este combate nocturno de forma integral: conecta con la comunidad local, colabora en la recuperación del registro arqueológico y participa en la protección del paisaje histórico, contribuyendo así a preservar la memoria de una batalla —y de su campo— largo tiempo olvidados.

Le principal objectif de ce PCR est de mieux cerner le role des productions specialisees dans le domaine des industries lithiques taillees et polies pendant toute la periode de concurrence avec les premieres productions metalliques (stade chalcolithique). La methodologie mise en œuvre reside dans l’identification petro-archeologique des roches utilisees, impliquant des examens a la loupe binoculaire avec prises de vues et des comparaisons avec les lithotheques regionales du Midi-Pyrenees - ma...

Dog domestication was multifaceted Dogs were the first domesticated animal, likely originating from human-associated wolves, but their origin remains unclear. Bergstrom et al. sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes from multiple locations near to and corresponding in time to comparable human ancient DNA sites (see the Perspective by Pavlidis and Somel). By analyzing these genomes, along with other ancient and modern dog genomes, the authors found that dogs likely arose once from a now-extinct wolf population. They also found that at least five different dog populations ∼10,000 years before the present show replacement in Europe at later dates. Furthermore, some dog population genetics are similar to those of humans, whereas others differ, inferring a complex ancestral history for humanity's best friend. Science , this issue p. 557 ; see also p. 522

During the colonization of the Americas, the Europeans have experienced multiple socioenvironmental contexts that lead them to develop different settlement strategies. The Spanish conquistadors' spread toward the vast territories located north of the agrarian lands of Mesoamerica had to adapt to a new context. The resistance of seminomadic hunter-gatherer populations to the European advance challenged the establishment of permanent settlements and set up an agropastoral territory. Based on the analysis of archaeological (field archaeology, ceramics, zooarchaeology) and geohistorical data, this article presents the study of PA1-Cerrito de Tres Mezquites, a fortified and isolated building associated with the Spanish world and identified as a venta (inn) dated to the late sixteenth century. The construction system of this building can be linked to the warlike context that accompanied the process of advancement and colonization of the Chichimeca region. Our study indicates that this building was part of the larger mining socioeconomic system. It played a fundamental role as a commercial node that contributed to spread the Hispanic culture to rural areas far from the major urban centers, to include them in an intercontinental network of long-distance exchanges. But the shift of the frontier to more northerly latitudes in the early seventeenth century, and the limitations imposed by the marshy environment in which the site was established, likely led to a change in its function. In conclusion, this study shows the Spanish rapid adaptive behavior and reuse of the building inherent in getting to know a new space and taking possession of it. Durante la colonización de las Américas, los europeos experimentaron múltiples contextos socioambientales que les llevaron a desarrollar diferentes estrategias de

During the colonization of the Americas, the Europeans have experienced multiple socioenvironmental contexts that lead them to develop different settlement strategies. The Spanish conquistadors' spread toward the vast territories located north of the agrarian lands of Mesoamerica had to adapt to a new context. The resistance of seminomadic hunter-gatherer populations to the European advance challenged the establishment of permanent settlements and set up an agropastoral territory. Based on the analysis of archaeological (field archaeology, ceramics, zooarchaeology) and geohistorical data, this article presents the study of PA1-Cerrito de Tres Mezquites, a fortified and isolated building associated with the Spanish world and identified as a venta (inn) dated to the late sixteenth century. The construction system of this building can be linked to the warlike context that accompanied the process of advancement and colonization of the Chichimeca region. Our study indicates that this building was part of the larger mining socioeconomic system. It played a fundamental role as a commercial node that contributed to spread the Hispanic culture to rural areas far from the major urban centers, to include them in an intercontinental network of long-distance exchanges. But the shift of the frontier to more northerly latitudes in the early seventeenth century, and the limitations imposed by the marshy environment in which the site was established, likely led to a change in its function. In conclusion, this study shows the Spanish rapid adaptive behavior and reuse of the building inherent in getting to know a new space and taking possession of it. Keywords Spanish colonization • Globalization • Spanish colonial architecture • European livestock • Novohispanic landscape Resumen Durante la colonización de las Américas, los europeos experimentaron múltiples contextos socioambientales que les llevaron a desarrollar diferentes estrategias de

This paper provides an overview and a complex analysis of the numerous and varied hearths found during excavations at the multi-component site of Toboliu. The discussion focuses on the structural and technical characteristics of these fire installations, as well as on their find contexts. The forms, construction methods, and materials of the hearths will be discussed, as is their location. As hearths were the focal points of the household, playing a key role in the daily life of past societies, it is hoped that through this overview of fire installations in Toboliu we can contribute to a better understanding of household life and activity at this complex site.

The authors describe a Neolithic ground stone adze, retrieved from an Early Iron Age burial (c. 700-550 BC) at the urnfield cemetery in Miłosławice, southwestern Poland. This artefact yields an interesting example of an extended tool biography.

In the second half of the 7th century B.C., the Languedoc region witnessed the appearance of a type of assemblage of metal objects known as « launacien », a term coined in the early 20th century by P. Cazalis de Fondouce, based on the large bronze hoard of the same name at Launac in Fabrègues, Hérault, unearthed in 1897. Launac type hoards are stocks of copper metal in the form of fragments of copper or bronze ingots and manufactured objects. Their total mass varies widely, from 10 to 150 kg. There are currently around twenty known Launacian deposits in the strict sense of the term, in the départements of Hérault, Aude, Tarn and Pyrénées-Orientales. Little is known about their immediate environment. In Hérault, they are sometimes linked to copper veins that may have been mined in Protohistory. Generally speaking, their link with metallurgical activities is not in doubt, even if it is still difficult to determine the exact nature of this link: are they stocks of scrap metal destined for remelting, as part of a systematic recycling economy that could be associated with the extraction and reduction of ore to obtain new metal? Or do they, on the contrary, represent the portion of old metal that was not recycled, and which was immobilized for non-economic activities (e.g. religious) and buried for similar reasons? After a general presentation of the phenomenon, we turn our attention to a series of particularly significant deposits that demonstrate the diversity of the assemblages, particularly in terms of the extent of the collection area (from Languedoc to central France and Tyrrhenian Etruria).

During the colonization of the Americas, the Europeans have experienced multiple socioenvironmental contexts that lead them to develop different settlement strategies. The Spanish conquistadors' spread toward the vast territories located north of the agrarian lands of Mesoamerica had to adapt to a new context. The resistance of seminomadic hunter-gatherer populations to the European advance challenged the establishment of permanent settlements and set up an agropastoral territory. Based on the analysis of archaeological (field archaeology, ceramics, zooarchaeology) and geohistorical data, this article presents the study of PA1-Cerrito de Tres Mezquites, a fortified and isolated building associated with the Spanish world and identified as a venta (inn) dated to the late sixteenth century. The construction system of this building can be linked to the warlike context that accompanied the process of advancement and colonization of the Chichimeca region. Our study indicates that this building was part of the larger mining socioeconomic system. It played a fundamental role as a commercial node that contributed to spread the Hispanic culture to rural areas far from the major urban centers, to include them in an intercontinental network of long-distance exchanges. But the shift of the frontier to more northerly latitudes in the early seventeenth century, and the limitations imposed by the marshy environment in which the site was established, likely led to a change in its function. In conclusion, this study shows the Spanish rapid adaptive behavior and reuse of the building inherent in getting to know a new space and taking possession of it. Keywords Spanish colonization • Globalization • Spanish colonial architecture • European livestock • Novohispanic landscape Resumen Durante la colonización de las Américas, los europeos experimentaron múltiples contextos socioambientales que les llevaron a desarrollar diferentes estrategias de

El presente trabajo indaga en la problemática del tráfico de obsidianas entre las poblaciones tardías de Antofagasta de Sierra (Provincia de Catamarca, Puna Meridional Argentina) y su variación respecto a las formativas que las precedieron. Busca aproximarse a los espacios y localidades a los que estos grupos habrían accedido a través de estudios geoquímicos de procedencia de artefactos arqueológicos. Los resultados son discutidos a la luz de las tendencias ambientales, políticas y sociales que, de acuerdo a diversos autores, caracterizan el período ca. 1000-500 AP en los Andes circumpuneños.This paper looks to investigate the obsidians traffic between the Late Period groups of Antofagasta de la Sierra (Province of Catamarca, Southern Argentine Pune) and its variation with respect to the previous Formative ones. It looks to approach to the spaces and localities these groups would have acceded, by means of geochemical sourcing studies of archaeological artifacts. The results are disc...

La quebrada del río Miriguaca, en la microrregión de Antofagasta de la Sierra, ha sido objeto desde el año 2006 de investigaciones arqueológicas intensivas destinadas a contribuir al conocimiento de las estrategias de uso del espacio y manejo de recursos de los grupos que la habitaron entre ca. 5000-700 años AP. Como resultado de las primeras prospecciones se identificaron 11 sitios prehispánicos, asociados a un amplio lapso temporal (ca. 3600-700 años AP), en su mayoría emplazados en el curso medio del río Miriguaca, y sólo dos en el tramo oriental del curso inferior. Desde entonces, se llevan adelante actividades de excavación y análisis de los materiales registrados en varios de ellos. Posteriores prospecciones, realizadas en febrero de 2012, permitieron registrar nuevos sitios en el tramo occidental del curso inferior del río Miriguaca, incluyendo su confluencia con el río Punilla. En este trabajo se presentan y caracterizan las evidencias recuperadas, las que aportaron a la com...

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

This article considers the study of wood and dung fuel use in antiquity across Southwest Asia by anthracologists and archaeobotanists. In recent years, the socially conditioned nature of fuel use has been highlighted and many scholars are stressing the central importance of fuel to pre-modern societies as on par with subsistence and tool use. By elevating and unifying the study of ancient fuel through anthracological, archaeobotanical, geochemical, and micromorphological studies, detailed insights into cultural practices, decision making, and resource use in the past can be gained. We provide a brief review of studies examining ancient fuel use and reflect on the integration of wood and seed data where seed assemblages are indicative of dung fuel use.

Abstract / Riassunto

Italiano
Questo saggio propone un cambio di prospettiva nello studio dell’arte romana: non più soltanto lo sguardo dall’alto dei monumenti imperiali e delle committenze aristocratiche, ma quello “dal basso”, della plebe. Attraverso rilievi funerari, mosaici domestici, larari, ex voto, graffiti e caricature, viene ricostruito un universo visivo alternativo, fatto di dignità del lavoro, affetti familiari, devozioni quotidiane e ironia corrosiva. L’arte plebea non è “minore” né marginale: è un’arte di vita, più che di bellezza. Se l’arte ufficiale celebra la gloria e l’eternità, quella plebea racconta la sopravvivenza, i legami, le speranze e le paure di milioni di uomini e donne comuni.

English
This essay offers a shift in perspective in the study of Roman art: not only the top-down view of imperial monuments and aristocratic patronage, but also the “bottom-up” perspective of the plebs. Through funerary reliefs, domestic mosaics, lararia, votive offerings, graffiti, and caricatures, it reconstructs an alternative visual universe made of dignity of labor, family bonds, daily devotions, and corrosive irony. Plebeian art is neither “minor” nor marginal: it is an art of life, rather than beauty. If official art celebrates glory and eternity, plebeian art tells the story of survival, connections, hopes, and fears of millions of ordinary men and women.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Dog domestication was multifaceted Dogs were the first domesticated animal, likely originating from human-associated wolves, but their origin remains unclear. Bergstrom et al. sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes from multiple locations near to and corresponding in time to comparable human ancient DNA sites (see the Perspective by Pavlidis and Somel). By analyzing these genomes, along with other ancient and modern dog genomes, the authors found that dogs likely arose once from a now-extinct wolf population. They also found that at least five different dog populations ∼10,000 years before the present show replacement in Europe at later dates. Furthermore, some dog population genetics are similar to those of humans, whereas others differ, inferring a complex ancestral history for humanity's best friend. Science , this issue p. 557 ; see also p. 522

World heritage has become UNESCO’s flagship programme, and it is a site of active state engagement. At the crux of that engagement is the prestigious World Heritage List. This engagement is regularly analysed as pursuits of national prestige. In this article, I advance a Bourdieusian analysis of world heritage as a field that generates international cultural prestige.

This book is the result of over ten years' work and has involved the development of new methodological approaches, eldwork and detailed scholarship. The rst chapters were prepared during a Livesey Fellowship sabbatical grant, and I must acknowledge the support of the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) in this for having con dence in my work. The editorial work was aided by funding from the School of Forensic and Applied Science at UCLan and was supported by Michael Mulqueen. Some of the case studies in this book were developed between 2004 and 2007 during my PhD, and I would like to thank Heinrich Härke for his tireless supervision during that period. Many thanks are also due to Tania Dickinson and Karen Høilund Neilson for advice. In particular, I would like to thank John Hines and Birte Brugmann for their advice and for access to prepublication copies of the four cemeteries volume (Penn and Brugmann 2007) and the early Anglo-Saxon chronologies volume (Hines and Bayliss 2013). In addition I would like to thank Josh Pollard for including this book in the Social Archaeology and Material Worlds series, and to Manchester University Press editors Alun Richards, Emma Brennan and Meredith Carroll for their hard work, editorial advice and support at various stages. I would like to acknowledge the valuable comments of two anonymous peer reviewers in shaping and improving this volume. I have been assisted by the comments of Helena Hamerow, Catherine Hills and Sarah Semple on various chapters, and must thank Sarah for her enthusiasm for this project; it helped me to see it to the end. Richard Mortimer, Rob Wiseman and my sister-in-law Faye Sayer were all instrumental in the Oakington excavation, which took place between 2010 and 2014 and was fundamental to the evolution of ideas and directions in this volume. Furthermore, I am indebted to Michelle Wienhold for her contribution to the spatial statistics, James Morris for advice on geographic information systems (GIS) and statistics, Allison Stewart for her work on teeth, Erin Sebo for discussions about literature during our various collaborations, Patrick Randolph-Quinney for his

This book is the result of over ten years' work and has involved the development of new methodological approaches, eldwork and detailed scholarship. The rst chapters were prepared during a Livesey Fellowship sabbatical grant, and I must acknowledge the support of the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) in this for having con dence in my work. The editorial work was aided by funding from the School of Forensic and Applied Science at UCLan and was supported by Michael Mulqueen. Some of the case studies in this book were developed between 2004 and 2007 during my PhD, and I would like to thank Heinrich Härke for his tireless supervision during that period. Many thanks are also due to Tania Dickinson and Karen Høilund Neilson for advice. In particular, I would like to thank John Hines and Birte Brugmann for their advice and for access to prepublication copies of the four cemeteries volume (Penn and Brugmann 2007) and the early Anglo-Saxon chronologies volume (Hines and Bayliss 2013). In addition I would like to thank Josh Pollard for including this book in the Social Archaeology and Material Worlds series, and to Manchester University Press editors Alun Richards, Emma Brennan and Meredith Carroll for their hard work, editorial advice and support at various stages. I would like to acknowledge the valuable comments of two anonymous peer reviewers in shaping and improving this volume. I have been assisted by the comments of Helena Hamerow, Catherine Hills and Sarah Semple on various chapters, and must thank Sarah for her enthusiasm for this project; it helped me to see it to the end. Richard Mortimer, Rob Wiseman and my sister-in-law Faye Sayer were all instrumental in the Oakington excavation, which took place between 2010 and 2014 and was fundamental to the evolution of ideas and directions in this volume. Furthermore, I am indebted to Michelle Wienhold for her contribution to the spatial statistics, James Morris for advice on geographic information systems (GIS) and statistics, Allison Stewart for her work on teeth, Erin Sebo for discussions about literature during our various collaborations, Patrick Randolph-Quinney for his

Ser un arqueólogo peruano me posibilita leer este libro desde un ángulo, enfoque y distancia diferente, quizá vinculándolo con mi propia colonialidad del saber y mi estatus de arqueólogo subalterno e indígena y, en algún momento, inmigrante y, por tanto, racializado y segregado. Y, aunque alejado espacialmente de tales temas por mi lugar de nacimiento y de enunciación, me impresiona la cantidad de coincidencias que he podido encontrar entre los temas recorridos por Greenberg y Hamilakis con relación a las arqueologías griegas e israelíes a lo largo de su bien escrito libro. Empiezo. Arqueología, nación y raza son tres grandes tópicos que han sido discutidos largamente en diferentes publicaciones de la arqueología y la antropología mundial. En este libro, tales conceptos, sus materializaciones y prácticas son reconocidas, problematizadas y analizadas en dos sobresalientes casos de estudio: Grecia e Israel. Como nativos de ambos países, el diálogo de Greenberg y Hamilakis nos aproxima a una visión interna, vivencial y profunda de la arqueología griega e israelí. Así, el libro es un diálogo abierto donde los autores van exponiendo su conocimiento profundo sobre la arqueología nacional de ambos países y sus yuxtaposiciones y nos invitan a ver tales

La presencia del pomacéntrido Stegastes planifrons en los arrecifes coralinos es conspicua y constituye un agente importante de mortalidad coralina. Estos peces muerden el coral vivo abriendo espacios para el establecimiento de las algas que utilizan como alimento. Este trabajo buscó evaluar las densidades poblacionales del pez S. planifrons y el área de sus territorios y céspedes algales en formaciones coralinas de las bahías Chengue y Gayraca del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT), como una contribución al entendimiento de los procesos naturales involucrados en el deterioro de los arrecifes. Entre agosto y noviembre de 1999, se realizaron los muestreos en bandas de 20 x 2 m sobre diferentes tipos de hábitat: a. comunidades coralinas dominadas por (1) Colpophyllia natans (COLP) o (2) Montastraea spp. (MONT); y parches monoespecíficos de (3) Acropora palmata (APAL) y (4) Acropora cervicornis muerto en su mayoría (ACER). En total fueron censados 457 peces repartidos por estados de desarrollo y talla así: juveniles 21% (2.6±0.6 cm), intermedios o subadultos 3% (6.6±0.5 cm) y adultos 76% (12.6±0.2 cm). S. planifrons estuvo en mayor densidad en el hábitat ACER (1.52 terr*m-2) a pesar del deterioro generalizado de este hábitat, y en menor densidad en los demás hábitats (~0.5 terr*m-2), indicando que el pez además de seguir utilizando su hábitat principal ACER está haciendo un uso importante de otros hábitats del arrecife antes no cuantificados. El área de céspedes por pez estuvo alrededor de 0.1 m2 y fue significativamente menor en APAL (0.07 m2) que en los otros tipos de hábitat, debido a que las altas tasas de crecimiento y regeneración de A. palmata contrarrestan el mordisqueo continuo de los peces. Las altas densidades de S. planifrons y el tamaño de sus céspedes, vislumbran un papel importante del pez en la mortalidad natural y

A partir del monitoreo de fuentes de información primaria y secundaria, el Visor Humanitario ha logrado identificar que el escalonamiento del conflicto armado en el Cauca ha generado diversas violaciones a los derechos de las niñas, niños y adolescentes en distintas regiones del departamento. En ese sentido, el presente informe busca dar cuenta de la situación general de afectación contra este grupo poblacional durante 2021 y lo corrido de 2022, siguiendo fundamentalmente las categorías de análisis de la Resolución 1612 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Adicionalmente, incorpora también datos que indican afectaciones que el conflicto armado generó sobre el derecho a la educación y participación de los Niños, Niñas, Adolescentes y Jóvenes - NNAJ durante ese periodo. Es importante resaltar que buena parte de las cifras presentadas provienen de la respuesta en terreno que hace la Fundación Tierra de Paz y de la articulación del Visor Humanitario con organizaciones comunitarias y de base presentes en los territorios del departamento del Cauca.

The archaeological site HLO1, nestled in Wadi al-Hilo (Sharjah, UAE), has emerged as a noteworthy production centre in the formative era of Old World copper metallurgy. While the site records a long tapestry of human activity, its principal historical significance lies in its role as a technologically sophisticated and sustained centre for copper extraction and smelting. This essay summarizes research on HLO1 with a focus on activities and outputs between c. 5000 BCE and 1000 BCE. It analyses production methods, estimates total output, examines the notably high purity of copper associated with the site, and situates HLO1 within the regional exchange networks of the Copper and Bronze Ages.

Rock-cut tombs, i.e. chambered tombs hewn out from the bedrock, was a common type of monumental burial among many past societies around the world, from the Neolithic Mediterranean, to the Classical Near East, and Protohistoric Japan and Korea. Around the globe they have attracted the attention of generations of archaeologists, historians and art historians. The island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, is the only place where rock-cut tombs are still being created today, and in a traditional (small scale, animist) society context. The Toraja people of Central Sulawesi have built and used rock-cut chambered tombs (locally called ‘liang pa'’) as kinship communal burials for at least 300 years. This living tradition represents a unique opportunity to study rock-cut monuments from an ethnoarchaeological perspective, with a focus on their material, temporal, social, ritual and landscape dimensions. This book is the first ever dedicated to the Toraja tombs and is the outcome of comprehensive literature-based research (ethnographic literature from the 19th century to present) and original fieldwork carried out by the authors in June 2017. The aim of the book is twofold: first, to provide an overview of liang pa’ rock-cut tombs and, second, to address specific issues that had never been investigated before. These issues include the architectural style and decoration of the tombs, the technical steps and ritual activities associated with the process of cutting the tombs into the rock, their landscape setting, and their relationship to local kinship groups. The authors place the liang pa’ within the context of historical developments pertaining to other funerary traditions of the Toraja people over the past several centuries, and present an overview of burial practices associated with these monuments. The research provides a unique synthesis and offers methodological and theoretical insights that are relevant to any reader interested in rock-cut architectures of the past and present, monuments and rituals, and the anthropological study of human-environment interactions. Overall, the book offers a series of fresh insights on long-debated archaeological issues that will inform discussion and theoretical models for the study and interpretation of ritual monuments from prehistory to present.

Bunt na Argo. Queerowe archiwum jako strategia konstruowania tożsamości w Argonautach Maggie Nelson Artykuł stanowi analizę Argonautów Maggie Nelson jako "queerowego archiwum", alternatywnego sposobu konstruowania narracji, który kwestionuje możliwości tradycyjnej narracji autobiograficznej. Zestawienie opowieści Nelson z powieścią graficzną Alison Bechdel Fun Home pozwala na ukazanie szczególnych dylematów związanych z przedstawieniem przeszłości i wytwarzaniem tożsamości za pośrednictwem tekstu. Zastosowana do obu tekstów koncepcja archive of feelings Ann Cvetkovich, a także naczelna metafora statku Argo pozwalają wykazać, jak za pomocą takich narzędzi jak zaburzenie chronologii, fragmentaryczność narracji i wykorzystanie pracy afektów queerowe archiwum staje się alternatywną formą wytwarzania i reprezentacji nienormatywnych tożsamości.

Słowa kluczowe: autobiografia, queer, archiwum, tożsamość, Argo, archive of feelings

Mutiny on the Argo. Queer Archive as a Strategy of Constructing Identity in Maggie Nelson's The Argonauts The article aims to analyze Maggie Nelson's The Argonauts as a form of "queer archive," an alternative means to construct a narrative, questioning the capacities of a traditional autobiography. Collating Nelson's story with Fun Home, a graphic novel by Alison Bechdel, allows to demonstrate possible issues with reflecting the past and constructing one's identity in the text. Using the concept of "archive of feelings" as presented by Ann Cvetkovich, and the metaphor of Argo, the paper argues that by means of disrupted chronology, fragmented narrative and affective work, queer archive can become an alternative form of constructing and representing non-normative identities.

Keywords: autobiography, archive, queer, identity, Argo, archive of feelings

Following the devastation of the northern Iraqi city of Mosul by the Islamic State, numerous international agencies have launched preservation programs to reconstruct monuments and sites within the city. In this short article we pre sent some findings from the first survey of 1,600 residents of Mosul revealing local attitudes toward that reconstruction. Those results have implications for current and future proj ects in Iraq. Although Iraqi people support heritage initiatives, we demonstrate that their priorities are for broader rehabilitation efforts that foreground security, humanitarian aid, and peace building. Additionally, rather than archaeological sites and museums, they prefer that local religious sites be restored, because they hold everyday meanings and are used in the community. And while they acknowledge the contributions made by foreign agencies, the residents of Mosul seek greater agency in the future of their own heritage. Taken together, these findings lead us to reflect on the broader themes of repair and rehabilitation and the role material heritage might hopefully play in the aftermath of conflict and trauma.

Understanding how the dispersal of cultural innovations intersects with the spread of genes remains a central challenge in prehistoric archaeology. Here, we examine how the third millennium BCE Corded Ware (CW) and Bell Beaker (BB) burial traditions disseminated across Europe and their relation to the influx of steppe ancestry. To investigate these spatiotemporal dynamics during one of Europe’s most transformative periods, we compiled a dataset of radiocarbon dates from 967 burials, applying kernel density estimation alongside optimal linear estimation. We show that the adoption of CW and BB funerary rites is not synchronized with, and often contradicts, the spread of steppe ancestry. Furthermore, we show that these burial traditions spread rapidly and polyfocally among dispersed communities before a brief yet continent-wide consolidation phase around 2600 BCE for CW and 2400 BCE for BB, suggesting broad, simultaneous societal changes among preliterate societies.

Quando si scrive e si dibatte sul peso e sul valore della cultura, (in questo caso) con particolare attenzione all'archeologia, si corre il rischio di scivolare in facili proclami e rivendicazioni o, per contro, di banalizzare un patrimonio che, di per sé, non può essere misurato con precisione in quanto legato al sentimento che trasmette ad ogni individuo. Risulta quindi arduo mantenere un certo distacco nella trattazione di temi e soggetti che rappresentano una grande ricchezza agli occhi di chi scrive così come a quelli di una intera provincia. L'analisi che segue potrà leggersi, ad ogni modo, come il frutto di un profondo esame del territorio e del suo potenziale valore in relazione ad una serie di considerazioni specifiche: l'inquadramento nella politica gestionale dei beni culturali, l'unicità di alcune espressioni culturali locali, il potenziale di sviluppo economico e, infine, la valutazione delle spese improduttive messe finora in campo. L'Ogliastra possiede un grande patrimonio culturale (materiale e immateriale), oltre che ambientale, arricchito da elementi archeologici di grande interesse. Attualmente però, nonostante vi siano tutti i presupposti per creare un importante sistema di gestione, si è ancora lontani dalla valorizzazione delle peculiarità locali..

Central-Eastern Sardinia (Ogliastra Province, with 23 municipalities) covers an area of 1635.90 km2 from the Tyrrhenian coast up to the highest peaks of the island, the Gennargentu
Mountains. In this area, dominated by natural megaliths and countless caves, it is easy to identify sacred sites that were then shaped by human action through the erection of
menhirs and the construction of burial sites...