Seawater Pollution

Marine water of Oran’s Bight in the Algerian west coast, is threatened by the rejections of worn water which deteriorates the microbiological quality of coastal water. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the quality of the seawater in Bay of Oran. In total, 60 Samples were collected in 6 different stations: Andalouses beach, Cap Falcon, Bouisseville, Ain Franine, Kristel and Pointe de l’Aiguille Kristel. All samples were studied from 2010 until 2014 during May and April. For each point, the analysis included estimation of the following parameters: fecal coliform and total coliform. Our statistical outputs of the data obtained showed that hygienic quality in bacteria coliformes, is distributed in a homogeneous way on the level of the sites of the eastern coasts and western coasts in Oran’s Bight. Variance analysis (ANOVA) discriminate Bouisseville and Ain Franine like station with higher contamination significantly, but no periodic difference is appreciated. The variou...

Globally, plastic pollution is acknowledged as a serious human-caused problem for marine and coastal ecosystems. The main sources of these pollutants in the many ways they enter the ocean are land-based and seabased. Megaplastic, mesoplastic, macroplastic, and microplastic are among the various sizes and kinds of plastic pollutants that are found in ecosystems. The water, sediment, and biota of marine and coastal environments are widely distributed with primary and secondary microplastics. The vast majority of consumer goods in use today are made of plastic. Every year, almost 280 million tons of plastic are manufactured worldwide, most of which wind up in landfills or the ocean. Plastics can be made from primary chemicals, usually coal, oil, or natural gas, or they can be made by converting natural resources. At least 267 species are impacted by plastic and microplastic globally, including 44% of all seabird species, 43% of all marine mammal species, and 86% of all sea turtle species. Through detrimental effects on human health, shipping, and fishing, this new pollutant has an impact on socioeconomic factors. At the international, regional, and national levels, current and enacted laws, policies, rules, and programs are essential to lowering the amount of plastic waste in the world's oceans. Last but not least, the plastics industry should implement plastic recycling or upgrading programs to assume global responsibility for the end-of-life of their goods. The main objective of this paper is to show the impact of plastic and microplastic waste on the marine environment and oceans, and some ways to solve this problem.

The global production of plastic has raised to 330 billion tons per year, which is a huge concern in terms of environmental crisis and health issues. Currently there are no devised mechanisms available on industrial scale and in nature by which plastics can be degraded completely into harmless residues. Water constitutes two-thirds of the planet, and almost 70–80% of it is polluted by plastic debris. Marine organisms are facing alarming situations and awful scenarios due to the water pollution caused by plastics. Micro- and macroplastics are the main entities involved in polluting the water bodies, which besides the generation of different health issues are a direct threat to the destruction of natural habitats to marine and fresh water flora and fauna. Human activities, industrialization, and population burst in recent years has contributed to high demands of plastics for the manufacturing of different products most of which end up in oceans and fresh water bodies resulting in their pollution.

We have reviewed that a three domains solution strategy can be employed to fight plastic pollution and for the remediation of water pollution by plastics, which includes (1) the implementation of science and technology to produce bioplastics to replace the synthetic plastics saving our oceans and lakes from becoming plastic repositories, (2) biodegradation of plastics using different microorganisms which produces plastic degrading enzymes to degrade plastics is another excellent strategy, and (3) community awareness and governmental policies. International agencies, nongovernmental organizations, universities, and research institutes can help create awareness in our society to combat water pollution by helping governments around the globe to effectively formulate and implement new policies to counter water pollution by plastics.

The measurement of hydrometric data, such as discharge and suspended sediment concentration, is conducted at various gauging stations in India. The relationship between these two variables is established using the sediment rating curve (SRC), which allows for estimating suspended sediment load based on the data. However, it is crucial to ensure the accuracy of the estimated sediment load in order to maintain the reliability of the SRC. The main focus of this research paper is to investigate the impact of data grouping on the development of sediment rating curves (SRCs) for estimating suspended sediment load from discharge data. To conduct this analysis, ten years of data from the Sarangkheda gauging station on the Tapi River in India are utilized. Various methods of data grouping, such as daily, monthly, and cumulative averages, are compared. The findings of the study demonstrate that relying on data from a single year can result in significant errors and uncertainties in SRCs. Conversely, utilizing cumulative data improves the accuracy and reliability of SRCs. Moreover, it is suggested that a minimum of seven years of cumulative data is necessary to establish a robust SRC model.

The seasonal and spatial distributions of physicochemical parameters that determine water quality was studied in Aden coastal. Eight Stations were selected for study in December 2019 (winter season) and June 2020 (summer season), and selected one stations as reference station for compared due its far from pollutants sources. The Physiochemical water quality parameters showed seasonal and spatial variation. Where the sea surface temperature ranged from 26.30 to 33.00 C°. pH was between 7.85 and 8.25. Salinity ranged from 36.50 to 38.40 ppt. Turbidity ranged between 2.15 and 20.10 NTU. Variation in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content was from 3.74 to 5.40 mg/L. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) ranged from 0.45 to 3.14 mg/L. The nutrient concentrations showed seasonally and spatially variations, where nitrite and nitrate concentrations were higher in winter and lower in summer, while phosphate and silicate concentrations were higher in summer and lower in winter. Stations 5 and 7 recorded the highest concentrations of nutrients while station 8 (Reference station) recorded the lowest concentrations of nutrients.

ABSTRACTGeophysical surveys are carried out in the coastal area of Petrosino (south‐western Sicily) to study the time evolution of seawater contamination of the coastal aquifer, probably increased due to human impact. The overexploitation of the aquifer, due to an intensive agricultural use has affected significantly the natural hydro‐geochemical state of the basin. The study is based on a processing and integrated analysis of hydrogeological, geochemical and geophysical data. In particular in the last two years seasonal time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomographies (ERT), new TDEM soundings and Multi‐Analysis Surface Wave soundings (MASW) have been carried out. The interpretation of the total set of previously existing and new geophysical data made it possible to reconstruct a three‐dimensional model of the electrical resistivity of the aquifer, aimed at defining the extent and geometry of the seawater intrusion. Furthermore, the execution of a series of high‐resolution time‐lapse...

This study is based on the inventory of coastal benthic faunal at the level of 13 coastal sites through Oran’s coast from Sidi Medjdoub (Mostaganem) to Sebiate (Ain Temouchent). The differences that are determined on basis of the habitat / biodiversity shows a variation between the systems (natural, artificial, polluted, visited, and inhabited). The difference is visible on the coastal system, which remains distant from anthropogenic pressure with an important diversity of populations (Ain Defla, Madagh II), compared to the artificial coastal system of Oran’s harbour dyke, or inhabited like Bousfer. This official report clearly explains the influence of hydrodynamic functioning and the importance of human impact at different levels. *Corresponding Author: Djillali Bouras  dilalbouras@gmail.com

Background: Mazandaran province, with the largest coastline of the Caspian Sea in the country, draws a large number of travelers and tourists every year. This study aimed to determine and interpret the microbial health quality of its coastal waters. Methods: 19 swimming points in Sari, Miandorud, Juybar, and Babolsar counties were weekly sampled for six months. Microbial testing for collected samples was performed using the MPN method and membrane filter based on EPA method 1600. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive, normality, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD tests were also conducted. Results: The mean of enterococcus in all the stations was standard; however, fecal coliform in P4, P1, and P0 of Babolsar was high. Normality tests of geometric mean indices, normal distribution, and results of one-way analysis of variance between stations and sampling time showed a significant difference at the level of P < 0.05. The highest contamination was observed at P4, P1, P0, Edalat 4, and Farahabad. Conclusion: Due to the presence of microbial contamination in some areas, determining fecal coliform indicator in addition to enterococci is necessary to accurately estimate the status of microbial contamination of coastal waters in the region.

Biosurfactants or surface-active compounds with amphiphilic molecular structures, including a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic domain, are produced by microorganisms. These compounds increase the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the environment due to their ability to emulsify hydrocarbon-water mixtures. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize biosurfactant-producing bacteria from the samples of Gastropods. Materials and Methods: The gastropod samples were collected from oilcontaminated sites in the Persian Gulf, Middle East. Biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated from these samples. The biosurfactant production ability was analyzed using Drop Collapse TEST, oil spreading test, emulsification activity test, and BATH test. Results: In total, 11 biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated. Two isolates with higher growth rates and biosurfactant production ability were selected for further studies. The best isolates were identified as Halomonas sp. isolate BHA16 and Vibrio alginolyticus isolate BHA 17 based on molecular analysis. Gas chromatography analysis of remaining crude oil confirmed that these strains could degrade to 51.44 % and 67.58% of crude oil, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the surfactant activity of the bacterial strains isolated from Gastro pods had a good potential for the biodegradation of crude oil and could be used for the cleanup of oil-contaminated marine environments.

Brine disposal is one of the main issues addressed lately when speaking about applying desalination process. This paper presents a statistical technique to estimate evaporation pond recovery factor according to metrological parameters. A multivariate regression model is adopted to predict the effect of the different conditions on the pond recovery ratio. It is a general technique and can be adopted for different types of design. A linear multiple regression model with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 has been developed whereby five investigated parameters have been related to formulate the model. The used model has been applied for a brine disposal scheme comprising nanofiltration and reverse osmosis system for producing water and solar pond for integrated salt recovery.

Geophysical surveys are carried out in the coastal area of Petrosino (south-western Sicily) to study the time evolution of seawater contamination of the coastal aquifer, probably increased due to human impact. The overexploitation of the aquifer, due to an intensive agricultural use has affected significantly the natural hydro-geochemical state of the basin. The study is based on a processing and integrated analysis of hydrogeological, geochemical and geophysical data. In particular in the last two years seasonal time-lapse electrical resistivity tomographies (ERT), new TDEM soundings and Multi-Analysis Surface Wave soundings (MASW) have been carried out. The interpretation of the total set of previously existing and new geophysical data made it possible to reconstruct a threedimensional model of the electrical resistivity of the aquifer, aimed at defining the extent and geometry of the seawater intrusion. Furthermore, the execution of a series of high-resolution timelapse electrical tomographies and a correlation analysis between geophysical measures and geochemical, geological and hydrogeological data allowed to discriminate the effects of the salt concentration in the groundwater and the porosity and saturation degree of the rock on the time variations of the measured electrical resistivity. Finally, the average porosity of the rocks forming the reservoir was determined.

Although the perils of plastics to living organisms including humans have been neglected for decades, they have recently been recognized as a major environmental problem worldwide. Little progress has been made on understanding the factors that drive species' and populations' susceptibilities to the ingestion of plastic. Here, we propose using nutritional ecology as a multidisciplinary framework for bridging the gaps that link nutrition, behavior, plastics, physiology and ecology. We show that nutritional niches are tightly linked to plastic ingestion, illustrating the application of our framework in the context of nutritional niche theory, habitat-specific foraging from species to populations, and transfer patterns in food webs.

In this study, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) technique has been used in analysing 26 soil samples for five heavy metals: Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+ and Ni2+ in Zakho district, Kurdistan region - Iraq. Heavy metals can be accrued to the soil during the releases of industrial waste, removal of extraordinary quality metal waste, petrochemical falls and etc. In all soil samples, heavy metals concentration was found in the range of 0.541 - 4.339 mg/L for Pb, 0.118 - 0.797 mg/L for Cu, 1.260 - 5.540  mg/L for Zn, 1.315 - 2.102 mg/L for Cr and 1.049 -1.635 mg/L for Ni. As shown in the result, the heavy metals concentration contents increases with fossil fuel combustion, industrial releases, and agricultural activities. However, the results of the AAS technique was found that the high concentration element Pb and Zn were determined than the other elements like Cu, Cr and Ni but less than acceptable limits in all cases. Regarding to achieve data in the recent research, soil of ca...

The coastal areas are the locus of activities requiring water of good physicochemical quality: recreational uses, aquaculture and fishing. Thesis areas are under the direct influences of wadis and wastewaters, which pass by the contributions of watersheds, urban and industrial discharge. Thesis discharges result, when the renewal of water masses is small compared to release, significant deterioration of water quality and marinades ecosystem. This study focuses one year assessment of water quality urban sewages from coastal urban centers western (Oran), with the aim of assessing the state of contamination by draws metals (Cd, Pb Zn and), have well ace the assessment of the physico-chemical quality of marinades waters to determines the potential impact of metal pollution one the west coast Algeria of. Lead has average concentrations high enough at the three studied sewages: 0.23 mg.l-1 at the urban sewage Oran of (standard deviation: 0.22 mg.l-1). Yew heavy metal concentrations vary g...

The coastal areas are the locus of activities requiring water of good physicochemical quality: recreational uses, aquaculture and fishing. Thesis areas are under the direct influences of wadis and wastewaters, which pass by the contributions of watersheds, urban and industrial discharge. Thesis discharges result, when the renewal of water masses is small compared to release, significant deterioration of water quality and marinades ecosystem. This study focuses one year assessment of water quality urban sewages from coastal urban centers western (Oran), with the aim of assessing the state of contamination by draws metals (Cd, Pb Zn and), have well ace the assessment of the physico-chemical quality of marinades waters to determines the potential impact of metal pollution one the west coast Algeria of. Lead has average concentrations high enough at the three studied sewages: 0.23 mg.l-1 at the urban sewage Oran of (standard deviation: 0.22 mg.l-1). Yew heavy metal concentrations vary g...

The Indian estuaries are more or less under stressful condition. The magnitude of this stress largely depends upon the total volume of sewage generated by the human pollution residing around the estuaries and the industries established in the vicinity of the estuaries. In large cities such as Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai and Kochi where large industrial complexes have developed around the estuaries, the magnitude of the problem becomes particularly severe during the pre-monsoon months when the fresh water discharge becomes minimum leading to very low dilution factor of the aquatic phase. Oxygen level falls drastically in pre-monsoon season that is characterized with highest salinity (because of maximum evaporation and minimum precipitation). A survey carried out along a stretch of 92 km revealed 96 industries discharging their wastes either directly or through municipal drainage into the Hooghly estuary. In addition to the industries, several municipalities discharge the waste (largely sewage) into the estuaries. The total quantity of waste discharged (industrial and municipal) has been estimated as 1,153.80 million tonnes per day. This generates a BOD load of 106.26 tonnes of the solid load of 2,318.41 t/day. Suspended solid amounts to 1,057 t/ day and dissolved solid of the order of 1,260.87 t/day. The impact of enormous loads of pollutants on the ecology of the Hooghly estuary becomes visible during the pre-monsoon months when fresh water discharged get considerably reduced. Conservative pollutants like heavy metals have also deteriorated the environment of the estuary. A long-term survey conducted in a sampling station (known as Diamond Harbour) in the Hooghly estuary reveals gradual increase of dissolved zinc, copper and lead (Figure 1-3). Researchers point towards acidification as one of the major causes for such rise in dissolved heavy metals as very few industries have developed over the last few decades in the maritime state of West Bengal. Pollution in Rushikulya estuary, caused by a chlor-alkali factory has been reported. This factory is producing caustic soda by the mercury-cell method and has been discharging mercury-rich effluents directly into the estuary. Mercury content was analyzed in water, sediment and in the tissues of fish and bottom-dwelling animals. All were found to be contaminated with mercury. Highest values were recorded in demersal animals and benthic molluscs because of their proximity/attachment to sediments where the mercury accumulation was maximum. As compared to the biota of in several Indian estuaries (in which a Figure 1 Temporal variation of dissolved Zn in Diamond Harbour.

The present study was accomplished to fulfill the requisition of the Appeal Court of the city of Piraeus. According to the Court's Decision, an environmental impact assessment should be made for the ongoing condition of the wreckage along with a study of the corrosion evolution process and a provision of the hull's endurance should be estimated. The wreckage was sounded out, surveyed thoroughly by means of an ROV device immersed ad hoc. Extended videos and photo shots were taken and the exact position of the vessel depicted analytically on a sea contour depth chart. Hull corrosion, sea column & sea bottom sediment sampling carried out for the analysis of hazardous compounds PAHs, TPHs, PCBs and heavy metals in June and July of 2019. Fish and oyster tissues were analyzed in the lab for heavy metals' detection. A great concern was given for (Cd) & (Pb) concentration in sea column nearby wreck. Α report of about 1000 pages of the methodology & results was handed over to the Appeal Court of which merely partial significant segments are presented herein. The technical report denotes that PCBs, PAHs, TPHs sea bed & sea column measurements nearby the wreck were, in general, low or below detectable level. As regards heavy metals concentration level in aquatic sea column, the results indicate that only in certain locations heavy metals i.e. (Pb) and (Ni) were measured above the detection limit and classified according to contamination factors from moderate to high contamination level and might attribute to the presence of the wreck in the close area. Contamination factor indices consolidate the approach that the hull presence in the bottom contributes to the environmental degradation of the "caldera" ecosystem. The vessel's hull is expected to be wiped out in almost four hundred years period according to the applied corrosion model.

A significant seasonal variation in the water quality of the Kokilamedu Lake was observed during the present study. The lake water was alkaline throughout the year. The water salinity ranged from 4.21-9.94 psu, peak being observed during pre-monsoon period. It was found to be well oxygenated with DO concentration ranging from 5.43-7.12 mg l-1. Concentration of inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen was found to be very high to the tune of 180.09 µ mol l-1 and 380.84 µ mol l-1 respectively. Phosphate levels were high (max. 8.31 µ mol l-1), which suggested an external source of enrichment mostly could be due to droppings from large colony of birds nesting in trees near the lake. Higher chlorophyll-a values (max. 115.78 mg m-3) obtained showed a heavy algal growth giving dark green color to the lake water. The present study showed that the lake is nearly eutrophic in nature with significantly high nutrient concentrations. A comparison of the present water quality with the earlier report showed a drastic change in its environment. The increasing water salinity is one of the main concern which showed that the freshwater environment that existed nearly a decade ago is changing into a brackish water system in the general process of transformation into a salt marsh.

Even-though marine pollution has deep-scaling and ancient history, the laws to counter are not entered into force until mid-twentieth century. Moreover, for the wakening of global consciousness for fighting marine pollution, we had to wait till the next century. Throughout the second part of the twentieth century, as Hamblin specializes, this issue became one of the major

For supplying drinking water throughout the world, there has been a huge growth in the usage of desalination factories. Nevertheless, the formation of brine (concentrate) is a complete side of the working of the desalination factory and encounters serious ecological defiance due to its elevated salinity. Thus, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly concentrate handling equipment is needed before its appropriate elimination. Presently, many elimination choices comprising surface water discharge, deep well injection, and evaporation ponds have been employed. Nevertheless, such methods are unsustainable and their application is restricted by an elevated capital cost and exclusive usages. Different traditional techniques comprising physicochemical, oxidation and biological methods with changing degrees of organics elimination have been noted. These days, membrane-based techniques seem to be cost-effective tools for treating brine since they could recuperate worthy resources and generate clean water with elevated recuperation. This review contributes to discussing the actual techniques for brine handling, comprising elimination usages and treatment methods. The features of the concentrate in a matter of water nature and its effect on open water bodies are reviewed. This work presents emerging membrane processes like forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis that are encouraging for reducing brine quantities, in recuperating worthy metals and enhancement of water recuperation. This discussion as well focuses on the reality that integrated membrane processes are better for concentrate handling for metals recuperation jointly with water decontamination in wastewater treatment factories and could attain a zero liquid discharge.

The Mediterranean basin is rich in wetlands of great ecological, social and economic value. Yet these important  natural assets have been considerably degraded or destroyed, mainly during the 20th century. The wetlands of western Algeria are characterized by massive urbanization. This anarchic urbanization leads to over exploitation of the natural environment. The installation of numerous residential, industrial and tourist complex sites is a complication that suffocates many recreational sites and degrades the coastal environment. This situation has created a spatial disruption of the entire ecosystem, causing physical and biological disturbances. It is in this context that our diagnosis is inscribed to better understand the stakes of human activities and the urban dynamics of the Algerian west coast. The diagnosis made it possible to highlight an intense anthropogenic activities, and an important industrial activities generating numerous damages to the coastal environment.
Keywords:  wetlands; environmental diagnosis; coastal ecosystem; anthropogenic activities; Algeria.

RESUME Le littoral oranais est de plus en plus agressé de nos jours par toutes les nuisances du monde civilisé: activités industrielles, tourisme intensif et urbanisation massive avec comme corollaire une ampleur sans cesse croissante d'une pollution d'origine domestique. L'objectif de ce travail s'inscrit dans la stratégie de contrôle sanitaire des espaces à usage récréatifs et consiste en une évaluation de la qualité des eaux de baignade par une recherche des germes coliformes, ce qui permet de déterminer l'impact potentiel de la pollution bactérienne au niveau du littoral oranais et d'évaluer l'acceptabilité ou non de la zone à la baignade.

The coastal areas are the locus of activities requiring water of good physicochemical quality: recreational uses, aquaculture and fishing. Thesis areas are under the direct influences of wadis and wastewaters, which pass by the contributions of watersheds, urban and industrial discharge. Thesis discharges result, when the renewal of water masses is small compared to release, significant deterioration of water quality and marinades ecosystem. This study focuses one year assessment of water quality urban sewages from coastal urban centers western (Oran), with the aim of assessing the state of contamination by draws metals (Cd, Pb Zn and), have well ace the assessment of the physico-chemical quality of marinades waters to determines the potential impact of metal pollution one the west coast Algeria of. Lead has average concentrations high enough at the three studied sewages: 0.23 mg.l-1 at the urban sewage Oran of (standard deviation: 0.22 mg.l-1). Yew heavy metal concentrations vary greatly from one sample to another; have reflected in the standard deviations, no lasting changes obvious is. Only average levels of cadmium exceeding the normative.
Keywords: wastewater; marine ecosystem; urban sewage; industrial sewage; heavy metals; western Algerian coast; Oran; Algeria.

Marine water of Oran’s Bight in the Algerian west coast, is threatened by the rejections of worn water which
deteriorates the microbiological quality of coastal water.  The objective of the present study was to evaluate the
quality of the seawater in Bay of Oran. In total, 60 Samples were collected in 6 different stations: Andalouses beach, Cap Falcon, Bouisseville, Ain Franine, Kristel and Pointe de l’Aiguille Kristel. All samples were studied
from 2010 until 2014 during May and April.  For each point, the analysis included estimation of the following
parameters: fecal coliform and total coliform. Our statistical outputs of the data obtained showed that hygienic
quality in bacteria coliformes, is distributed in a homogeneous way on the level of the sites of the eastern coasts and western coasts in Oran’s Bight. Variance analysis (ANOVA) discriminate Bouisseville and Ain Franine like
station with higher contamination significantly, but no periodic difference is appreciated. The various studied
stations do not have a similar profile of vulnerability.
Keywords: Bacteriological quality; bathing areas; Bay of Oran; Algerian west coast; seawater; fecal coliform;
total coliform.

In this study, the quality of the marine environment of Thermaikos Gulf was appraised by measuring physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water column and the seabed. Water and sediment samples were seasonally collected from three sampling stations located at the inner part of Thermaikos Gulf. Specific physical-chemical characteristics (temperature, salinity, density along with pH and dissolved oxygen) throughout the water column were evaluated by conducting in situ measurements during the sampling campaigns. In situ processing of the water density data enabled the determination of the water column stratification. Afterwards, water samples were collected from the different strata: surface, pycnocline and bottom, to assess relevant variations of the chemical and the biological characteristics of the water masses. The studied chemical parameters included ammonium nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and total phosphorus and the biological ones phytoplankton and protozooplankton species composition, abundance and biomass. Sediment samples were collected with a standard VanVeen grab from each sampling station. Benthic organisms (macro-invertebrates) were sorted, enumerated under major taxa, and identified up to species levels to assess ecological quality status applying the BENTIX biotic index. Sediment composition and organic content were also assessed. The obtained results are discussed with regards to seasonal and spatial variability and water column stratification.

The Istanbul Strait is one of the world's most dangerous natural waterways in terms of sea traffic. Istanbul straıt, which have great strategic importance, can cause environmental disasters because of the sea accidents that the may occur. Petroleum pollution that can arise from these vessels can negatively affect the structure of sea water and the marine life.

Water is one of the most common and the large precious resources on world. ground water resources have been contaminated by organic, inorganic and biological pollution. Therefore management of aquatic ecosystem in particular has become a main concern in present years. Surface water samples were collected from Vellaiyar estuary are during period of January 2015 to June 2015. The pH meter was used to determine the pH and Temprature, The Dissolved oxygen,silicte. Estimate of phosphate ,Nitrate was handled.

Water is one of the most common and the large precious resources on world. ground water resources have been contaminated by organic, inorganic and biological pollution. Therefore management of aquatic ecosystem in particular has become a main concern in present years. Surface water samples were collected from Vellaiyar estuary are during period of January 2015 to June 2015. The pH meter was used to determine the pH and Temprature, The Dissolved oxygen,silicte. Estimate of phosphate ,Nitrate was handled.

The present investigation was intended to assess the seawater quality of Digha (India) in the northwestern coast of the Bay of Bengal. Digha is a meso-tidal coastal plain located between two major estuarine systems, i.e. Subarnarekha and Hooghly located respectively on the western and eastern sides of the West Bengal along the northeast coast of India. The sampling was made at nine stations at various distances. Significant seasonal variations in environmental parameters and nutrients were observed during the study period. Analyses of physicochemical characteristics of the study area indicated that the level of dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solid (TDS) and nutrients is within the permissible limit. The results clearly revealed that, though sewage discharge takes place in the coastal waters, the quality of the water was not affected. It may be due to the large quantity of estuarine water input from the Hooghly estuarine system that have enhanced dilution of discharged sewage in Digha coastal waters. Strong tidal activities, wave dynamics and coastal current further dilute the effluent water in the study area, resulting to the minimised sewage effect on coastal ecosystem. Further studies on the heavy metal concentration and benthic diversity can be assessed to understand the health of the ecosystem.

Background and Objectives: The US Environmental Protection Agency has suggested faecal enterococci as the primary bacterial indicators. Of more importance is their direct correlation with swimmer-associated gastroenteritis in recreation water quality monitoring. In contrast to other seawater bodies with 3.5% salinity, the recreational waters in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea possess its own salinity (about 1% w/v) and thus require further investigations to determine the capacity of Enterococcus faecalis as the sole primary microbial index in this unique aquatic environment. Materials and Methods: The survey of the presence and survival of E. faecalis as a microbial index in the recreational waters of the southern Caspian Sea was carried out using a microcosm as an experimental model. The concentration of E. faecalis cells in samples of seawater were estimated by a standard membrane filtration method using m-Enterococcus agar as the selective culture medium. As the current standard culture-based methods are not reliable enough for the detection of non-growing, damaged and under-tension bacteria, PCR was used to identify the possible VBNC form of the bacterium after disappearance of the culturable cells. Results and Conclusion: A continuous decline in the number of culturable E. faecalis cells resulted in apparent elimination of the bacteria from seawater in a defined period. Detection of intact DNA was possible in the following 60 days. The salinity of about 1% and the self-purification properties of the Caspian Sea make the conditions feasible for the use of this microorganism as a measure of water quality throughout the region. The results confirmed the presence of damaged bacterial cells, namely VBNC forms, indicating the necessity of examining of the sea water samples by using molecular approaches or repair procedures.

Foundation Project: Supported by decision support system for sustainable fisheries management in the regions of Southern Italy " (Workpackage 1-CNR-IAMC Messina) (Law 191, December 23, 2009, article 44). The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members.

A cruise was conducted in Sindh off-shore to Sonmiani Bay area of Balochistan during February, 2009 on a survey vessel “Behr Paima” for the baseline pollution study. During the cruise surface seawater and bottom sediment samples were collected from 17 stations whereas 1 sample in the Sonmiani Hor area (near Damb village) was taken from boat. Water samples were analyzed for salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, pH and nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Silicate) while BOD and COD were also measured from Karachi coastal areas and heavy metals (Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc) were analyzed from the sediment samples. In this paper water quality, nutrient concentration, heavy metals in sediments and their distribution pattern are discussed. This baseline data is used to track the pollutants dispersion and dilution through modeling studies.

Ammonia present in the sea water sample reacts with chlorine (obtained from Lithium hypochlorite) to form mono chloramine.  Salicylic acid reacts with Lithium hydroxide to give soluble salicylate ion. Mono chloramine reacts with salicylate ion to form 5- aminosalicylate. The salicylate ion is oxidized to give quinone carboxylate in the presence of sodium nitroprusside which acts as catalyst. 5-Amino salicylate reacts with quinone carboxylate  to form blue coloured compound (similar to Indo phenol ). The blue colour is masked by the yellow colour from the excess reagent present to give a final green coloured solution.  This is called Berthelot method.  Absorbance of the colour developed is measured at 680 nm in the spectrophotometer to determine the quantity of ammonia present in the sample.