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Fig. 3. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing the realized nutritional niche breadths including plastics of 24 Franciscana dolphins that ingested plastics from estuarine (grey triangles) and marine (black hollow circles) habitats. Each point represents the stomach content proportional composition of protein (P), lipid (L) and plastic (Pla) of individual dolphins. Following Machovsky-Capuska et al. (2018), the minimal realized nutritional niches are measured as the area of standard ellipse (SEAc). Estuarine dolphins SEAc: 75.81, grey ellipse and marine dolphins SEAc: 27.43, black ellipse (Data from Denuncio et al. 2011 and 2017).

Figure 3 Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing the realized nutritional niche breadths including plastics of 24 Franciscana dolphins that ingested plastics from estuarine (grey triangles) and marine (black hollow circles) habitats. Each point represents the stomach content proportional composition of protein (P), lipid (L) and plastic (Pla) of individual dolphins. Following Machovsky-Capuska et al. (2018), the minimal realized nutritional niches are measured as the area of standard ellipse (SEAc). Estuarine dolphins SEAc: 75.81, grey ellipse and marine dolphins SEAc: 27.43, black ellipse (Data from Denuncio et al. 2011 and 2017).

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* The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia > Université d’Angers, LETG-Angers, LEESA UMR 6554 CNRS, UFR Sciences, France “ Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina 1 The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia Although the perils of plastics to living organisms including humans have been neglected for decades, they have recently been recognized as a major environmental problem worldwide. Little progress has been made on under- standing the factors that drive species’ and populations’ susceptibilities to the ingestion of plastic. Here, we pro- pose using nutritional ecology as a multidisciplinary framework for bridging the gaps that link nutrition, behavior, plastics, physiology and ecology. We show that nutritional niches are tightly linked to plastic ingestion, illustrating the application of our framework in the context of nutritional niche theory, habitat-specific foraging from species to populations, and transfer patterns in food webs.
* The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia > Université d’Angers, LETG-Angers, LEESA UMR 6554 CNRS, UFR Sciences, France “ Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina 1 The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia Although the perils of plastics to living organisms including humans have been neglected for decades, they have recently been recognized as a major environmental problem worldwide. Little progress has been made on under- standing the factors that drive species’ and populations’ susceptibilities to the ingestion of plastic. Here, we pro- pose using nutritional ecology as a multidisciplinary framework for bridging the gaps that link nutrition, behavior, plastics, physiology and ecology. We show that nutritional niches are tightly linked to plastic ingestion, illustrating the application of our framework in the context of nutritional niche theory, habitat-specific foraging from species to populations, and transfer patterns in food webs.
Fig. 1. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing hypothetical foods (black hollow circles) that contain different proportions of P, L and Pla as follows: (i) 40% P, 40% L anc 20% Pla; (ii) 0% P, 0% L and 100% Pla and (iii) 50% P, 10% L and 40% Pla. The model als« illustrates that if an animal mixes its intake of two foods (e.g., i and iii), the resultins diet composition is constrained to lie on the line connecting the foods (e.g., black solic star). By mixing its intake of three foods (e.g., i, ii, and iii), the accessible space expand: to a triangle connecting these foods (e.g., black hollow star). The nutritional niche of the species is constrained to lie on the black dashed line connecting the dots.
Fig. 1. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing hypothetical foods (black hollow circles) that contain different proportions of P, L and Pla as follows: (i) 40% P, 40% L anc 20% Pla; (ii) 0% P, 0% L and 100% Pla and (iii) 50% P, 10% L and 40% Pla. The model als« illustrates that if an animal mixes its intake of two foods (e.g., i and iii), the resultins diet composition is constrained to lie on the line connecting the foods (e.g., black solic star). By mixing its intake of three foods (e.g., i, ii, and iii), the accessible space expand: to a triangle connecting these foods (e.g., black hollow star). The nutritional niche of the species is constrained to lie on the black dashed line connecting the dots.
Fig. 2. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing the influence of type of plastics and niche breadth of 26 Franciscana dolphins contaminated by this pollutant. Each point represents the stomach content proportional composition of protein (P), lipid (L) and Water (W) of individual dolphins. Following Machovsky-Capuska et al. (2018), the minimal realized nutritional niches are measured as the area of standard ellipse (SEAc). Dolphins that consumed hard plastics (hollow triangles, SEAc: 15.24, dark grey dashed ellipse), dolphins that consumed packaging plastics (hollow squares, SEAc: 13.66, black dashed dot ellipse), and dolphins that consumed both type of plastics (hollow circles, SEAc: 6.23, grey dashed dot ellipse) (Data fram Deniincin et a] 9011 and 32017) Given the large range of feeding strategies and forms of plastic that occur within the environment, work is needed to explore whether plas- tic types shape the nutritional niche breadths of species and popula- tions. To illustrate (Fig. 2), following Machovsky-Capuska et al. (2018), we combined MNNF with standard ellipse areas corrected for small sample sizes (SEAc) on stomach content data extracted from Denuncio et al. (2011, 2017). We compare the minimal range of dietary compositions that contributes to the nutritional niche breadths of 26
Fig. 2. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing the influence of type of plastics and niche breadth of 26 Franciscana dolphins contaminated by this pollutant. Each point represents the stomach content proportional composition of protein (P), lipid (L) and Water (W) of individual dolphins. Following Machovsky-Capuska et al. (2018), the minimal realized nutritional niches are measured as the area of standard ellipse (SEAc). Dolphins that consumed hard plastics (hollow triangles, SEAc: 15.24, dark grey dashed ellipse), dolphins that consumed packaging plastics (hollow squares, SEAc: 13.66, black dashed dot ellipse), and dolphins that consumed both type of plastics (hollow circles, SEAc: 6.23, grey dashed dot ellipse) (Data fram Deniincin et a] 9011 and 32017) Given the large range of feeding strategies and forms of plastic that occur within the environment, work is needed to explore whether plas- tic types shape the nutritional niche breadths of species and popula- tions. To illustrate (Fig. 2), following Machovsky-Capuska et al. (2018), we combined MNNF with standard ellipse areas corrected for small sample sizes (SEAc) on stomach content data extracted from Denuncio et al. (2011, 2017). We compare the minimal range of dietary compositions that contributes to the nutritional niche breadths of 26
Fig. 4. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing hypothetical scenarios for nutrient and plastic interactions within trophic levels. These relationships are based on the nutritional goals of organisms from different trophic levels and the ability of these organisms to accumulate plastic ingested. Producers = black hollow circle; Herbivores = grey star; Primary carnivore = black hollow star; Apex carnivore = black star; Direct trophic interaction = solid arrows; Indirect trophic interaction = dashed arrows. The direction of the arrows are the plastic transfer pathways to apex carnivores. Plastic ingestion has become an expanding field of research that faces several challenges including: i) collection and standardization of reliable data on plastics using valuable biological metrics (e.g. mass); ii) linking isolated information from regurgitations, stomach contents, stranding events and experiments from species to populations, with ecological questions; iii) multidisciplinary collaboration to enhance cross-field communication (Avery-Gomm et al., 2016, 2018; Provencher et al., 2017). We have provided evidence of the interplay be- tween nutrition and plastic ingestion, yet the intricacies of these rela- tionships require further examination. Nutritional ecology has evolved as a multidimensional and cross-disciplinary field to overcome similar challenges (i-iii). By bridging the two distinct disciplines, we outline a subset of outstanding issues that provide testable predictions for future
Fig. 4. Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) showing hypothetical scenarios for nutrient and plastic interactions within trophic levels. These relationships are based on the nutritional goals of organisms from different trophic levels and the ability of these organisms to accumulate plastic ingested. Producers = black hollow circle; Herbivores = grey star; Primary carnivore = black hollow star; Apex carnivore = black star; Direct trophic interaction = solid arrows; Indirect trophic interaction = dashed arrows. The direction of the arrows are the plastic transfer pathways to apex carnivores. Plastic ingestion has become an expanding field of research that faces several challenges including: i) collection and standardization of reliable data on plastics using valuable biological metrics (e.g. mass); ii) linking isolated information from regurgitations, stomach contents, stranding events and experiments from species to populations, with ecological questions; iii) multidisciplinary collaboration to enhance cross-field communication (Avery-Gomm et al., 2016, 2018; Provencher et al., 2017). We have provided evidence of the interplay be- tween nutrition and plastic ingestion, yet the intricacies of these rela- tionships require further examination. Nutritional ecology has evolved as a multidimensional and cross-disciplinary field to overcome similar challenges (i-iii). By bridging the two distinct disciplines, we outline a subset of outstanding issues that provide testable predictions for future
Related topics:
BiologyEnvironmental PollutionMedicineNutritional EcologyPollutionPlastic pollutionSeawater Pollution
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