Rural sector

La asociatividad surge como uno de los mecanismos de cooperación entre las empresas para enfrentar procesos de globalización de las economías. En el Ecuador, se han implementado los negocios inclusivos como iniciativas socio empresariales por medio de las cuales se vincula a pequeños productores con mercados dinámicos. Las empresas asociativas rurales son asociaciones legalmente constituidas, conformadas por pequeños productores rurales, que han conseguido resultados económicos favorables. La Asociación de Productores Orgánicos de Vinces es un ejemplo de empresa asociativa rural que se caracteriza por el cultivo de cacao fi no de aroma. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar los factores de éxito de la Asociación en su gestión. El diseño de la investigación es transversal descriptivo. El estudio muestra que la Asociación ha alcanzado algunos logros puntuales que le permiten mantenerse en el mercado con eficientes procesos productivos.

The informal sector accounts for 83 per cent of total employment in Kenya. This study sought to understand duality and its driving factors to inform policy on enhancing decent work in the informal sector in Kenya. Using a multinomial logit analysis, the study established that workers are motivated to engage in more than one job in the informal sector due to its structure, to get more earnings and to meet the standard of living. Indeed, employees with low skills, less income and those residing in rural areas are likely to have two jobs in the informal sector. Further, workers in formal full-time employment are less likely to engage in duality compared to their counterparts who have no contract. Women and youth are more likely than men to work on multiple jobs in the informal sector. Key recommendations include implementation of policies and strategies to improve terms of employment in the informal sector; sensitization of workers and employers and development of regulations to foster participation of informal sector workers in trade unions; improve access to post skills training, in service training, recognition and certification of prior learning and apprenticeship among informal sector workers. It is also important to increase job creation in the formal sector; and improve official data, statistics and documentation of informal sector. It is important that the government with support from private sector improves the productivity of the informal sector with a well-balanced mix of economic and social policies that will make a remarkable contribution to enhancing quality of informal sector jobs. There is also need for policies that will protect women against social risks and vulnerabilities, such as unemployment, potential lay-off during maternity, old age and ill health. There is need for the government with support from stakeholders to create more innovative opportunities and give incentives to private providers of employment services while improving the quality of jobs in the informal sector.

La asociatividad surge como uno de los mecanismos de cooperación entre las empresas para enfrentar procesos de globalización de las economías. En el Ecuador, se han implementado los negocios inclusivos como iniciativas socio empresariales por medio de las cuales se vincula a pequeños productores con mercados dinámicos. Las empresas asociativas rurales son asociaciones legalmente constituidas, conformadas por pequeños productores rurales, que han conseguido resultados económicos favorables. La Asociación de Productores Orgánicos de Vinces es un ejemplo de empresa asociativa rural que se caracteriza por el cultivo de cacao fi no de aroma. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar los factores de éxito de la Asociación en su gestión. El diseño de la investigación es transversal descriptivo. El estudio muestra que la Asociación ha alcanzado algunos logros puntuales que le permiten mantenerse en el mercado con eficientes procesos productivos.

Purpose-The paper aims to study the outreach and performance of business correspondent (BC) models, which are implemented as a subsidiary agent of banks to accelerate the financial inclusion (FI) mission in India. In this regard, the study illustrates BC's products and services rendered to customers, forms of delivery channels and BC's view on banking services and Kiosk-based BC programs. Design/methodology/approach-The current paper is an empirical study based on surveying 200 Kioskbased BCs working in the state of Kerala. After the preliminary screening analysis of the data with outlier deletion, removal of missing values and normality test, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were executed followed by reliability test, convergent and discriminant validity tests. Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CBSEM) was performed for CFA and inferential tests were carried out by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) and analysis of a moment structures (AMOS) and Eviews. Findings-Chiefly, eight operational forms of BCs were found from the field survey. Hypothetical tests show the significant impact of the serviceability of banks on BC's profitability. Validity tests such as average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability (CR), maximum shared variance (MSV) and average shared variance (ASV) were established after the removal of the cross-loaded items of the questionnaire from the rotated component matrix. BCs perform main banking services especially bank account opening facility and Akshaya E-Centers are widely used for this model as Kiosk banking in the surveyed state. Originality/value-So far, no study has encompassed empirical research on performance analysis and outreach of the BC model in the state of Kerala where this BC model well functions. Since the study is a novel form of banking channelization for FI, the study can contribute to understanding the further feasibility and future dimension of the model based on experimental views of BCs.

capturar los principales rasgos y características del sector rural colombiano, enfatizando los siguientes aspectos: a) una sectorización de las actividades agropecuarias que permite identificar las actividades donde se concentra el sector empresarial y aquellas donde predominan la pequeña agricultura y la agricultura familiar; b) la consideración explícita de la formación de los ingresos laborales rurales a partir del trabajo familiar e independiente, y del trabajo asalariado, tanto en actividades agropecuarias como no agropecuarias; c) la diferenciación entre hogares rurales y hogares urbanos en términos de la formación de sus ingresos y sus patrones de gasto. Clasificación JEL: C82, E01, O18. Palabras clave: Matrices de Contabilidad Social, sector rural y urbano, agricultura.

The various impediments that citizens living in rural Colombia face in the administration of justice, are the raison d'être of the proposal of a socio-legal nature called: The Automatic Registry of Filing for the Rural Sector, hereinafter (Resarser), which is conceived as a system that demands the participation of local actors with knowledge and access to technological and digital means, for its implementation. Said elements in a coordinated manner are used to mitigate the problems that prevent access to this ideal within the Vereda de Puerto Toledo in the municipality of Puerto Rico (Meta). For this purpose, the methodology called participatory action is applied in line with qualitative and quantitative research tools, in order to contextualize the study population. In such a way that once the aspects to be improved are identified, the investigative proposal for the solution of the same in the administration of justice is presented. After this, the operation, characteristics an...

Banking industry is fast moving away from the traditional paradigm to the sophisticated digital way of dealing. Big Data are said to be an extremely huge data set that has to be analyzed, handled, managed and validated through a typical data management tools. Banks are one of the financial services industries that handles enormous amount of transaction data that has been managed, scrutinized and utilized for the benefit of banks as well as the customers. This research paper highlights how big data is handled in Indian banks, and bring out the benefits of using Big Data Analytics in Banks and other financial institutions I.

La Maestría en Ciencias de la Educación (MCE) ha sentado las bases para ellogro de objetivos superiores en los niveles de calidad y pertinencia, tanimportantes para la Revolución Cubana. En correspondencia con estas ideas eltrabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivo valorar los logros e impactos de lamención ETP en la provincia de Sancti Spiritus. Desde esta perspectiva se hallegado a una aproximación en el estudio de los resultados obtenidos en laeducación técnica y profesional en cuanto a los principales logros y dificultadesen la provincia. En el trabajo se abordan entre otros los siguientes aspectos: lacontribución de la mención al cumplimiento de los objetivos priorizados delMINED para el curso 2010–2011, la utilización de los resultados de la menciónen el mejoramiento de la ETP, así como en los procesos de pre y postgradoque desarrolla la universidad, la integración de la ETP con los proyectos deinvestigación, en particular proyectos institucionales y los resultados del estud...

capturar los principales rasgos y características del sector rural colombiano, enfatizando los siguientes aspectos: a) una sectorización de las actividades agropecuarias que permite identificar las actividades donde se concentra el sector empresarial y aquellas donde predominan la pequeña agricultura y la agricultura familiar; b) la consideración explícita de la formación de los ingresos laborales rurales a partir del trabajo familiar e independiente, y del trabajo asalariado, tanto en actividades agropecuarias como no agropecuarias; c) la diferenciación entre hogares rurales y hogares urbanos en términos de la formación de sus ingresos y sus patrones de gasto. Clasificación JEL: C82, E01, O18. Palabras clave: Matrices de Contabilidad Social, sector rural y urbano, agricultura.

The size of the informal sector in the Zimbabwe in 2012 was estimated at approximately US$7.4 billion (Fin Mart 2012). Various reasons were posted as to the causes of the informal sector world over and more recommendations were made to address the informal sector. This paper sought to establish whether it is economically sound to tax the rural informal sector in Zimbabwe. The method adopted was purely desk and library research. It was found that until the government recognise the informal sector in terms of economic development and invest in it (informal Sector), it should not in any case impose taxes on the poor rural informal sector. The paper recommends that the Government of Zimbabwe must integrate pro-poor policies into the tax system and revamp the once vibrant formal sector. Keywords: Informal Sector; Rural Informal sector, Taxation, Zimbabwe

The present study has been conducted throughout the target area of Pakistan Dairy Development Company (PDDC). Fifty farmers who have joined the PDDC Model Farm Program, representing all the dairying regions of Pakistan, have been selected for the study. This study has ...

The sustainable growth requires a holistic approach, where all members of the society grow equally. This
study compares two states—Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in an effort to analyze financial inclusion,
including the use of banking and other regulated products at an affordable price. To support the study, primary
data has been gathered from different rural areas in both states during 2023. Primary information was collected
from 200 households for each state. Financial inclusion is receiving attention from all around the world since
it has been identified as one of the main causes of poverty. The findings of the study show Madhya Pradesh
has performed a little better as compared to Chhattisgarh in making the population of the state financially
inclusive.

Historical perceptive clearly shows the agriculture cannot absorb all the growth of the rural workforce but the imperative role of non-agricultural activities recognized recently. Majority of the rural workforce is giving up farming and moving to the non-agricultural sector in rural areas. A change in the structure of jobs in rural areas is a prerequisite for the process of rural transformation. Kerala remained at the top around 73 %, while Punjab exhibited second position at rural non-farm sector (RNFS) with a labor force of 46.36% in 2011. Intergenerational Change in Occupation is noted as per the present study, as nearly 90% respondents experienced change of occupations from father to respondents. Reliance on RNFS by rural families was significantly higher in the developed region compared to the developing or backward region.

Women empowerment is imperative to the socioeconomic well-being of not only women but also the future generation of a nation. On the other hand, cooperatives: the "silent giants", are independent social entities with closer proximity by rural women. Despite the long-lasting importance and its greater recognition of both aspects in the economic pursuit, hardly a single study has tested the contribution of cooperatives in boosting women empowerment in the context of rural women. Thus, the present study examines the contribution of cooperatives, in particular their social, economic, political, and environmental contributions, towards inspiring rural women empowerment. A randomly drawn sample of 2600 female members representing 152 Sri Lankan cooperative societies covering all the rural administrative districts (except Jaffna) was surveyed. The guided survey was instrumentalized with a self-administrative questionnaire of 50 items. The results generated empirical evidence on the cooperatives' critical role in enhancing rural women empowerment. Notably, the social, economic, political, and environmental contributions find crucial in affecting the economic, social and political empowerment of rural women. However, the study fails to generate sound evidence to support the role of age, level of education, and experience on the established relationships. Implications are drawn to promote the awareness and engagement of rural women while enhancing functions and diversity of activities on the part of policymakers.

It is widely recognized that the adoption of collaborative organization models in the agri-food sector can help farmers in rural areas to reach sustainable development goals. In any case, a holistic and coherent view of sustainability, organizational models and supporting technologies in the agri-food sector is still not present in the scientific literature. With this paper, we aim to fill this gap and to propose a framework that is useful to help scholars and practitioners in analyzing and designing sustainable Collaborative Networks in the agri-food sector

En los momentos actuales constituye una preocupación la atención y seguimiento a los egresados de la facultad de Ciencias Pedagógicas, con énfasis en el sector rural. Se presentan los resultados, sustentados los postulados socio-histórico-culturales de Vigotski, donde se revela al hombre como centro de la actividad, además se particulariza en la actividad de dirección y en la actividad profesional de dirección. Para penetrar en este campo del saber fueron empleados como métodos del nivel empírico: observación pedagógica, prueba pedagógica, encuesta, pre-experimento y el análisis de documentos, del nivel teórico se utilizaron el análisis y síntesis, histórico y lógico, sistémico e inductivo y deductivo. La implementación en la práctica escolar ocurre en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, donde se lograron los resultados esperados.

Rural Development is a major concern of the Indonesian government and has grown rapidly in the last decade. However, the pattern of development and its correlation to poverty remains a question mark. Using the Difference in Difference estimation model we analyzed whether the economic transformation in the rural area that occurred in the period 2014 to 2018 correlated with a decline in rural poverty. This study utilized secondary data from the micro dataset referring to the smallest administrative level named Village Potential from the Central Bureau of Statistics in Indonesia. Disaggregated by the transformed sectors, this study shows that the strongest correlation to the decline in the number of rural poor occurs when agricultural dominant-based villages have been complemented by adequate or have transformed as well to the service sector and other sectors. While the transformation to the trade sector shows the right direction of the correlation that reflects the decline in the number of poor people, the effect is still not significant. Atypical result in the transportation sector and industrial sector has not reduced poverty.

Rural Development is a major concern of the Indonesian government and has grown rapidly in the last decade. However, the pattern of development and its correlation to poverty remains a question mark. Using the Difference in Difference estimation model we analyzed whether the economic transformation in the rural area that occurred in the period 2014 to 2018 correlated with a decline in rural poverty. This study utilized secondary data from the micro dataset referring to the smallest administrative level named Village Potential from the Central Bureau of Statistics in Indonesia. Disaggregated by the transformed sectors, this study shows that the strongest correlation to the decline in the number of rural poor occurs when agricultural dominant-based villages have been complemented by adequate or have transformed as well to the service sector and other sectors. While the transformation to the trade sector shows the right direction of the correlation that reflects the decline in the numb...

This paper describes various experiences and approaches related to the creation of agrifood chains and suggests the need to develop a new institutional framework and forms of technical cooperation to strengthen the agricultural and rural sector. It is hoped that agrifood chains will serve as mechanisms for dialogue and as management tools to promote competitiveness and support decision-making, in line with the demands of IICA's Member States. With this in mind, this document defines the nature of the agrifood chains and describes the characteristics conferred by their economic and social actors, through the participation of all the links. It also describes the consensus-building bodies, specifically the "chain committees," as well as the functions and features of the "chain secretariat," which are essential to the success of the committees and the operation of the chains. This paper also considers the need to redefine the functions of the ministries of agricu...

This paper is an attempt to describe the major components of drinking water in rural sector and its tariff design. With an integrated approach towards improving Quality of Life (QoL) of rural people, ensuring equity and effective public participation as willingness to pay for water. The pressure of rural development programme has been made a frontal attack on poverty through pricing of drinking water. Therefore, water tariffs should be fixed to make people understand the value of water. Present paper describes various works done till date in this field of research.

En los momentos actuales constituye una preocupación la atención y seguimiento a los egresados de la facultad de Ciencias Pedagógicas, con énfasis en el sector rural. Se presentan los resultados, sustentados los postulados socio-histórico-culturales de Vigotski, donde se revela al hombre como centro de la actividad, además se particulariza en la actividad de dirección y en la actividad profesional de dirección. Para penetrar en este campo del saber fueron empleados como métodos del nivel empírico: observación pedagógica, prueba pedagógica, encuesta, pre-experimento y el análisis de documentos, del nivel teórico se utilizaron el análisis y síntesis, histórico y lógico, sistémico e inductivo y deductivo. La implementación en la práctica escolar ocurre en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, donde se lograron los resultados esperados.

In 2015, the Fundão dam broke and destroyed rural communities in Mariana-MG. The reparation for the affected communities in Mariana was defined in the Public Civil Action, which establishes Family Resettlement as one of the means of reparation for the violation of the right to housing. Our goal is to compare the data of rural properties affected witch the reparation parameters. Data from the affected rural properties were compared with the repair parameters, revealing that 65.7% of the 102 rural properties affected by mining waste have less than the Mariana Fiscal Module, 20 ha, a minimum size for the rural properties to be considered economically viable. To ensure the economic viability of new properties, reparations parameters must be determined. We recommend compensation by adding a Fiscal Module to the destination area and implementing agreements and guidelines for redress through the draft National Policy on the Rights of Populations Affected by Dams.

India has a rural population of around 70% of the total population. Rural India has a significant effect on the country's economic growth. Rural communities benefit from digital programming. When it comes to the advantages of digital payment systems in rural India, it is essential to improve the inclination of digital payment systems. These payment options enable customers to complete purchases quickly and easily with just one click. Although adopting digital payment methods has numerous benefits, there are also many drawbacks. In order to make it more effective, the government must make sure that everyone has access to the Internet, connection, and technical help, particularly in remote regions. Digital payments in rural areas, notably in the Sonipat district, are the subject of this study. It also examines customers' preferred payment methods and other variables that may affect digital payments. The adoption of a digital payment system, awareness of digitalization, and the superiority of digital transactions over cash transactions are the study's primary goals.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la primacía urbana y la densidad rural en el crecimiento económico, el sector y productividad agrícola en una muestra de entre 90 y 127 países. En este, se utilizan modelos de regresión para datos de panel y datos entre los años 1960 y 2015. Los resultados demuestran que la primacía urbana tiene un impacto negativo en el crecimiento económico, el sector agrícola y positivo en la productividad sectorial. Del mismo modo, la densidad rural tiene un impacto positivo tanto para el crecimiento económico como para la productividad agrícola. La investigación además encuentra que la interacción entre la primacía urbana y la educación tienen un impacto positivo para el crecimiento económico. Además, se sugiere que el exceso de primacía urbana puede generar efectos negativos en el crecimiento económico y que la densidad rural tiene impactos positivos en el sector agrícola. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las políticas públicas descentralizad...

This article discusses on poverty rate and inequlity in urban and rural areas during 2011-15. It shows that poverty rate tends todecrease. The poverty in rural area is worse than that in the urban one. The urban poor people work in the informal sector or in the small business. The poor in the rural areas work in the agriculture sector. The majority of poorest provinces is in the east Indonesia. However, the majority of the poor people live in Java island. Eventough the income inequility in Indonesia is moderate, but it has been increased since 2011. There are many more poor people above the national poverty line. The government could inprove rural and east Indonesia infstructure in order to increase agriculture production. In this way the poverty in rural area and the gap between east and west Indonesia could decrease. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tingkat kemiskinan dan kesenjangan sosial di perkotaan dan pedesaan selama periode 2011-2015. Tingkat kemiskinan cenderungturun. Kemiskinan di pedesaan lebih parah daripada di perkotaan. Mereka yang miskin di perkotaan bekerja di sektor informal dan usaha kecil. Sedangkan mereka yang miskin di pedesaan bekerja di sektor pertanian. Sebagian besar propinsi termiskin terletak di Indonesia bagian timur. Namun sebagian besar penduduk miskin tinggal di pulau Jawa. Meskipun tingkat kesenjangan sosial di Indonesia relatif sedang, tetapi tingkat kesenjangan sosial meningkat sejak 2011. Ada sebagian besar mereka yang miskin berada di atas garis kemiskinan. Kesimplan yang dapat diajukan di sini adalah pemerintah sebaiknya memperbaiki infrastruktur daerah pedesaan dan di Indonesia bagian timur agar dapat meningkatkan produksi pertanian. Secara demikian tingkat kemiskinan di pedesaan dan kesenjangan di antara Indonesia barat dan timur dapat berkurang. PENDAHULUAN Kemiskinan dan Kesenjangan Sosial merupakan salah satu masalah utama dari pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia. Kemajuan ekonomi dapat meningkatkan standar kehidupan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat (Fatma, 2005: 1). Peningkatan standar kehidupan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat diharapkan dapat pula mengatasi masalah kemiskinan dan kesenjangan sosial. Deklarasi Millenium Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB), secara jelas menyebutkan Tujuan Pembangunan Milienium sebagai berikut (Khalidya, 2007: 4) yaiu (1) Memberantas kemiskinan dan kelaparan; (2) Mewujudkan pendidikan dasar untuk semua; (2) Mendorong kesetaraan gender dan pemberdayaan perempuan; (3) Menurunkan angka kematian anak; (4) Meningkatkan kesehatan ibu; (5) Memerangi HIV/AIDS, malaria dan penyakit menular lainnya; (6) Menjamin kelestarian lingkungan hidup; (7) Mengembangkan kemitraan global untuk pembangunan. Salah satu dari delapan sasaran Milleneum Development Goal (MDGs) yang disepakati oleh 189 negara untuk dicapai di 2015 adalah pemberantasan kemiskinan.

This article discusses on poverty rate and inequlity in urban and rural areas during 2011-15. It shows that poverty rate tends todecrease. The poverty in rural area is worse than that in the urban one. The urban poor people work in the informal sector or in the small business. The poor in the rural areas work in the agriculture sector. The majority of poorest provinces is in the east Indonesia. However, the majority of the poor people live in Java island. Eventough the income inequility in Indonesia is moderate, but it  has been increased since 2011. There are many more poor people above the national poverty line. The government could inprove rural and east Indonesia infstructure in order to increase agriculture production. In this way the poverty in rural area and the gap between east and west Indonesia could decrease.

The present inform constitutes the synthesis of the investigation work carried out in the municipality of Baracoa in Guantanamo province, with the purpose of favouring the teaching learning process with the use of the computer as a teaching mean in the primary school of the rural sector, specifically orchestrated in the school under multi-grade conditions. The problem to be solved is linked with the Inadequacies that are manifested in the teaching learning process and the specific organizational forms of the primary school of the rural sector under multi-grade conditions that allow the use of the computer as a teaching mean. The work approaches, the theoretical budgets of the teaching learning process in the primary school of the rural sector under multi-grade conditions that allow the use of the computer like a teaching mean in the unique schedule.

En este trabajo se analizan las características de la modalidad de educación por blend-learning y su posible adaptación al ámbito rural colombiano Se parte de conocer el estado actual en la implementación de las tecnologías y la información especialmente el blend-learning, mediante la recopilación y análisis de la bibliografía procedente de instituciones nacionales e internacionales trabajando en el tema. Los resultados obtenidos de esta investigación sirvieron para el diseño de un modelo educativo para la enseñanza en el sector rural basado en la aplicación del blend-learning. Por último, se proponen directrices para la elaboración de un modelo de enseñanza en planificación y ordenación territorial, para ser aplicado al sector rural de Colombia, adaptable a cada territorio en particular.

espanolEste documento es parte de una investigacion desarrollada, durante el ano 2013, en la Region del Maule, ubicada en la zona centro-sur de Chile, la cual conto con el auspicio de la organizacion Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). La evidencia estadistica oficial sugiere que la proporcion de jovenes rurales esta disminuyendo. Esto se advierte especialmente en epocas de mayor oferta laboral por parte del sector agroexportador, principal fuente de empleos en la region, dado que se observa que la edad promedio de los trabajadores en la temporada de cosecha y empaque es adulta y adulta mayor. A tal punto llega este problema, que las autoridades politicas han evaluado la posibilidad de abrir la frontera a inmigrantes de paises vecinos que esten dispuestos a trabajar en faenas agricolas de temporada estival. EnglishThis document is a report of a social research developed, during the year 2013, in the Region del Maule; placed in the middle south valleys in Chile, which was sponsored by t...

El presente trabajo analiza la pobreza como fenómeno que afecta, en mayor medida, a las localidades rurales en el Ecuador. En este sentido, el actual plan de desarrollo, Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir tiene como uno de sus objetivos estratégicos la reducción de la pobreza y de la desigualdad en el sector rural, a través de una estrategia de desarrollo incluyente. Se presenta la evolución de las tasas de incidencia de la pobreza por ingresos en el periodo 2007-2014. Adicionalmente, se presentan indicadores que exponen la problemática del sector rural en cuanto a pobreza, ingresos, educación, y empleo; y las barreras a las que se enfrentan en la consecución del desarrollo. Finalmente se estima un modelo probabilístico que nos permite evidenciar cómo algunos factores particulares son claves en la determinación de la pobreza de los hogares

This study examines how employment and wages for men and women respond to changes in the minimum wage in India, a country known for its extensive system of minimum wage regulations across states and industries. Using repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization employment survey data for the period 1983-2008 merged with a newly created database of minimum wage rates, we find that, regardless of gender, minimum wages in urban areas have little to no impact on labor market outcomes. However, minimum wage rates increase earnings in the rural sector, especially for men, without any employment losses. Minimum wage rates also increase the residual gender wage gap, which may be explained by weaker compliance among firms that hire female workers.

Third sector organisations play a prominent role in rural development. Yet, such organisations have been largely neglected by existing economic research. This paper examines the potential role of standard theories of the third sector and collective action in explaining the motivations to form such organisations in rural settings. In doing so the paper outlines a research program on the economic theory of the rural third sector. It is argued that some rural third sector organisations emerge for reasons emanating from unique aspects of agriculture and rurality. Some of these reasons are related to rural areas' characteristics that reduce the return on for-profit firms' investment. Other reasons emerge from the need to overcome the organisational disadvantages of small-scale family farms, and the call for maintaining the balanced multifunctional character of agriculture. Illustrative examples from three European countries provide preliminary support to our arguments.

Child labour is a critical concern of many developing countries in the South Asian wing, including India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. There is an obvious lack of information regarding child labour among the remote rural areas of Pakistan. Due to poor and critical economic circumstances, people are forced to send their children to work in agricultural farms, factories, mills (processing units) and brick kilns. The major factors behind child labour include generational poverty, high illiteracy ratio among the parents, unemployment, large family sizes, feudalism and flexibility in the existing child labour laws. The present research study was conducted in the rural areas of Faisalabad district which is located in the central region of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Multistage sampling technique was utilised through the course of this entire study. At the first stage, one tehsil (Jaranwala) was selected randomly from the selected district. At the second stage, three Union Councils were selected randomly from the selected tehsil. At the third stage, two villages were selected from each Union Council (total 6 villages) by using stratified random sampling technique. Furthermore, at the fourth stage, 30 children were selected as respondents (180 in total) by convenient sampling from the selected villages. A comprehensive and well-structured interview schedule was prepared, keeping in view the objectives of this research study, and it was personally administered on the respondents in the form of face-to-face interview. This research study found that 71.7% of the respondents were males, 47.2% belonged to the age group (11-15) years, 40.6% lived in the joint family system and 50.0% were illiterate. Furthermore, 53.3%, 49.4 %, 46.1%, 28.3%, 17.2%, and 14.4% of the respondents were involved in land preparation, weeding, seeding/sowing, irrigation, water management, and fertilizing in the agricultural sector, respectively. Most of the respondents (51.1%) claimed that they were working to support their respective families and 50.0% of the respondents told that they were punished and verbally abused by their employers. The study concluded that irrespective of the fact that the government of Pakistan is working for the upliftment of the children in the rural areas, the trend of child labour is rising gradually due to the poor economic conditions of the rural families. As long as the economic condition of the rural people is not strengthened, the children will continue to work in the agricultural sector as child labourers, and they will continue to be exploited by the feudal lords in the rural areas and industrialists in the urban settlements.

Rompimento de barragem e direito à moradia adequada: perspectivas do maior desastre socioambiental do setor de mineração Brasileiro Dam collapse and right to adequate housing: insights from the biggest socioenvironmental disaster involving Brazilian mining sector Falla de la presa y derecho a una vivienda adecuada: perspectivas del mayor desastre socioambiental en el sector minero Brasileño

An information technology is a part of modern society for completion of their daily schedule with sophisticated accuracy, effectiveness, efficiency and maintaining transparency. However, modern technology penetration into root level in modern Indian society is not in an appreciable in particular of rural India. Among different applications of wireless communication means a significant application is m-banking. Mobile banking mainly concerned the things of a transaction as well as financial services. In this paper, we discuss adaptation strategies and make an analysis of rural consumer behavior about mobile banking. Similarly, we discuss different mobile banking facilities and upcoming facilities which should be utilized by rural Indian people to connect rest of the world with efficiently. With that, we have a study, which factor play significant roles in rural India for deep penetration of mobile banking. As well as, study about his behavior and make an analysis of rural consumers for adaptation of beneficial technology and services to come out from a root and play at tip position in modern society. It is evident in recent time that mobile devices or handheld devices like PDA (Personal Digital Assistance) application are widespread due to its cost, ease of use, efficiency, and effectiveness. But optimum penetration exhibit inhibits by social misconception such as security and not maintain transparency before, during and after transactions.

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho. Evidence from studies in developing countries indicates that agriculture was formerly used as the main source of livelihood for many people in poor countries. However, due to the decline in agricultural productivity (which results in poverty and food insecurity) caused by unfavourable agro-climatic conditions, many people are turning to non-farm activities as a means of making a living. Therefore, non-farm incomes are used to provide the means of sustenance for many people. However, little attention has hitherto been paid to improving the rural non-farm sector as an alternative or complementary rural development strategy in Lesotho. This research paper uses quantitative research methods to analyse the available data. The main research findings suggest that many people make a living out of non-farm incomes. As a result, this paper proposes that the rural non-farm sector should be given more p...

En el año 2017 se incorpora el derecho al agua potable en nuestra Constitución. En esta investigación se busca identificar el problema de la efectivización del derecho al agua potable en la realidad peruana y el impacto normativo a partir de su incorporación en la Constitución, con énfasis del estado actual de las cosas en el contexto de la pandemia ocasionada por el COVID-19.  Se llevará a cabo un análisis del rol que cumplen los derechos en el Estado Constitucional de Derecho, así como de los estándares internacionales y de la experiencia comparada tanto a nivel normativo como jurisprudencial. Por último, se realizará un análisis de las políticas públicas, el desarrollo normativo y la jurisprudencia sobre el derecho al agua potable en el Perú, de modo que culminaremos con la propuesta de establecer un mínimo constitucionalmente protegido del derecho al agua potable como fórmula para su efectivización.

Los autores agradecen al Dr. Yuri Tornero Cruzatt por ser su guía y ejemplo en el camino de la investigación académica. Este artículo obtuvo el primer puesto del Concurso de artículos Generación del Bicentenario: Derecho, crisis y reflexión realizado por THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho y el Programa de Desarrollo Social Khuska.

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho. Evidence from studies in developing countries indicates that agriculture was formerly used as the main source of livelihood for many people in poor countries. However, due to the decline in agricultural productivity (which results in poverty and food insecurity) caused by unfavourable agro-climatic conditions, many people are turning to non-farm activities as a means of making a living. Therefore, non-farm incomes are used to provide the means of sustenance for many people. However, little attention has hitherto been paid to improving the rural non-farm sector as an alternative or complementary rural development strategy in Lesotho. This research paper uses quantitative research methods to analyse the available data. The main research findings suggest that many people make a living out of non-farm incomes. As a result, this paper proposes that the rural non-farm sector should be given more p...

The present article aims to review the development of universal access to potable water in Peru, for this, firstly it analyses the regulations applicable to potable water and sanitation, the main actors of the activity and universal access policy. Subsequently, it explains how the access of all users to potable water in urban and rural areas, respectively is planned

The present article aims to review the development of universal access to potable water in Peru, for this, firstly it analyses the regulations applicable to potable water and sanitation, the main actors of the activity and universal access policy. Subsequently, it explains how the access of all users to potable water in urban and rural areas, respectively is planned

It is widely recognized that the adoption of collaborative organization models in the agri-food sector can help farmers in rural areas to reach sustainable development goals. In any case, a holistic and coherent view of sustainability, organizational models and supporting technologies in the agri-food sector is still not present in the scientific literature. With this paper, we aim to fill this gap and to propose a framework that is useful to help scholars and practitioners in analyzing and designing sustainable Collaborative Networks in the agri-food sector

Preceding chapters outlined some of the challenges facing Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPCs), from stubborn rural poverty to a crisis in its rapidly changing demographics. The region is facing a predicament over agricultural policy and competitiveness in its agri-food sector. MPCs and the wider region of the Middle

El presente artículo científico tiene como objetivo; identificar el nivel de satisfacción del servicio de agua potable en la Urbanización de Jorge Chávez de la Ciudad de Juliaca, dicha investigación se realizó en el año 2019. El servicio en esta urbanización es proveído por la Entidad Prestadora de Servicios de Saneamiento SEDA Juliaca S.A. La satisfacción de los usuarios depende de algunos criterios como: la presión, calidad de atención y de servicio que ésta brinde. El método que se ha empleado es el descriptivo simple, se aplicó la encuesta como técnica y el cuestionario como instrumento, el mismo que está validada por la Superintendencia Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento – SUNASS, instrumento aplicado, en diferentes años, a las entidades prestadoras de servicios de saneamiento que están a su cargo, publicado posteriormente como Informe anual Benchmarking regulatorio; el tamaño de muestra fue de 215 usuarios, para medir la satisfacción de los usuarios cada pregunta fue medida ...

En el presente artículo se da cuenta del desarrollo del acceso universal al agua potable en el Perú. Para conseguir ello, previamente, se analiza el régimen jurídico del agua potable y saneamiento, los principales actores de la actividad y la política de acceso universal. Esto permite, posteriormente, explicar cómo es que se ha previsto conseguir el acceso de todos los usuarios al agua potable en los sectores urbanos y rurales, respectivamente. Palabras clave: servicio público-servicio de agua potable-servicio universal-acceso universal-principio de universalidad-empresas prestadoras de servicios de saneamiento-sector urbano-sector rural

The purpose of present study is to explore the trend of difference in population size and growth rate of the two sectors of Pakistan i.e. rural and urban over a period of 57 years (from 1960 to 2017). It is important to know this trend for resources allocation and also to get an insight into related issues in future. The data has been obtained from secondary source of publically available site of World Bank. Results demonstrate a progressive increase in the population size of both the sectors. However, the pace of increase in population of rural sector is not only faster than that of urban but also it shows a much higher rate of increase after 1980. But in case of population growth rate it is urban sector that leads. Throughout the span of 57 years, for urban area the growth rate has varied from 4.6% to 3.1%. On the other hand, for rural areas, it ranges from 3.1% to 1.2%. Results are discussed along with their probable reason.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the state of the art of the Spanish rural tourism sector, as well as performing forecasts for this strategically important sector of Spanish economy. Section 1 of the paper describes rural tourism in Spain, while in Section 2 three time series belonging to this sector are analysed, and then forecasts are calculated by applying Box-Jenkins and Artificial Neural Nets methodologies. Finally, the paper summarises major conclusions and implications for policy makers and managers involved in rural tourism in Spain.