Rotating Equipment

Vibrations caused by rotating equipment on offshore platforms, such as pumps and compressors, can lead to structural
fatigue, reduced equipment life, and discomfort for personnel. This study investigates innovative structural retrofit solutions
aimed at mitigating vibrations caused by rotating equipment on offshore platforms, such as pumps and compressors. These
vibrations can lead to structural fatigue, reduced equipment lifespan, and discomfort for personnel. The research evaluates
various techniques, including tuned mass dampers, viscoelastic damping pads, and spring-mounted isolation bases. A simplified offshore deck model is analyzed using finite element software to assess vibration levels before and after implementing each solution. The results indicate that combining damping materials with tuned mass dampers significantly reduces vibration transmission and enhances structural performance, making these methods cost effective and suitable for both existing and new offshore platforms.

Experimental and numerical investigations are conducted on a rotating disk from the perspective of convective heat transfer to understand the effect of heating on the stability of flow. A non-invasive approach with a thermal camera is employed to determine local Nusselt numbers for different rotational rates and perturbation parameters, i.e., the strength of the heat transfer. A novel transient temperature data extraction over the disk radius and an evaluation method are developed and applied for the first time for the air on a rotating disk. The evaluation method utilizes the lumped capacitance approach with a constant heat flux input. Nusselt number distributions from this experimental study show that there is a good agreement with the previous experimental correlations and linear stability analysis on the subject. A significant result of this approach is that by using the experimental setup and developed approach, it is possible to qualitatively show that instability in the flow starts earlier, i.e., an earlier departure from laminar behavior is observed at lower rotational Reynolds numbers with an increasing perturbation parameter, which is due to the strength of heating. Two experimental setups are modeled and simulated using a validated in-house Python code, featuring a three-dimensional thermal model of the disk. The thermal code was developed for the rotating disks and brake disks with a simplified geometry. Experimentally evaluated heat transfer coefficients are implemented and used as convective boundary conditions in the thermal code. Radial temperature distributions are compared with the experimental data, and there is good agreement between the experiment and the model. The model was used to evaluate the effect of radial conduction, which is neglected when using the lumped capacitance approach to determine heat transfer coefficients. It was observed that the radial conduction has a slight effect. The methodology and approach used in this experimental study, combined with the numerical model, can be used for further investigations on the subject.

Se presenta un estudio del comportamiento de materiales granulares sometidos a procesos de inestabilidad en un tambor rotador. Mediante un procedimiento novedoso se evalúa la aplicabilidad de la energía cinética como parámetro de medición de procesos de inestabilidad y su relación con las granulometrías de los materiales y las velocidades de rotación del tambor. Determinadas granulometrías se ensayan en diferentes montajes, para la captura de imágenes consecutivas del proceso de flujo de los materiales presentes en el tambor rotador. El procesamiento de las imágenes es realizado mediante la técnica de Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) para así poder determinar los vectores de desplazamiento y el campo de velocidad de las partículas, utilizando el toolbox de Matlab llamado Pivlab. Posteriormente se calcula la energía cinética y se determina su aplicabilidad mediante el análisis de la variación de este parámetro en los procesos de inestabilidad y su relación con las granulometrías de l...

Sustainable energy generation is major need in the current scenario. Electricity demand is drastically increasing with development and modernization. Power generation using gravitational force is a way to fulfil this demand. Galaxy, stars, planets, asteroids, meteors, etc. are the elements of universe with gravitational force being common in them. This paper explains how energy can be produced using the gravitational force of the earth, without using any external fuel. Sprocket, chain and weights are the mechanical components which provide input for the generation of power. Once the weights are attached at a particular distance, weight of the chain increases on one side than that of other, which in turn rotates the chain sprocket assembly continuously. This assembly is connected to the generator and then to the battery which generates electricity without any interruption.

This vehicle has four directions of motion. This allows the car to be driven in tight spaces and around abrupt turns. Regular wheeled vehicles have numerous issues, such as parking. U-turn and much more, giving customers additional time. Thus, the purpose of a 360-degree wheel spinning vehicle is to minimize and completely eradicate issues that arise during material handling in various industries. This system can rotate 360 degrees since each of its four wheels has a stepper motor providing drive. To propel the vehicle in either direction or in reverse, there are four DC motor drives. An RF remote is used to regulate the growth of the 360-degree spinning vehicle mechanism. Therefore, in order to convey items larger than bags and from diverse views, we will utilize this 360-degree spinning device.

Se presenta un estudio del comportamiento de materiales granulares sometidos a procesos de inestabilidad en un tambor rotador. Mediante un procedimiento novedoso se evalúa la aplicabilidad de la energía cinética como parámetro de medición de procesos de inestabilidad y su relación con las granulometrías de los materiales y las velocidades de rotación del tambor. Determinadas granulometrías se ensayan en diferentes montajes, para la captura de imágenes consecutivas del proceso de flujo de los materiales presentes en el tambor rotador. El procesamiento de las imágenes es realizado mediante la técnica de Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) para así poder determinar los vectores de desplazamiento y el campo de velocidad de las partículas, utilizando el toolbox de Matlab llamado Pivlab. Posteriormente se calcula la energía cinética y se determina su aplicabilidad mediante el análisis de la variación de este parámetro en los procesos de inestabilidad y su relación con las granulometrías de l...

Alignment adalah suatu proses yang mensejajarkan dua sumbu poros yang tidak lurus hingga sentris (antara poros penggerak dengan sumbu poros yang digerakkan). Alignment yang benar diperlukan agar pengecekan run out pada kopling benar, sehingga tidak terjadi lagi parallel misalignment dan angular misalignment yang mengakibatkan industry kehilangan miliar dolar. Tujuan dari penilitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis ferforma aligment pada poros pompa benfield 1107 JB PT. PUSRI untuk menciptakan aligment yang benar.  Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dial indikator dengan metode face and rim.  Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Dial Indikator dengan detail ketelitiannya sebesar 0.01 mm dengan pengukuran radial dan axial. Hasilnya menunjukkan nilai akhir yang berbeda untuk setiap sudut yang digunakan. Dari selisi nilai yang didapat yaitu pada arah radial sudut 0o yaitu 0 mm, sudut 90o sebesar 0,07 mm, sudut 180o sebesar 0,14 mm, dan sudut 270o sebesar 0,07 mm, dan selisih nila...

Debris flow is a process of granular nature that has been widely analysed with methodologies based upon continuum mechanics. However, those approaches do not take into account the real granular condition of the soil. Grain size distribution exerts an important control on the movement of debris flows. This behaviour can be studied by analyzing three variables: maximum tilt angle (θ), kinetic energy (Ek) and flow depth (Fd). These variables allow to obtain a deeper insight into the conditions that trigger the failure of slopes and its subsequent capacity of damage. This research resorts to the use of the discrete element technique, developed by [1], performing a parametrical study of the parameters controlling grain size distributions like: mean size (d50), coefficient of curvature (Cu) and maximum size (dmax). The results showed an important influence and also a strong interaction between Ek and Fd on the onset of granular flows. The angle θ reached on the surface has a variation les...

Se presenta un estudio del comportamiento de materiales granulares sometidos a procesos de inestabilidad en un tambor rotador. Mediante un procedimiento novedoso se evalua la aplicabilidad de la energia cinetica como parametro de medicion de procesos de inestabilidad y su relacion con las granulometrias de los materiales y las velocidades de rotacion del tambor. Determinadas granulometrias se ensayan en diferentes montajes, para la captura de imagenes consecutivas del proceso de flujo de los materiales presentes en el tambor rotador. El procesamiento de las imagenes es realizado mediante la tecnica de Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) para asi poder determinar los vectores de desplazamiento y el campo de velocidad de las particulas, utilizando el toolbox de Matlab llamado Pivlab. Posteriormente se calcula la energia cinetica y se determina su aplicabilidad mediante el analisis de la variacion de este parametro en los procesos de inestabilidad y su relacion con las granulometrias de l...

El flujo de detritos es un proceso de naturaleza granular que ha sido abordado ampliamente bajo metodologías basadas en el medio continuo. Sin embargo, estas aproximaciones simplifican la realidad granular del suelo. Como material granular, la granulometría puede gobernar el comportamiento de este movimiento desagregado de masa. Es posible estudiar este comportamiento en términos del ángulo máximo alcanzado (θ), la energía cinética (Ek) y la profundidad de flujo (Fd) con el fin de establecer condiciones potenciales de falla, así como sus capacidades de daño. Para abordarlo se hace uso del método de elementos discretos, desarrollado por [1], bajo un estudio paramétrico en el cual se varían los parámetros de la granulometría: el tamaño medio del grano (d50), el coeficiente de curvatura (Cu) y el tamaño máximo de la muestra (dmax). Los resultados muestran que existe una influencia apreciable y una estrecha relación en los parámetros Ek y Fd. Con respecto al θ alcanzado en superficie se...

El flujo de detritos es un proceso de naturaleza granular que ha sido abordado ampliamente bajo metodologías basadas en el medio continuo. Sin embargo, estas aproximaciones simplifican la realidad granular del suelo. Como material granular, la granulometría puede gobernar el comportamiento de este movimiento desagregado de masa. Es posible estudiar este comportamiento en términos del ángulo máximo alcanzado (θ), la energía cinética (Ek) y la profundidad de flujo (Fd) con el fin de establecer condiciones potenciales de falla, así como sus capacidades de daño. Para abordarlo se hace uso del método de elementos discretos, desarrollado por [1], bajo un estudio paramétrico en el cual se varían los parámetros de la granulometría: el tamaño medio del grano (d50), el coeficiente de curvatura (Cu) y el tamaño máximo de la muestra (dmax). Los resultados muestran que existe una influencia apreciable y una estrecha relación en los parámetros Ek y Fd. Con respecto al θ alcanzado en superficie se...

El flujo de detritos es un proceso de naturaleza granular que ha sido abordado ampliamente bajo metodologías basadas en el medio continuo. Sin embargo, estas aproximaciones simplifican la realidad granular del suelo. Como material granular, la granulometría puede gobernar el comportamiento de este movimiento desagregado de masa. Es posible estudiar este comportamiento en términos del ángulo máximo alcanzado (θ), la energía cinética (Ek) y la profundidad de flujo (Fd) con el fin de establecer condiciones potenciales de falla, así como sus capacidades de daño. Para abordarlo se hace uso del método de elementos discretos, desarrollado por [1], bajo un estudio paramétrico en el cual se varían los parámetros de la granulometría: el tamaño medio del grano (d50), el coeficiente de curvatura (Cu) y el tamaño máximo de la muestra (dmax). Los resultados muestran que existe una influencia apreciable y una estrecha relación en los parámetros Ek y Fd. Con respecto al θ alcanzado en superficie se...

Misalignment is one of the problems that often occurs in rotary equipment. In this paper, the observation was done to the rotary machine model in response to changes of axial misalignment by using vibration meter and infrared thermography camera. The model was a machine series, consisting of electric motor and disc which was connected by 3 Jaw flexible coupling. The shafts were positioned into several axial misalignment conditions to see the effect on the overall vibration value and its component temperature. The result of vibration observation showed that under certain conditions, by increasing shaft misalignment then the overall vibration value tends to decrease. With the decrease of overall vibration value, the machine condition was not in better condition. This was indicated by observing the temperature of the components in this condition, which showed the opposite fact. As misalignment increases, the temperature of the engine components also increases.

This paper presents a preliminary techno-economic assessment of isolated mini off-grid power generation which involve locally available renewable energy resources in Ngadu Ngala sub-district, East Sumba, Indonesia. Currently, only 6 hours of supply available from diesel generator is available for the area, started from 6 PM until 12 PM. In this study, 10 year projection on domestic load is provided as the demand. The study is performed to prolong the supply duration from 6 hours to 24 hours daily. The analysis is mainly intended to find long-term optimum sizing of power generation system, which involve significant renewable energy penetration, with the least cost of energy. Based on the simulation performed by HOMER software for the case of 24 hours supply, the most optimum sizing is revealed for a hybrid system consists of 200 kWp Photovoltaics (PV) and a 72 kW diesel generator, with energy cost of only US$ 0.281/kWh, which is quite cheap. Moreover, PV penetration rate is reached 51%.

Hybrid energy production systems provide greater stability, constancy and reliability to the generation system by implementing different energy sources. However, there are technological and regulatory challenges that need to be overcome. The article aims to present the concept of technology applied at a global level, through a literature review of patents published in the last five years. Identifying hybrid power generation systems with varied configurations and arrangements between energy sources. The high potential for expansion of the hybrid plant can be seen in the creation of technologies and development of control systems, aiming at future consolidation in the energy market.

Failures of two power take off (PTO) shafts of an aircraft have been analysed. Two shafts, one each developed by two different manufacturers failed separately during power run endurance test conducted at room temperature and ambient normal atmosphere. In both the cases, cracks were observed on the outer diaphragm disc. One shaft showed cracking in the engine side, while the other one exhibited cracks in the aircraft mounting accessory gearbox (AMAGB) side. Chemical analysis, microstructure and hardness evaluation indicate that the diaphragm material of the shafts is Ti-6Al-4V alloy used in solution treated and aged condition, as per the desired specification AMS 4928. Microstructural in-homogeneity, possibly a result of improper forging, was observed in diaphragm material of both the shafts. Additionally, surface discontinuities induced by forging and subsequent insufficient machining were noticed on the diaphragms. The diaphragms failed by fatigue with cracks possibly nucleating at...

The study analyses the use of photovoltaic standalone AC system employing a battery and an inverter, which will supply continuous electricity in rural communities of Bayelsa State. It showcases the enormous potential of solar radiation in Bayelsa State and the benefit of taping it to solve the growing energy demand of rural communities. The analysis looks at the need to power a building load demand in Akassa community of Brass Local Government Area (BLGA) of Bayelsa State in order to solve the increasing energy demand of the community. The technology is based on a Photovoltaic (PV) system, a battery and an inverter to solve the building load demand for 24 h. This enormous potential of solar radiation estimated, can be explored with the use of photovoltaic modules to address the problem of inadequate rural communities' electrification of Bayelsa state.

The wind turbine dynamics are complex and critical area of study for the wind industry. Quantification of the effective factors to wind turbine performance is valuable for making improvements to both power performance and turbine health. In this paper, the global sensitivity analysis of validated mathematical model for high speed shaft drive train test rig has been developed in order to evaluate the contribution of systems input parameters to the specified objective functions. The drive train in this study consists of a 3phase induction motor, flexible shafts, shafts' coupling, bearing housing, and disk with an eccentric mass. The governing equations were derived by using the Lagrangian formalism and were solved numerically by Newmark method. The variance based global sensitivity indices are introduced to evaluate the contribution of input structural parameters correlated to the objective functions. The conclusion from the current research provides informative beneficial data in terms of design and optimization of a drive train setup and also can provide better understanding of wind turbine drive train system dynamics with respect to different structural parameters, ultimately designing more efficient drive trains. Finally, the proposed global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methodology demonstrates the detectability of faults in different components.

Sebagian besar penyebab kegagalan pada mesin-mesin rotasi termasuk turbin uap adalah poros yang berputar dalam kondisi misalignment. Pada turbin uap, panas yang merambat pada casing dapat merubah dimensi turbin uap karena adanya pemuaian (thermal growth) sehingga mempengaruhi kelurusan poros saat berputar. Nilai thermal growth ini perlu diketahui sebagai salah satu spesifikasi dalam penyetelan poros sebelum turbin beroperasi. Dalam studi ini,  thermal growth pada turbin uap 3 MW diinvestigasi dengan mengukur kelurusan poros dalam kondisi panas setelah berhenti berputar dan dingin menggunakan metode laser alignment. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa thermal growth memberikan pengaruh terhadap kelurusan poros karena adanya selisih nilai kelurusan poros saat kondisi panas dan dingin yaitu 1.0 thous (gap) dan 2.8 thous (offset) pada bidang vertikal kemudian -1.0 thous (gap) dan -2.7 thous (offset) pada bidang horisontal.Kata kunci : Turbin uap, Thermal growth, Kelurusan porosMost of th...

The aim of the paper is to preliminary analyse the performance of several nearshore Wave Energy Converters (WEC) sited in the west coast of Sicily close to the Favignana island's shorelines. In particular, the four WEC technologies that have been considered are Wave Star, Oyster, Wave Dragon and Archimedes Wave Swing. The power performance assessment has been developed through the comparison of various scaled versions of the WEC using a proved scaling process based on the Froude similitude. The best device for Favignana's wave climate has resulted to be the Wave Dragon with a rated power of 500 kW. Then, the evaluation of the Wave Dragon's effect on the off-grid system of Favignana has been analysed by means of the HOMER software. The current mix of production and the electric load of the island have been modelled on HOMER and the introduction of the Wave Dragon with and without a battery energy storage has been analysed. The obtained results underlined that high fuel savings and emission reductions can be achieved. The study has been carried out in the context of the PRISMI (Promoting RES Integration for Smart Mediterranean Islands) international project funded by the Interreg-MED EU programme.

The aim of the paper is to preliminary analyse the performance of several nearshore Wave Energy Converters (WEC) sited in the west coast of Sicily close to the Favignana island's shorelines. In particular, the four WEC technologies that have been considered are Wave Star, Oyster, Wave Dragon and Archimedes Wave Swing. The power performance assessment has been developed through the comparison of various scaled versions of the WEC using a proved scaling process based on the Froude similitude. The best device for Favignana's wave climate has resulted to be the Wave Dragon with a rated power of 500 kW. Then, the evaluation of the Wave Dragon's effect on the off-grid system of Favignana has been analysed by means of the HOMER software. The current mix of production and the electric load of the island have been modelled on HOMER and the introduction of the Wave Dragon with and without a battery energy storage has been analysed. The obtained results underlined that high fuel savings and emission reductions can be achieved. The study has been carried out in the context of the PRISMI (Promoting RES Integration for Smart Mediterranean Islands) international project funded by the Interreg-MED EU programme.

Se presenta un estudio del comportamiento de materiales granulares sometidos a procesos de inestabilidad en un tambor rotador. Mediante un procedimiento novedoso se evalua la aplicabilidad de la energia cinetica como parametro de medicion de procesos de inestabilidad y su relacion con las granulometrias de los materiales y las velocidades de rotacion del tambor. Determinadas granulometrias se ensayan en diferentes montajes, para la captura de imagenes consecutivas del proceso de flujo de los materiales presentes en el tambor rotador. El procesamiento de las imagenes es realizado mediante la tecnica de Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) para asi poder determinar los vectores de desplazamiento y el campo de velocidad de las particulas, utilizando el toolbox de Matlab llamado Pivlab. Posteriormente se calcula la energia cinetica y se determina su aplicabilidad mediante el analisis de la variacion de este parametro en los procesos de inestabilidad y su relacion con las granulometrias de l...

This project work focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-Wind System for rural electrification at the Estatuene Locality in southern Mozambique. This is in line with electricity network expansion, which, in Mozambique shows high implementation cost and low operation cost. Through field research, an analysis was made of the actual electrical demand in the Estatuene rural community. The wind data was collected from the installed weather stations in the region while the solar data were extracted internally from the HOMER software by introducing the site coordinates. All the configurations, simulations and selection of hybrid systems were also made using HOMER. For the Estatuene rural community it was estimated a scaled annual average demand of 9.4 kWh/day with a peak load of 1.4 kW for DC charge; and a total scaled annual average of 133 kWh/day with a peak load of 15.3 kW for AC Charge. The annual mean solar potential is 5.205 kWh/m 2 /d, and the mean wind speed is 4.84 m/s for 12 meters above the ground. Thus the calculations and the selection of the best configuration of the hybrid system were crossed out with the technical specifications and costs of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, power converter, batteries, and the electricity network, specifically for the comparison between an optimum hybrid system solution and two separate ones. The calculations presented an analysis of the technical and the financial viability of the selected hybrid system for local electric power production.

The adaptation of renewable energy has been increasing in a very encouraging way all over the world. Among various renewable energy resources, wind and solar energy are the promising sources of alternative energy. Wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) have been employed in parallel as a hybrid system for better electricity service. This paper presents a case study and modeling of wind-solar hybrid system in Hriharpur Gadi village, Sindhuli District, Nepal. The hybrid system yields 110kWh of energy per day meeting the village’s electricity demand of 87 kWh per day. Moreover, the hybrid power system with battery storage system is modeled using MATLAB simulator. Further, improvising in the existing modeling has been presented to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the system.

The main objective of this Paper was to evaluate the outage cost due to system downtime (Turbine failure) of Egbin Thermal power station from the year 1999 to 2008. The result of the analysis carried out revealed that for the whole ten years under review that there was a power generation loss of 46 percent of the Installed capacity putting the performance of the power station at 54 percent. Further investigation which is the aim of the paper revealed that the 46 percent of production loss resulted to revenue loss to the tune of $24,186,569,250. However a simple performance indicator was developed to evaluate the outage cost for the station which can also be applicable to other power station in Nigeria and beyond.

The selection of flexible couplings is often considered to be routine because there are a variety of proven designs available. A compressor retrofit that required variance from standard coupling 97 design practice is discussed, along with the problems that oc­ curred, and how the problems were resolved. In the early 1980s, two new compressors with a drive turbine were retrofitted to an existing foundation. Marine type gear cou­ plings were applied and have subsequently exhibited hub to shaft galling, fatigue failure of the rabbet pilot, abnormally rapid wear of the coupling teeth, and coupling bolt failure by hydrogen embrittlement. Changes to the existing design have helped, but the final solution will be installation of a different style coupling.

Na indústria, o tensionamento em linhas é um problema comum e atrelado a este
têm-se o desalinhamento, que é um dos principais modos de falhas em conjuntos
rotativos. Este estudo buscou entender a relação entre o tensionamento nos flanges
de conexões das bombas centrífugas e o desalinhamento que este pode causar na
mesma. Desse modo, a pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar métodos de
prevenção para que este fenômeno seja corrigido e evitado, para isso, empregou-se
uma revisão de literatura do tipo pesquisa exploratória na modalidade qualitativa, que
teve como base artigos, livros, manuais e relatórios. Os resultados encontrados
indicaram que quando os processos de alinhamento e manutenção não são
seguidos de forma correta abre margem para que ocorra o desalinhamento do
conjunto. Conclui-se que estruturar e seguir processos de manutenibilidade é
essencial para evitar o tensionamento em linhas e por consequência o
desalinhamento da bomba centrífuga.

Debris flow is a process of granular nature that has been widely analysed with methodologies based upon continuum mechanics. However, those approaches do not take into account the real granular condition of the soil. Grain size distribution exerts an important control on the movement of debris flows. This behaviour can be studied by analyzing three variables: maximum tilt angle (θ), kinetic energy (Ek) and flow depth (Fd). These variables allow to obtain a deeper insight into the conditions that trigger the failure of slopes and its subsequent capacity of damage. This research resorts to the use of the discrete element technique, developed by [1], performing a parametrical study of the parameters controlling grain size distributions like: mean size (d50), coefficient of curvature (Cu) and maximum size (dmax). The results showed an important influence and also a strong interaction between Ek and Fd on the onset of granular flows. The angle θ reached on the surface has a variation les...

The renewable energy is the most efficient green energy technology now days. As the stand alone system has many drawbacks, the grid connectivity system and hybrid system are more sustainable form of energy. This Paper has a study and model design of Hybrid system comprising of solar and wind technology for a small locality and the hybrid system is designed with the help of HOMER software. This paper comprises the simulation data of each component used in Project work as well as the cost of the project during working and during setup. This is known as Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable. Here PV and Wind system is designed for the project purpose and DG set is used for the backup purpose, that means to ensure continuous supply and to take care of the intermittent conditions of wind and solar energy.

The implementation of renewable energy sources, and geothermal energy in particular, is becoming increasingly important in Germany. However, geothermal power generation is a high risk, capital intensive technology and its future use will depend on how successfully it can be integrated within the German power grid infrastructure. For this to happen, its inherent operational risks must be reduced to a level that will guarantee a safe, available and affordable geothermal energy production over a plant's lifetime. To operate successfully in the deep, hot, saline conditions that are associated with the Northern German Basin, a geothermal power plant will need to incorporate an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The objective of this study is to identify and statistically model the main causes of failure in the primary cycle of an EGS and how likely they were to occur. In so doing, it is hoped to reduce the probability of downtime in such geothermal power systems in order to achieve higher plant online availability.

A micro-grid system has been designed using wind/diesel generators power sources. The system is aimed to cater for the electricity demand of Kwankwasiyya city Kano, Nigeria. The city has about 400 housing units with average daily electricity demand of 10000 kWhr. The project employed the use of homer, a software that performs Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables. The most appropriate system architecture was chosen from the optimisation result based on the selection factors set (initial investment cost, total electrical production to site primary demand ratio and so on). A system comprising single wind turbine (800 kW), and two generators of 400 kW and 300kW has been selected based on the selection criteria. The electrical output shows that 82% of the total production will be consumed onsite with the remaining would be sold to the grid. The system has a cost of energy value of 0.279 kWh with net present cost of about $11,000,000. The system is economically viable conside...

The renewable energy is the most efficient green energy technology now days. As the stand alone system has many drawbacks, the grid connectivity system and hybrid system are more sustainable form of energy. This Paper has a study and model design of Hybrid system comprising of solar and wind technology for a small locality and the hybrid system is designed with the help of HOMER software. This paper comprises the simulation data of each component used in Project work as well as the cost of the project during working and during setup. This is known as Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable. Here PV and Wind system is designed for the project purpose and DG set is used for the backup purpose, that means to ensure continuous supply and to take care of the intermittent conditions of wind and solar energy.

This paper proposes the computation and assessment of optimal tilt and azimuth angles for a receiving surface, using a mathematical model developed at the University of Tomsk, Russia. The model was validated and analyzed for the Nuevo León State, Northeast Mexico, utilizing a set of metrics, comparing against satellite data from NASA. A point of interest in the city of Monterrey was analyzed to identify orientation patterns throughout the year for an optimal solar energy gathering. The aim is providing the best orientation tilt angles for photovoltaic or solar thermal panels without tracking systems. In addition, this analysis is proposed as a tool to achieve optimal performance in sustainable urban development in the region. Based on the findings, a set of optimal tilt and azimuth surface angles are proposed for the analyzed coordinates. The aim is to identify the optimal performance to obtain the maximum solar irradiation possible over the year for solar projects in the region. Th...

This paper analyzes the fracture of the quill shaft. An investigation of a twin-engine trainer aircraft incident has been reported. The incident occurred due to the right electric generator out and low oil pressure. The main failure based on the warnings and the subsequent incident was identified. The failure involved the fatigue fracture of the quill shaft on the J85 turbojet engine’s accessory drive gearbox (ADG) and Input Drive Assembly (IDA). It was determined that the fracture had been originated by the torsional loads impacting the quill shaft that connects the ADG and IDA. The quill shaft was broken as the loads excessed the limit values designed by the manufacturer as a system protection part. Although the main failure was successfully identified, further analysis regarding the reaching to the triggering cause of the fracture was performed. Through the detailed fractographic and metallographic studies, the root-cause of the fracture was determined as the misalignment of the ...

This paper presents eight hybrid renewable energy (RE) systems that are derived from solar, wind and biomass, with energy storage, to meet the energy demands of an average household in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The resource assessments show that the solar insolation, wind speed (at 30 m hub height) and biomass in the country range, respectively, from 4.38–6.00 kWh/m2/day, 3.74 to 11.04 m/s and 5.709–15.80 kg/household/day. The HOMER software was used to obtain optimal configurations of the eight hybrid energy systems along the six geopolitical zones’ RE resources. The eight optimal systems were further subjected to a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis, which considers technical, economic, environmental and socio-cultural criteria. The TOPSIS-AHP composite procedure was adopted for the MCDM analysis in order to have more realistic criteria weighting factors. In all the eight techno-economic optimal system configurations considered, the biomass generator-solar...

El flujo de detritos es un proceso de naturaleza granular que ha sido abordado ampliamente bajo metodologías basadas en el medio continuo. Sin embargo, estas aproximaciones simplifican la realidad granular del suelo. Como material granular, la granulometría puede gobernar el comportamiento de este movimiento desagregado de masa. Es posible estudiar este comportamiento en términos del ángulo máximo alcanzado (θ), la energía cinética (Ek) y la profundidad de flujo (Fd) con el fin de establecer condiciones potenciales de falla, así como sus capacidades de daño. Para abordarlo se hace uso del método de elementos discretos, desarrollado por [1], bajo un estudio paramétrico en el cual se varían los parámetros de la granulometría: el tamaño medio del grano (d50), el coeficiente de curvatura (Cu) y el tamaño máximo de la muestra (dmax). Los resultados muestran que existe una influencia apreciable y una estrecha relación en los parámetros Ek y Fd. Con respecto al θ alcanzado en superficie se...

The work is about the Development of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for the Electrification of rural areas in cross River State, Nigeria.A Hybrid model comprising Diesel Generator, Battery banks, photovoltaic Panels and wind turbine Generator was proposed to serve remote communities at Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The human problem of generating individual electricity using private generators at a high cost due to no access to the national grid has been solved. The procedure of this work was the measuring and collection of the basic meteorological data of solar radiation from NASA for Ugep, and then performing components modeling and simulation. Wind speed of 3m/s, regional solar irradiance of 3.697kWh/m 2 /d andtotal energy demand of 198kwh/d from the rural community were used as input in the study. The method of incremental conductance was used to achieve maximum power output.Comparative economic analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy System and the diesel generator system was performed. The implementation of the HRES for two weeks cost N42,000 only thus saving the community N365,500. A total of 2,266kWh/d of electric energy was generated as against, 1,890.8kWh/d using generator at a cost of N407,500.Using HRES with a battery bank of high amp-hour capacity for storage is capable of supplying the required electric energy including peak period. Pollutant emissions were reduced due to the penetration of solar renewable energy. An Automatic power transfer Device utilizing voltage monitoring relay was introduced to function only during period of bad weather.

The work is about the Development of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for the Electrification of rural areas in cross River State, Nigeria.A Hybrid model comprising Diesel Generator, Battery banks, photovoltaic Panels and wind turbine Generator was proposed to serve remote communities at Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The human problem of generating individual electricity using private generators at a high cost due to no access to the national grid has been solved. The procedure of this work was the measuring and collection of the basic meteorological data of solar radiation from NASA for Ugep, and then performing components modeling and simulation. Wind speed of 3m/s, regional solar irradiance of 3.697kWh/m 2 /d andtotal energy demand of 198kwh/d from the rural community were used as input in the study. The method of incremental conductance was used to achieve maximum power output.Comparative economic analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy System and the diesel generator system was performed. The implementation of the HRES for two weeks cost N42,000 only thus saving the community N365,500. A total of 2,266kWh/d of electric energy was generated as against, 1,890.8kWh/d using generator at a cost of N407,500.Using HRES with a battery bank of high amp-hour capacity for storage is capable of supplying the required electric energy including peak period. Pollutant emissions were reduced due to the penetration of solar renewable energy. An Automatic power transfer Device utilizing voltage monitoring relay was introduced to function only during period of bad weather.

Industrial gas turbine engines are used for various purposes such as power generation, machine operation, ships, and the transportation of crude oil and natural gases. Power generation facilities include cogeneration facilities, combined cycle power plants, and emergency generators. Couplings for gas turbines rotate at high speeds to transmit high densities over long distances. For smooth torque transmission, they absorb shock and vibration between motors and turbines, and compensate for axial, angular, and radial displacements. This study performed a structural analysis, thermal stress analysis, and critical speed analysis based on Campbell diagrams to develop a 29MW gas turbine coupling with a maximum torque of 85 kNm. The results of the structural analysis revealed that each component had a safety factor of at least 1.2, calculated from the ratio of maximum Von-Mises stress to yield strength, which was an indicator of design safety. The stability of the disc pack, a key component of the coupling, was assessed through thermal stress analysis. To design a gas turbine coupling without resonance, critical speed was evaluated within the range of operating speeds. Critical speed did not exist at or near the operating speed of 7700 rpm.

Misalignment adalah ketidaklurusan antara kedua poros. Misalignment terjadi karena adanya pergeseran atau penyimpangan salah satu bagian mesin dari garis pusatnya. Misalignment sendiri mengakibatkan getaran dalam arah axial. Sedangkan, alignment adalah suatu pekerjaan yang meluruskan / mensejajarkan dua sumbu poros lurus (antara poros penggerak dengan sumbu poros yang digerakkan) pada waktu peralatan itu beroperasi. Tetapi dalam kenyataan, pengertian lurus tidak bisa didapatkan 100%. Untuk itu harus diberikan toleransi kurang dari 0,05 mm. Dalam proses alignment pada kondisi mesin tidak beroperasi (dingin), hasilnya bisa saja akan berubah pada saat mesin beroperasi (panas). Hal ini sangatlah tidak diharapkan terjadi, namun demikian bias saja terjadi dan biasa disebut "Thermal Growth". Bagian-bagian yang mengalami kerusakan akibat ketidaklurusan poros (misalignment) : 1. Poros, terjadi getaran yang berlebihan pada masing-masing poros. 2.Bantalan, terjadinya gesekan yang berlebihan pada bantalan mengakibatkan timbulnya panas yang berlebihan. 3. Baut-baut kopling akan rusak / putus. 4. Mempercepat kebocoran cairan yang dipompa pada stuffing box. 5. Pada pompa menurunkan efesiensi mekaniknya. 6. Kumparan pada motor listrik akan bergesekkan sehingga dapat menimbulkan hubungan pendek. 2.2 Pengertian Alignment Alignment adalah suatu pekerjaan atau proses mensimetriskan kedua objek atau sumbu poros sehingga sentris antara poros penggerak dengan sumbu poros yang digerakan dengan dua tumpuan saling berkaitan. Tetapi dalam kenyataannya pengertian lurus tidak bisa didapatkan 100% sehingga harus diberikan toleransi kurang dari 0,05 mm, untuk mendapatkan kesentrisan antara kedua poros pemutaran dan poros yang diputar hingga tidak menimbulkan gesekan, getaran, dan faktor-faktor lainnya.

Biomass is a type of renewable energy that, in despite of its potentials and advantages including simple production technology, decreasing environmental issues, and energy generation capacity at the consumption site, has not been sufficiently utilized in Iran. Since, due to statistics, Isfahan enjoys remarkable prospects in terms of wind, solar and biomass energies, a combined system of indigenous energy sources for powering a cattle farm has been investigated and evaluated in this study. To evaluate the possibility of the optimal system for comparative reasons, the HOMER software was used. The designed hybrid system was a wind-solar-biomass generator that used a battery saver as backup. Although it seems that wind and solar energies have the highest potential for energy generation in Isfahan, the results showed that biomass, by itself, can provide the required power for a cattle farm. In fact, biomass energy was more economically efficient than wind and solar energies. Owing to the low electricity cost, generated from fossil fuels, in Iran, relative to a large number of countries, the findings revealed that using biomass for generating the electricity of a cattle farm will compensate the expenses by the mid-15th year and will generate profit for 9.5 years later. The results also showed that the solar cell-based hybrid system is cheaper than the wind turbine-based one. Regarding the price of per kWh of electricity produced, the results showed that the biomass generator system with the price 0.12 $/kWh is the cheapest, and the solar cell-based and wind turbine-based hybrid systems are 3.33% and 10.83% more expensive, respectively. The results can be used for electricity generation with minimum pollution and expenses in the same regions.

Several Technical visits of the Egbin Thermal Station was carried out and the energy records for a fifteen month period taken. The renewable energy potentials with respect to wind and solar energy of the site as well as energy audit and optimization for the plant’s cardinal sections, were carried out and a techno-economic analysis of the wind-solar PV made. The Wind-Solar-Grid hybrid energy system based on a pilot design for wind turbines and solar PV for the plant was simulated using Homer renewable energy software.  The integration of wind-solar hybrid energy system to the thermal plant significantly increased the overall power generation to the grid with great economic prospects and capital recovery of less than four years which further reduce as the cost of electricity with increase in generation capacity.  The Homer software simulation showed great accuracy and agreement with actual calculations.

Las bombas se clasifican según dos consideraciones generales diferentes: 1) la que toma en consideración las características de movimiento de líquidos y (2) la que se hace en base al tipo o aplicación específica para los cuales se ha diseñado la bomba. A continuación se presenta un resumen de dichas clasificaciones. CLASE RECIPROCANTE ACCION DIRECTA ROTATORIA-PISTON DE POTENCIA DIAFRAGMA LOBULO TORNILLO LEVA Y PISTON ALABE ENGRANAJE AXIAL FLUJO MIXTO RADIAL DE UNA ETAPA ---DE VARIAS ETAPAS TIPO ROTATORIA CENTRIFUGA SIMPLEX DUPLEX TRIPLEX ETC.

A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC's are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Polymeric replica, as a non-destructive technique, is generally used for detecting service failures in mechanical components together with other complementary methods. The components more frequently inspected are boilers, streamers, heat exchangers, pipes. In most cases, this technique fulfills the requirement of non-surface modifications of the damaged zone, be it a fracture surface, a gear tooth, a bearing raceway or any other part. Fracture and corrosion are the type of failures usually studied with this technique. It allows the description of crack morphology and propagation type, and is also a tool to differentiate crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, etc. As far as we know, this technique has not been used so far to detect wear failures, to measure scar size (volume or critical dimensions) or to determine the type of wear failure.