Roman Trade Networks

In anni recenti chi scrive ha organizzato le proprie attività di ricerca attorno a tre tematismi di base: archeologia del potere, archeologia del cambiamento ed archeologia del paesaggio economico. Il primo filone di studi, fortemente legato all'offerta didattica del corso di Archeologia delle Province Romane, affronta l'analisi della forma e del significato dello spazio del culto imperiale nei centri urbani dell'impero. Lo spazio del culto dinastico è stato scelto come osservatorio privilegiato per lo studio concreto delle dinamiche e delle politiche di integrazione culturale fra tradizione indigena e romana, analizzate in un contesto storico-geografico specifico. Il lavoro di ricerca vede la collaborazione attiva di colleghi sia della sezione di antichistica, sia della sezione di archeologia del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità e del Vicino Oriente 1 , oltre che di laureandi in Archeologia delle Province Romane 2 . I dati acquisiti dal gruppo di lavoro ed i primi risultati della ricerca saranno oggetto di una sintesi di prossima pubblicazione. Gli altri due temi individuati, archeologia del cambiamento ed archeologia del paesaggio economico, sono fortemente legati alle attività sul campo e di laboratorio, e mirano ad indirizzare lo sforzo interpretativo verso una definizione delle dinamiche di trasformazione culturale e socio-economica degli insediamenti oggetto di ricerca. In quest'ambito, un ruolo fondamentale è rivestito dalla comprensione globale delle informazioni contenute nei reperti di scavo e dunque dall'approccio integrato allo studio di questi. Il lavoro di ricerca è frutto dell'impegno di un'équipe costituita all'insegna della collaborazione interdisciplinare sia fra aree diverse dell'archeologia, sia fra scienze che, con approcci diversi, si occupano del mondo antico (storia antica, archeozoologia, archeometria etc.). Le attività di ricerca si sono concentrate in particolare nell'elaborazione dei dati relativi agli scavi di Ca' Foscari a Pompei 3 e Hierapolis 4 ed hanno visto la partecipazione di numerosi studenti di archeologia del dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità e del Vicino Oriente, non solo afferenti all'area classica, che hanno avuto l'occasione di approfondire il loro percorso di formazione partecipando ad un'esperienza di lavoro unica, mentre alcuni di loro sono poi anche divenuti protagonisti della ricerca, collaborando in ogni fase delle attività: dallo scavo allo studio ed alla pubblicazione dei dati. 1 Chi scrive desidera ringraziare per la collaborazione e l'interesse al progetto i colleghi A. Zaccaria Ruggiu, G. Cresci, C. Franco, F. Rohr ed E. Ciampini. 2 C. M. Acqua (spazio del culto imperiale nelle province orientali), E. Bizzozi (province iberiche), C. Zancanella (Gallie), M. Puppulin (Egitto), M. Ballarin (le prime sperimentazioni formali/ideologiche nella penisola italica fra tarda repubblica e prima età imperiale), A. Pugliese (Roma). 3 Cfr. intervento di A. Zaccaria Ruggiu in questo volume. 4 Illustrati nel contributo di A. Zaccaria Ruggiu in questo volume.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se presentan y analizan cinco inscripciones romanas procedentes de Belorado (Burgos), algunas de ellas inéditas, que se registran en un manuscrito, de autor desconocido, conservado en la Biblioteca Nacional de España (Ms. 21.696/4).

O presente trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de conhecimento sobre os contentores anfóricos de Miróbriga (Santiago do Cacém). O conjunto é significativo, quer pela importância que as ânforas nos transmitem, mas também pela sua dimensão. Trata-se de um sítio arqueológico, que pela sua natureza, se revelou complexo no que respeita a questões ligadas ao urbanismo e à arquitetura. O facto de este sítio ter uma história de investigação bastante rica levou a que uma boa parte dos materiais em estudo estejam desprovidos de contexto arqueológico. Contudo nos trabalhos de escavação mais recentes tal questão não se coloca, ou seja sempre que possível as ânforas serão vistas em estratigrafia. Os materiais serão ainda analisados, na perspetiva das redes de contacto comercial, em conjunto com as cerâmicas finas.

Presentamos un conjunto inédito de estampillas anfóricas y tituli picti de época romano?republicana documentados en las excavaciones realizadas entre los años 2005 y 2006 en el solar de la Biblioteca Municipal de Mértola. La mayor parte aparecieron en contexto, en pequeños basureros o grandes niveles de vertidos asociados a la muralla de la ciudad, que pueden fecharse en el último tercio del siglo II a. C. Se trata del grupo de epígrafes anfóricos más numeroso y variado de los registrados en la vertiente occidental del estrecho de Gibraltar y, en general, en la costa atlántica peninsular, para esta cronología. Reúne un nutrido grupo de estampillas de tradición púnica, tanto de procedencia occidental como norteafricana, así como también griegas y latinas, a los que se suman varios tituli picti sobre envases púnicos e itálicos. Entre ellas destacan algunas improntas inéditas o escasamente documentadas, sobre todo entre los sellos púnicos, mientras que los tituli picti revelan nuevos d...

Si les études entamées depuis les années 2000 par les responsables du programme ont d'abord été principalement axées sur la documentation de la fin du I er millénaire av. n. è. (Basse Époque -époque ptolémaïque), à partir notamment des imitations de conteneurs importés des centres les plus actifs du bassin méditerranéen oriental et occidental, celles-ci gagnent désormais à être étendues à l'ensemble des périodes pharaoniques. Le phénomène d'imitation, d'assimilation ou de transposition de conteneurs ou d'autres catégories de vaisselle en terre cuite reste un objet d'étude récent, documenté de façon ponctuelle, quoique déjà bien attesté dès l'époque prédynastique. Il est maintenant possible d'envisager une approche diachronique de ce phénomène. De même, si les limites chronologiques de ce thème méritent d'être élargies, le répertoire formel qu'il implique doit être à nouveau considéré : le phénomène d'imitation ou d'assimilation des conteneurs étrangers, grecs, levantins ou chypriotes, sans oublier ceux de la Méditerranée occidentale et d'Afrique du Nord, gagne aussi à être étendu sur le plan typologique et élargi aux questionnements d'ordre culturel et commercial qu'il suppose. Limitée jusqu'à présent à des conteneurs de grande taille, des amphores et des jarres notamment, l'étude des assimilations égyptiennes des productions importées, en provenance de sphères culturelles variables selon les périodes envisagées, doit être étendue aux conteneurs de petite taille (gourdes, bouteilles, vases à parfums ou à onguents, récipients dits de service, amphores de table, récipients à mesure tels que les cuvettes et/ou mortiers), afin de mesurer le degré d'impact du phénomène, sur les plans tant géographique que socio-économique et culturel. Pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, les points suivants seront prioritaires dans le cadre du programme : -Le premier volet est l'étude des sources archéologiques, en suivant la chronologie, avec la réalisation d'une typologie de référence par groupe de production (forme/pâte), une définition de leurs usages, et le recensement systématique de la présence de ces conteneurs sur les sites archéologiques d'Égypte, voire même des exemplaires exportés hors du territoire égyptien. -Le deuxième volet est la caractérisation de leurs pâtes (marneuse, calcaire, mixte et alluviale) grâce aux études pétrographiques qui seront conduites à l'Ifao par Éric Goemaere (géologue, Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique). -Le troisième volet du projet concerne la diffusion des conteneurs égyptiens de tradition étrangère, matérialisée par plusieurs cartes pour chaque groupe céramique et chaque période chronologique. Pour ce dernier point, la reconnaissance des matériaux céramiques est cruciale, car elle permet de reconstituer les circuits empruntés par ces conteneurs, dans le cadre du commerce interrégional comme de celui, plus prestigieux, du commerce international.

КУШАНСКИЙ ГОРОД БАКТРИИ (По результатам работ Советско-Афганской археологической экспедиции) В статье представлена попытка обобщить материалы, полученные при раскопках Советско-Афганской археологической экспедицией нескольких городов Бактрии (Емши-тепе, Джагат-тепе, Дильберджин) на территории Афганистана. Авторы не сколько модифицируют традиционную схему развития центральноазиатского горо да. Признавая урбанистический характер кушанской цивилизации, они указывают на тот факт, что при Кушанах, видимо, не создавались новые города. При них процесс ранней урбанизации достиг своего пика, после которого начался резкий упадок.

The followings books are reviewed in the article: D.P.M. WEERAKKODY. ТаргоЬапё. Ancient Sri Lanka as Known to Greeks and Romans.
Tunrhout, 1997; Origin and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Осеап / Ed. о. Bopearachchi and D.P.M. Weerakkody. New Delhi, 1998.
Book by D.P.M. Veerakkody (author of several dozen articles on the history of ancient Sri Lanka and its descriptions in ancient sources), published in the Brepols publishing house in the series "Archaeology of the Indian Ocean," is an important contribution to the study of this problem, and in the study  of South Asia's relations with the Mediterranean as a whole. 19 chapters Veerakkody's monographs cover almost all the issues faced
interested investigator.
Collection of articles "Origin and circulation of foreign coins in the Indian Ocean," edited by O. Boperacci and D.P.M. Veerakkody, consists of two parts: reports read out at the numismatic section "Origin and Evolution of Coins" and reports presented by at the international seminar "Circulation of foreign coins and ancient sea routes in the Indian ocean, "organized by the Sri Lankan Society for Numismatic Studies and the French Archaeological Cooperation Mission to Sri Lanka, brokered by Sri Lanka Archaeological Research Department in Colombo 8-10 September 1994. The collection is represented by the works of the best  specialists in
ancient, Central Asian and South Asian numismatics from the British Museum, Cabinet medals of the French National Library and the National Center for Scientific Research (France). It gives a clear idea of ​ ​ the current state of the issue by origin and circulation of coins in the ancient world and South Asia (with emphasis on Sri Lanka) in all eras, and also introduces the latest material into scientific circulation and offers the latest ways his interpretations.

The author considers the widely accepted theory of а hard crisis that Mediterranean trade with Arabia and India suffered from the end of the 2nd century through the entire 3rd century AD. The events of the political history of the Roman Empire, especially in Egypt and Syria, demonstrate that what took place was по! the disappearance of the trade relations, but the fact that the richest provinces of Rome were getting out of control of the central power. That is why а small number of Roman coins in India and Arabia сап по! Ье used for proving the increasing difficulties in trade between regions in question - sea-trade did not die, but passed into the hands of local rulers, numerous usurpators (like Odenatus), local kings (like Zenbiа), etc. Consequently, thе ways of goods exchange had tо change. ТЬе recovery of the strength of Roman government made possible the comeback of Фе Roman сurrепсу оп the trade routes tо India, which indicates поt thе end of trade crisis, but thе comeback of Roman central power оп the routes from Egypt and Syria tо India and Arabia through the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.

A large group of adjectives in Apicius' De re coquinaria is formed with the suffix-atus. Although they contain a suffix which is typical of the perfect participle, their base is not verbal, but nominal: this is their peculiarity. They are all adjectives referring to food; their meaning is possessing "the quality/condition expressed by the base-noun" (e. g. Apic. 8. 7. 14 liquamen piperatum). Many of them are Apicius' creations and attested only in his cooking book (e. g. allecatum, coriandratus, syringiatus); a great number of them have a Greek origin. This paper proposes not only a semantic analysis of denominal adjectives with the suffix-atus, but also a comparison with adjectives ending in-osus, which have the meaning "full of ". The formations in-atus of De re coquinaria are also examined according to the qualia theory, the principles of which are clearly recognisable in these adjectives. Apicius' denominal adjectives in-atus can be compared to suffixed adjectives in some modern languages (Italian-ato, Spanish-ado, French-é), which express the concept of possession of a quality, and which derive from a noun, not from a verb, although they are formally identical to past participle, as it happens in Latin.

The seviratus Augustalis was an urban institution of semi-official nature which was mainly held by wealthy freedmen. It appeared in Italy in the end of the 1 st century BC and spread fast to the Latin-speaking provinces of the Roman Empire. It had an essential role in the growth of the economic and commercial activities of several cities till the 3 rd century AD. This position has been studied by many scholars through its abundant epigraphic evidences. The scarcity of mentions to the seviri Augustales in the Roman literature has impeded the elucidation of its concrete functions. It has clear similarities with some priesthoods and urban magistratures, but the seviri Augustales lacked the status and the official nature of them. This unofficial essence was the point which made possible the development of the seviratus Augustalis as a tool for the social promotion of rich freedmen, whose admission to magistratures and priesthoods was forbidden. The goal of the current analysis is to identify the economic and institutional connections between the seviri Augustales of Baetica, both inside and outside this Hispanic province. The preserved epigraphic evidence illustrates the diffusion of this institution in the south of Roman Hispania and the importance of the economic route through the course of the Guadalquivir River, as well as the commercial contacts between diverse coastal cities of Hispania and other Roman regions.

In Roman times, Corinth was one of the most significant harbour cities in the Mediterranean, and it represented a political and commercial point of connection between East and West. In this research context, marble provenance studies provide significant details that contribute to outlining the map of trade and economy of the Greek city. Inscriptions are extremely important for this purpose, as they carry precise information about the time of production, the function and the commissioners of the monument itself. Thirteen samples taken from inscriptions, dating from the 1st to the 3rd century AD have been analysed, using a series of methods which include petrographic investigations and chemical and isotopic analysis. Statistical treatment for each sample has been applied and the artefacts have been compared with a database of 4,500 quarry samples from the classical marble quarries known in antiquity. The identification of the origin of the marble used for these inscriptions allows light to be shed on how the use of marble changed during this time in combination with local limestone, according to the type and the function of the monument, as well as to the status of the people involved.

This study presents the results of the analyses of 15 structural mortars from the building at civ. 21, level +0 of the Sarno Bath complex in Pompeii. These samples were collected during recent stratigraphic excavations (year 2022) for detailed in-laboratory compositional characterization, aiming to trace the construction phases of the originating walls. The 2022 samples were firstly analyzed via quantitative phase analysis-X-ray powder diffraction. The resulting quantitative mineralogical profiles were then processed alongside those analyzed in previous studies from level +0 structures of the Sarno Baths using multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis, applied to quantitative phase analysis (QPA)-X-ray powder diffraction data (XRPD), to identify and map the construction phases. This approach enabled the correlation of the 2022 samples with previously established construction phases. Polarized-light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were then primarily used for validation purposes. These methods highlighted the compositional differences between samples and revealed significant features related to the use of specific raw materials. These results confirm the reliability of the semiautomated sample processing proposed in this research, adopting discriminant analysis as a machine-learning-based tool for defining construction phases in Pompeian contexts.

In the area of Zakotorac, a village in the central part of the Pelješac peninsula, there are ongoing systematic excavations at the necropolis of the Gomile site with stone mounds and dry wall structures. Aside from mound 1, the dry wall structure marked as grave 1 contained the remains of thirteen dead, with numerous items of weaponry, costume, jewellery, toiletries, and pottery dated to the 4th century BC. The costume items include not only different forms of bronze fibulae and pins, but also silver hinged fibulae, represented by two basic forms. The fibulae with star-shaped protrusions on the bow belong to group Vb, a widely distributed group that appeared at sites in the southern part of the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland during the late 5th and 4th centuries BC, first as imports and later maybe as products of local workshops. Two hinged fibulae have a trapezoidal foot and belong to a group of fibulae that has been recorded in the greatest numbers at sites in Herzegovina. The new finds of silver hinged fibulae of both types in the Zakotorac cemetery, probably women’s costume items, point to the cultural connectivity between the southern part of the eastern Adriatic coast and the Central Balkans during the late 5th and 4th centuries BC.

In the area of Zakotorac, a village in the central part of the Pelješac peninsula in the southern Croatia, there are ongoing systematic excavations at the necropolis of the Gomile site with stone mounds and dry wall structures. Aside from mound 1, the dry wall structure marked as grave 1 contained the remains of thirteen dead, with numerous items of weaponry, costume, jewellery, toiletries, and pottery dated to the 4th century BC. The costume items include not only different forms of bronze fibulae and pins, but also silver hinged fibulae, represented by two basic forms. The fibulae with star-shaped protrusions on the bow belong to group Vb, a widely distributed group that appeared at sites in the southern part of the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland during the late 5th and 4th centuries BC, first as imports and later maybe as products of local workshops. Two hinged fibulae have a trapezoidal foot and belong to a group of fibulae that has been recorded in the greatest numbers at sites in Herzegovina. The new finds of silver hinged fibulae of both types in the Zakotorac cemetery, probably women’s costume items, point to the cultural connectivity between the southern part of the eastern Adriatic coast and the Central Balkans during the late 5th and 4th centuries BC.

En las siguientes páginas se discuten las noticias, lecturas y comentarios de una de las inscripciones recuperadas durante los trabajos arqueológicos llevados a cabo en el yacimiento de Segobriga (Saelices, Cuenca) entre los años 2011 y 2017. El epígrafe presentado (recogido en CIL II2/13, 1492), de dudosa interpretación, estaría dedicado a un sevir augustalis de la ciudad de Segobriga, de nombre Mascellio, y supone la ampliación de la información conocida sobre dicho cargo público en las ciudades de la Hispania Citerior.
The following pages contain news, readings and comments on one of the inscriptions recovered during the archaeological works carried out at Segobriga (Saelices, Cuenca) between 2011 and 2017. The inscription presented (recorded in CIL II2/13, 1492), of dubious interpretation, would be dedicated to a sevir augustalis of the city of Segobriga, named Mascellio, and represents an expansion of the information known about this public office in the cities of Hispania Citerior.

La vil·la romana de la Gran Via–Can Ferrerons (Premià de Mar, Maresme) és una de les més grans de la comarca, que s’inicia a principis del segle I aC. També és coneguda per la singularitat del seu edifici de planta
octogonal, que té el seu origen en el segle V dC , i s’interpreta com un pavelló de recepció construït per un personatge rellevant de l’elit de Barcino. Posteriorment, es reutilitzà, com moltes altres vil·les de l’Antiguitat Tardana, com a centre de producció.
Les excavacions al jaciment han proporcionat un gran nombre de restes arqueològiques, incloent‑hi ceràmica, artefactes de pedra i metall, i restes faunístiques. Al llarg de les diferents fases d’ocupació, algunes d’aquestes
restes suggereixen una relació activa amb el mar, els productes del mar i les activitats pesqueres. Els hams de pesca, els pesos de xarxa, així com una varietat de restes de peixos i petxines són indicatius de l’aprofitament
d’uns recursos marins molt propers.
Aquesta comunicació reuneix restes arqueològiques i arqueozoològiques per reconstruir la relació dels habitants d’aquesta vil·la romana amb el mar, les pràctiques de pesca i l’ús i consum dels recursos marins.

This volume brings together the proceedings of the study days entitled “Prosopography” 2024 (University of Bergamo, 16-18 May 2024), promoted by the Department of Literature, Philosophy and Communication of the University of Bergamo.
The work includes examples of historical research that have made fruitful use of the prosopographic methodology, covering a broad chronological span: from Greek classicism to the present day.

La configuration d’un objet peut le rendre apte à plusieurs utilisations auxquelles il n’était pas initialement et intentionnellement destiné. L’usage maritime et paysan d’un outil coupant pouvait être réuni dans un même contexte familial, passant par commodité de l’un à l’autre. Il en est ainsi du couteau dit « flamand », appelé aussi « couteau de marin», «belduque», «cuchillo flamenco», «Boschermesser», «Boot-s-man-mes», «Dock-mes», «boatswain’s knife», «Dutch knife», en fonction de la nation qui en faisait le vecteur de son commerce maritime. Il fut le couteau du quotidien des Hollandais, des marins. On le trouvait en Amérique, en Afrique, en Asie car sa forme fonctionnelle lui ouvrit des portes et permis aux Européens de commercer avec les nations d’autres continents. Il fut l’une des marchandises de traite et ses traces archéologiques sont des marqueurs de la civilisation maritime et du commerce colonial.
Abstract:
The configuration of an object can make it suitable for several uses for which it was not initially and intentionally intended. The maritime and peasant use of a cutting tool could be combined in the same family context, passing by convenience from one to the other. This is the case with the so-called “Flemish” knife, also called “sailor’s knife”, “belduque”, “cuchillo flamenco”, “Boschermesser”, “Boot-s-man-mes”, “Dock-mes”, “boatswain’s knife”, “Dutch knife”, according to the nation that used it as a vehicle for its maritime trade. It was the everyday knife of the Dutch, of the sailors. It was found in America, Africa and Asia because its functional form opened doors and allowed Europeans to trade with nations on other continents. It was one of the trading goods and its archaeological traces are markers of maritime civilization and colonial trade.

This study quantifies the importance of the Roman military for the development of a market economy in north-western Europe. Distributions of low denomination coins show how the Roman arrival kick-started a local market economy. Additionally settlement densities of fluvial catchments are used as a proxy for economic development. Our newly constructed dataset of settlement sizes shows a high correlation with Roman military requirements. After the demise of the empire the local market economy faded away. This antique market economy had a different geographical distribution than its medieval successor, which was not mainly driven by military demand.

Magna Mater. Tra Roma e Zama" è una mostra frutto della collaborazione tra il Parco archeologico del Colosseo e l'Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisien, promossa dal Dipartimento per la valorizzazione del Patrimonio culturale e dal Parco archeologico del Colosseo nell'ambito delle attività del Ministero della Cultura per il Piano Mattei per l'Africa. Il catalogo presenta per la prima volta al pubblico lo straordinario ritrovamento del santuario tunisino di Zama dedicato alla Grande Madre degli Dei e al suo compagno Attis, nel quadro di una più ampia ricostruzione storica e archeologica, incentrata sul culto della dea nel Mediterraneo, dalle sue origini anatoliche alla fine dell'Impero romano. Saggi di specialisti internazionali arricchiscono un catalogo di oltre 100 opere di arte antica e moderna, in un racconto che conduce il lettore nel mondo di Magna Mater alla scoperta di feste, riti, storie di fede, politica e vita quotidiana. Il Dipartimento per la valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale è una struttura organizzativa di primo livello dedicata al coordinamento e all'indirizzo dei luoghi della cultura e dei musei nazionali afferenti al Ministero della cultura. Promuove progetti e attività destinate a diffondere l'immagine e la conoscenza del patrimonio culturale nazionale, la diplomazia culturale, la valorizzazione economica e la rigenerazione culturale del territorio. Il Parco archeologico del Colosseo è un istituto autonomo nato nel 2017 per conoscere, tutelare, conservare e valorizzare i monumenti e il paesaggio dell'Area archeologica centrale romana di competenza del Ministero della cultura. Cura scavi, restauri, mostre e progetti sul patrimonio di propria competenza (Colosseo, Domus Aurea, Foro romano e Palatino), e collaborazioni nazionali e internazionali destinate a promuovere il dialogo interculturale e l'immagine di Roma quale centro di umanesimo universale. L'Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisien (INP) è un organismo amministrativo pubblico del Governo tunisino, posto sotto la supervisione del Ministero degli Affari Culturali (Tunisia). È un'Istituzione scientifica e tecnica responsabile della redazione dell'inventario del patrimonio culturale, archeologico, storico, delle civiltà e artistico, del suo studio, della sua salvaguardia e della sua valorizzazione. Riportiamo a seguire l'elenco dei contributi riportati in catalogo:

Lo scavo archeologico del relitto di Spargi (arcipelago di La Maddalena, SS) ha rappresentato un punto di passaggio fondamentale per la moderna
archeologia subacquea, un nuovo esperimento – per usare le parole di Lamboglia – di scavo subacqueo applicando alcuni principi della moderna disciplina archeologica.
La necessità di un riordino dei materiali conservati al Museo Archeologico Navale ‘Nino Lamboglia’ di La Maddalena ha fornito l’occasione per riprendere lo studio, integrando e aggiornando la bibliografia disponibile.
Il progetto è curato dalla Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Sassari e Nuoro in collaborazione con l’Università Statale di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali.
Vengono presentati i risultati preliminari, al fine di integrare la classificazione delle anfore del relitto di Spargi mediante le nuove acquisizioni nel campo degli studi specialistici, delle attestazioni epigrafiche inedite (bolli e graffiti), e una prima proposta di caratterizzazione degli impasti ceramici.

This article is a synthesis of scholarly research into the literary and documentary evidence for the food crops exploited or imported into Roman Italy or other regions in the Roman Empire. Special attention is devoted to the ongoing controversy regarding the relative importance of Watson's Islamic Green Revolution (IGR) and what Fuks has described at the Roman Agricultural Diffusion (RAD) in promoting the diversification of food crops in the Mediterranean, Near East, Italy and Europe.

Terrones Robres publicaba en 1657 lo siguiente a propósito del origen de Marmolejo: "…los Moros en tiempo que poseyeron Andaluzía la tenían fortificada por hazer un recodo el río y estar a la vista por donde los Christianos que vinesen de Castilla por la Sierra Morena podían esguazar el río y pasar a hazer daño a los lugares y ciudades que poseían para dar ahumadas y con ello aviso a las demás ciudades…". Posiblemente algún vado en el río en la zona

There are few known find-spots outside Andalusia of the complex of the Latin-language
grandes plomos monetiformes and the few bronze coins with Italo-Baetican types. Most were probably made in Corduba, c.80–50 BC; though a few issues, some with legends in local scripts, were made elsewhere; which raises questions about the nature and the area of activity of the group that made these issues. A number of plomos have been found at Minturnae in south Latium, the port used by the Italo-Baetican traders; we publish yet another example. In Spain, a few have been found along the Via Herculea; we publish a new bronze quadrans with a strigils and aryballos reverse, which was found during rescue excavations in Zaragoza, although in a layer much younger than the coin. From Nîmes, we publish a new issue with a strigils and aryballos reverse, struck in both lead and bronze. It is probably Spanish, rather than Italian. It may be a sign of the joint activities of Italo-Baetican traders from both Latium and Spain in south-west Gaul, perhaps in the context of the wine trade, after Pompeii lost, it seems, its direct involvement in this trade in 89 BC, following its revolt from Rome in the Social War.

No podremos entender nada de lo que a continuación se cuenta si no hacemos un importante ejercicio de imaginación. Para ello tenemos que mirar al Guadalquivir e imaginárnoslo totalmente libre de vegetación, arbustiva y arbórea. Así ha estado más de dos mil años. Lejos de la imagen idealizada de unas riveras llenas de árboles, incluso en medio de un gran bosque, hemos de pensar que esto no fue así, no pudo ser así porque el río era navegable y las mercancías que se flotaban debían ser controladas desde la orilla. Se reconoce que el Guadalquivir era navegable en época romana hasta Cástulo (Linares), en realidad en el Guadalimar (confundido por 1 Estrabón III, 2, 3, con el Betis) En las inmediaciones de la ciudad ibero-romana, en la orilla derecha del Guadalimar se identificó una estructura que se interpretó como el puerto fluvial desde el que partirían los lingotes del abundante mineral que en esta zona se obtenía y también el 2 aceite tan preciado y necesario en Roma. Según el propio Estrabón a partir de Ilipa (Lora del Río) el Betis era navegable con barcas de río.

This paper presents the results of research on amphorae imported from outside the Iberian Peninsula, extracted from the Bay of Mazarrón (Murcia Region, Spain). The amphorae are preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Murcia and in the Municipal Museum "Factoría Romana de Salazones" of Puerto de Mazarrón. 574 preserved amphorae, extracted fragmentarily from the bay during dredging in the XX th century, were studied. 11 types of amphorae imported from Italy from the fourth century BC to the seventh century AD were recognized. Four Gauloise 4 amphorae were identifi ed from imports from Gaul Narbonne. Nine types of amphorae were imported from the Aegean and Eastern world, but they were all unique types, the LR 6 being the most numerous. Compared with imports from the Eastern Mediterranean, the amphorae imported from North Africa are the most numerous. These are 102 pieces imported from the second century BC to the beginning of the seventh century AD. They represent 23 types of amphorae, the most numerous being the African III B from Tunisia. The imports of amphorae from outside the Iberian Peninsula were compared with imports from the peninsula, including many locally produced amphorae. The comparison allowed conclusions to be drawn about the role of the Murcia region in Mediterranean trade.

Les voies qui ont fait l'objet d'une étude systématique sont rares dans la région de la Tunisie centrale 1. L'ancienne carte de P. Salama 2 , récemment réactualisée, présente deux voies reliant Sufetula à Hdarumetum et passant par Masclianae. Certes, la première voie, celle du nord, n'était pas mentionnée par la Table de Peutinger mais elle a été indiquée à trois reprises par l'Itinéraire d'Antonin avec une distance de XVIII milles d'Aquae Regiae et de XXXVI milles de Sufetula 3. Cette distance a été considérée supérieure aux mesures de XXX milles faites par J. Berbery et J.-P. Delhoume. Ceux-ci, notent que « peut-être l'itinéraire viset-il l'autre route qui passait par Cilma », mais ils ne signalent pas cette étape 4. Les résultats de J. Berbery et J.-P. Delhoume ont été revus à la lumière de la dédicace de Henchir Sidi Abdelkader 5. Cette dédicace a permis de rectifier le tracé proposé habituellement entre Sufetula et Masclianae. En fait, la voie en question est une route régionale qui allait jusqu'à Capsa et qui rejoignait la voie impériale Hadrumetum-Sufetula près de la Statio de Masclianae. Elle reste jusqu'à l'état actuel des recherches inaperçue et peu connue 6. Pourtant, cette voie a été signalée parmi les routes qui mettaient en communication Hadrumetum avec les différentes régions de la Proconsulaire et de la Numidie 7 .

Le rôle de la via Egnatia dans les échanges de céramique a été affirmé nettement à propos du matériel de Stobi. Mais l’analyse n’a jamais été poussée plus avant et, devant la difficulté à envisager un véritable commerce le long de cette voie, on préfère privilégier l’hypothèse d’un axe sur lequel les échanges se dérouleraient « par segments ». L’objectif du projet qui a été lancé en 2017 dans le cadre du plan quinquennal de l’École Français d’Athènes, est de reprendre la réflexion sur le sujet et de préciser les modalités d’échanges le long de cette voie. Du matériel est-il acheminé, en quantité significative, depuis l’Italie, via les ports de Dyrrachium et d’Apollonia? Ces importations font-elles l’objet d’une certaine organisation ou bien sont-elles le résultat d’apports individuels? Quels sont les trajets suivis par ces productions? L’étude des céramiques fines transitant sur cette voie a commencé et permet de présenter
quelques résultats préliminaires. Ainsi, il apparaît que, en général, la présence des sigillées italiques et des céramiques à parois fines est nettement affirmée le long de cette voie par rapport aux sites voisins, mais
à l’écart de la via Egnatia, comme Thasos. Cela dit, la nature de ces productions semble présenter, dans le détail, des caractéristiques différentes selon les secteurs de la voie et pourrait constituer ainsi un premier indicateur matériel de la circulation en tronçons sur cet axe.

The configuration of an object can make it suitable for several uses for which it was not initially and intentionally intended. The maritime and peasant use of a cutting tool could be combined in the same family context, passing by convenience from one to the other. This is the case with the so-called “Flemish” knife, also called “sailor’s knife”, “belduque”, “cuchillo flamenco”, “Boschermesser”, “Boot-s-man-mes”, “Dock-mes”, “boatswain’s knife”, “Dutch knife”, according to the nation that used it as a vehicle for its maritime trade. It was the everyday knife of the Dutch, of the sailors. It was found in America, Africa and Asia because its functional form opened doors and allowed Europeans to trade with nations on other continents. It was one of the trading goods and its archaeological traces are markers of maritime civilization and colonial trade.
La configuration d’un objet peut le rendre apte à plusieurs utilisations auxquelles il n’était pas initialement et intentionnellement destiné. L’usage maritime et paysan d’un outil coupant pouvait être réuni dans un même contexte familial, passant par commodité de l’un à l’autre. Il en est ainsi du couteau dit « flamand », appelé aussi « couteau de marin», «belduque», «cuchillo flamenco», «Boschermesser», «Boot-s-man-mes», «Dock-mes», «boatswain’s knife», «Dutch knife», en fonction de la nation qui en faisait le vecteur de son commerce maritime. Il fut le couteau du quotidien des Hollandais, des marins. On le trouvait en Amérique, en Afrique, en Asie car sa forme fonctionnelle lui ouvrit des portes et permis aux Européens de commercer avec les nations d’autres continents. Il fut l’une des marchandises de traite et ses traces archéologiques sont des marqueurs de la civilisation maritime et du commerce colonial.

Partenariats institutionnels : Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica Établissement éditeur : EFR Établissements porteurs de l'opération : EFR, en collaboration avec Halma UMR 8164 (CNRS, ULille, MCC). Étude archéologique du môle nord-sud de Portus Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l'étranger , Italie 1 organisationnelles particulières dues aux protocoles sanitaires anti-Covid 19. Outre les membres de l'équipe, étudiants, enseignants et professionnels, nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement nos précieux interlocuteurs du

This article investigates the negotiatores during the Late Republican and Early Roman Imperial periods. It focuses on how the term emerged and became a signifier, differentiating Roman and Italian businessmen from the local populations of the Eastern Mediterranean. The article examines the financial and commercial activities of these businessmen and explores how they established partnerships in their business ventures. Finally, it discusses how they created business communities around the Roman world, emphasizing the importance of these communities.

Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Kein Teil des Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Inhalte und die Bildrechte der Beiträge sind von den jeweiligen AutorInnen zu verantworten.

Este libro recoge los casos considerados seguros de subdependencia en los que hay libertos de libertos, abordando también una cuestión metodológica sobre la selección de los casos seguros para descartar aquellos que no pueden ser considerados como tales.
This book compiles the cases considered certain of subdependency in which there are freedmen of freedmen, also addressing a methodological issue regarding the selection of certain cases to discard those that cannot be considered as such.

El proceso de creación del municipium de Salmantica se revela como un fenómeno complejo, que no consiste simplemente en un acto administrativo que otorgaba una determinada categoría jurídica a la ciudad. Aunque la fecha de la promoción municipal continúa siendo desconocida, los nuevos datos aportados por la arqueología y la epigrafía permiten apreciar la importancia de la intervención augustea a comienzos de la Era.

The site was purportedly first identified by the raʾīs of Ahmed
Fakhry, though exactly when is unclear.1
Guy Wagner, and other members
of the Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO), visited the site in
March 1975, and in June the same year, then director of the Institute Serge
Sauneron conducted a test survey in the so-called kathesterion, or ‘waiting
room’ (R15 on Fig. 17), located south-east of the well-preserved church,
where Greek graffiti were visible above the sand coverage.2
A brief excavation campaign was then conducted by IFAO in January/February of 1976.
This two-week long mission, led by Guy Wagner and Jean Gascou, concentrated on clearing the interior of the church, the vestibule to the south
of it, as well as the kathesterion and the corridor connecting the latter two,
and documenting the graffiti. No further work was conducted at the site until 2005, when it was
surveyed as part of the large-scale survey campaign conducted in the south
of Kharga Oasis by IFAO, now denoted the South Kharga Oasis Survey
(SKOS), directed by the late Michel Wuttmann.7
Based on the analysis of
surface ceramic, occupation of the site was understood to extend from the
beginning of the fourth century until the sixth century, with some sporadic wares from the seventh-eighth centuries found in association with the
southern well.8
The proposed dating of the church made it a key site of
interest for DEChriM (“Deconstructing Early Christian Metanarratives.
The Fourth Century Archaeological Record of Egypt”), an ERC project dedicated to fourth century Egyptian Christianity.9
In 2020, the joint
Egyptian-Norwegian mission, co-directed by Victor Ghica and Basem
Gehad, obtained the concession of the site and the same year conducted
a preliminary topographic survey in preparation for the 2021 excavation
season, the results of which are presented here.

Cette étude concerne un lot de céramiques découvert lors des fouilles réalisées en 2011 sur le site de l’ enclos Saint-Césaire d’Arles (Heijmans 2012), dans les Bouches-du-Rhône (France) par l’ équipe de M. Heijmans (CNRS) et E. Dantec (archéologue indépendant).

La configuration des deux sondages concernés par ces découvertes n’ a pas permis de mener une exploration archéologique complète des niveaux protohistoriques, mais le relevé des vestiges mis au jour et l’étude du mobilier céramique ont mis en évidence des résultats intéressants pour la connaissance de la topographie de la ville d’ Arles et son passé le plus ancien. Ces découvertes confirment enfin l’existence d’ une occupation pré-romaine sur le point le plus haut du rocher d’Arles.

Cet article fait état des résultats obtenus dans le cadre d’ une thèse de doctorat soutenue en décembre 2015 à Aix-Marseille Université
(Martin-Kobierzyki 2015).

The demographic analysis of the Iberian Peninsula is a complex endeavor, hindered by the scarcity of direct ancient sources, limited written records, and incomplete archaeological data. Despite these challenges, this chapter (in Spanish) provides a comprehensive synthesis of Iberian demography through an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that combines archaeological, anthropological, historical, osteological, genetic and epigraphic evidence. Focusing on the period from the late Iron Age to the end of the Roman era, it explores the evolution of population numbers, characteristics, and pathologies over time, offering new insights into the dynamics of ancient Iberian societies.

This article presents Roman innovation in port construction. It begins with a brief presentation of the history of Roman ports, in order to explain their economic and social significance and the factors that led to their development. The main material for port construction, the famous and revolutionary opus caementicium, will be thoroughly discussed. A description of basic port structures, meaning the breakwaters, the jetties and the quays, will follow. The lighthouses and the port canals will also be presented as secondary port structures.