Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Inscriptions and their marble(s). Some examples from Roman Corinth

2025, ASMOSIA XIII Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity Vienna, 19–24 September 2022

Abstract

In Roman times, Corinth was one of the most significant harbour cities in the Mediterranean, and it represented a political and commercial point of connection between East and West. In this research context, marble provenance studies provide significant details that contribute to outlining the map of trade and economy of the Greek city. Inscriptions are extremely important for this purpose, as they carry precise information about the time of production, the function and the commissioners of the monument itself. Thirteen samples taken from inscriptions, dating from the 1st to the 3rd century AD have been analysed, using a series of methods which include petrographic investigations and chemical and isotopic analysis. Statistical treatment for each sample has been applied and the artefacts have been compared with a database of 4,500 quarry samples from the classical marble quarries known in antiquity. The identification of the origin of the marble used for these inscriptions allows light to be shed on how the use of marble changed during this time in combination with local limestone, according to the type and the function of the monument, as well as to the status of the people involved.

References (96)

  1. Ophites, from the Eastern Desert of Egypt to Rome and Campania . A Study of a ›Small-quarry‹ Stone Developed in the Augustan Period J. Clayton Fant -Simon J. Barker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  2. Tor Cervara, and the Tuff Quarries of the Lower Aniene Valley, Rome
  3. Christopher J. Lyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploitation of the Granite from the Lavezzi Islands (Southern Corsica) in Roman Times . Archaeological and Geological Investigation Nadine Mattielli -Sébastien Clerbois -Antoine Triantafyllou -Henry-Louis Guillaume - Goulven G. Laruelle -Gaël Brkojewitsch -Nicolas Paridaens -Nicolas Authom - Catherine Coquelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alexandria Troas . The Port and the Role of the City in the Distribution of Granite Shafts Patrizio Pensabene -Isabel Rodà de Llanza -Javier Á. Domingo - Eleonora Gasparini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purple Porphyry and Other Hard Stone Vases and Urns from the Early Imperial Period . Technology and Transmateriality Simona Perna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A First Report of the White Marble from the Sangri Valley in Southern Naxos Scott Pike -Kenneth Sheedy -Elena Familetto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancient Quarries of the Dodecanese (Aegean Sea, Greece) and the Use of the Extracted Stones . Recent Exploration and Results Eirene Poupaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quarry Inscriptions, Marks and Epigraphic Signs from the Roman Forum, the Palatine Hill and the Temple of Peace in Rome Sabrina Violante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Extraction Techniques of Sculptures . Thasos (Greece)
  4. Manuela Wurch-Koželj -Tony Koželj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone Properties, Weathering Effects and Restoration Marble and Patina Analysis for Interpreting Sculptures from Antiquarian Collections . A Set from the Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) and the Museo Nacional del Prado (Madrid)
  5. Montserrat Claveria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Porphyry Obelisk . A Roman Monument of Constantinople
  6. George Pinkerton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pigments and Paintings on Marble Encaustic Painting on Marble Statuary . Hard (or not so Hard) Evidence from the Group of Boston 00 .348 Column Krater (MMA 50 .11 .
  7. Patricia A. Butz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reflections on Marble, Copies and Paint Agneta Freccero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 On the tomb, see Hoskins Walbank -Walbank 2015. 48 ILGR 82; AE 1977, 780.
  8. 49 Corinth 8, 1, no. 131: Τυρανία Σωσίπατρα / Πτολεμαίω χαίρειν.
  9. 50 Parallels from Beroia can be found in Allamani-Souri 2008, 293 f. cat. 5. 7. In Corinth 9, no. 262, the stele is dated to the 2 nd cent. AD, probably after the inscription.
  10. 51 Corinth 8, 1, no. 85 = SEG 2, 52: Ἡρώδης / ἐνθάδε / περιεπάτει. On this herm, see also Corinth 9, no. 169; Calandra -Gorrini -Saporiti 2016.
  11. See RE III 2 (1899) 2678 s. v. Ti. Claudius Atticus (E. Groag).
  12. Hirt 2010, 89; Pensabene 2013, 268. On the Herodes' projects in Corinth, see Pausanias in his »Description of Greece« (Paus. 2, 1, 17).
  13. Corinth 8, 1, no. 86; Corinth 8, 3, no. 128: »This is a statue of Regilla. An artist carved the figure which has translat- ed all her prudent moderation into stone. It was given by great Herodes Atticus, pre-eminent above others, who had attained the peak of every kind of excellence, whom she took as her husband, Herodes famous among Hellenes and furthermore a son (of Greece) greater than them all, the flower of Achaia. O Regilla, the City Council, as if hailing you Tyche, has set up the marble statue before Tyche's sanctuary.« (Translation: J. H. Kent).
  14. Calandra -Gorrini -Saporiti 2016, 616.
  15. 57 See also Calandra -Gorrini -Saporiti 2016, 618.
  16. Corinth 8, 1, nos. 81-83 (PM-KOR-34);
  17. Corinth 8, 3, nos. 138-143 in Greek; Corinth 8, 2, nos. 71-72 in Latin. This Cornelius Pulcher is not to be confused with another agonothetes of the Isthmian games in AD 41 (IG IV 795), who has been identified by M. Kajava in a fragmentary inscription from Corinth (Corinth 8, 3, no. 153), see Kajava 2002. 59 On Cn. Cornelius Pulcher, see PIR² C 1424.
  18. 60 Corinth 8, 1, no. 80 = IG IV 1600: Γν(αῖον) Κορνήλιον Τιβ(ερίου) Κορνηλίου Πούλχρου υἱὸν Φαβία Ποῦ[λ]/χρον στρατηγὸν / τῆς πόλεως Κορινθίων πενταετηρικόν, ἀγωνοθέτην Καισα̣ ρείων Ἰσθμίων, ἀρχιερ[έα] / τῆς Ἑλλάδος καὶ ἑλλαδάρχην ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν συ[νεδ]ρίου διὰ βίου, Ἠπείρου / ἐπίτροπον, Αἰγύπτου καὶ Ἀλεξανδρείας δικαιοδότην, ἄρχον[τα τοῦ] Πανελληνίου καὶ ἱερέα / Ἁδριανοῦ Πανελληνίου, ἄλλας τε μεγάλας δωρεὰς ἐπιδόντα καὶ τὴν ἀτέ[λειαν] τῇ πόλει παρασχόντα̣ / Καλπουρνία Φροντεῖνα ἡ ἀδελ[φή].
  19. 61 See Engels 1990, 68 f. on the hypothesis that both Cn. Babbius Philinus and Cn. Cornelius Pulcher migrated to Corinth; more recently see Oppen -Chang 2024.
  20. 62 Corinth 8, 1, no. 83 = IG IV 1601: Γν(αῖον) Κορνήλιον Ποῦλχρον / Λ(ούκιος) Γέλλιος Ἰοῦστος.
  21. B. D. Meritt in: Corinth 8, 1, no. 83.
  22. Corinth 8, 3, no. 116: Τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν τὸν / μέγιστον καὶ θειότατον / Αὐτοκράτορα Καίσαρα Γάιον / <Οὐ>ίβιον Τρεβωνιανὸν Γάλλον / Εὐσεβῆ Εὐτυχῆ Σεβαστὸν ἡ πόλις.
  23. Innovation Fund: »Provenance Matters. A Multi-proxy Approach for the Determination of White Marbles in the Roman East« (Project no. ÖAW4009).
  24. Adam-Veleni -Tsangaraki - Chatzinikolaou 2017
  25. P. Adam-Veleni -E. Tsangaraki -K. Chatzinikolaou, Rhaidestos -Thessaloniki. An- tiquities in a Refugee Journey (Thessaloniki 2017).
  26. Al-Bashaireh 2021 K. Al-Bashaireh, Ancient White Marble Trade and its Provenance Determination, JASc Reports 35, 2021, 102777.
  27. Allamani-Souri 2008
  28. V. Allamani-Souri, Επιτύμβιες στήλες και μνημεία από τη Βέροια και την περιοχή της (Thessaloniki 2008).
  29. Amandry 1988 M. Amandry, Le monnayage des duovirs corinthiens (Athens 1988).
  30. Anderson 1967 J. K. Anderson, Temple E Northwest, Preliminary Report, 1965, Hesperia 36, 1967, 1-12. Anelavi et al. 2025 V. Anevlavi -W. Prochaska -A. S. Ruhland -C. Cenati, Tracing Material Origins. Provenance Studies of White Marble in Roman Temple E of Ancient Corinth Us- ing Archaeometric and Geoarchaeological Methods, Minerals 2025, 15, 37, DOI: 10.3390/min15010037
  31. Athanasopoulos 2020 P. Athanasopoulos, Inde i en middelhavshavn. Lechaions havneanlaeg i Korinth, SFINX 32, 2, 2020, 50-55.
  32. Athanasopoulos 2024 P. Athanasopoulos, Αρχαίο Λιμάνι Λεχαίου. Χρήση ξύλου στην κατασκευή λιμενικών έργων κατά την Ύστερη Αρχαιότητα, in: M. Xanthopoulou -E. Yiannouli -E. Zimi - E. Banou -C. Papadopoulou (eds.), Archaeological Work in the Peloponnese (AWOP3). Proceedings of the Third Scientific Meeting, Kalamata, 2-5 June 2021 (Kalamata 2024) 811-819.
  33. Athanasopoulos et al. 2023 P. Athanasopoulos -B. Loven -D. Kourkoumelis -P. Micha, The Lechaion Harbour Project (2013-2018). Excavations at the Harbour of Lechaion in Corinth Greece, in: M. Urteaga -A. Pizzo, ENTRE MARES. Emplazamiento, infraestructuras y organi- zación de los puertos romanos (Rome 2023) 603-614.
  34. Athanasopoulos et al. (forthcoming) P. Athanasopoulos -K. Vafeiadou -D. Kourkoumelis -B. Loven -P. Micha, Excava- tions at the Ancient Harbour of Lechaion in Corinth, Greece. Concurrent Challenges and Altering Perspectives, in: Proceedings of I Congreso Internacional Tierra y Mar. Organización y ocupación del paisaje del sureste peninsular durante el mundo antig- uo-medieval y su contexto Mediterráneo (forthcoming).
  35. Attanasio -Brilli - Bruno 2008
  36. D. Attanasio -M. Brilli -M. Bruno, The Properties and Identification of Marble from Proconnesos (Marmara Island, Turkey). A New Database Including Isotopic, EPR and Petrographic Data, Archaeometry 50, 5, 2008, 747-774, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475- 4754.2007.00364.x Attanasio -Brilli - Ogle 2006 D. Attanasio -M. Brilli -N. Ogle, The Isotopic Signature of Classical Marbles (Rome 2006).
  37. Calandra -Gorrini - Saporiti 2016
  38. E. Calandra -M. E. Gorrini -M. Saporiti, Da Adriano a Erode Attico. Exempla a Corinto, in: F. Longo -R. Di Cesare -S. Privitera (eds.), Dromoi. Studi sul mondo antico offerti a Emanuele Greco dagli Allievi della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene (Paestum 2016) 611-636.
  39. Camia -Kantirea 2010 F. Camia -M. Kantirea, The Imperial Cult in the Peloponnese, in: A. D. Rizakis - C. Lepenioti (eds.), Roman Peloponnese III. Society, Economy and Culture under the Roman Empire. Continuity and Innovation, Meletemata 63 (Athens 2010) 375-406.
  40. Corinth 1, 2 R. Stillwell -R. L. Scranton -S. E. Freeman, Architecture, Corinth 1, 2 (Cambridge, MA 1941). Corinth 1, 3 R. L. Scranton, Monuments in the Lower Agora and North of the Archaic Temple Corinth 1, 3 (Princeton, NJ 1951).
  41. Corinth 1, 5 S. S. Weinberg, The Southeast Building, the Twin Basilicas, the Mosaic House, Corinth 1, 5 (Princeton, NJ 1960).
  42. Corinth 8, 1 B. D. Meritt, Greek Inscriptions 1896-1927, Corinth 8, 1 (Cambridge, MA 1931).
  43. Corinth 8, 2 A. B. West, Latin Inscriptions 1896-1926, Corinth 8, 2 (Cambridge, MA 1931).
  44. Corinth 8, 3 J. H. Kent, The Inscriptions 1926-1950, Corinth 8, 3 (Princeton, NJ 1966).
  45. Corinth 9 F. P. Johnson, Sculpture 1896-1923, Corinth 9 (Cambridge, MA 1931).
  46. Corinth 9, 3
  47. M. C. Sturgeon, Sculpture. The Assemblage from the Theater, Corinth 9, 3 (Prince- ton, NJ 2004).
  48. D'Hautcourt 2001 A. D'Hautcourt, Corinthe. Financement d'une colonisation et d'une reconstruction, in: J.-Y. Marc -J.-C. Moretti (eds.), Constructions publiques et programmes édili- taires en Grèce entre le II e siècle av. J.-C. et le I er a J. C. (Paris 2001) 427-438.
  49. Dean 1919 L. R. Dean, Latin Inscriptions from Corinth, AJA 23, 1919, 163-166.
  50. Dean 1922 L. R. Dean, Latin Inscriptions from Corinth III, AJA 26, 1922, 451-476.
  51. de Grazia Vanderpool 2018 C. de Grazia Vanderpool, Julius Caesar and Divus Iulius in Corinth. Man, Memory, and Cult, in: V. Di Napoli -F. Camia -V. Evangelidis -D. Grigoropoulos -D. Rogers - S. Vlizos (eds.), What's New in Roman Greece? Recent Work on the Greek Mainland and the Islands in the Roman Period (Athens 2018) 369-378.
  52. Engels 1990 D. W. Engels, Roman Corinth. An Alternative Model for the Classical City (Chicago 1990). Friesen et al. 2010 S. J. Friesen -D. N. Schowalter -J. C. Walters, Corinth in Context. Comparative Studies on Religion and Society (Leiden 2010).
  53. Friesen et al. 2014
  54. S. J. Friesen -S. A. James -D. N. Schowalter (eds.), Corinth in Contrast. Studies in Inequality (Leiden 2014).
  55. Gebhard -Dickie 2003
  56. E. R. Gebhard -M. W. Dickie, The View from the Isthmus, ca. 200 to 44 B.C., in: C. K. Williams II -N. Bookidis (eds.), Corinth. The Centenary, 1896-1996 (Athens 2003) 261-278.
  57. Güngör 2018 A. Güngör, Lechaion. Fünf Jahre Hafenforschung und Unterwasserarchäologie, AW 49, 2018, 39-44.
  58. Hawthorne 1965 J. G. Hawthorne, Cenchreae. Port of Corinth, Archaeology 18, 1965, 191-200.
  59. Hoskins Walbank - Walbank 2015
  60. M. E. Hoskins Walbank -M. B. Walbank, A Roman Corinthian Family Tomb and Its Afterlife, Hesperia 84, 1, 2015, 149-206.
  61. Hirt 2010 A. M. Hirt, Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World. Organizational Aspects 27 BC -AD 235 (Oxford 2010).
  62. Kajava 2002 M. Kajava, When Did the Isthmian Games Return to the Isthmus?, ClPhil 97, 2, 2002, 168-178.
  63. Kokkorou-Aleura et al. 2006 G. Kokkorou-Aleura -Ε. Poupaki -Α. Eustathopoulos -Κ. Kopanias -Α. Chatzikon- stantinou, Τα αρχαία λατομεία της Προκοννήσου στην Προποντίδα, Αρχαιογνωσία 13, 2006, 155-196.
  64. Korres 1994 Μ. Korres, Από την Πεντέλη στον Παρθενώνα (Athens 1994).
  65. Kubitschek 1889 W. Kubitschek, Imperium romanum tributim discriptum (Vienna 1889).
  66. Loven et al. 2018 B. Loven -D. Kourkoumelis -P. Micha -P. Athanasopoulos, Lechaion Harbour Project 2013-2014, in: A. Simosi (ed.), Βουτιά στα Περασμένα. Η υποβρύχια αρχαιολογική έρευνα 1974-2014 (Athens 2018) 85-90.
  67. Maniatis et al. 2021 Y. Maniatis -D. Tambakopoulos -L. Lazzarini -M. C. Sturgeon, Provenance Inves- tigation of Three Marble Relief Sculptures from Ancient Corinth. New Evidence for the Circulation of the White Marble from Mani, Archaeometry 63, 4, 2021, 685-704.
  68. Miller 1992 M. C. J. Miller, Inscriptiones Atticae. Supplementum inscriptionum Atticarum 6 (Chicago 1992).
  69. Millis 2010 B. W. Millis, The Social and Ethnic Origins of the Colonists in Early Roman Corinth, in: S. J. Friesen -D. N. Schowalter -J. C. Walters (eds.), Corinth in Context. Com- parative Studies on Religion and Society (Leiden 2010) 13-35.
  70. Nastasi 2024 L. Nastasi, Greek and Latin in Roman Corinth. Language Use and Language Contact (PhD Thesis, University of Manchester 2024).
  71. Nuorluoto 2023 T. Nuorluoto, Latin Female Cognomina. A Study of the Personal Names of Roman Women (Helsinki 2023).
  72. Oppen -Chang 2024 S. Oppen -T. Chang, Beyond the Duumvirate. Freedmen, Local Civic Offices, and Social Status in Roman Corinth, The Journal of Epigraphic Studies 7, 2024, 279-311.
  73. Orlandos 1958 Α. Orlandos, Τα υλικά δομής των αρχαίων Ελλήνων. Τα μέταλλα, το ελεφαντοστούν, τα κονιάματα και οι λίθοι, Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 37, 2 (Athens 1958).
  74. Pettegrew 2016 D. K. Pettegrew, The Isthmus of Corinth. Crossroads of the Mediterranean World (Ann Arbor, MI 2016).
  75. Piérart 2021 M. Piérart, Des ornamenta agonothetica aux honneurs de Persée et d'Héraclès. A pro- pos des rapports entre Corinthe et Argos, in: K. Balbuza -M. Duch -Z. Kaczmarek - K. Królczyk -A. Tatarkiewicz (eds.), ANTIQUITAS AETERNA. Classical Studies Dedicated to Leszek Mrozewicz (Wiesbaden 2021) 315-327.
  76. Prochaska -Attanasio 2021 W. Prochaska -D. Attanasio, The Challenge of a Successful Discrimination of An- cient Marbles (Part I). A Databank for the Marbles from Paros, Prokonnesos, Herak- lea/Miletos and Thasos, JASc Reports 35, 2021, 102676.
  77. Prochaska et al. 2017 W. Prochaska -S. Ladstätter -G. Ambros -F. Mitthof, Material-specific Investi- gation and Marble-Provenance Analysis of Inscription Plaques in the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates/Cyprus, ÖJh 86, 2017, 199-219.
  78. Rizakis 1995
  79. A. D. Rizakis, Achaïe I. Sources textuelles et histoire regionale, Μελετήματα 20 (Athens 1995).
  80. Rizakis -Zoumbaki - Kantirea 2001
  81. A. D. Rizakis -S. Zoumbaki -M. Kantirea, Roman Peloponnese I. Roman Personal Names in their Social Context (Achaia, Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia and Eleia) (Ath- ens 2001). Rothaus 1995 R. Rothaus, Lechaion, Western Port of Corinth. A Preliminary Archaeology and His- tory, OxfJA 14, 3, 1995, 293-306.
  82. Rothaus 2000 R. M. Rothaus, Corinth. The First City of Greece. An Urban History of Late Antique Cult and Religion (Leiden 2000).
  83. Scranton -Shaw - Ibrahim 1978
  84. R. L. Scranton -J. W. Shaw -L. Ibrahim, Kenchreai. Eastern Port of Corinth 1 (Lei- den 1978). Schowalter -Friesen 2005
  85. D. N. Schowalter -S. J. Friesen (eds.), Urban Religion in Roman Corinth. Interdisci- plinary Approaches (Cambridge, MA 2005).
  86. Spaeth 2011 B. S. Spaeth, Imperial Cult in Roman Corinth. A Response to Karl Galinsky's »The Cult of the Roman Emperor: Uniter or Divider?«, in: J. Brodd -J. L. Reed (eds.), Rome and Religion. A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult (Atlanta 2011) 61-82.
  87. Spawforth 1996 A. J. S. Spawforth, Roman Corinth. The Formation of a Colonial Elite, in: A. D. Rizakis (ed.), Roman Onomastics in the Greek East. Social and Political Aspects. Proceedings of the International Colloquium Organized by the Finnish Institute and the Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, Athens 7-9 September 1993 (Athens 1996) 167-182.
  88. Torelli 2001 M. Torelli, Pausania a Corinto. Un intellettuale Greco del secondo secolo e la propa- ganda imperiale romana, in: D. Knoepfler -M. Pierart (eds.), Editer, traduire, com- menter Pausanias en l'an 2000. Actes du colloque de Neuchâtel et de Fribourg, 18-22 septembre 1998 (Geneva 2001) 135-185.
  89. Walbank 1989 M. Walbank, Pausanias, Octavia, and Temple E at Corinth, BSA 84, 1989, 361-394.
  90. White 2005 M. L. White, Favorinus's ›Corinthian Oration‹. A Piqued Panorama of the Hadrianic Forum, in: D. N. Schowalter -S. J. Friesen (eds.), Urban Religion in Roman Corinth (Cambridge, MA 2005) 61-110.
  91. Williams 1989 C. K. Williams II, A Re-evaluation of Temple E and the West End of the Forum at Corinth, in: S. Walker -A. Cameron (eds.), The Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire, BICS Suppl. 55 (London 1989) 156-162.
  92. Williams 1993 C. K. Williams II, Roman Corinth as a Commercial Center, in: T. E. Gregory (ed.), The Corinthia in the Roman Period, JRA Suppl. 8 (Ann Arbor, MI 1993) 31-46.
  93. William -Zervos 1960
  94. C. K. Williams II -O. H. Zervos, Excavations at Corinth, 1989. The Temenos of Temple E, Hesperia 59, 1960, 325-369.
  95. Wiseman 1979 J. Wiseman, Corinth and Rome I. 228 B.C. -A.D. 267, in: ANRW II 17, 1 (Berlin 1979) 438-548.
  96. Chiara Cenati Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy, University of Vienna Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria [e] chiara.cenati@univie.ac.at Vasiliki Anevlavi Walter Prochaska Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences Dominikanerbastei 16, 1010 Vienna, Austria [e] vasiliki.anevlavi@oeaw.ac.at; walter.prochaska@oeaw.ac.at Laura Nastasi University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK