Rhetorical Theory

In my paper, I analyse the sources of the foreword to the epic poem entitled Kemény János emlékezete (The memory of Kemény János) written by GyönGyösi István (c. 1636/1637-1704), one of the most renowned Hungarian poets in the 17 th century. The epic was first published in 1693; however, only a manuscript called "Nyitrai Ms. " contains the foreword, which addresses the reader. According to previous research on this text, it is one of the most valuable sources of early modern rhetorical and poetic thinking in Hungarian. Building on Tusor Péter's discovery that GyönGyösi studied at the Jesuit gymnasium and university in Nagyszombat (Tyrnavia, today Trnava SK), I argue that he used textbooks taught in the Jesuit gymnasia, particularly in the highest grammatical class, to develop his theory of writing poetry in Hungarian. Most of the definitions and examples in the text originate from Manoel Álvares's Institutionum grammaticarum (primarily the third book), and I also assume the influence of Cypriano soarez's and Jacobus PonTanus's textbooks.

Denne opgave undersøger udsagnet ”litteratur kan forandre liv” gennem en kvalitativ analyse af tidligere anbragte børns retrospektive fortællinger om litteraturlæsning i barndommen. Med udgangspunkt i Friedrich Schillers æstetiske teori og Donald D. Winnicotts begreber om overgangsobjekt og det potentielle rum opstilles en tese om, at mødet med litteratur kan forstås som en form for æstetisk leg, hvor fortællingen fungerer som et overgangsobjekt mellem det indre følelsesliv og ydre handlingsliv. Ved hjælp af deduktiv kodning af blogindlæg og interviews fra NGO’en Læs for livet identificeres tre analytiske kategorier: litterær genkendelse, litteratur som overgangsobjekt og oplevelsen af handlingspotentiale. Analysen viser, at litteraturen for de tidligere anbragte læsere primært opleves som et trygt og meningsfuldt rum, der muliggør følelsesmæssig bearbejdning og refleksion over egne livsvilkår. Samtidig peger udsagnene på, at litteraturlæsningen kan skabe en oplevelse af agency og forandringsmulighed. Resultaterne understøtter dermed tesen om, at litteraturens æstetiske og emotionelle dimensioner kan have transformerende betydning – særligt for børn i udsatte positioner – og at udsagnet ”litteratur kan forandre liv” har empirisk belæg.

Although the majority of design products display aesthetic
qualities, designers work usually in ways that are rhetorical, that
is, they produce a material artifact to influence diverse publics.
Design thinking and making skills backed up by knowledge and
theories from other disciplines such as the liberal arts and social
sciences will become increasingly important for graphic design
to progress and stay relevant.

This conference – which will take place at the University of Salerno, Italy, 26-28/11/2026 – aims to lay the groundwork for a systematic exploration of Plato’s language, to define the scope of this research, and to identify priority areas and potentially fruitful avenues of inquiry. We invite papers that focus on one or more distinctive aspects of Platonic language, including morphosyntax, vocabulary, rhetorical devices, and stylistic features. We particularly welcome studies that examine the interaction between Platonic language and the linguistic and conceptual frameworks of key strands in Greek literary production (e.g. historiography, epic poetry, medicine, drama). Additionally, contributions on the reception of Platonic language in Greek and Latin literature, as well as its broader influence from antiquity through the Renaissance, are highly encouraged. The following questions represent some of the key issues that papers might address, and contributions that span multiple categories are especially welcome:

• How do the codes and conceptual frameworks of epic-didactic poetry, hymnic poetry, lyric poetry, and drama manifest in Plato’s language?

• In what ways does the relationship between Platonic prose and the prose of historiography, medicine, and the technai manifest from a morphosyntactic and lexical perspective?
• To what extent do colloquialisms in Platonic dialogues reflect the spoken language of Plato’s time, and to what extent are they a result of Platonic literary manipulation?
• In the literary reception of Plato, which elements of his language most captured the interest of Greek and Roman authors? Did these authors believe it was possible to reproduce Platonic language? Papers might explore how later writers engaged with and attempted to emulate the distinctive features of Plato’s language.
• During the Humanist and Renaissance periods, how and to what extent was the rediscovery of the Platonic corpus driven by an interest in Plato’s language? How much of Platonic language can be traced in Humanistic and Renaissance Greek?
These questions are intended to guide, but not limit, the scope of contributions. Papers that address multiple aspects or offer comparative analyses across different genres and periods are particularly encouraged, as they can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity and enduring impact of Platonic language.

Rachel Brill Ezekiel, my great-grandmother, was a lifelong women’s rights worker who entered the suffrage movement when it was small and continued for decades as it ballooned to millions of members. She then worked for several offshoots of the movement and for the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). She occupied prominent positions, includ-ing setting up and running the Washington D.C. headquarters of the Na-tional American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and coordinat-ing their massive national petition campaign. Yet she remains invisible in historical accounts.

Bibliography Numbers in bold refer to U. HAGEDORN -D. HAGEDORN -L.C. YOUTIE -H.C. YOUTIE (edd.), Das Archiv des Petaus (Pap.Colon. IV), Opladen, 1969. Description The archive of Petaus is dispersed between the library of the University of Michigan, which purchased 27 papyri through professor C. Schmidt in 1937 (inv. numbers 6869-6895), and the Institute of Papyrology at Cologne (inv. numbers 300-409). In a few cases, several pieces of the same document are kept in both collections. Between AD 184 and 187, Petaus, son of Petaus, was village scribe (komogrammateus) of Ptolemais Hormou and its surrounding villages. Little is known of his personal life. The only facts the papyri reveal is that he had a father also named Petaus and a brother Theon, and that the family came from Karanis 1 .

In this paper, I use the concept of metanoia-the transformative power of regret felt upon missing a unique opportunity-to problematize how we think about the concept of the future. I revisit the works of Matilde Landeta, regarded as Mexico's first feminist filmmaker and remembered for writing, producing, and directing three movies: Lola Casanova (1948), La Negra Angustias (1950), and Trotacalles (1951). Landeta's films invite us to consider those marginalized groups left out of how we historicize the Mexican Revolution and to imagine the society we would like to build thereafter. Her diagnosis is pessimistic, insinuating that the Mexican Revolution served Mestizo men more than any other group, and that we have yet to accomplish what we set out to do. Here, I consider how we might find lessons in our revolutionary and postrevolutionary past to make it through the dehumanizing present.

CRISPR-Cas9's potential to reconfigure the neurogenomic underpinnings of mental health disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD, heralds a biochemical revolution in psychic pathology, yet it unfolds amid profound cultural conflicts and aspirations for integration. This descriptive study explores how post-2000 speculative fiction and autobiographical narratives rearticulate CRISPR's biochemical interventions, navigating the ontological uncertainties of psychic identity and bioethical dilemmas surrounding autonomy, neurodiversity, and stigma. Speculative texts like Annalee Newitz's Autonomous imagine dystopian futures where genetic editing reshapes cognition under clashing corporate and individual values, while Elyn Saks's The Center Cannot Hold and William Styron's Darkness Visible narrate lived experiences of schizophrenia and depression, confronting Western biomedical stigma and advocating integrative, neurodiverse perspectives. Through close readings, this article examines how these literary epistemes employ narrative

These exercises are based on R. Meynet’s Treatise on Biblical Rhetoric. The Treatise is a kind of grammar, and everyone knows that you cannot learn a language by reading or even memorising its rules of grammar: one must learn by practising them patiently, and this requires much exercise. Many people are interested in biblical rhetorical analysis for its results in better understanding biblical texts; however, some are not content with that and would like to use the methodology themselves.
Like any profession, a serious apprenticeship is necessary. The ideal would be to train under the guidance of a competent master who can follow the students’ work, advise them and correct them when necessary. This book is intended as a guide, like a master.
They begin with a series of exercises, organised on two levels: that of the passage (or ‘pericope’), then that of the ‘sequence’ or structured group of passages. The text to be analysed is given in the original language alongside a very literal translation; some advice follows, especially to read and study a given part of the Treatise which will be essential for the exercise in question; finally, a whole series of questions is provided to enable the learners, if they so wish, to find out for themselves how the text is composed.
The second part contains the “answer” to the exercises. The path suggested by the questions in the exercises is followed step by step. These answers enable learners to check their own work.
This book of Exercises is not a book to be read, but a book to be written. To be satisfied—as one might be tempted to do—with reading the answer, before having done the exercise, would serve little purpose for those who do not wish to simply accumulate knowledge, but to learn how to work which is not—at all—the same thing.
This second edition has not only corrected the errors, but also replaced some of the exercises with new ones that are more appropriate. In addition, the colours should help to enhance learning.

The fruit of a long history dating back at least more than three hundred years and, on the part of its author, of some fifty years of research and analysis of texts of both the Old and New Testaments, this work sets out to present systematically and in depth the principles of biblical rhetoric.
Belonging to the cultural area of the Semitic world, biblical rhetoric differs from Greco-Latin rhetoric, of which the modern West is the direct heir. However, it applies not only to texts written in Hebrew or Aramaic, but also to the Greek books of the Old and New Testaments. Knowledge of the laws of this specific rhetoric is essential for a better understanding of the biblical writings.
The Treatise is divided into three parts: Composition, Context and Interpretation. The first part sets out the relationships between all the linguistic elements used to construct texts, followed by the successive levels of their organisation, afterwards the figures of composition and finally the rules of rewriting.
The part devoted to context looks first at intratext, and even more importantly at intertextual relationships, before examining the function of the centre of concentric compositions and proposing rules for rewriting synoptic texts.
The third part first shows the usefulness of biblical rhetoric for establishing the text, its translation, its divisions and its punctuation. A presentation of the five hermeneutical rules for interpreting texts based on their composition follows. Next comes the role of intertextuality, which is often decisive in shedding light on these texts. The section concludes with a reflection on the gift of interpretation.
The first chapter traces the “history” of the discovery of biblical rhetoric. It is indeed indispensable to know the authors of the research and discoveries we have inherited.
This work is a grammar; it is accompanied by the book Exercises of Biblical Rhetorical Analysis, which provides practical exercises for anyone who desires to learn the craft.

ntroduction

Speech act theory is among the theories that have played a role in the development and expansion of critical discourse analysis (CDA). Andrew Goatly, a discourse theorist, added a new aspect to CDA. His approach consists of a set of metaphorical and ironic concepts that reveal hidden behavioral and verbal ideologies. Goatly refers to this collection as “critical metaphor analysis”. His view shows the significance of metaphorical patterns in linguistic contexts for shaping specific social ideologies and practices.
Ideologies are viewed as shared representations among the members of a specific group of people. One of the key factors in social manifestations is the dominant group’s pursuit of symbolic and material interests. Here, using hidden methods, those in power manipulate minds to create consensus on a social order that benefits them. Goatly believes that the hidden methods are ideologies embedded in behaviors, speech, and thoughts. He further suggests that ideologies shape thoughts, and thoughts lay the foundation for speech acts.
Metaphorical concepts -and, consequently, ironic symbols- are present in such actions. Since metaphorical concepts are inclusive terms, many fundamental aspects of conceptual metaphors can be linked to ironies that illustrate cause-and-effect relationships, actions, and social situations. Regarding the connection between metaphors and ironies and the way hidden ideologies are represented, Goatly presents a set of multi-faceted components aimed at evaluating oppositions and diversification. Within each one of these concepts, metaphorical patterns appear to different degrees in competition, profit-seeking, dominance, and advancement, as represented in linguistic expressions, verbal manifestations, and cognitive and emotional conceptualizations.


Materials and Methods

The importance of this study lies in examining the correspondence between the three components proposed by Goatly and the content of Shahad Al-Rawi’s novel The Baghdad Clock (2018). In this novel, the main characters -i.e., the third-person narrator, Nadia, and Bida- create an unconventional linguistic and verbal texture of the novel when interacting with other characters.
The novelist has succeeded in showing his dreams, memories, and illusions alongside reality, making the content highly engaging through a continuous chain of events. This sequence, combined with memories and the narrator’s lived realities of society, reflects the use of magical realism elements. Furthermore, the narrative becomes meaningful when combined with magical realism at various narrative and literary levels, including metaphor and irony.
The use of ironic and metaphorical concepts and colloquial expressions imbues the novel with a unique atmosphere. This results in the visualization of the characters’ real thoughts in clarifying or changing the existing situation, and recommending specific social behaviors and concepts.
The central assumption of this study is that Goatly’s linguistic framework can be used to analyze how hidden behavioral ideologies are represented in the metaphorical and ironic elements of The Baghdad Clock.


Results and Discussion

The primary focus of this study is the comparison and analysis of the role of metaphorical and ironic structures in representing hidden behavioral and verbal ideologies in Shahad Al-Rawi’s Novel The Baghdad Clock, using Andrew Goatly’s speech act theory.
According to findings, Goatly’s approach emphasizes the importance of speech act theory in linguistic and cognitive studies, particularly in the examination of concrete concepts and realities. In this study, the relative influence of various changes, including cultural and cognitive shifts, is to some extent dependent on or reinforced by metaphorical and ironic elements. That is, Goatly’s theory explores the ideologies embedded in metaphorical and ironic themes. In such an investigation, multifaceted perspectives, the evaluation of oppositions, and diversification of viewpoints are key components.
A dialogue-oriented novel, The Baghdad Clock narrates the thoughts of its characters, whose actions and behaviors gain meaning through the language and reflections of the narrator.  In fact, one can understand everything by looking at the realities and speech acts. Within the discourse of The Baghdad Clock, the narrator freely expresses his thoughts and ideologies, imposing his hidden desires and beliefs through dialogue and narrative, often adapting to the audience’s expectations.
A notable feature of this novel is its extensive cast of characters, each with their specific behaviors and ideologies, as well as its rich use of metaphorical and ironic elements.  Here, the narrator employs rhetorical foundations to depict the characters’ attitudes. In this sense, the writer’s behavior can be considered as a set of actions of all characters. It is noteworthy that the novel consists of ideological and perceptual struggles among its various characters.
One of the most explored aspects of the novel pertains to its complex and multifaceted relationships. The significance of this study lies in its analysis of the use of slang, as well as its cognitive, emotional, and cultural dimensions. The discursive context of the novel embraces diverse events from the final years of the dictatorship to the Iraq War. Over time, communications consist of slang and emotional terms, among other linguistic features.


Conclusion

The descriptive-analytical examination of Goatly’s linguistic elements, as manifested in the role of metaphorical and ironic structures in representing hidden behavioral and verbal ideologies of Shahad Al-Rawi’s novel The Baghdad Clock (2018), holds significant importance. The story is narrated in such a way that the protagonist, through interactions with other complementary characters, reflects the socio-cultural and economic conditions of his society using unusual linguistic and verbal structures shaped by metaphorical and ironic expressions.
These discourse structures, which are imposed by the dominant power and its enforcing behavior, manifest the hidden ideologies of various actors. The results showed the ability of correspondence between Goatly’s linguistic elements with the novel’s content. This alignment demonstrates itself in different social contexts and linguistic interactions within verbal communication.

Preface Disinformation, a complex and pervasive problem in our mediated society, is more than a matter of false facts. It is a phenomenon that disrupts the very fabric of our shared reality. To understand this, it is helpful to revisit the philosophical debates of the past. In this essay, Disinformation, Symbolic Forms, and the Davos Debate, I argue that the ideas of Ernst Cassirer and Susanne K. Langer are essential for understanding today's disinformation crisis, and that their work complements the outcomes of the historical Davos debate. In the current political context, disinformation functions as an instrument of power. It is deployed by political elites and technological giants to steer public opinion, undermine trust in traditional institutions, and create an atmosphere of confusion and polarization. Social media platforms, whose algorithms tend to amplify extreme and sensational content, reinforce this dynamic. Reality is no longer shared but fragmented into competing, mutually exclusive narratives. The symbolic forms that allow us to transcend our individual experiences and construct a common world are hijacked to divide us. This is a direct consequence of the dominance of tech elites, who control the infrastructure of our communication, and of political actors whose power depends on privileging emotion over reason. Cassirer and Langer compel us to look beyond the question-is this true?‖ and to focus on the deeper question:-what does this do to our understanding of reality?‖ By emphasizing the human being as animal symbolicum, they highlight that our strength lies in our capacity to discern and create symbolic structures that allow us to build a meaningful and shared culture. Combating disinformation, therefore, requires more than fact-checking. It calls for a critical approach to the media and to the symbolic systems that surround us. It calls for the development of new ways of thinking and communicating that restore the broken connection between facts, values, and culture. Only by understanding the symbolic forms through which we give meaning to the world can we protect ourselves against those who misuse them for their own ends.

در دنیای معاصر که همزمان با پیچیدگی‌های تاریخی، فرهنگی و سیاسی همراه است، بازخوانی مفاهیم و ساختارهای هویتی به امری حیاتی بدل شده است. یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌ها، مواجهه با میراث اورینتالیسم است؛ رویکردی که از قرن نوزدهم به بعد، غرب را به عنوان مرکز و «شرق» را به عنوان دیگری منفعل و دگر تعریف کرده است. نقد ادیبانه ادوارد سعید به این نگاه، فصل نوینی در مطالعات فرهنگی و پسامدرن گشود و زمینه را برای پرداختن به ابعاد پیچیده‌تر و چندلایه‌تر «شرق» فراهم آورد. اما این نقد به تنهایی پایان راه نبود؛ بلکه آغاز مرحله‌ای جدید شد که در آن باید از پساسایه اورینتالیسم گذر کرد و به شکل چندصدایی و پارادوکسیکال، هویت و تاریخ شرق را بازاندیشی کرد.

This study examines how selected place names, animal figures, and natural elements are used rhetorically in the Qurʾān and pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. It explores the rhetorical strategies associated with these elements, their frequency in pre-Islamic poetry, and their transformation within Qurʾānic discourse. Particular attention is given to how the Qurʾān reinterprets such figures, whether it assigns them new semantic layers, and what depth of meaning these usages convey. The study focuses on the Qurʾān and the Mu’allaqāt—the most prominent collection of pre-Islamic odes—and identifies semantic differences rooted in rhetorical style between the two traditions. While the Qurʾān employs a metaphor- and simile-rich narrative style, pre-Islamic poetry tends toward a direct, descriptive mode of expression. The symbolic function of landscape, animal, and cosmic imagery is analyzed in this context. Pre-Islamic poetry typically portrays the world as it is, often grounding meaning in the immediacy of the desert environment. In contrast, the Qurʾān embeds similar elements within a broader metaphysical framework, imbuing them with theological significance. The central aim is to investigate how the Qurʾān engages with and transforms the literary legacy of pre-Islamic poetry, and what rhetorical mechanisms it employs in this process. Thus, the study contributes to understanding the Qurʾān’s rhetorical structure and narrative method considering its linguistic and cultural context.

Prior to her 2008 RNC speech, Sarah Palin was largely associated with small town life in the popular media. Rather than viewing this as a disadvantage, Palin benefitted from this characterization. In her speech, she presents an amorphous definition of small town life. In doing so, she utilized what Charland (1987) calls "constitutive rhetoric." This essay considers how the three ideological effects of constitutive rhetoric, identified by Charland, factored into Palin's speech.

This article is based on various versions of a panel presented at multiple writing centre and writing studies conferences as well as conversations across partners. Our perspectives come from discussions between our four universities before, during, and after an initial global North/global South writing support partnership meeting in the summer of 2018. During that summer, four universities (two in southern Africa and two in North America) partnered to begin a collaborative project of capacity building in the areas of writing centres and writing support across all levels of these universities, offering writing support to undergraduate and graduate students as well as early-career researchers/faculty. In this article, we share some of our ongoing concerns and considerations for ensuring this partnership moves forward in a collaborative, egalitarian, decolonial way that avoids both Western colonial and neo-colonial approaches to capacity building and program development. Reflections in...

Los "ímpetus ortodoxos" que se observan en la época paleocristiana pueden comprenderse como reacciones ante una diversidad que fue concebida como inestabilidad y como crisis. Escandalizada por dicha diversidad, la iglesia apostólica procuró proscribirla y anularla, en un proceso de 'invenire': encontrarse con e inventar al mismo tiempo. La 'inventio' es el resultado de tal acción. Para observar estas 'inventiones' de crisis me baso en tres momentos y conjuntos textuales clave: las epístolas paulinas (de entre los años 49 y 60), las cartas pastorales recogidas en el Nuevo Testamento (redactadas en algún punto entre los años 95 a 110) y finalmente la obra heresiológica de Ireneo de Lyon (del año ca. 180).

مستخلص الدراسة:
تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوع الجمارك المصرية خلال القرن التاسع عشر والعشرين الميلاديين، حيث تعتبر الجمارك أحد أنواع الضرائب غير المباشرة التي تحصلها الدولة على البضائع التي تعبر حدودها السياسية ، سواء كانت واردة إليها من الدول الأخرى أو صادرة منها لهذه الدول، أو مجرد عابرة على أراضيها من دولة إلى أخرى، وتتناول الدراسة  استعراض تاريخي للنظام الجمركي قبيل عصر محمد علي، وأثناءه، وبعده حتى تصل إلى مستهل القرن العشرين الميلادي، كما تقدم الدراسة تحليلاً ووصفاً أرشيفياً للوحدتين الأرشيفيتين المحفوظتين بدار الوثائق القومية والتي تنتمي إحداهما لديوان عموم الجمارك ، والثانية لمصلحة الجمارك المصرية في القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين الميلاديين.

Ancient epic, widely recognised as "the master-genre of the ancient world", as J.M. Foley (A companion to Ancient epic, 2005, introduction) points out, provides the common ground for a variety of contributions which together draw on the full scope and range of methodologies characteristic of literary and linguistic approaches to this topic. In terms of the organisation of the essays, those of a directly literary nature have been placed first in the volume. Of these, studies with a more general orientation precede those with more specific focus, with the latter arranged chronologically. Thus, José Virgilio García Trabazo's "Revolt vs. Dharma: Western and Indian Heroes" opens the volume, given its general, contrastive approach to the figure of the epic hero. Applying a comparative perspective, García Trabazo analyses the contrast between the "political" characterisation of Western epic characters-including both Classical epic and European medieval epic-and Indian epic heroes. In Western "non-constructed" epic traditions, the King and the Hero are rivals, and more often than not are involved in open confrontation: it is this rivalry that configures a space of "political tension", which can even lead to the impugnment of the legitimacy of the monarchy. Clearly, this Western impugnment contrasts with Indian epic, where, despite also being rooted in the Indo-European tradition, no such thing exists. García Trabazo holds that Indian epic ideology was forged at the time of "strategic alliances" between priests and warriors. The main axis of this ideology of supremacy, which guaranteed the dominion of the two superior castes, was the dharma, a concept that unified the "established order" and "justice". This ideolo gical unification prevented the dissociation of the "king" and the "hero" in India, two characters that at least in certain Western contexts came to symbolise the tension between "established power" and "justice". Narrowing down the focus on Greek literature, María José Martín Velasco's "What is Expedient (τὸ Συμφέρον) in the Iliad" is an analysis of several discourses in the Homeric poem. Through these Martín Velasco explores the working of rhetorical principles prior to Aristotle's Revolt vs. Dharma: Western and Indian Heroes 1 José Virgilio García Trabazo 2 Definitions of the epic hero abound in the literature, reflecting many different points of view. This essay will consider the ideological bases that serve to grant epic heroes their particular character, looking at two cultural groups which, despite sharing the same Indo-European origins, are relatively well differentiated: the Indian and Western traditions. 3 With regard to the Western tradition, I have used this vague, generic label to avoid excluding epic traditions other than the classical Graeco-Latin one-the oldest in Europe-such as the Germanic, Celtic and Slavonic traditions. The question of how far the different European medieval epic traditions also merit consideration in such a study will also be addressed, despite the chronological and cultural distance between these and their ancient predecessors.

A ccording to professional correspondence from Harvard, the spring 2024 anti-war and Palestine solidarity protests on campus were "disruptive. " 1 UCLA similarly claimed that their students' encampment was "a focal point for serious violence. " 2 Despite these assertions, independent non-profit Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project analyzed 533 US campus demonstrations from that spring and found that 97 percent were uneventful. 3 Journalist Steven W. Thrasher spent time at four camps and describes these as "beautiful" encounters. CNN examined "the role professors have played in the demonstrations, " a facet of the protests that "received comparatively little attention. " 5 At my own institution's protest-Virginia Commonwealth University-I watched students set up food and medical stations, deliberate, and intermittently chant at a volume slightly higher than the towering, middle-aged white man who, almost every week, projects a monologue about hell outside the library. When it comes to student-driven political activity on college campuses, charged and widespread commentary often clashes with far more banal and contradictory perspectives. One of John McWhorter's New York Times op-eds, for instance, calls the 2024 student protests "a form of abuse." 6 Online comments on this piece display a range of assumptions about US higher education: someone writes that people with humanities and social science degrees graduate "with zero knowledge. " Another person maintains that the protests "are purely performative. " What I hear in these comments and in the broader narrativizing around college students are resonances of truisms that Bradford Vivian's vital book Campus Misinformation: The Real Threat to Free Speech in American Higher Education would categorize as, indeed, misinformation 7 . To Vivian, such truisms coalesce into an farfetched

Translating pasumbingays (comparison tropes) into English places the cultural dimension at the core of the whole construct. Hence, this paper has sought to describe the cultural interface in literary translation by analyzing the typology and anatomy of the translated pasumbingays. The comparison tropes from the Pasumbingay Anthology were coded and analyzed based on the typology (Djamdjuri et al, 2022) and anatomy (Didau, 2022) of metaphors and similes (Qadir & Riloff, 2015). The study reveals that translators have only resorted to minimal typological changes and trope conversions of the pasumbingays in the intercultural translation process to accommodate the inevitable culture differences. Nevertheless, a larger dataset or corpus may be used or developed to verify the present study’s results and make the findings more conclusive.

This article examines the relationship between neological creation and literary creation. The creation of imaginary reality is reinforced by neological creation, which contributes to the consolidation and consistency of the literary reality directly represented by new utterances. The contribution of neological creation to referential construction is analysed in two literary works, Enrique Gaspar's "El anacronópete" Herbert G. Wells' "Time Machine".

Di era media sosial, perdebatan sering berubah menjadi ajang saling serang pribadi. Padahal, sejak ribuan tahun lalu Aristoteles di Yunani dan Al-Farabi di dunia Islam sudah memberikan panduan bagaimana berdebat secara ilmiah. Tujuannya bukan sekadar menang adu argumen, melainkan menemukan kebenaran bersama. 1. Fokus pada Pokok Masalah Aristoteles mengajarkan dalam Organon bahwa dialektika (perdebatan) harus berfokus pada proposisi yang dipersoalkan, bukan pada siapa yang mengatakannya. Demikian pula Al-Farabi dalam Kitab al-Jadal, menegaskan bahwa diskusi intelektual dimaksudkan untuk memahami masalah, bukan menjatuhkan lawan atau orang yang menyampaikan pokok masalah. Prinsipnya jelas: diskusikan pokok masalahnya, bukan orang yang menyampaikannya. Undlur ma qola wa la tandlur man qola (Fokuslah pada materinya. Jangan fokus pada orang yang menyampaikan materi). 2. Hindari Serangan Pribadi Salah satu penyakit debat masa kini adalah logical fallacy argumentum ad hominem, yaitu menyerang pribadi lawan. Bukan menyanggah materinya dan argumennya. Aristoteles membedakan argumen logis dari retorika emosional, sementara Al-Farabi mengingatkan bahwa penghinaan hanya merendahkan martabat ilmu dan martabat pribadi. Artinya, kritiklah isi dan argumennya, bukan merendahkan penyampai pokok masalah. Menyerang atau merendahkan orang yang menyampaikan pokok masalah adalah tanda kerendahan etika. Berdebat ilmiah tidak bisa hanya mengandalkan perasaan atau keyakinan pribadi. Pokoknya begini. Kalau tidak sama dengan pemahaman dan keyakinan subyektif pribadinya harus salah. Aristoteles memperkenalkan dua metode: induksi (menarik kesimpulan umum dari fakta khusus) dan deduksi (menyusun kesimpulan dari premis umum). Al-Farabi menambahkan konsep burhan: argumen yang dibangun di atas premis-premis benar dan bukti sahih. Maka, sanggahan harus berdasarkan data, referensi terpercaya, dan logika yang benar. 4. Jangan Melakukan Red Herring Kesalahan lain yang sering muncul adalah mengalihkan topik ke isu lain yang tidak relevan. Inilah yang disebut logical fallacy ad red herring. Yaitu mengalihkan pokok diskusi ke topik lain yang tidak relevan. Seperti penjahat mengecoh anjing pelacak polisi dengan ikan hering yang baunya menyengat. Aristoteles mengkritik bentuk argumentasi menyesatkan ini sebagai sophistry, sementara Al-Farabi menekankan perlunya disiplin dalam berdebat agar tidak kabur dari masalah inti.

160 Collana diretta da Luca Grecchi Prometeo legato alla colonna con Atlante che regge il cielo, VI secolo a.C. «ıpou gàr 'scùV suzugoüsi kaì díkh, poía xunwrìV tÖnde karterwtéra;». «Infatti, dove forza e giustizia sono allo stesso giogo, quale coppia è più valorosa di questi?».

Master of Arts "Consummation" was the one term about which Kenneth Burke wasn't particularly longwinded-odd considering his claim that it was the apex of his theory of form. Perhaps Burke never explained exactly what consummation was because he himself was never clear on the subject, as he told John Woodcock in an interview toward the end of his career. Burke began conceptualizing his theory of form early on-in his 20s-and published it in his first critical book, Counter-Statement, in 1931. At that time, Burke's theory of form had already taken one evolutionary step-from selfexpression, with the focus on the artist, to communication, with the focus on the psychology of the reader. Communication was to Burke an "arousing and fulfilling of desires." However, by the 60s, Burke introduced us to a new term which he only used a handful of times in his entire corpus: consummation. This paper attempts to define consummation by exploring Burke's theory of form and looking to his correspondences with friends and scholars. It offers two answers: first, consummation is the act of a reader responding to a writer in critical conversation; second, consummation is the ultimate cathartic achievement. Both play an important civic role. Using current science regarding the gut in connection with emotional purgation, this paper treats seriously Burke's essay "The Thinking of the Body (Comments on the Imagery of Catharsis in Literature)" and his ideas regarding the "Demonic Trinity": micturition, defecation, and parturition, explaining Burkean catharsis as it differs from, deepens, and extends Aristotelian catharsis. What can we learn from what Burke meant by consummation? That the symbolic world is much more significant to our survival than we may realize. As the world of scientific motion advanced rapidly during Burke's lifetime, he began to lose hope that symbolic action could keep up with it. We can see how important poetry and the symbolic motive was for him; he seemed to think it was a matter of life and death. This paper explores what it meant for Burke to seek a consummated life, and the implications that held for him and for us. In the end, the paper posits the importance of catharsis to society in terms of war and peace.

Some notes on the book 'Textual Interaction' by Michael Hoey, taken by José Angel García Landa in 2003, with page numbers on the left margin.. With occasional parenthetical comments in Spanish. (Michael Hoey.  Textual Interaction: An Introduction to Written Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge, 2001).

Rhetoric is commonly known as an old discipline for the persuasive usage of language in linguistic communication acts. In this article we examine the concept ‘rhetoric’ from 1. the diachronic perspective of historical linguistics showing that the concept ‘rhetoric’ is linguistically present in various Indo-European roots and exists across several language families and 2. the theoretical perspective towards the concept ‘rhetoric’ with a contemporary defi nition and model in the tradition of rhetorical theory. The historical and systematic approaches allow us to describe the features of the conceptualization of ‘rhetoric’ as the process in theory and empirical language history. The aim of this article is a formal description of the concept ‘rhetoric’ as a result of a theoretical process of this conceptualization, the rhetorization, and the historical documentation of the process of the emergence of the concept ‘rhetoric’ in natural languages. We present as the concept ‘rhetoric’ a spe...

As  it  is  well  known,sociolinguistics  is  based  on  the  idea  that  language  is  a  social  institution  and  an acquired  phenomenon,  established  by  members  of  society  through  mutual  agreement  to  fulfill  their  needs and desires. Ibn Jinni defines language as "sounds through which each group expresses its purposes." One of the  main  reasons  for  the  emergence  of  Arabic  grammar  was  the  social  motivation  of  pride  in  the  Arabic language and the need to preserve it from those who entered Islam, as they required learning Arabic to study and  memorize  the  Qur’an.  Since  this  interaction  had  an  impact  on  the  language,  I  found  it  necessary  to explore  this  interdisciplinary  sociolinguistic  approach  in  the  phenomenon  of  lahn(linguistic  errors).The  study  is  structured  into  an  introduction,  two  main  sections,  a  conclusion,  and  a  bibliography.  The introduction  discusses  the  interdisciplinary  study  within  sociolinguistics.  The  first  section  examines  the impact  of  societies  during  the  Islamic  conquests  on  the  Arabic  language.  The  second  section  addresses the dangers of lahnand its effects on Arabic linguistic norms. The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics; society and its impact on the Arabic language

بسم الله الرحمن الرجيم
بين البديع وعلوم لغوية
ألاويي لقمان أولاتجو.
المقدمة
الحمد لله وكفى، والصلاة والسلام على رسوله المصطفى وعلى عباد الله أهل الوفى. وبعد
فإنه إذا كانت البلاغة قد نشأت في حضانة العلوم القرآنية وكان الدافع الأساسي لانبثاق الدراسات البيانية والفنية  هو خدمة القرآن من زاوية توضيح إعجازه، وبيان أسرار آياته، وكشف الحجاب عن مواطن الروعة والعظمة في أساليبه الفذة.
فمن البديهيات إذن أن يقطع الدارس بوجود العلاقة بين البلاغة وسائر العلوم التي تشترك معها في هذه الخدمة الجليلة المباركة. فقد كان النحو مثلا من المنابع الجوهرية والركيزة الأساسية التي انفجرت منها ينابيع البلاغة، واعتمدت عليها مباحثها عامةً، ومعظم أبواب علم المعاني بصفة خاصة. وقد ردّ عبد القاهر الجرجاني فضل النظم إلى معاني النحو وجعل الموضوعات النحوية مناط مزية الكلام وكنّ جماليات التعبير وسر الإصابة والسداد في أداء وضع الأساليب التعبيرية، وبناء صورها الفنية. ويفسّر هذا الاتجاه سبب اختلاط بعض الموضوعات النحوية بالموضوعات البلاغية مثل الجمل الاسمية والفعلية، وموضوعات الإنشاء بما فيها الأمر والنهي والاستفهام ومثل أدوات الشرط، ومعاني الحروف وغير ذلك من الموضوعات التي توجد في الكتب البلاغية والنحوية معا على اختلاف الاتجاه الدراسي لها.
    ولم يختلف في ذلك موضوع الصرف الذي يعتني بصيغ الكلمات وبيان مجرداتها ومزيداتها في بنيتها وتصرفاتها، ليلتقي مع البلاغة في ساحة معاني تلك الصيغ. فإذا كانت البلاغة ترى بأن الزيادة في المبنى زيادة في المعنى وأنّ البلاغة تقوم بكل جديّةٍ لفحص هذه الصيغ وأسرار معانيها في التعبير، فالعلاقة بين المادتين إذن وثيقة الوشائج إلى حد كبير. فصيغة اسم الفاعل ليست مثل صيغة المبالغة في أداء المعنى وهكذا.
أما علم الأصوات والتجويد كفرع من فروع العلوم اللغوية فلا تقل علاقته بالبلاغة عن علاقة الصرف بالبلاغة نظرًا إلى الوظائف الجليلة التي تؤديها الأصوات في المعاني وما يلمس من المزايا المضمونية في أجراس الألفاظ الصوتية ونغماتها واتساقها التي تنمّ على المضمون قبل إدراكها، والتي تؤدي إلى الائتلاف بين اللفظ والمعنى كما سيأتي التوضيح العملي لذلك لاحقا.
أما الفلسفة فقد اقترنت بالبلاغة منذ فجر نشأتها وكانت ولا تزال الفلسفة والمنطق الفكري تتخلل الفنون البلاغية وتصاحب دراساتها في جميع مراحل تطورها. ويتمثل هذا الموقف في المصطلح الحديث " فلسفة البلاغة1 " التي يعنى بها " تعليل القواعد البلاغية والبحث عن أسرارها وأهدافها وغاياتها وما فيها من قيم جمالية وفنية، وما يمكن أن توصل إليه من أحكام نقدية وفوائد للطرق التعبيرية المتعددة..."2 . ولا تتمكن هذه المواصفات إلا بإعمال الفكر والاستعانة بأساليب المنطق والفلسفة في عملية التعليل. ويكتفي الباحث بهذا ليركز على موضوع البديع الذي يمثل مدار الورقة.

This paper explores how social environment affect students’ performance. It shows the
different problems faced by learners while studying, with the view of supportive environment
which is closely related to positive learning outcomes. The environment where the entire
family lives represents the universe in which the child can make friends. Therefore, family
and educators in general require the necessary insights to change someone’s behaviour. The
purpose of this study is to analyse the socio – educational environment factors upon school
activities. A questionnaire and an interview were used to collect data. The findings of this
research allowed to reach the intended purpose by identifying a correlation between the
social environment and students’ academic performance.

The art of public speaking comes into play in many places. It is important not only in the delivery of speeches and public talks, but also in professional presentations, training events, and motivational speaking. ELT teachers, teacher trainers, lecturers and university professors, all have a reason at times to speak in front of others. A lackluster speaker can make a topic or proposal seem less than enticing, while a polished speaker can add allure to an otherwise mediocre proposition. Stephen E. Lucas' "The Art of Public Speaking" is the leading public speaking textbook in the field. Whether a novice or an experienced speaker when beginning the course, every pageturner will learn how to be a better public speaker through Lucas' clear explanations. Vivid examples, creative activities, annotated speech samples, and foundation of classic and contemporary rhetoric provide learners a strong understanding of public speaking. Lucas' book which is under review in this paper reminds us that the most ordinary person can become extraordinary by developing their God-given potentials and unique gift of speech to be an inspiration and positive influence in the lives of others.

This article uses the lens of computer writing injuries to explore writing as an embodied activity. We use philosopher Mark Johnson's five-part definition of embodiment to develop an analysis that examines the physical, flesh-and-blood aspects of writing in addition to the social and cultural aspects of embodied activity. With this framework, we show the limits of purely technological solutions to writing injuries (like ergonomic keyboards) and explore the difficulties of including somatic training in the writing classroom. Rather than prescribing a single solution, we propose that these injuries require multifaceted infrastructural changes and point to the benefits of approaching writing with mindfulness. We conclude by suggesting ways that writing instructors and scholars can use this framework to rethink the role of the body in writing activity. The basis of all our forms of understanding is that given to us by our body's interactions with the world. Somatic understanding precedes all others, and persists while our symbolic forms of understanding develop, and it shapes those forms of understanding in profound and subtle ways. Understanding human cognition, then, requires our careful attentiveness to the body that is their foundation. We have attended to the body's role in our cultural lives and especially in education far too little.-Kieran Egan (2004, p. ix)

The literary critic and NRF editor Jean Paulhan devised a way of thinking about fluctuating historical and psychological attitudes toward language, organizing them into a dialectic of "Rhetoric" and "Terror." In this article, I focus on Paulhan and Sartre's response to the interwar crisis of Terror and explore Rhetoric and Terror as a heuristic in the intellectual history of France.

The present study is a discussion of the transitivity systems in Nigeria's President Muhammadu Buhari's 2023 New Year Speech. While this speech holds sociological and semiotic significance as the president's last public speech of that kind, the speech, as critical as it is in understanding the president's ideologies and experiences in his eight years administration, has not enjoyed adequate scholarly conversations from linguistic perspective. Following the undermining of this critical element of the president's speech little was known about the linguistic resources and transitivity systems that organized the representations of the president's ideologies. In order to recover this important component of the discourse, this study employed transitivity systems rooted in Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar to discuss how certain linguistic resources were contextualised to underscore the positions of the president on issues that were sacrosanct to the Nigeria's society. Using purposive sampling methodology, eight Clauses were identified and downloaded from BusinessDay News, Nigeria, using Google Downloading tool. Textual analysis was deployed to describe the manifestations of the transitivity systems that were employed to organise the president's ideologies and experiences. Results show that Material, Relational and Mental processes were utilised to inform Nigerians, of their collective responsibilities, for a secured country, among other related issues. The study concludes that transitivity systems are significant in organising the ideologies embodied in clauses. It recommends that more researches on President Buhari's 2023 New Year Speech should be conducted from other analytical perspectives.

This volume engages with Edward Snowden’s (hacker name “Verax”) and Julian Assange’s (“Mendax”) controversial images as whistleblowers in film and media through a reading of Slavoj Žižek’s notion of ideology as cynical distance. Although this book mostly deals with whistleblowing in fiction and documentary films, it also takes into account the rise of social media, as well as the changes taking place in today’s capitalist system. In engaging with a reading of whistleblowing through ideology critique, we can perhaps cast a new light on the state of media and whistleblowing today.

This paper interrogates the rhetorical strategies employed by Donald Trump during his presidential campaigns and terms in office, arguing that his perceived tyranny is less an anomaly and more a reflection of long-standing American political traditions. Drawing on Plato’s Gorgias, Aristotle’s Politics V, Edward Bernay’s Propaganda, and contemporary analysis by James Chase Sanchez, the paper reframes Trump not as a rogue actor, but as a symptom of America’s foundational white supremacist ideologies that sustains itself through rhetoric. It challenges the liberal tendency to isolate Trump from U.S. history, exposing how rhetoric has long been weaponized to preserve the dominance of whiteness under the guise of “heritage” and “patriotism.” I propose the real danger lies in the “tyranny of the majority,” a systemic issue embedded in American democracy itself.

This article draws on rhetorical narrative theory and makes a case for Stephen Crane's employment of the resource voice to communicate the naturalistic theme of "The Monster". It argues that by modulating voices on different communicative tracks, the author invites us to recognize two pairs of conflicting forces: one of free will and external forces that shows in the causes of Henry's and Trescott's heroic acts, and the other of individual agency and collective identity that characterizes the narrative's engagement with Whilomville. It is my view that the author invites readers to share his naturalistic outlook and refrain from making conclusive ethical judgments on the characters and the community. For readers, attending to the synthesis of tone, style, and values in utterances helps with inferring the author's rhetorical purposes. To this end, the article also considers Crane's biographical information and newspaper sketches, calling for the inclusion of contextual and intertextual matters in rhetorical criticism.

El presente volumen recoge 52 sermones inéditos que predicó el obispo de Santiago de Chile, Manuel de Alday y Aspée, en la catedral de la ciudad y en varios conventos de monjas. Estas pláticas fueron escritas y organizadas por el prelado y su secretario hacia 1760 con el objetivo de dar forma a un libro que sería enviado a Europa como muestra de la capacidad oratoria y erudición de Alday, pero que al mismo tiempo contenía una férrea defensa de la Compañía de Jesús en un contexto de creciente hostilidad hacia los jesuitas, razón por la cual seguramente el libro nunca llegó a la corte madrileña.
Los sermones del obispo Alday son piezas literarias de impecable factura, en las que, además de las enseñanzas cristianas, encontramos un gran número de referencias eruditas, provenientes tanto de la Biblia como de la tradición patrística y clásica. De hecho, por su asombrosa capacidad oratoria, Alday mereció el apelativo de «Ambrosio de las Indias». Por otra parte, en estas pláticas podemos vislumbrar el Chile del siglo XVIII, con sus fiestas, diversiones populares y lujos propios de una sociedad dispuesta tanto a la piedad cristiana como al goce de los placeres mundanos.
La presente edición crítica es fruto de varios años de trabajo por parte de los investigadores Bernarda Urrejola y Joaquín Zuleta. Incluye la transcripción y fijación textual de los sermones, así como un completo aparato de notas, un exhaustivo estudio preliminar, varios anexos e ilustraciones. Con esta publicación se espera situar la figura de Manuel de Alday y Aspée en el ámbito de las letras coloniales, tanto de Chile como de América, pues nos encontramos frente a uno de los grandes representantes del género del sermón y de la oratoria sagrada en lengua castellana.

This study expands applications of Burkean pentadic mapping from traditional rhetorical texts, such as speeches and written documents, to interview discourses. This methodological adaptation assists scholars in understanding openings and closings, that is, opportunities and constraints, in discourses in a variety of communication areas. In particular, pentadic mapping is a way of discovering discursive paths for empowerment and transformation. This study examines the interview discourses of 21 nonmanagerial women who have taken at least one maternity leave. Pentadic mapping of the discourses suggests that leave-takers in pink collar occupations primarily (re)create an organization-as-scene dominated pentad favoring organizational motives. The discourses suggest alternative pentads, terms, and ratios that represent potentials for feminist transformation for leave-takers.

Through the work of writers, this study assessed the caliber of rhetoric and composition in literary criticism and their relationships. James (2008) elaborates that composition, in general, refers to the technicalities of a literary piece and how th put together to create a text that is readable and coherent. Through an analysis of composition, critics can ascertain the ar craftsmanship of the author and how the text delivers its message and themes. Rhetoric, on the other hand, is int communicative and the persuasion qualities of a literary work. It involves examining how language is used to persuade and inf readers, and how the text causes a particular effect or response. Hence, support their writings by using and choosing appropriate styles and techniques. It has a strong basis in helping writers buil critical thinking skills so they can learn various writing approaches using the three major categories immediately followed by writers once they learn how to compose. Their ability to compose a well is crucial. It is offering writing instruction a fresh perspective. and rhetoric is relevant and useful for enhancing writers' composition writing skills.