Recycling of Nutrients

Euryale ferox (also known as foxnut), belongs to the family Nymphaeaceae. It is grown in India, China, Japan, and Korea. It is a highly nutritious food, abundant in nutritional, medicinal value, and bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, protein, and fiber. The product was formulated by trial-and-error method by evaluating using 9 -point hedonic scale. Based on the results, it could be concluded that Treatment 2 Khakhra is best accepted. which represents the obtained value is greater than the other sample given for sensory evaluation. Makhana contains high-quality easily digestible 11.16 % protein. Makhana, contains the least fat and is good from a health point of view the aim of this study was to investigate the benefits of combining makhana with khakhra, a popular Indian snack. The study found that incorporating makhana into khakhra resulted in a product that offered a protein packed snack product. Moreover, the addition of makhana enhanced the nutritional value of the khakhra by providing a reliable source of protein, dietary fiber, and antioxidants. These components contribute to improved satiety, digestive health, and overall wellbeing. The objective is to assess the physical and mechanical properties, evaluate the microbial and antioxidant activity of the product and to determine the shelf life and cost of the product. The results revealed that the inclusion of makhana powder improved the nutritive value of the khakhra. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH, results significantly increased the antioxidant activity of the formulated product. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that incorporating makhana into khakhra not only enhances the taste and texture but also increases the nutritional benefits.

Food gardens and farms generate a lot of organic waste in the form of crop residues and animal manure, much of which may not be recycled back into reusable forms as compost, mulch or manure fertilizer. There is scant attention paid to the means of regenerating valuable farm inputs from fibrous crop residues and nutrient dense manures which are available as by-products of smallholder farming enterprises. Such options do exist in the form of biowaste management strategies which would enhance the notably low input-output crop-livestock farming systems practiced in Papua New Guinea. The bioconversion of organic material provides a unique opportunity to use animal manure and crop residues in a manner that allows the recycling of essential nutrients, particularly protein and energy, which may otherwise be lost, back into farming systems as processed feed and fertilizer. The larvae of Black Soldier Fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) can digest an array of organic materials, bio-converting nutrients into harvestable insect larval mass, thereby providing a protein feed source for fish, chickens and pigs. In our recent, work Black solider fly larvae (BSFL) was used to reduce household kitchen waste and animal manure and provide a nutritionally valuable protein, fat and energy for small-scale livestock production. The BSFL bioconversion of organic residue was also demonstrated to provide a high nutrient compost which may be used as a soil additive for growing vegetable crops. This paper aims to propose the potential application of BSFL as a bio-converter of organic farm waste and highlights the significant reduction of waste by 48% and the generation of a nutrient-rich compost, emphasizing the dual benefit of waste reduction and resource generation.

Over-winter growth of juvenile salmonids may be linked to ocean survival and thus species persistence. Diet, growth, and prey available to juvenile coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were examined from December 2004 to April 2005 in four tributaries of the West Fork Smith River (WFSR), Oregon. Juvenile coho growth rate and condition were greatest in spring. Growth rate varied through winter and was highest in Crane Creek, a small intermittent stream (4.3km 2 basin area) and lowest in Beaver Creek (7.5 km 2 ), a perennial stream. Prey availability and growth rate decreased in January and February as temperatures dropped, however stomach fullness was highly variable and not correlated to growth rate. The stomach contents of 477 juvenile coho (age-0), were quantitatively examined using an index of relative importance. Juvenile coho fed primarily on benthic invertebrates; rarely consumed non-insectan food included coho fry, salmon eggs, aquatic snails (Juga silicula), salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), and terrestrial invertebrates. The major portions of their diets, in order of relative importance, were aquatic chironomid larvae (Diptera), baetid mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera), limnephilid caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), and winter stonefly larvae (primarily Capniid Stonefly). Similarities in Relatively Important prey distinguished the two intermittent streams from the two perennial streams. In the WFSR tributaries, juvenile coho appear to rely on a variety of food sources to sustain growth and condition during winter. Small intermittent headwater streams may be disproportionately more important to stream fish with greater availability of prey than larger perennial streams highlighting the need to conserve and restore these habitats.

Over-winter growth of juvenile salmonids may be linked to ocean survival and thus species persistence. Diet, growth, and prey available to juvenile coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were examined from December 2004 to April 2005 in four tributaries of the West Fork Smith River (WFSR), Oregon. Juvenile coho growth rate and condition were greatest in spring. Growth rate varied through winter and was highest in Crane Creek, a small intermittent stream (4.3km 2 basin area) and lowest in Beaver Creek (7.5 km 2 ), a perennial stream. Prey availability and growth rate decreased in January and February as temperatures dropped, however stomach fullness was highly variable and not correlated to growth rate. The stomach contents of 477 juvenile coho (age-0), were quantitatively examined using an index of relative importance. Juvenile coho fed primarily on benthic invertebrates; rarely consumed non-insectan food included coho fry, salmon eggs, aquatic snails (Juga silicula), salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), and terrestrial invertebrates. The major portions of their diets, in order of relative importance, were aquatic chironomid larvae (Diptera), baetid mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera), limnephilid caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), and winter stonefly larvae (primarily Capniid Stonefly). Similarities in Relatively Important prey distinguished the two intermittent streams from the two perennial streams. In the WFSR tributaries, juvenile coho appear to rely on a variety of food sources to sustain growth and condition during winter. Small intermittent headwater streams may be disproportionately more important to stream fish with greater availability of prey than larger perennial streams highlighting the need to conserve and restore these habitats.

Recent interest in the mass production of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae has resulted in many studies being generated. However, a majority of the studies are benchtop, or small-scale, experiments. Results generated from such studies may not translate to large-scale/industrial production. The current study was conducted at a conventional large-scale (10,000 larvae/treatment fed seven kg) to determine the impact on selected life-history traits when BSF were fed seven kg of manure (swine, dairy, or poultry) or a control diet (Gainesville diet: 50% wheat bran, 30% alfalfa meal, and 20% corn). Results showed larvae fed dairy manure took one to two days longer to develop to prepupation, with lower survivorship (45%) compared to those fed poultry or swine manure (>70%). Furthermore, the maximum larval weight was reached on day six for those fed swine manure, while other treatments achieved the maximum weight on day seven. However, larvae fed swine manure averaged 150 mg, while those fed...

Structural changes and growth of animal production systems have resulted in greater volumes of manure. Current manure storage methods pose a potential environmental threat. Lessening these issues is a key concern for the animal production industry. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate black soldier fly (BSF) performance when fed poultry, swine, or dairy manure at different rates (18 or 27 g/2 d until 40% prepupation). The results indicated that larvae fed with the control diet (Gainesville diet) were the heaviest (+31–70%); however, for other life-history traits, those fed the higher feed rate of poultry manure produced comparable results to the control. Larvae fed more resource, regardless of manure type, weighed more as larvae (+3–9%), pupae (+22–48%), and adults (+18–42%), developed faster (up to 3–4 d), had a higher percentage reach the prepupal stage (+2–16%), lived longer as adults (+1 d), and converted more resource to biomass (up to 1% more) than those fed at the...

Research on the use of human urine as fertilizer has confirmed the presence of disease-causing pathogens and pharmaceuticals, which is a serious concern for consumers, farmers, and researchers. Various studies have focused on the treatment and removal of micropollutants from urine, such as the use of powdered activated carbon and chemical

Large-scale sustainable agriculture presents a formidable challenge globally, resulting in severe food insecurity for approximately 52%
and 48% of people living in rural and urban areas, respectively. An estimated 690 million individuals suffer from hunger annually
due to the high cost of chemical fertilizers and other factors. To reduce costs, source-separated urine offers a promising alternative
for crop production, despite containing more nitrogen and phosphorus than traditional fertilizers. However, human urine also
contains pharmaceuticals and micropollutants with adverse effects on human health and the environment. Human urine provides
essential micronutrients for plant growth, with studies showing similar nutrient concentrations between concentrated urine and
mineral fertilizers. Nevertheless, the presence of heavy metals and other contaminants in urine raises safety concerns. While urine
diversion toilets can safely collect urine, their use as a liquid fertilizer requires careful consideration due to the presence of diseasecausing
organisms, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites that contribute to water and soil contamination. Consumers and farmers alike
worry about the safety of crops fertilized with urine, given the perception of disease-causing pathogens. This review explores the
impact of urine and chemical fertilizers on plant yield as well as the effects of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics on
human health and the environment. Various methods to remove antibiotics from urine, such as membrane bioreactors combined
with complex chemicals and physicochemical processes, were also examined. These methods, including activated powdered carbon,
nano-filtration, ozone, and ozone/UV, target specific antibiotics and their metabolites to ensure the safety of urine-derived fertilizers.
Key words: Urine, Pharmaceuticals, Fertilizer, Nutrients, Microplastics, Heavy metal

Nanotechnology has emerged as a cutting-edge approach to improving Vitamin Delivery systems, addressing critical challenges such as poor solubility, instability, and limited bioavailability. Conventional Vitamin Formulations are often challenged with rapid degradation and inefficient absorption, reducing their effectiveness. Integrating nanocarriers-including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, metal-based systems, liposomes, and nano-emulsions-has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing vitamin stability and controlled release, optimizing nutrient uptake in the body. This review explores the diverse applications of nanotechnology in Vitamin Delivery, emphasizing the advantages of various nanocarrier systems. It discusses how nanoscale delivery platforms improve vitamin protection, solubility, and absorption, potentially leading to more effective supplementation strategies. Additionally, key challenges hindering the large-scale adoption of these technologies are examined, including concerns related to toxicity, regulatory uncertainties, and economic feasibility. The need for standardized safety assessments and well-defined regulatory frameworks remains a major hurdle in translating laboratory research into commercially viable products.

Finger millet and barnyard millet are nutrient dense grains, rich in carbohydrates, protein, dietary fibre, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins and antioxidants. This study aimed to develop eight variations of cookies by incorporating finger millet and barnyard millet flour at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% composition, respectively, 100% refined wheat flour was utilized to develop the control batch. Refined wheat flour, finger millet flour and barnyard millet flour in 80:10:10, 70:15:15, 60:20:20 and 50:25:25 proportions were used to formulate four different formulations of cookies. All the thirteen formulations of biscuits were evaluated for different organoleptic parameters using 9-point Hedonic rating scale, followed by proximate, mineral and antioxidant profile analysis. The cookies incorporated with 30% and 40% barnyard millet flour (BT 3 and BT 4), 20% and 30% finger millet flour (FT 2 and FT 3) and 15% and 20% mixed millet flour (MT 2 and MT 3) were highly acceptable by panellists. The proximate composition of highly accepted barnyard millet cookies had higher content of fibre (1.76-2.5 vs. 0.36 g), total ash (2.03-2.25 vs. 1.48 g), iron (6.45-7.7 vs. 2.7 mg) along with phosphorous (169-185 vs. 121 mg) in comparison with the control one per 100 g. Finger millet cookies had more amount of total ash (1.52-1.59 g), fibre (0.95-1.28 g), fat (13.69-14.07 g), calcium (87.2-119.3 mg), iron (2.94-3.06 mg) and phosphorous (153.4-169.6 mg) than that of control cookies per 100g. Mixed millet cookies contained significantly higher concentration of fat (13.45-13.85 g), total ash (2.06-2.23 g), fibre (1.87-2.43 g), calcium (69.3-84.8 mg), iron (4.75-5.44 mg) and phosphorous (169.3-185.4 mg) as compared to the control, barnyard millet and finger millet cookies.

Finger millet and barnyard millet are nutrient dense grains, rich in carbohydrates, protein, dietary fibre, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins and antioxidants. This study aimed to develop eight variations of cookies by incorporating finger millet and barnyard millet flour at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% composition, respectively, 100% refined wheat flour was utilized to develop the control batch. Refined wheat flour, finger millet flour and barnyard millet flour in 80:10:10, 70:15:15, 60:20:20 and 50:25:25 proportions were used to formulate four different formulations of cookies. All the thirteen formulations of biscuits were evaluated for different organoleptic parameters using 9-point Hedonic rating scale, followed by proximate, mineral and antioxidant profile analysis. The cookies incorporated with 30% and 40% barnyard millet flour (BT 3 and BT 4), 20% and 30% finger millet flour (FT 2 and FT 3) and 15% and 20% mixed millet flour (MT 2 and MT 3) were highly acceptable by panellists. The proximate composition of highly accepted barnyard millet cookies had higher content of fibre (1.76-2.5 vs. 0.36 g), total ash (2.03-2.25 vs. 1.48 g), iron (6.45-7.7 vs. 2.7 mg) along with phosphorous (169-185 vs. 121 mg) in comparison with the control one per 100 g. Finger millet cookies had more amount of total ash (1.52-1.59 g), fibre (0.95-1.28 g), fat (13.69-14.07 g), calcium (87.2-119.3 mg), iron (2.94-3.06 mg) and phosphorous (153.4-169.6 mg) than that of control cookies per 100g. Mixed millet cookies contained significantly higher concentration of fat (13.45-13.85 g), total ash (2.06-2.23 g), fibre (1.87-2.43 g), calcium (69.3-84.8 mg), iron (4.75-5.44 mg) and phosphorous (169.3-185.4 mg) as compared to the control, barnyard millet and finger millet cookies.

Background Poor physical and chemical properties of sand dune soil are the main constrains in afforestation of sand dune in desertified area. The aim of this study is to improve the physical and chemical properties of dune soil in Elrawakeeb Dry Land Station using organic wastes as a fertilizer source and amendments, for sustainable sand dune stabilization program. Salvadora persica L. seedlings were transplanted in a 2 m 9 2 m plots and treated with: sawdust (SW), chicken manure (CH), chicken manure with sawdust (CH ? SW), sawdust with inorganic fertilizer (SW ? IF), sewage sludge (SS), sewage sludge with sawdust (SS ? SW), and control (C). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The soil chemical properties were determined from soil samples collected from the fixed sand dune (0-20 cm depth) in the second year after application. Results Application of organic amendments significantly (P = 0.001) increased soil organic carbon by 224 %, available P by 139.9 %, total nitrogen by 142.9 %, and mineral nitrogen by 83.5 % and decreased soil pH by 5.6 %. Conclusions Incorporation of organic waste in desertified sandy dune soils increased its nutrient content and hence sustained biological fixation of sand dunes.

This work aims to formulate a new semisolid pharmaceutical form based on clove essential oil and polysaccharides for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The nanoemulsions showed excellent colloidal stability with values of zeta potential higher than 30 mV in module, as well as hydrodynamic diameter between 198.8 and 321.0 nm and moderate polydispersity. The nanosystems did not show macroscopic instability phenomena and demonstrated adequate pH values for vaginal use. The presence of clove essential oil in the nanoemulsion was attested by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with encapsulation efficiency greater than 99%. Emulsions based on carboxymethylcellulose and alginate (Ecmc and Ealgi, respectively) showed ferrous ion chelating ability in a range of 42-62%, with results superior to those of ascorbic acid. Ecmc formulation exhibited a higher inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and higher content of essential oil, being used in the formulation of emulgel. The rheological properties of the emulgel showed a non-Newtonian behavior, pseudoplastic type, with values of G' * Corresponding author.

Purpose-This study aims to examine the preparation of a complex Social Impact Bond (SIB) project in Finland, exploring how challenges and solutions reflect the interplay between new public management (NPM) and new public governance (NPG) logics. It contributes to debates on the institutional adaptability of SIBs beyond Anglo-American contexts. Design/methodology/approach-The authors conduct a longitudinal case study of the Children's SIB II in Finland, analysing data from 21 stakeholder interviews. Five preparation phases are identified and examined for governance dynamics and challenge-response logics. Findings-The findings show how SIB preparation involved hybrid governance, combining NPM tools, such as performance-based incentives, with NPG principles like trust-building and cross-sector collaboration. While many challenges were initially framed through NPM logics, their resolution often leaned towards NPGstyle responses, highlighting the adaptive use of relational governance practices. A key insight is the critical role of a publicly funded intermediary in framing the SIB, mobilizing networks and embedding the instrument within national welfare discourses. Social implications-Hybrid governance tools like SIBs can reinforce trust-based public-private cooperation and support developing responses to complex social issues, but they also require significant institutional capacity. Originality/value-This study extends the literature on SIBs by examining their preparation in a Nordic welfare state context, distinct from the Anglo-American settings where SIBs have been most studied. It contributes novel insights into how hybrid governance unfolds in such contexts, particularly how NPG-style solutions emerge even when problems are framed through NPM logics. It also highlights the overlooked role of public institutional intermediaries in shaping SIB development beyond technical and financial coordination.

Low organic matter content, low water holding capacity and low nutrients retention are the major problems in the soils of the dune in desertified area. These unfavourable conditions make sand dune fixation programme unsustainable. Application of organic waste as a fertiliser source not only improves sandy soil fertility, it also improves the physical and chemical properties of the dunes and provides effective methods for disposal of wastes. Sand dune fixation experiment was conducted in 2009 by planting seedlings of Salvadora persica L. in Elrawakeeb Dry Land Station located West of Omdurman between latitudes 15◦2’–15◦36’ North longitudes 32◦0’–32◦10’ East. The seedlings were treated with following treatments: chicken manure (CH), chicken manure combined with sawdust (CH + SW), sawdust combined with inorganic fertiliser (SW+IF), sewage sludge (SS) , sewage sludge combined with sawdust (SS+SW), sawdust alone (SW) and control (C) . Each treatment was assigned to a plot of 2 m × 2 m an...

to determine short-term effect of irrigation intervals (7 and 10 days) and sun-dried or composted sewage sludge, recommended mineral fertilizer on straw dry matter yield (SDMY) and N, P and K content of fodder sorghum and soil properties. In the 7 and 10 days irrigation intervals, composted, sun-dried sludge and mineral fertilizer have significantly increased SDMY over the control by 51, 98, 67 and 78, 19, 33%, respectively. Apparent N use efficiency (ANUE) in composted and sun dried plots irrigated at either 7 or 10 days was 9 -36 and 16 -74%, respectively. Reducing the irrigation interval has significantly increased salinity by 13%. Increasing irrigation interval has decreased bulk density by 5%. It could be concluded that, application of composted sludge is a useful practice for improvement of soil properties and consequent yield increase.

Tässä raportissa kuvataan menetelmiä maatalousalueen virtavesien tilan parantamiseksi. Raportti perustuu "Kuivatustoiminnassa muuttuneiden virtavesien kunnostus ja hoito (KURVI)" -hankkeen tuloksiin. Päämääränä oli parantaa maatalouden kuivatustoiminnan heikentämien virtavesien ekologista tilaa kansallisen Pienvesien suojelu-ja kunnostusstrategian tavoitteiden mukaisesti. Hankkeessa toteutettiin Suomen ensimmäinen maatalouspuron ennallistaminen, jossa uoma palautettiin virtaamaan alkuperäisiin mutkiinsa. Kunnostuksen tavoitteet asetettiin suunnitelmallisesti ja kokemusten perusteella luotiin toimintamalli, jota voidaan hyödyntää virtavesikunnostuksien suunnittelussa valtakunnallisesti. Lisäksi hankkeessa kehitettiin maatalouden kuivatustoiminnassa perattujen uomien hoitokäytäntöjä siten, että niiden kautta voidaan tukea uomien luonnontilan paranemista luontaisen elpymiskehityksen avulla ja taata tulvatasanteiden vesiensuojelulliset ja kalataloudelliset hyödyt. Hanke toteutettiin vuosina 2017-2018 ja sitä rahoittivat ympäristöministeriö, maaja metsätalousministeriö ja Suomen ympäristökeskus.

Urban stormwater can cause significant loading to watercourses. According to current legislation in Finland, stormwater must not be discharged directly into watercourses through stormwater networks, but must instead be infiltrated, delayed and treated in order to reduce flood risks and negative impacts on water quality. The combination of such measures is called stormwater management. In the HULE research project, the functionality of two different stormwater treatment technologies was examined. The impacts of three wetlands and one bioretention unit on water quality were monitored through water samples and in two cases also with continuous online monitoring. The wetland in Espoo received waters from a motorway and an industrial area, while the wetlands in Järvenpää and Kuopio were located in residential areas. The bioretention unit in Tampere treated the water released by snow melting in the snow deposit area of the city. The bioretention unit achieved the best reduction rates in turbidity and in concentrations of suspended solids, total and phosphate phosphorus and metals. However, nitrogen leached during the bioretention process. Despite differences in the reduction rates of different wetlands, the results show that wetlands can also reduce turbidity, suspended solids and phosphorus, but not as effectively as bioretention. Whilst having two wetlands could also reduce the nitrogen concentrations, neither of the technologies could retain chloride. In Finland, wetlands have been employed and researched for use with waters from agriculture, forestry and peat mining areas in particular. There are also examples of urban stormwater wetlands. Experiences and research results show that they can be highly suitable for the purification of different kind of run-off waters. Bioretention, however, is still very rarely applied, and there are not enough research results on the impacts and usability. Whilst promising results were attained in this project, there are also new examples in Finland where a lot of nutrients and metals leached from inappropriate ground materials used in the filtration units. Based on widespread research abroad, bioretention has proven to be a very effective purification measure for urban stormwater, but further research is needed in Finland before bioretention can be applied effectively.

The integration of sustainable consumption, education, and circular economy principles is essential for effective waste management and achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals (UN SDGs). This research approach, including applied project conclusions, examines the role of education in promoting sustainable consumption and circular economy practices, highlights key aspects of circular economy solutions and addresses the challenges of waste management in India, China, and the Philippines. This paper draws on sessions from the 18th and 19th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology, which focused on expanding waste management services and integrating quality education for sustainable practices. The findings underscore the importance of robust waste management policies, public awareness, and innovative recycling technologies to achieve sustainable consumption and production (SCP). Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the need for collaboration among policymakers, educational institutions, and industry stakeholders to foster a culture of sustainability and circularity. By leveraging education to drive systemic changes in consumption patterns and waste management, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how these elements collectively support the achievement of the UN SDGs, particularly SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) and SDG 4 (quality education).

Background: Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a hot weather grass with a growing season of 60-100 days. It is a highly nutritious millet grain used for human consumption and bird feed. The incorporated khakhra is highly nutritive product. The current study aimed to study preparation and sensory evaluation of proso millet RTE Khakhra. Methods: For preparation process of proso millet khakhra, following mixture of the proso millet flour (20% 30% 40% 50%) and the wheat flour (20%) is considered as the major ingredient. Result: Proso millet khakhra prepared from different mixtures of wheat flour and proso millet flour was subjected to sensory evaluation and scores are recorded for different parameters. The optimum amount of millet flour used within the method of preparation of khakhra was up to 30-40%.

Background: Jowar (Sorghum) is one of the most popular millet grown in tropical and semi-arid regions. The present study was aimed to design and develop the process technology for the preparation of biscuits from blends of jowar and jaggery by replacing wheat flour. Methods: The biscuits were analysed for physico-chemical and sensory properties.

India's Panchamrit commitments, declared at COP26, represent a significant strategic roadmap toward achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. However, the translation of these climate pledges into measurable on-ground progress remains inconsistent. This research paper critically examines whether India is currently on track to fulfill its five-fold climate promises by analyzing the status of sectoral transitions, emissions mitigation, and environmental governance. Using recent case studies-including the Kancha Gachibowli land use conflict in Hyderabad and the delayed incineration of toxic waste from the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy-this study highlights systemic governance gaps, regulatory inertia, and delayed environmental justice as indicators of misalignment between policy ambitions and implementation. Through an interdisciplinary methodology combining policy review, environmental data analysis, and case-based evidence, the paper finds that while significant strides have been made in renewable energy expansion and emissions intensity reduction, critical bottlenecks persist in waste management, industrial accountability, and environmental enforcement. The findings suggest that India's current trajectory risks falling short of its net-zero timeline unless structural reforms, inter-sectoral coordination, and robust public accountability mechanisms are urgently prioritized. The study concludes by emphasizing the necessity for robust institutional accountability, strengthened inter-sectoral coordination, and a recalibrated approach to climate governance to effectively bridge the gap between commitment and implementation.

Eutrophication and ecosystem damage result from phosphate pollution. Competing ions make extracting trace phosphate under 2.0 mg/L from treated wastewater difficult. However, if the phosphate could be sustainably recovered or reused in agriculture, considerable savings in fertilizer could be made. On the other hand, agricultural waste, which is a menace, contains a significant amount of cellulose that finds interesting applications as a biodegradable material. This study synthesized a cellulose-based adsorbent with iron hydroxide nanoparticles from nano-fibrillated cellulose (CNF) from agricultural waste and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). It selectively removed phosphate from secondary treated wastewater. Fe(OH) 3 @CNF/CMC (FCC) removed 3 mg/g phosphate. The hydrogel-like material quickly absorbed 40 g/g of water and slowly released it for a week when dry. Soil burial test indicates microorganisms biodegraded 80 % of the hydrogel in 3 months. After these findings, we delivered plant nutrients using the phosphate-rich exhausted FCC adsorbent. Results showed that phosphate-rich FCC improved seed germination and plant growth. Phosphate-loaded FCC adsorbent promoted better plant growth than single super-phosphate and control samples. This study creates a circular economy-based slowrelease fertilizer from agricultural waste and secondary-treated wastewater. This approach uses the 3 R rule-recycle, recover, and reuse-to benefit society ecologically and economically.

Electrochemical methods show promise for wastewater treatment by removing pollutants, recovering nutrients, and generating hydrogen. To scale this technology, durable and affordable electrode materials are needed. This study evaluates aluminum 6061-T6, titanium grade II, ductile iron, and magnesium to understand their performance in promoting precipitation, gas production, and treating wastewater under several conditions. Electrodes were tested with ammonia-, magnesium-, and phosphate-spiked wastewater samples with induced precipitation at concentrations of 0.033 mol/L and 0.0033 mol/L; the liquid, gas, and precipitation phases were characterized. The results showed up to 35% reduction in ammonia, total phosphate recovery, and up to 70% reduction in magnesium. The cell generates hydrogen with purity levels of 95.6%, 96.1%, 87.9%, and 93.5% when utilizing iron, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium electrodes, respectively. The analyses of precipitants showed formation of vivianite crystals from iron, struvite precipitation from magnesium, and berlinite from aluminum. Overall, these results hold substantial promise for hydrogen generation from wastewater and potential for nutrient recovery and treatment.

Phosphorus is bioessential, meaning that all living organisms require it. Yet, despite its presence in soils, it is a relatively rare element on Earth and is not always found in a form that plants can absorb. The fertiliser industry produces easily soluble phosphorus but depends on a finite, non-substitutable resource: phosphate rock.

The world needs new energy sources that give adequate yields at low economic and environmental costs. Biofuels such as biodiesel and biogas are viable options to offset usage of traditional fossil fuels and reduce environmental damage. In this context, microalgae are promising organisms for biodiesel production due to their capacity to accumulate significant amounts of lipids. Additionally, anaerobic digestion is becoming an efficient and widely utilized system for the generation of renewable biogas; and microalgae are a suitable substrate for such purpose. To date, research on microalgal biofuels has been performed mainly at a pilot-scale due to economic considerations and, in some cases, negative energy balances of the processes or potentially unsustainable practices. For example, a large amount of mineral fertilizer is often used to mass-produce microalgae. More research is required to make biofuel production more sustainable and suitable at large scale. An attractive way to overcome these issues is to develop an integrated production system with minimal inputs to reduce the environmental cost of production by recycling nutrients. This can be achieved through the anaerobic digestion of algal biomass. The anaerobic digestion process not only produces biogas but also allows nutrient recycling for repeat algae cultivation. On the other hand, lipid extraction for biodiesel production leaves a residue that is a potential substrate for anaerobic digestion. Lipid-extracted biomass may have an advantage over pure algal cultures of a higher native digestibility due to cell disruption during the lipid extraction process. Hence, an integrated system of biodiesel and biogas production using anaerobic digestion effluent as a nutrient source for algae growth and lipid-extracted biomass as substrate for digestion may present a good option. This thesis focused on the optimization of a closed nutrient loop for oil and biogas production through anaerobic digestion of microalgae. The study was oriented towards the scalability of the system aiming to optimize the main aspects that currently jeopardize the application of the proposed biorefinery at large scale. To address these issues three main aspects were investigated: (1) Wet and solvent-free lipid extraction, (2) Osmotic shock as pre-treatment for lipid extraction and biogas production and (3) Nutrient recycling for algae growth. This dissertation has been structured as follows: Chapter 1 is a literature review of the system proposed. Chapter 2 evaluates the anaerobic digestion of the microalga Scenedesmus dimorphus under continuous conditions as well as the potential of the anaerobic digestate as culture medium for the same species. In chapter 3 the feasibility of a wet solvent-free lipid extraction procedure by using osmotic shock is evaluated as pre-treatment. The species Dunaliella salina and Chaetoceros muelleri were chosen for this purpose as they have very fragile cell wall. Besides, the methane Publications included in this thesis GONZÁLEZ-GONZÁLEZ, L. M., ELTANAHY, E., SCHENK, P. M. 2019. Assessing the fertilizing potential of microalgal digestates using the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. Algal Research 41 (101534).

This study explores value-creation mechanisms in an institutionally diverse social and health care ecosystem, specifically through the lenses of institutional logics and institutional work. The research context is the social and health care innovation ecosystem in Tampere, Finland, comprising actors from various institutional backgrounds. The research method is an inductive interpretivist analysis, frequently used in studies on institutional logics. The alternation between empirical data-derived from interviews (n = 21), surveys (n = 23), and memos (n = 71)-and the theoretical framework yields new insights. Specifically, the empirical and the theoretical evidence provides practical examples of value-creation mechanisms, institutional logics, and modes of institutional work in social and health care innovation ecosystems. This article is one of the few papers that integrate institutional logics and institutional work to study value creation in a diverse social and health care innovation ecosystem. It contributes to the existing literature on collaborative value creation and the social and health care ecosystem by identifying how different value-creation mechanisms are manifested as hybridity in the ecosystem and how institutional work fosters collaborative value creation. This study fills a research gap by refining the understanding of collaborative value-creation mechanisms and their institutional underpinnings in social and health care ecosystems, thereby enriching both bodies of literature. These insights promote a nuanced understanding of collaborative value-creation practices in institutionalized settings, with implications for both policymaking and further research.

The world needs new energy sources that give adequate yields at low economic and environmental costs. Biofuels such as biodiesel and biogas are viable options to offset usage of traditional fossil fuels and reduce environmental damage. In this context, microalgae are promising organisms for biodiesel production due to their capacity to accumulate significant amounts of lipids. Additionally, anaerobic digestion is becoming an efficient and widely utilized system for the generation of renewable biogas; and microalgae are a suitable substrate for such purpose. To date, research on microalgal biofuels has been performed mainly at a pilot-scale due to economic considerations and, in some cases, negative energy balances of the processes or potentially unsustainable practices. For example, a large amount of mineral fertilizer is often used to mass-produce microalgae. More research is required to make biofuel production more sustainable and suitable at large scale. An attractive way to overcome these issues is to develop an integrated production system with minimal inputs to reduce the environmental cost of production by recycling nutrients. This can be achieved through the anaerobic digestion of algal biomass. The anaerobic digestion process not only produces biogas but also allows nutrient recycling for repeat algae cultivation. On the other hand, lipid extraction for biodiesel production leaves a residue that is a potential substrate for anaerobic digestion. Lipid-extracted biomass may have an advantage over pure algal cultures of a higher native digestibility due to cell disruption during the lipid extraction process. Hence, an integrated system of biodiesel and biogas production using anaerobic digestion effluent as a nutrient source for algae growth and lipid-extracted biomass as substrate for digestion may present a good option. This thesis focused on the optimization of a closed nutrient loop for oil and biogas production through anaerobic digestion of microalgae. The study was oriented towards the scalability of the system aiming to optimize the main aspects that currently jeopardize the application of the proposed biorefinery at large scale. To address these issues three main aspects were investigated: (1) Wet and solvent-free lipid extraction, (2) Osmotic shock as pre-treatment for lipid extraction and biogas production and (3) Nutrient recycling for algae growth. This dissertation has been structured as follows: Chapter 1 is a literature review of the system proposed. Chapter 2 evaluates the anaerobic digestion of the microalga Scenedesmus dimorphus under continuous conditions as well as the potential of the anaerobic digestate as culture medium for the same species. In chapter 3 the feasibility of a wet solvent-free lipid extraction procedure by using osmotic shock is evaluated as pre-treatment. The species Dunaliella salina and Chaetoceros muelleri were chosen for this purpose as they have very fragile cell wall. Besides, the methane Publications included in this thesis GONZÁLEZ-GONZÁLEZ, L. M., ELTANAHY, E., SCHENK, P. M. 2019. Assessing the fertilizing potential of microalgal digestates using the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. Algal Research 41 (101534).

Pearl millet flour can stored only for 4-5 days as it quickly goes rancid due to high fat content and becomes unpleasant to eat. This is a major problem in the acceptability and utilization of pearl millet flour. v Reduction in fat content of pearl millet grain can improve its palatability as well as storability. v Baked product such as biscuits, cake etc. can be made successfully with great taste and nutritional value.

The paper discusses the historical appreciation of food in Germany, particularly during the Nazi era, and emphasizes the current relevance of this topic in the context of food waste debates. The National Socialist “Kampf dem Verderb” campaigns were based on the broad debates about rationalization and resource-efficient economies during the Weimar Republic and a crucial element of rearmament since the Four Year Plan of 1936. The paper analyzes the influence of government policies, the role of housewives, and the connection between appreciation and National Socialist ideology, as well as the challenges of modern food policy.

Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are currently being promoted as an alternative protein source for animals and organic waste management agents. To play the dual roles sustainably, there is need to reduce reliance on wild BSF and develop an appropriate farming methodology for the insect. This study aimed at improving larvae production in a black soldier fly colony previously established from the wild in Kenya. The study explored the effect of four locally available organic wastes as feedstocks for production the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on faecal sludge (FS), banana peelings (BP), brewer’s waste (BW) and restaurant food waste (FR) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight, total prepupal yield in grams, crude protein and lipid (ether extract) content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and therefore reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. Results showed that...

A composite flour cookies were prepared by partially replacing (0-30%) refined wheat flour with Cycas flour (cycas circinalis. L). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the flour composition as well as the baking conditions (temperature and time). The incorporation of cycas flour has significantly affected the physical, chemical and sensorial properties of the cookies. The cookies prepared with composite flour had significantly higher (P≤0.05) amount of protein, fat, fiber and ash. The physical analysis revealed that thickness and spread ratio decreased with increase in addition of cycas flour. The hardness values of cookies made from Cycas flour and control found to be 1.01 N and 4.77 N respectively. The Total Plate Count (TPC) of the cookies was ranged from 2.1 × 10 2 to 2.6 × 10 5 cfu/g were within the prescribed limit during the storage period of 6 months. The parameters like texture and color (hue) values of cookies with control and cycas were varied from 4.77 N to 3.82 N & 1.01 N to 0.90 N, 1.10 to 1.15 & 1.19 to 1.22 respectively. The analysis of various Physico-chemical and sensorial attributes showed that the cookies were well accepted and the parameters were within the acceptable limit.

to determine short-term effect of irrigation intervals (7 and 10 days) and sun-dried or composted sewage sludge, recommended mineral fertilizer on straw dry matter yield (SDMY) and N, P and K content of fodder sorghum and soil properties. In the 7 and 10 days irrigation intervals, composted, sun-dried sludge and mineral fertilizer have significantly increased SDMY over the control by 51, 98, 67 and 78, 19, 33%, respectively. Apparent N use efficiency (ANUE) in composted and sun dried plots irrigated at either 7 or 10 days was 9 -36 and 16 -74%, respectively. Reducing the irrigation interval has significantly increased salinity by 13%. Increasing irrigation interval has decreased bulk density by 5%. It could be concluded that, application of composted sludge is a useful practice for improvement of soil properties and consequent yield increase.

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) is one of India's most important tropical crops. It is a rich source of vitamin C, antioxidants, minerals, dietary fibers and carbohydrates. The study of the development of cookies based on cashew apple powder (CAP) was undertaken to use wasted cashew apples and tap the nutritional value of cashew apples. Due to astringency and the tannin content of cashew apple, people do not like it for direct consumption. The cookies were prepared by substituting 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% maida by CAP. These four different compositions were baked at temperature levels 160℃, 170℃, and 180℃. The prepared cookies were evaluated for their proximate composition, including moisture content, crude ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude proteins and carbohydrates. The sensory evaluation, colour analysis and textural analysis were done as well and energy content was determined. The results revealed that cookies substituted with 5% CAP and baked at a temperature 180°C (S1T3) got the highest score in sensory evaluation (7.46), browning index (50.62) and hardness (10.18 N). It was concluded that if an amount of maida were replaced by CAP, people would like to consume it more than the other flour cookies.

Background: Pizza, an Italian culinary delight, is relished by diverse groups of individuals. In this study, pizza base was innovatively crafted by substituting refined wheat flour (RWF) by combining with little millet flour (LMF) and proso millet flour (PMF) along with Bacopa monneri. Methods: A meticulous investigation was conducted to assess the impact of different quantities of RWF (20-40 g), LMF (20-40 g) and PMF (20-40 g) on the quality attributes of the pizza base, using a D-optimal design for optimization. Result: The findings revealed that an increased proportion of refined wheat flour (RWF) enhanced the overall acceptability of the pizzabase. Further more, the hardness of the pizzabase was influenced by higher RWF quantities and reduced levels of proso millet flour (PMF) and little millet flour (LMF). Similarly, an increase in the amount of PMF led to a significant increase in both protein and antioxidant content. The optimized proportions for RWF, LMF and PMF were determined to be 40 g, 33.3334 g and 26.6666 g, respectively. This optimization yielded the following outcomes: An overall acceptability score of 8.33, an antioxidant content of 92.2727%, a pizza base texture (hardness) of 2388.88 g and a protein content of 10.3131%. These results are in concurrence with the predictions made by the significantly (p<0.05) fitted quadratic models.

Background: Almond (Prunus dulcis) is the most consumed tree nut, next to walnut and cashew and India is number one importer of almonds. Ingredients such as Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea), Kodo millet (Panicum sumatrense) and Black rice (Oryza sativa) were popular in the past but neglected by people now a days due to changes in the life style and regular food intake. Taking this into consideration an attempt was made to utilize these ingredients to develop a low-cost cupcake (Almocake) with high calcium and magnesium content for people suffering from micronutrient deficiency. The current rate of cupcakes per kg is approximately 700 rs/kg but the "Almocake" is 495 rs per kg, which is much lesser than the commercially available one. Methods: The ingredients were procured, dry roasted and ground. Three different proportions supplemented with 1:2:2:2, 1:2:1:2 and 2:1:1:1 ABVB (Almond, Barnyard millet, Kodo millet and Black rice) per serving were prepared and sensory analysis was carried out using a five-point hedonic scale that considered appearance, texture, taste and aroma. Result: The proportion 2:1:1:1 was found to be comparatively better than the other proportions. Nutritional analysis tests show that calcium content of 39.4 mg and magnesium content of 23.8 mg were present in the cupcake. The antioxidant activity by DPPH antioxidant test was found to be 60%. The shelf life analysis by spread plate technique of the product was observed to be 20 days.

Nanotechnology offers significant potential in the dairy industry, influencing a range of products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, fermented milk, and buttermilk. The use of both bottom-up and top-down processing approaches yields extensive insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of dairy products. A variety of nano-techniques including nanoemulsion, nanoencapsulation, nanoliposomes, nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanocapsules are employed within the dairy industry. These methods, in conjunction with nanosensors, nanolaminates, and nanocoatings, act as efficient packaging solutions, providing critical information on product safety, stability, and quality. Nanotechnology is also highly effective in detecting foodborne pathogens and excels in pathogen control. It plays an essential role in food fortification by encapsulating nutrients, ingredients, and compounds, thus enhancing the texture, taste, aroma, quality, and nutritional value of food. Notably, nanoparticles such as zinc oxide, silver, and titanium demonstrate potent mechanisms for disrupting bacterial cell walls, aiding in compound absorption, and improving physiological functions. This review presents the applications of nanotechnology in the dairy industry, along with pertinent studies and their outcomes regarding the utilization of these technologies in dairy products.

At present time, there is no other snack milk product in the market. Milk is a complete food rich in various nutrients such as protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus. So in this way regular consumption and acceptability of milk in day to day life can be achieved. Women in menopause should also increase their calcium intake due to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and calcium deficiency disease. Milk nugget especially prepare for the vegetarian people. Some people do not like drink milk. They can consume milk nuggets. The Objective of the study was to develop & standardise the coagulum based milk nuggets. Preliminary trials were done for preparing milk nuggets with incorporation of ragi flour and spices. Sensory evaluation was done in the study shows that good acceptability of milk nuggets. So, research study is proposed to be undertaken to make use of milk by women. The study will intend on the use of milk on regular basis by incorporating it in milk nuggets which is a ready to eat product which can be consumed in day-today basis. Keyword (Milk nuggets, coagulum, finger millets).

This study investigates how nutrient cycling rates and ratios vary among fish species, with a particular focus on comparing an ecologically dominant detritivore (gizzard shad) to other fishes in a productive lake. We also examined how nutrient cycling rates are mediated by body size (as predicted by allometry theory), and how variation in nutrient cycling is related to body and food nutrient contents (according to predictions of ecological stoichiometry). As predicted by allometry, per capita nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rates increased and mass-specific excretion rates decreased, with increasing mass. Body phosphorus content was correlated with body mass only in one species, bluegill. Contrary to stoichiometric predictions, there was no relationship between body P and mass-normalized P excretion rate, or between body N:P and excreted N:P, when all individuals of all species were considered. However, at the species level, we observed some support for a body nutrient content effect on excretion as predicted by stoichiometry theory. For example, gizzard shad had lower body P (high body N:P) and also excreted P at higher rates (lower N:P) than bluegill, which had high body P (lower body N:P). We applied the Sterner (1990) homeostatic stoichiometry model to the two most common species in the study Á gizzard shad and bluegill -and found that food N:P had a greater effect than consumer body N:P on excreted N:P. This indicates that, in terms of variation among these species, nutrient excretion may be more of a function of food nutrient content than the nutrient content of the consumer. These results suggest that stoichiometry can provide a framework for variation among species in nutrient cycling and for evaluating the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss.

Banana and cassava are typical plant which produces useful fruits and tubers. However, the improper management of peel waste poses danger to the environment and human health. Previous research stated that, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is used as bioconversion agents that can convert various types of organic wastes into high-nutrient biomass products and also, residues as organic fertilizer / compost. This study was aimed to analyze the growth and nutritional content of BSFL, the physical properties of compost, produced from banana peel processing and cassava peel waste. The BSFL growing media used in this study were, banana peel waste (L1), cassava peel waste (L2), and a mixture of both banana and cassava peel waste (L3) with a ratio of 1:1. Meanwhile, the results showed that the highest BSFL growth (including: length, width, and weight) was generated in the L1 treatment, followed by the L3 and L2 treatments. Also, proximate analysis indicated that, larvae have a protein and fat content of 25.34-33.71% and 6.11-28.27% respectively. Therefore, the resulting fine residue satisfies the requirements for soil compost. Keywords: bioconversion, banana peel, cassava peel, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens 1. Introduction Waste is an unimportant debris that is no longer in use but discarded. Therefore, carrying out improper treatment on it, produces a negative effect on health, environment, social and economic life of the community [1]. In Indonesia, the waste generated in 2017 is 64 million tons / year, these wastes consists of 60% organic wastes, 15% plastics, 10%papers, and 15% other wastes (such as metals, glasses, and clothes). The data shows that the

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAP) can negatively affect the sustainability of algal-bacterial processes. N2O emissions from a pilot HRAP devoted to biogas upgrading and digestate treatment were herein monitored for 73 days. The influence of the pH (7.5, 8.5, and 9.5), nitrogen sources (100 mg L−1 of N–NO2-, N–NO3-, and N–NH4+) and illumination on N2O emissions from the algal-bacterial biomass of the HRAP was also assessed in batch tests. Significantly higher N2O gas concentrations of 311.8 ± 101.1 ppmv were recorded in the dark compared to the illuminated period (236.9 ± 82.6 ppmv) in the HRAP. The batch tests revealed that the highest N2O emission rates (49.4 mmol g−1 TSS·h−1) occurred at pH 8.5 in the presence of 100 mg N–NO2-/L under dark conditions. This study revealed significant N2O emissions in HRAPs during darkness.