Probiotics and Prebiotics

Using Dillenia indica (Chalta) and Tamarindus indica (Tamarind), two fruits with abundant antioxidant and therapeutic qualities, this study sought to create and assess a combined fruit juice. After being removed, fruit pulps were combined in a 1:2 ratios. Sensory, microbiological, and physicochemical tests were performed on the prepared juice. According to the results, the juice had a high vitamin C content (75 mg/100 ml), a pH of 3.2, a TSS of 17°Brix, and a titratable acidity of 0.68%. Significant amounts of potassium (124.25 mg), sodium, iron, and calcium were found by mineral analysis. The juice's safety for ingestion was validated by microbiological testing, which found no signs of yeast growth or coliform. High customer acceptability was found through sensory examination. The juice showed great antioxidant and nutritional potential, making it a functional beverage that shows promise for supporting cardiovascular health and reducing LDC cholesterol. This suggests that the developed juice could serve as a functional beverage for cholesterol management, warranting further clinical investigation.

Probiotics are microorganisms that live as commensals in the intestines of people and warmblooded creatures. These living beings have appeared various benefits that are utilized in the treatment of diseases, including intestinal disorders, strengthening the immune system, reducing drug side effects in cancer patients, and more. The point of this study is to explore the part of probiotics in human health and to address the different species of probiotic microorganisms. In this review study, reputable scientific databases such as Google Scholar, SID, and Scopus were utilized to search for relevant articles. By investigating 50 published articles in recognized journals from the years 2000 to 2025, add up to of 21 articles met the consideration criteria for the study and were chosen.

Background and Aim: Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies, particularly in infants and young children, caused mainly by β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and caseins. Conventional methods to reduce milk allergenicity, including heat and pressure treatments, often compromise nutritional quality or lack industrial feasibility. Safe, natural approaches to allergen reduction are essential for both food safety and One Health perspectives, as CMA contributes to nutritional defi­ciencies and impacts global health. This study aimed to isolate and characterize proteolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Chinese dairy products and fermented foods, evaluate their ability to degrade major cow’s milk allergens, and assess their probiotic and safety profiles for application in hypoallergenic dairy products.

Materials and Methods: Seventy-six LAB isolates were obtained from dairy and fermented foods and screened for pro­teolytic activity using skim milk agar and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most active iso­lates were identified by phenotypic characterization and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Probiotic potential was evaluated through in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibil­ity. Safety was assessed through hemolytic activity and screening for virulence-associated genes.

Results: Seventy isolates exhibited proteolytic activity, of which 7 (S30, S44, S46, S52, S63, S67, and S76) showed strong hydrolysis of β-LG and β-casein. These were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus paracasei. Notably, L. rhamnosus S46 achieved complete degradation of β-LG while maintaining high survival (>83%) under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with BSH activity and broad antimicrobial effects. Most isolates lacked virulence genes and hemolytic activity, except L. paracasei S67.

Conclusion: Proteolytic LAB strains, particularly L. rhamnosus S46 and L. plantarum S52, exhibited strong allergen-degrad­ing activity, probiotic potential, and safety profiles, supporting their application in hypoallergenic dairy production. From a food safety and One Health perspective, these strains represent natural, functional alternatives for reducing milk allerge­nicity, improving consumer health, and supporting sustainable dairy innovation. However, in vivo validation and pilot-scale trials in real dairy systems are necessary to confirm industrial feasibility and consumer acceptance.


Keywords: cow’s milk allergy, food safety, lactic acid bacteria, One Health, probiotics, proteolytic activity.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin supplementation on the production of fermented sugarcane juice with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and during refrigerated storage at 4 • C for two weeks. Sugarcane juice was fermented using L. plantarum for 7.5 h and L. rhamnosus for 8.5 h. The viability of L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus was 8 log CFU/mL, both exceeding the recommended 7 log CFU/mL threshold post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage. Supplementation with 1 % inulin significantly improved the viability of L. rhamnosus post-fermentation and after the first week of refrigerated storage, whereas 2 % inulin supplementation significantly improved the viability of L. rhamnosus after the first week of refrigerated storage. However, prebiotic supplementation did not show a significant enhancement of the viability of L. plantarum. A decline in pH was observed post-fermentation and after the first week of refrigerated storage in fermented sugarcane juice. The physicochemical characteristics of fermented sugarcane juices, like pH, total soluble solids, and clarity, remained stable post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage. Distinct total colour changes (ΔE > 3) were observed in fermented sugarcane juice during refrigerated storage. Lactic acid concentration decreased in fermented sugarcane juice post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage, while trans-aconitic acid concentration remained constant in most of the samples. The glucose, fructose, and sucrose concentrations in fermented sugarcane juice varied post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage. This study demonstrated novel probiotic-prebiotic combinations in fermented sugarcane juice formulation and supports future applications of fermented sugarcane juice in functional food and nutraceutical markets.

It was carried out the feeding experiment with broiler chickens Cobb.  There were collected two groups with 100 pcs broilers in each group. The first group was fed by the feed mixtures with 4% lucerne meal and the second group was fed without the addition of lucerne meal. There were studied the effect of lucerne meal for growing chicken abilities and microbiology colonization of intestine.  Saponins and fiber content in feed mixtures with 4% lucerne meal had non-statistically significant effect on the growth ability of chickens (p>0.05).We studied microbiology of  appendix´s. There were determined  Lactobacillus sp.,  Enterococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. The average number of  Lactobacillus sp. in chyme appendix´s was from 8.72 to 8.90 log KTJ per g, the average number of Enterococcus sp. was from 7.76 to 7.68 log KTJ per g and E. Coli from 7.49 to 7.42 log KTJ per g.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Enterococci are generally considered opportunistic pathogens due to the presence of virulence traits, but still they are used as probiotics, following extensive safety profiling. This study showed the assessments of a dozen virulence traits in the selected strains (n= 11) and screened for their safety and probiotic potential. The phenotypic and genotypic assessments were performed following the established methods of enterococcal species safety. The obtained results revealed the absence of major virulence traits in the selected strains. Phenotypic analysis showed that all selected strains were free from gelatinase, lipase, catalase, DNAse, and hemolysin production. Molecular assessment of virulence-associated genes like cytolysin (cylLl, cylA), gelatinase (gelE), serine protease (sprE), insertion sequence (IS16), enterococcal surface proteins (esp), aggregation substances (agg, asa1), endocarditis-associated (EfaAfs, EfaAfm), collagen binding (ace, acm), hyaluronidase (hyl), sex pheromone (eep, ccf), catalase (kat), and lipase-associated (lip fs/fm) genes was screened for strain safety, which was not observed in most E. faecium strains, while E. faecalis harbors few virulence genes. These results showed the safety of these strains, and hence they can be tailored for their probiotic properties.

Background: In 2013, a systematic review and Delphi consensus reported that specific probiotics can benefit adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other gastrointestinal (GI) problems.

Aim: To update the consensus with new evidence.

Methods: A systematic review identified randomised, placebo-controlled trials published between January 2012 and June 2017. Evidence was graded, previously developed statements were reassessed by an 8-expert panel, and agreement was reached via Delphi consensus.

Results: A total of 70 studies were included (IBS, 34; diarrhoea associated with antibiotics, 13; diarrhoea associated with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, 7; other conditions, 16). Of 15 studies that examined global IBS symptoms as a primary endpoint, 8 reported significant benefits of probiotics vs placebo. Consensus statements with 100% agreement and "high" evidence level indicated that specific probiotics help reduce overall symptom burden and abdominal pain in some patients with IBS and duration/intensity of diarrhoea in patients prescribed antibiotics or H. pylori eradication therapy, and have favourable safety. Statements with 70%-100% agreement and "moderate" evidence indicated that, in some patients with IBS, specific probiotics help reduce bloating/distension and improve bowel movement frequency/consistency.

Conclusions: This updated review indicates that specific probiotics are beneficial in certain lower GI problems, although many of the new publications did not report benefits of probiotics, possibly due to inclusion of new, less efficacious preparations. Specific probiotics can relieve lower GI symptoms in IBS, prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics and H. pylori eradication therapy, and show favourable safety. This study will help clinicians recommend/prescribe probiotics for specific symptoms.

This study was aimed at evaluating the adhesive and immunomodulatory properties of indigenous lactobacilli strains isolated from fermented foods, infant feces, and human milk. Methodology: The adhesive properties of lactobacilli strains were evaluated for hydrophobicity, coaggregation, and autoaggregation capacities. The best strains were evaluated for adhesion to HT-29 cell line in the presence of lipopolysaccharides. Further, the best performing strains were evaluated in post, pre, and coculture methods for modulation of cytokine release and their expression in cell through RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Results: The test lactobacilli strains showed strong affinity toward toluene compared to hexadecane. Seven of the strains, namely, 3ST3, 3ST7, 8BM6, 8ST7, BK5, GR27, and GR8, were strongly (> 60%) hydrophobic toward both the solvents. Strains belonging to the Lacticaseibacillus casei group (3ST5, 72%; PT1, 64.33%; and 3BM4, 60%), except Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BK5, showed promising autoaggregation. The majority of strains displayed marked coaggregation within the ranges of 50%-70%, significantly higher than probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) (33%). Qualitative adhesion revealed that strain Lactiplantibacillus pentosus 15ST2 exhibited the highest rate of adhesion (45.33%) around the edges and surface of the HT-29 cells. Most of the lactobacilli significantly (p < 0 05) inhibited Staphylococcus aureus by exclusion interference. During transcriptional studies, a significant upregulation in the expression of TLR2 and the proinflammatory marker TNF-α was observed for KN3 (14.08-fold) and the 3BM3 strain (7.76-fold) in the coculture model. While in pre-and postculture, no significant difference in the expression of TLR2, TNF-α, and IL-10 was recorded in comparison to LPS-stimulated cells. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 was upregulated during pre-and postculture conditions at both transcription and translation levels. Conclusion: The indigenous lactobacilli (15ST2, 3BM3, and KN3) strains effectively adhered to intestinal cell surface and thereby have shown their potential to modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines at both transcription and translation levels, when introduced alongside pathogens or established before bacterial infection.

Microorganisms are the smallest living creatures on Earth, yet they play an extraordinary role in shaping various aspects of our lives. Their ability to thrive in nearly every habitat brings them into constant association with their surroundings. In humans, the entire collection of microbes that live in or on the body is known as the microbiome. Depending on their location, these communities may be classified as the gut microbiome, skin microbiome, oral microbiome, and so on. Remarkably, the microbes in our bodies outnumber human cells by about 10 to 1, with an estimated 10¹⁴ microorganisms belonging to nearly 1,000 species. This means human cells are essentially “bathing” in a sea of microbes. Just imagine the impact, whether beneficial or harmful, that such tiny creatures can have on body functions. All praises to ALLAH (GOD), who has created a delicate balance among these microbial populations. Under normal conditions, microbes live in harmony with the body, a state known as eubiosis. However, any disturbance in this balance, called dysbiosis, can profoundly influence our physiological, psychological, and even social well-being. Importantly, not all microbes are harmful. Among this vast microbial community, many species are considered “friendly” or good bacteria. These beneficial microbes play essential roles in supporting metabolism, disease prevention, cognitive functions, and even the development of social behaviors.

The skin microbiome is composed of a complex association of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The maintenance of skin commensal microbes is essential for preventing the overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms or already present opportunistic pathogens. Thus, the development of bioactive compounds capable of modulating skin microbiome has become an important topic for both researchers and the cosmetic industry. Increasingly, scientific evidence highlights that metabolites derived from probiotics have a great potential to prevent diseases affecting the skin. These compounds have recently been called postbiotics and are defined as a “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”. Postbiotics are obtained from fermentations performed almost exclusively by lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and organic acids are some examples of postbiotics. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial, immunomodulatory...

Introduction
The Fe iron significantly affects the quantity and quality of agricultural production. Factors affecting the absorption of this element increase its efficiency. Meanwhile, the pH of the nutrient solution plays an important role in iron absorption. Iron is one of the essential elements for plant growth and plays an essential role in chloroplasts. Due to iron deficiency, the activity of several enzymes such as catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and ferroxin is significantly reduced. The amount of iron in the soil is high, but plants only absorb two-capacity of soluble soil, which is negligible compared to the total iron. Soil environmental conditions affect the amount of iron by the plant, so it is difficult to control the uptake of iron by the plant. It has the highest ability to absorb iron and manganese at a pH less than six. For this reason, acetic acid was used to stabilize the pH of the solution. Acetic acid has all the properties of an acid. Acetic acid is a polar solvent and an organic compound. The use of inexpensive organic acid and citric acid in agriculture, despite its positive effects on calcareous soils and their reasonable price, is still not common in Iran. Acetic acid has a carboxylic group and therefore has all the properties of an acid.

Materials and Methods
The pH solution plays a role in absorbing iron elements. This experiment was carried out in the form of a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design on a strawberry plant of diamant cultivar in the research station of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during the years 2015-2017. Ardabil City in northwest Iran is located between Sablan and Baghrou mountain ranges. Due to its high altitude and mountainous nature, this city is colder than other cities in Iran and is considered one of the semi-arid cold regions. The average rainfall of this city is reported to be 400 mm. Factors included acetic acid (zero, one, two, and three percent), iron in two levels (sequestration 25 gr and nano one gr), and two levels of agricultural soap agents (zero and 7.5 %) as foliar spraying. Foliar application of pH nutrient solution from the three-leaf stage of the plant (mid-April) to the end of May, a total of five times 10 days apart in both years, was done. Two weeks after the last foliar application (June of the second year) plant growth indices included leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight. Root length, flower-to-fruit ratio, chlorophyll greenery a, b, and total, leaf iron content and fruit yield per plant were measured.

Results and Discussion
The results of the analysis of variance showed that the three-way effect of treatments in all studied traits except root length and yield at one percent probability level on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and chlorophyll a, b and total at five percent probability level on fresh weight and root dryness, flower to fruit ratio and leaf iron content were statistically significant. The three-way interaction of acetic acid, iron, and agricultural soap data showed that the highest leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, ratio of flowers to fruits, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and the amount of leaf iron related to the treatment acetic acid two percent of sequestration iron in combination with agricultural soap (7.5 %) and in chlorophyll a, it was related to the treatment of acetic acid one percent of sequestrin iron in combination with agricultural soap. The lowest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves, fresh root weight and dry root, flower-to-fruit ratio, and leaf iron content were related to the treatment of acetic acid zero with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). The lowest Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were related to the treatment of acetic Acid three percent with Nano iron with agricultural soap (control). In addition, the interaction between acetic acid and iron at the level of five percent probability on root length and yield was significant.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that acetic acid two percent on the absorption of iron fertilizer, along with agricultural soap (7.5 %) application, has better results than other treatments and qualitative traits of strawberry fruit. In general, it can be concluded that the pH of the nutrient iron solution can improve plant growth and crop yield. The iron level of sequestration iron with two percent acetic acid with agricultural soap 7.5 % due to increasing the bicarbonate of the soil in the Ardabil region has caused the absorption of nutrient elements, especially iron by strawberries. The shelf life of the solution on the leaf surface had a more favorable effect on most growth indices in the strawberry Diamant cultivar in Ardabil soil conditions.

Introduction
The main activity of people in the Sistan region is agriculture and animal husbandry, which due to the drought and the unavailability of surface water and the intermittent flow of water in the Sistan River, the digging of irrigation wells has expanded in this area. The Sistan River continues of Afghanistan's Helmand River, which passes through agricultural and urban areas. Therefore, it is possible that some kinds of pollutants, especially heavy metals, can come from different sources. On the other hand, after entering the Sistan Plain, the river affects the water level of wells along the river. Therefore, in case of contamination, it may increase the concentration of heavy metals in wells. However, until now, the concentration of heavy metals in the water wells has not been investigated and only the salinity factor has been considered from the point of view of water quality. The quality of drinking water is associated with the concentration of physicochemical compounds such as nitrate, phosphate, various anions and cations, and organic and inorganic pollutants such as heavy metals. Drinking water contaminated with metals is turning into a primary health concern for human health care. Therefore, surveying the quality of water can be helpful in management. The aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in the wells along the Sistan River, in order to ensure the quality of water for agriculture, husbandry, and human consumption.

Materials and Methods
In this research, in order to ensure the appropriate quality of water in terms of the concentration of heavy metals and also the possible effect of EC and pH factors on their changes, the concentration of some elements and factors were mentioned in the water samples of 26 active wells. The samples were collected along the Sistan River (with a maximum distance of 1000 meters buffer zone) from the border point to the entrance to Hamoun Hirmand (Afzal-Abad branch, Lorg Bagh and Khwaje mountain) from January to March 2022. According to the investigation of the Afzal-Abad branch and the absence of wells, no samples were obtained from this section. At the same time as the sampling, the characteristics of the well, such as the year of establishment and the type of water usage were recorded. Sampling was done in three repetitions and during sampling pH, EC, TDS, and salinity variables were measured by a portable calibrated device and recorded three times. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory in order to measure heavy metals in sterilized frosted glass containers. The standard method of the American Public Health Association (APHA) was used to measure each of the considered factors. After the preparation of samples, the concentration of heavy metals was measured with ICP. The obtained results were zoned using the normal kriging and co-kriging methods based on the selected model resulting from the prediction standard error. Geostatistical kriging methods (such as simple kriging, normal kriging, and co-kriging) were used for interpolation of heavy metals distribution. In the semi-variable analysis, the variability of the factors with respect to the spatial distance was organized by different linear, spherical, etc. functions using ArcGIS software.

Results and Discussion
The average amount of pH was measured at 8.31. The concentrations of salinity and TDS were 3.74 and 4.62 g l-1, respectively. EC value was also measured as 6322 µS/cm. The average concentration of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb was also obtained at 2.64, 124, 10, 5.9, 33, 17, 1.43, and 2.79 µg l-1 respectively. The trend of elements obtained Fe>Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. The results indicated a low concentration of Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn While Pb concentration was higher than the standard. The low concentration of the mentioned elements is due to the alkaline pH of water, which acts as a buffer and causes the elements to become insoluble and precipitate. Some dangerous elements such as mercury could not be measured due to their low concentration. The amount of salinity and EC factors also showed that the well water is not suitable for agriculture and livestock. The result of element zoning also showed that the concentration of metals increases from the border towards the lake. According to the age of the wells, it can be said that the reason for the decrease in the concentration of metals is due to the longer life of the wells and the chance of water mixing during the Sistan River water harvesting.

Conclusion
The result showed that the concentration of metals, except lead, is lower than the standard value. The low concentration of elements may be due to the alkaline condition of water, which acts as a buffer and causes the insoluble and finally precipitate. Or it can be due to the lower concentration in the bedrock, which can be obtained by surveying the geology of the bed of the wells. The variation in metal concentration among the sampling sites may be due to the age of the well. So up to the Sistan dam, where the wells are older, the concentration of elements is lower. It may be due to river flow, which can cause dilution of metals in wells during high water season. According to the amount of salinity and EC, irrigation with water can cause a quality decrease of soil that leads to loss of cultivated area. Moreover, the fact that water is not suitable for livestock and alternative sources should be introduced.

Generally, Bacteria in the intestine consist of beneficial bacteria and bacteria that have the potential to disrupt animal health such as pathogenic bacteria. The presence of pathogenic bacteria is one of the factors that cause gastrointestinal dysfunction, but can be suppressed by maintaining the presence of beneficial bacteria for the digestive tract, especially the type of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) (Astuti, 2016). LAB has antagonistic activity because it is able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria so it can compete to maintain normal flora balance in the digestive tract.  The main inhibitory activity of LAB is caused by the accumulation of primary metabolites such as lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. In addition, LAB is also capable of producing antibacterial compounds such as bacteriocins (Furtado et al ., 2014) . Naturally LAB has existed in the digestive tract of chickens, but it is easy to experience changes in the amount due to the influence of given the fee...

Las fuentes de nitrógeno orgánico más empleadas para el cultivo microbiano son los extractos de levaduras, extractos de carne y péptona, así como algunos licores de granos. Todos ellos se obtienen mediante procesos con variada complejidad tecnológica y componentes de costo. La utilización de productos obtenidos a partir de levaduras para la formulación de medios de cultivo es de gran aceptación, debido a su composición aminoacídica, siendo uno de los procesos más utilizados para liberar esos aminoácidos la hidrólisis ya sea enzimática, ácida o básica. Para dar respuesta a esta problemática desarrollamos un procedimiento sencillo basado en la hidrólisis básica de levadura de los géneros Cándida y Saccharomyces. El procedimiento desarrollado permitió obtener una fuente de nitrógeno apropiada para sustituir las complejas fuentes de nitrógeno empleadas para la formulación de los medios de cultivo necesarios para la producción de un preservante biológico y un preparado probiótico, los cuales fueron evaluados con resultados altamente satisfactorios y al mismo tiempo permitió disminuir el costo de producción de estos bioproductos.

The present study aimed to identify the efficient cryoprotectants formulations on the survival of Lactobacillus plantarum
CJLP133 microencapsulated in calcium alginate during freeze-drying. Trehalose, maltodextrin, sorbitol, sucrose, and soy
peptone were selected to develop optimal formulations of cryoprotectants that were added to the calcium alginate micro
encapsulation using extrusion technology. The soy peptone after being combined with trehalose and maltodextrin was
determined to have the highest cell viability than other combinations of sucrose and sorbitol during freeze-drying after
microencapsulation (p ≤ 0.05). After storage for 12 weeks at 40 °C, the viability of microencapsulated L. plantarum was
reduced by 1.03 log CFU mL− 1, while free cell viability was reduced by 1.68 log CFU mL− 1. Additionally, microencapsu
lated cells with cryoprotectants were resistant to simulated stomach–duodenum passage (SSDP) in vitro model, compared
to free cells (p ≤ 0.05). This study highlighted that soy peptone was the most suitable cryoprotectant with trehalose and that
the addition of maltodextrin during freeze-drying after microencapsulation of L. plantarum conferred enhanced survival
during long-term storage at high temperatures and under adverse SSDP conditions.

Para lo cual mediante el uso de un análisis documental en diferentes bases de datos se realizó una inspección exhaus�va de literatura sobre la terapia génica, la Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave y la relación entre estas. Adicionalmente, se seleccionaron tres casos clínicos en donde la terapia génica fue usada como tratamiento para la IDCG-X y la IDCG-ADA. Por otro lado, se usó una matriz compara�va, para organizar toda la información recolectada, cuyos criterios se dividieron en tres secciones: información general del caso, metodología del caso y resultados. Se encontró que en los 24 pacientes par�cipantes hubo una alta efec�vidad de la terapia génica. Finalmente, se concluye que la terapia génica sí es un tratamiento efec�vo y que muestra un gran potencial para este �po de enfermedad y por tanto debe de ser considerado para futuros tratamientos.

Objective: To determine and quantitatively measure the protective and/or therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) application on a burn wound before and after the onset of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.

Method: Third-degree scald burns affecting 10% of body surface area were formed on the back of five groups of rats. Group 1 was designated as the control group. In Group 2, LP was applied immediately after the burn and then MRSA inoculated. In Group 3, MRSA was applied immediately after the burn and then LP inoculated. Groups 4 and 5 were designated as controls of LP and MRSA. On the fifth and tenth days, bacterial loads and compositions were assessed by tissue biopsies.

Results: Each group contained seven rats (n=35). In Group 2, MRSA colony counts were found to be significantly lower compared with the other groups (p<0.05). In Group 3, MRSA colony counts were not found to be significantly different compared with control groups (p>0.05).

Conclusion: LP was shown to have a protective role in non-infected, burn wounds when applied before MRSA infection but a therapeutic effect of LP was not demonstrated. LP is thought to have a promising role in the prevention and treatment of burn wound infections.

Keywords: burn wound infection; meticillin-resistant; probiotic; superinfection.

Lactic acid bacteria, gram positive, without spores, catalase negative, nitrate reduction negative and ceritochrome oxidase negative and ceritochrome oxidase negative, which have a fermentative metabolism and are useful for food industry, therefore today the local strains of lactic acid bacteria are of special importance. They are found in the dairy industry and have characteristics of compatibility with the conditions of the same region. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to extract biosurfactant from Lactobacillus in the traditional yogurt of Swadekoh as an emulsifier in the food model. In this experimental study, 32 samples of Swadkoh traditional yogurt were prepared and cultured in MRS environment (agar and broth) for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius in an anaerobic jar under microaerophilic conditions. The isolated strains with the ability to produce biosurfactant were identified based on biochemical and molecular tests and the optimal conditions for biosurfactant production were investigated and its emulsifying activity was investigated in a food model system. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Lactobacillus bacteria were isolated from 24 samples and necessary tests were taken from 5 samples, among which 2 strains of Lactobacillus delbruecki and Lactobacillus fermentum have the highest ability to produce biosurfactant. The biosurfactants extracted from both bacteria showed that they have a good ability in the emulsification process, but the stability of the biosurfactant in Delbrooki species is higher than in Fermentum species and this difference is significant in the four examined oils. The results of the study showed that by isolating Lactobacillus strains with the appropriate ability to produce biosurfactant, they can be used to produce biosurfactant on an industrial scale to replace synthetic emulsifiers in traditional Sovadkoh yogurt.

In Vitro Cholesterol reducing ability, β- galactosidase, antioxidant, antitumor and antibacterial activity of L. acidophilus La-5,L. casei - 01, L. helveticus Lh. B 02,  B. bifidum Bb-12, K. lactis NRRL Y- 8279 and Sacch. cerevisiae DSMZ 70 449 were investigated.Results obtained showed that all strains were able to reduce cholesterol and had β- galactosidase activity especially yeast strains and the viable form (free and microencapsulated) of all microbial stains had higher cholesterol reducing ability and β- galactosidase activity than nonviable form.Howeverthe nonviable form of all tested microorganisms had the highest antioxidant power compared with the others. The yeast strains had higher antioxidant activity than bacterial strains in the different forms. All strains in different forms exhibited antitumor activity by using potato disc assay. Antibacterial activity was observed in lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium strains against spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.

The viability of free and microencapsulation L. acidophilus La-5, L. casei -01, L. helveticus LhB 02, B. bifidum Bb-12, K. lactis NRRL Y-8279 and Sacch. cervisiae DSMZ 70449 cells in simulated gastrointestinal tract environment was determined. The viable cells of strains decreased significantly except B. bifidum and K. lactis in microencapsulated form as compared with their initial count in the presence of lysozyme (100 µg/ ml). The viability of all strains at pH 1.5 was less than that at pH 3.0 throughout exposure time (180 min). By increasing the concentration of bile salt, the resistance of all microorganisms decreased and there was a significant difference between their initial count and that after 180 min at 37ºC. Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity was detected with L. acidophilus and B. bifidum. The viability of all strains decreased with the increase of phenol concentration and exposure time. The release of viable cells from microcapsules in simulated colonic pH solution increased significantly as the exposure time increased from zero to 90 min at 37ºC. Also strains were resistant to all antibiotics used in this study except yeast strains were susceptible to neomycin. Results of this study showed considerable difference in the percentage of hydrophobicity between strains. Generally the final number of viable cells of the strains was still above the levels suggested to produce their claimed health benefits. On the other hand the microencapsulation of strains protected them against adverse effects of GIT environment and enhanced their survivability.

Bacteria generally ferment milk but, sometimes, yeasts are found in fermented milks. The presence of these yeasts in the microbial community of some fermented milks could be intentional or accidental. The Diversity of yeasts in the products was investigated using a molecular technique employing variable regions of 26S rDNA profiles generated by PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). Two types of samples: artisanal or handcraft yoghurt and traditionally fermented milks were collected in three towns of the three regions of the northern part of Cameroon. Firstly, a comparison was made between the 16 traditionally fermented milks collected in Maroua, Garoua and Ngaoundre each of the 3 regions. Secondly, it was between 26 artisanal fermented milks of each region and finally, between the two types of products. The different PCR-DGGE 26S rDNA profiles obtained were analyzed and DNA sequencing was used to compare yeasts from each method of production. Twelve (12) species of Yeasts were identified as: Malassezia globosa, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Galactomyces candidum, Candida tropicalis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Torulaspora globosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae/paradoxus, Pichia kluyveri, Candida parapsilosis, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida orthopsilosis and Pseudozyma sp . Yeast diversity was higher for artisanal fermented milks (yoghurt) with at least 10 species, while for traditionally non packed fermented milks only 5 species were identified with a predominance strain of Galactomyces candidum, Candida parapsilosis, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae/paradoxus and Kluyveromyces marxianus . The different species of yeast might be introduced accidentally in artisanal yoghurt; however, for traditionally fermented milks their presence might be associated to the starter.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a complex complication characterized by tissue damage and neurological problems in the lower extremities. Poor wound healing intensifies the severity of DFU, which currently has a 15%-20% prevalence and thus poses a significant healthcare challenge. DFU treatment is often considered complicated due to multifaceted problems, including high cost, low stability, and prolonged healing time. Thus, there is a need to find multidisciplinary, cost-effective, and potential treatment options. In parallel, the role of skin and gut microbiota has been highlighted, influencing the progression of DFU. Probiotics, when used in sufficient amounts, confer a health benefit to the host and are found to have a promising treatment potential for DFU. Probiotics exert beneficial effects that help to improve the management and healing of DFU, following various mechanisms like controlling hyperglycemia, enhancing immune function, modulating the microbiota, and maintaining glucose homeostasis, all of which contribute to improved management and healing of DFU. Despite the potential of probiotics in DFU treatment, their precise mechanisms, optimal strains, dosages, and experimental validation remain underexplored. To fully explore the probiotic potential for DFU, extensive animal studies and clinical trials are needed. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of DFU, existing treatment options, current limitations, and the growing importance of probiotic therapy. It also emphasizes the application of advanced technologies, including

Background: The skin and gut microbiomes are complex ecosystems critical to human health, with their interplay mediated through the gut-skin-brain axis. Probiotics and prebiotics offer promising interventions to modulate these microbial communities, impacting dermatological conditions and mental health outcomes. This review synthesizes current scientific understanding of their mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and emerging therapeutic strategies in dermatology. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov, using keywords such as "probiotics," "prebiotics," "skin microbiome," and "gut-skin axis." Studies from 2015-2025, including peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials, were prioritized, with a focus on human subjects, supplemented by relevant animal or in vitro studies. Data were extracted on study design, interventions, and outcomes, and synthesized thematically to evaluate probiotics and prebiotics in dermatological conditions and mental health. Results: Probiotics and prebiotics modulate the skin and gut microbiomes through competitive inhibition, immunomodulation, and barrier enhancement, showing efficacy in atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, rosacea, and wound healing.

Probiotic products containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely promoted for their health benefits, including support for vaginal and gastrointestinal health. However, concerns have emerged regarding the accuracy of product labeling and the viability of the claimed bacterial strains. This study is aimed at evaluating the microbial quality and probiotic potential of three commercial probiotic products marketed for vaginal health. LAB counts were determined, and isolates were identified based on standard microbiological methods. Probiotic properties were evaluated by testing tolerance to acidic pH, bile salts, phenol, and various temperatures, as well as antibacterial activity against selected pathogens. Results showed a significant discrepancy between labeled claim and actual viable counts. Product A retained only 0.96% of its labeled claim; Product B retained 0.12%, while Product C had no viable LAB. Strains isolated from Products A and B included Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. These isolates demonstrated varying degrees of acid, bile, and phenol tolerance, and several showed strong antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All isolates were resistant to cloxacillin, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime but remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The use of CLSI standards, while offering methodological consistency, has limitations for nonclinical strains and should be interpreted cautiously. In conclusion, only two of the three evaluated probiotic products contained viable and functionally relevant LAB strains, raising concerns about quality assurance in commercial probiotics. The results highlight the need for stricter regulatory oversight and routine postmarket validation of probiotic formulations. A limitation of this study is the exclusive use of culture-based methods, which may not detect nonculturable but viable organisms. Future studies should incorporate molecular techniques for a more comprehensive microbial assessment and to verify the presence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes.

The gut-skin axis has become an important conceptual framework to identify a relationship between gut microbiota and skin immunity, particularly in autoimmune dermatologic diseases. This narrative review aims to summarize recent data examining how gut dysbiosis, characterized by low microbial diversity and disruption of each of the gut's microbial communities, plays a role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), alopecia areata, and scleroderma. We consider different pathways, including but not limited to increased intestinal permeability ("leaky gut"), Th17/Treg balance, the presence of and/or development of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and molecular mimicry, for how gut dysbiosis drives immune dysregulation in the skin. Clinical and translational evidence of microbiome-based therapies with probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown not only to improve disease severity but also reduce systemic inflammation and restore gut microbiome diversity and community structure. Specific AMR therapies have indicated differences in PASI, SLEDAI, and inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and TNF-α. This narrative review strongly affirms that ambient need for more precision-based solutions to prevent and treat autoimmunity using a combination of multiomics, gut microbiome profiling, as well as artificial intelligence (AI)-driven individualized solutions. Ultimately, the gut-skin axis depicts autoimmune skin diseases from single dermatologic disease classifications to systemic immune diseases grounded in gut health, offering new possibilities for diagnosis, intervention, and disease modulation.

In spite of all advantages for using end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) this technique can only detect one gene DNA sequence. However multiplex PCR has been proposed for employing in the detection of two or more DNA sequences or genes. This implies saving time and money. The objective of this study was to adapt the multiplex PCR technique for detection of either two or three of the most common transgenic genes present in different plants. The DNA was isolated from maize, soybean and cotton plants. The optimization of the multiplex PCR was performed changing the concentration of MgCl 2 , primer annealing temperature and primer design. With this optimization it was possible to amplify three genes (cry 1Ab, epsps and als) in same reaction of PCR. These results may lead to increased efficiency in detection of genetically modified organisms.

To investigate the elemental composition of the leaves and flowers of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) due to the plant's wide application in the indigenous medicinal system and its chemical constituents' importance. Methods: The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for quantitative analysis of various elements. Results: Total 13 important elements were analyzed in leaves and flowers of C. roseus. Results indicated the presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Mn in both leaves and flowers. The most important finding of the work was that, leaves of C. roseus showed high concentration of all elements except K and Zn while flowers of C. roseus showed higher concentration of K and Zn. Conclusions: The elemental composition in both leaves and flowers of C. roseus were found to be different. Therefore, different parts of this medicinal plant are enriched in some micro and macro nutrients like Fe, Ca, Na, K, Zn, which are very important for biological metabolic system as well as human health.

Drug resistance has become a threat to global health, and new interventions are needed to control major infectious diseases. The composition of gut microbiota has been linked to human health and has been associated with severity of malaria. Fermented foods contribute to the community of healthy gut bacteria. Despite the studies connecting gut microbiota to the prevention of malaria transmission and severity, research on developing functional foods for the purpose of manipulating the gut microbiota for malaria control is limited. This review summarizes recent knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota in malaria prevention and treatment. This information should encourage the search for lactic acid bacteria expressing α-Gal and those that exhibit the desired immune stimulating properties for the development of functional food and probiotics for malaria control.

The health and environmental risks associated with antibiotic use in aquaculture have promoted bacterial probiotics as an alternative approach to control fish infections in vulnerable larval and juvenile stages. However, evidence-based identification of probiotics is often hindered by the complexity of bacteria-host interactions and host variability in microbiologically uncontrolled conditions. While these difficulties can be partially resolved using gnotobiotic models harboring no or reduced microbiota, most host-microbe interaction studies are carried out in animal models with little relevance for fish farming. Here we studied host-microbiota-pathogen interactions in a germ-free and gnotobiotic model of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), one of the most widely cultured salmonids. We demonstrated that germ-free larvae raised in sterile conditions displayed no significant difference in growth after 35 days compared to conventionally-raised larvae, but were extremely sensitive to i...

In this study, novel enzymatically modified resistant starch type III (EM-RSIII) derived drug loaded microspheres were developed, for oral colon-specific delivery of Ciprofloxacin HCl, used as a model drug. EM-RS III was enzymatically prepared using starch hydrolyzing enzymes amylase and pullulanase. The Prebiotic effect of EM-RSIII was successfully scrutinized for promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria e.g. Lactobacillus reuteri. Drug loaded microspheres were synthesized from the EM-RSIII through single emulsion evaporation method. The pH sensitive drug loaded microspheres were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, XRD and FTIR. Release studies confirmed the stability of drug loaded microspheres at acidic pH while sustained release was observed at pH 7.8 demonstrating a site specific delivery of drug to colon. In vitro release mechanism of drug was evaluated using various kinetic models. The study also revealed that EM-RSIII derived microspheres were biodegradable and were degraded by the natural microflora of the colon, which was indicated by stimulating growth of probiotic bacteria. The microspheres were exploited as drug carriers for the colon specific release of Ciprofloxacin HCl and its encapsulation was further confirmed from the antibacterial activity.

Organic acids have exhibited great potential as an antibiotic replacement and as an additive work tremendously for health maintenance of broiler chicken. To explore more about organic acids, a total of 900 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were procured from a local hatchery and distributed into 9 treatment groups having 5 replicates of 20 birds each; duration of the biological trial was of 35 days. Group T1 served as control group without any dietary supplementation. Other groups T2 and T3 were boosted with different levels (125 g/ton and 250 g/ton) of enramycin (antibiotic), T4, T5, and T6 were supplemented with different levels (2 kg/ton, 3 kg/ton, and 4 kg/ton) of ammonium formate and ammonium propionate, and T7, T8, and T9 were fed with different levels (2 kg/ton, 3 kg/ton, and 4 kg/ton) of calcium formate and calcium propionate. The findings declared significant improvement (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and FCR in groups T3, T5, and T9 while feed intake was not affected. Carcass evaluation depicted significantly better (P < 0.05) dressed and eviscerated weight along with carcass yield (T5, T7, T8, T9). Broilers fed organic acid supplemented diet had significantly lower (P < 0.05) total bacterial count (T3, T5, T8, T9) and positively improved (P < 0.05) villi length (T5, T6, T9) as compared with control group. However, total protein, globulin, HDL, and LDL levels were determined to be non-significant (P > 0.05) among different organic acids treatments. Hence, organic acids can be utilized as a better replacement for antibiotics. Supplementation of organic acids at a dose rate of 3 kg/ton and 4 kg/ton is recommended for efficient performance of broilers.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of treatment with rifaximin followed by the probiotic VSL#3 versus no treatment on the progression of chronic prostatitis toward chronic microbial prostate-vesiculitis (PV) or prostate-vesiculo-epididymitis (PVE). A total of 106 selected infertile male patients with bacteriologically cured chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were randomly prescribed rifaximin (200 mg, 2 tablets bid, for 7 days monthly for 12 months) and probiotic containing multiple strains VSL#3 (450 × 10(9) FU per day) or no treatment. Ninety-five of them (89.6%) complied with the therapeutic plan and were included in this study. Group A = &quot;6Tx/6-&quot;: treatment for the initial 6 and no treatment for the following 6 months (n = 26); Group B = &quot;12Tx&quot;: 12 months of treatment (n = 22); Group C = &quot;6-/6Tx&quot;: no treatment for the initial 6 months and treatment in the last 6 months (n = 23); Group D = &quot;12...

Probiotics are living microorganisms which when taken in adequate amount provides benefit to the host. While this beneficial effect was originally thought to stem from improvements in the intestinal microbial balance. Identification of clinical characteristics of effective probiotic strains, their mechanisms of action and testing of probioticbased treatment may provide the true beneficial effect of probiotics in various disorders. Probiotics have been investigated as a potential dietary supplement that can positively contribute to an individual's health. This health benefits are not limited to the intestinal tract, but also include amelioration of systemic metabolic disorders, such as Type-II Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular diseases. Prebiotics are dietary substances that consist of non-starch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These are poorly hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes and preferably favour for the growth of probiotics such organism are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacter that are helpful in gut health maintenance, treat cancer, cardiovascular diseases and protect from colitis condition, improve immunity system. Hence prebiotics are widely used in food industry and pharmaceutical formulations. Synbiotic contain both probiotic bacteria and prebiotic sugars. The microbial additions (probiotics) may be used in conjugation with specific substrates (prebiotic) for growth. Synbiotics. are used not only for the improved survival of beneficial microorganisms added to food or feed, but also for the stimulation of the proliferation of specific native bacterial strains present in the gastrointestinal tract. The present review summarizes and discusses the effects of probiotic, prebiotic or synbiotic administration on growth performance, stress tolerance, intestinal microbiota, immune response and as well as food and drug.

There is a natural feeling between our intestinal flora and the gut. These microorganisms, living in the various tracts of human intestine, may affect the host homeostasis. Some of these bacteria can perhaps be a source of infection and sepsis when the bowel barrier is physically or functionally breached. The term 'probiotic' dates from the beginning of the last century and in the last years a market for probiotics worldwide, estimated to be worth billions of pounds, has developed. Although there is persuasive advertising for probiotics and there have been methodological advances in the study of the intestinal microbiota, much remains unproven, e.g. how probiotics work, which strains are effective, what can be expected to be achieved, and what dosage is required for effectiveness. This review of the literature is an evidence-based guide through the developing microbial universe affecting our life.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a public health concern even in apparently healthy individuals. This study was conducted with the main objective to evaluate the potential role of prebiotic enriched camel milk (PECM) as a functional food, against different biomarkers of MetS in comparison to fresh camel milk (CM) and other prebiotic sources, i.e., chicory root powder (CRP) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in rat’s model. The MetS was induced through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. The PECM, CM, CRP, and GOS were fed to rats for 8 weeks, and different biochemical parameters were measured on baseline (0th day), 20th day, and 40th day. Prebiotics were able to significantly reduce the concentration of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and glucose compared to the control group with PECM being the most effective of all groups, whereas liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and AP) were significantly reduced and antioxidants improved by CM and PECM than other prebiotics and co...

This study explores the development of a functional probiotic beverage using the outer peel of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), a tropical fruit widely cultivated in Sri Lanka. The peel, usually discarded as waste, is rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, polyphenols, and tannins, offering potential for value addition through fermentation. The research aims to formulate a low-cost, antioxidant-rich, and probiotic-infused drink from rambutan peel pulp through controlled fermentation using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total soluble solids (TSS), microbial count, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties can be evaluated. It is expected, that the fermented rambutan peel brew could exhibits acceptable taste, high probiotic viability, and strong antioxidant properties, making it suitable as a novel health beverage for local and export markets. This study promotes sustainable agro-waste utilization and introduces a functional beverage aligned with Sri Lanka's circular economy and wellness goals.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the potential of rubber leaves (RL) as an alternative feed ingredient s upplemented with Bacillus pumilus St. L1 probiotics in diets on the hemogram profile and milk production and quality of etawah crossbred (EC) goats. Methods: This study used twelve lactating EC goats. The treatment diets were T0: 60% native grass (NG) + 40% concentrate (CON). T1: 45% NG + 15% RL + 40 CON + 1% probiotics. T2: 30% NG + 30% RL + 40% CON + 1% probiotics. T3: 15% NG + 45% RL + 40 CON + 1% probiotics. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD). Probiotics Bacillus pumilus St. L1 (2.8  10 17 cfu/ml) supplement as 1% based on the dry matter. The parameters observed were dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk quality, feed efficiency and blood profile (erythrocytes and Hematocrit. Analysed variance was applied and the differences between treatments were measured using Duncan's multiple. Result: Including RL and probiotics in the diets showed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in DMI, milk production, milk quality and blood profile. The research results showed an increase in DMI with an average of 597.92-890.84 g/head/day, milk production 265.49-360.24 g/head/day and feed efficiency 37.19-39.87%. Normal blood profile (erythrocytes 8.300-9.210  10 6 /μL, Hematocrit 26.500-34.000%, Hemoglobin 8.133-9.500 g/dL; Leukocytes 10.758-13.308 10 3 /mm 3). The use of 45% RL and probiotics in the diet was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other treatments.

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms (especially fish) that has acquired a special position in the global economic and livelihood panorama. The importance of the fishery sector grows days by day as its demand increases for human consumption. Therefore several types of artificial feed are applied for accelerating the growth and increasing the production rate. Now – a - days, probiotics (live microorganisms) are used in aquaculture for increasing the disease resistance power and improving the water quality. This review article summarizes the use of different types of probiotics in the aquaculture sector.

The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul up...

A study was aimed to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and also determine the other risk factors that intensify this condition. Prescribed questionnaire was used to take baseline information of the animals and farms and California mastitis test kit was used to determine the SCM in lactating cow at farm level. It appears from this study that an overall prevalence of SCM was 51.56% in milking cows at Banaripara Upazilla, Barisal. Crossbred cows were significantly affected with SCM than local breed lactating cows. The farm type affect significantly (p&lt;0.05) on the occurrence of this diseases. The prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in cow was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in 3rd (80%) parity compared to 1st (38.09%) and 2rd (45.83%) parity as well as non pregnant cows (55.55%) are more prone to infection than pregnant cow (46.43%). The farm floor condition and aged cows don’t have any effect on SCM. Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was significantly (p&lt;0.05)...

Background and Aim: Industrial-scale probiotic production requires economically viable media formulations that do not compromise strain functionality. This study aimed to develop a cost-effective medium for cultivating Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22F (L22F), a probiotic candidate isolated from swine feces, while evaluating its industrial viability and functional metabolic profile.

Materials and Methods: Carbon (glucose, sucrose, and dextrose) and nitrogen (yeast extract, soy protein isolate, and whey protein concentrate) sources were screened using one-variable-at-a-time and Plackett–Burman design, followed by Response Surface Methodology for optimization. Fermentation was scaled from a flask to 50 L fermenters at 37 °C and pH 6.50 ± 0.05. Cell viability, pH, and residual sugar were monitored. Functional assessments included stress tolerance assays (heat, acid, bile, and oxidative stress) and untargeted metabolomic profiling using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Results: The optimal medium comprised 9 g/L glucose, 14.1 g/L soy protein isolate, and 14.1 g/L yeast extract, supplemented with minerals. In 50 L fermentation, L22F achieved 9.20 log colony-forming units/mL at 12 h, with residual sugar at 1.50 g/L and pH 3.99. Compared to de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe, the modified medium reduced production cost by 70%–88%, improved fermentation efficiency, and supported enhanced stress resilience. Metabolomic analysis revealed an elevated production of bioactive metabolites, particularly 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and indolelactic acid, which are known to support gut homeostasis, anti-inflammatory responses, and probiotic efficacy.

Conclusion: This study presents a cost-effective and scalable fermentation medium specifically designed for high-density L22F production. Beyond economic advantages, the medium enhanced the functional properties of L22F, supporting its application as a sustainable probiotic feed additive for swine. These findings establish a foundation for further industrial application and in vivo validation.


Keywords: cost-effective production, fermentation optimization, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22F, metabolomics, modified medium, stress tolerance, swine probiotic.

Background: Mastitis is the most common and economically important disease of dairy cattle. Subclinical mastitis is a more important form in India than clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) detection done by periodic examination of the udder health by evaluation of milk at the herd level or the individual cow level by milk somatic cell count (SCC), followed by culture of random milk samples. The presented study was undertaken by survey and sampling of milk from lactating crossbred cattle of unorganized dairy farms and farmer's dairy of the peri-urban region of middle Indo-Gangetic Plains. The objective of the study was to monitor the status of SCM in crossbred cattle and associated changes in milk constitutes and oxidative stress in milk. Methods: A total of 147 lactating crossbred cattle were screened for SCM using the modified California Mastitis Test (CMT) using detergent based CMT reagent and compared with conventional CMT reagent, followed by SCC, milk constituents, bacterial isolation and antibiotic sensitivity testing (ABST). General information was collected in pre-tested questionnaire. The data obtained were statistically treated to evaluate significance of the study. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in peri-urban cross-bred cattle was 36.74% which varied with parity and stage of milking. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was highest (55.77%) in cross-bred cattle in mid-lactation and Parity 3-5. The mean SCC was significantly higher (7.21±0.27) in subclinical mastitis compared to CMT negative (3.66±0.06) milk sample. Somatic cell count was positively and significantly correlated with CMT reactions using conventional CMT reagent (rs= 0.86) as well as modified CMT reagent (rs=0.815) attempted using Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. The mean values of milk pH, fat and lactic acid acidity increased significantly (P0.01) in SCM compared to the milk of healthy cattle, except lactose which decreased significantly in SCM milk. The common contagious bacteria responsible for SCM isolate were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (64.82%) isolates from these SCM milk followed by Streptococcus spp. ABST test conducted on random CMT positive milk sample indicated that gentamicin as most sensitive, followed by enrofloxacin. The present finding indicates the suitability of enrofloxacin as the most useful antibiotic for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in cross-bred cattle of the peri-urban area of middle Indo-Gangetic plains.

Probiotics have always been a vital component and commercial target for providing potential health benefits. The health benefits of probiotics are associated with preventing and reducing many diseases, i.e., allergic diseases, cancer, vaginal infections, hypercholesterolemia, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome. The gut microbiome is a viable therapeutic target for managing allergic diseases, as they modulate the immunological and inflammatory response that consequently affects the development of sensitization and allergy. The advantages of probiotics are related to the modulation of gut microbiota, mitigation of nutritional intolerances (lactose intolerance), increase in bioavailability of macro and micronutrients, and alleviation of allergic incidences in susceptible individuals. Probiotics can be used as an effective tool for lowering blood cholesterol levels. They can act directly or indirectly to decrease cholesterol levels in the body. The gut plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and maintains mucosal barrier integrity. The application of probiotics is a safe, effective, and natural way to support women's health. There is many microbial colonization in the vagina of healthy women, among which Lactobacillus plays a major role (95%). Overall, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are indicators of a healthy vaginal microbiome. Probiotics have been widely used in the treatment of intestinal diseases, but the effect of probiotics on female reproductive tract health (vaginal infections) is still controversial.

There are no studies reporting the effects of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) on intestinal architecture and immunoglobulin serum levels in chickens. Here, we measured these parameters and hypothesized whether probiotic administration could modulate the observed outcomes. Two-hundred 1-day-old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated into four groups: (I) the control, (II) the group treated with L. fermentum, (III) the group exposed to S. Infantis, and (IV) the group inoculated with both bacteria. At 11 days post infection, blood was gathered from animals which were then euthanized, and samples from the small intestine were collected. Intestinal conditions, as well as IgA and IgM serum levels, were assessed. S. Infantis reduced villus-height-tocrypt-depth (VH:CD) ratios in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal sections compared to control conditions, although no differences were found regarding the number of goblet cells, muc-2 expression, and immunoglobulin concentration. L. fermentum improved intestinal measurements compared to the control; this effect was also evidenced in birds infected with S. Infantis. IgM serum levels augmented in response to the probiotic in infected animals. Certainly, the application of L. fermentum elicited positive outcomes in S. Infantis-challenged chickens and thus must be considered for developing novel treatments designed to reduce unwanted infections.

Probiotics Isolation Characterization Cameroon. Nowadays, there is a rise in the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and the phenomena of multiple antibiotics resistance in humans and animals. For these reasons, consumers' interest towards natural products for the management of health issues has increased worldwide. The sector of probiotics which stands as a safe and efficient example of these natural products is currently of growing interest. Indeed, probiotics are microorganisms with demonstrated safety issues for which consumption is associated to positive effects on the host's health. There are several studies Multidisciplinaris

Probiotics Isolation Characterization Cameroon. Nowadays, there is a rise in the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and the phenomena of multiple antibiotics resistance in humans and animals. For these reasons, consumers' interest towards natural products for the management of health issues has increased worldwide. The sector of probiotics which stands as a safe and efficient example of these natural products is currently of growing interest. Indeed, probiotics are microorganisms with demonstrated safety issues for which consumption is associated to positive effects on the host's health. There are several studies Multidisciplinaris

Natural antioxidants play an important role in maintaining and improving poultry's well-being, survival and productive and reproductive performance. Pyocyanin, a secondary blue redox-active metabolite, is one of these natural antioxidants that exert several biological activities to improve birds' performance. This study estimated the effect of dietary supplementation with pyocyanin powder (PP) on broiler's growth, carcase and serum properties, meat quality and microbial load activity. A total of 180 1-week-old unsexed chicks were randomly allocated into three groups. The first group served as a control (C) and fed the basal diet, while the second and third groups (P75 and P150) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 75.0 and 150.0 mg PP/kg, respectively. Results showed that overall body weight gain (BWG) was improved (p<.05) in P75 compared to P150 and control groups. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chicks fed the diet containing PP levels were not altered during all experimental periods compared to the control. Dietary treatments did not affect all carcase traits, blood biochemical parameters and meat sensory characteristics at five weeks of age. Antioxidative status was improved by pyocyanin supplementation as serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced while GST and GSH levels were elevated in P75 and P150 compared to the control. Dietary PP supplements increased (p<.05) the pH, lightness and redness of pectoralis major muscle and reduced (p<.05) the yellowness of the muscle and its contents of thiobarbituric acid and total volatile basic nitrogen. The PP addition showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against several pathogenic bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungi. It could be concluded that pyocyanin can be introduced as a natural, functional and phytogenic feed additive to boost broiler's growth, improve their meat quality, produce nutritious meat products and reduce pathogenic bacteria without adverse impacts on their productivity. This work investigated the effect of pyocyanin powder on broiler chickens. The addition of pyocyanin at 75.0 mg/kg diet improved Body weight gain (BWG) and meat quality characteristics. Pyocyanin exerted antibacterial and antifungal activity against several pathogenic bacteria. Pyocyanin could be used as a natural and functional additive to poultry diets.

The present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation of graded levels of herbal mixture powder (HMP) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood indices and meat quality of broilers. The herbal mixture consisted of (300 g [Capsicum annuum] Hot red pepper þ 300 g Thymus vulgaris þ 300 g Salvia rosmarinus þ 150 g Pimpinella anisum þ 150 g Mentha spicata þ 300 g Nigella sativa þ 300 g garlic [Allium sativum]). A total of 360 chicks of Hubbard broiler one-day-old were randomly distributed into six treatment groups. The groups consisted of the basal diet as a control and a powdered mixture of HMP groups at levels of (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 g HMP/kg diet). The chicks fed a basal diet plus 5 g HMP/kg diet had the highest (p < .05) values of live body weight (LBW) and body weight gain (BWG) at five weeks of age. Serum total protein, globulin, liver enzymes and kidney parameter values were reduced in groups treated with different levels of HMP compared with the control. At the same time, values of albumin, A/G ratio, IgM and lysozymes were increased in chicks treated with HMP. The quality of stored meat and antioxidative parameters were improved in groups fed HMP. Thus, it is concluded that HMP could be used as a natural additive to the broiler diet to enhance the growth rate and improve blood parameters and meat quality. Also, the oxidative rancidity was less in the meat of treated chicks during the storage period as compared to control. Phytogenic additives are used to enhance growth and productive performance. Chicks fed 5 g herbal mixture/kg diet had the best growth performance. The quality of stored meat and antioxidative parameters were improved in groups fed the herbal mixture.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a Gram-positive beneficial bacterium that resides in the human intestinal tract and belongs to the family of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This bacterium is a widely used probiotic and was suggested to provide numerous benefits for human health. However, as in most LAB strains, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the competitiveness of probiotics under different diets remain unknown. Fermentation is a fundamental process in LAB, allowing the oxidation of simple carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose) for energy production under oxygen limitation, as in the human gut. Our results indicate that fermentation reshapes the metabolome, volatilome, and proteome architecture of LGG. Furthermore, fermentation alters cell envelope remodeling and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which leads to altered cell wall thickness, aggregation properties, and cell wall composition. In addition, fermentable sugars induced the secretion of known and novel metabolites and...