Preventive conservation

This article provides a comprehensive framework for practices and research on the seismic vulnerability and protection of museum artifacts. Earthquakes pose a significant threat to cultural heritage, necessitating the implementation of effective seismic protection measures. The study highlights various seismic mitigation techniques, including base isolation, damping systems, and anchorage methods, evaluated through case studies and numerical modeling. The timeline of seismic evaluation methods shows significant advancements from initial categorizations and analytical models to modern technologies like nylon fasteners and magnet anchors. Despite these advancements, challenges such as high costs, complexity, and the need for comprehensive risk assessments remain. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating aesthetic and functional considerations into seismic protection strategies and calls for interdisciplinary collaboration to develop innovative, cost-effective solutions. Future research directions include improving low-cost methods, integrating realtime monitoring systems, and conducting extensive field studies to refine seismic protection strategies.

Pojam rizik općenito je definiran kao opasnost koja se u određenoj mjeri može predvidjeti i čiji intenzitet se može odrediti. Rizik prognozira mogućnost budućih potencijalno štetnih događaja negativnim posljedicama kao što je određeni gubitak. Nadalje, procjena rizika se određuje kroz najvjerojatniju kombinaciju same vjerojatnosti nastanka štetnog događaja i razmjera štete ukoliko se događaj dogodi. Rizik je dakle funkcija procjene odnosa vjerojatnosti i potencijalne štete, pri čemu se stupanj realne opasnosti prognozira prema stupnju izloženosti ali i karakteristikama pojedinačnih materijala i njihove osjetljivosti. Ukupna ranjivost predmeta ovisi o svojstvima i stanju njihovih gradbenih materijala, pojedinačno ili zajedno (u njihovu kompozitnom odnosu ukoliko su tako građeni) i o trajanju izloženosti i učestalosti štetnog utjecaja. Posljedično i često bez mogućnosti precizne procjene, odnosi tih osnovnih faktora uvjetuju blage, srednje jake ili velike posljedice na baštinske predmete i zbirke. Vrste rizika se po modelu mogu svrstati u rijetke, eventualno katastrofalne rizične događaje, sporadične, često lokalno teške rizične incidente ili kontinuirane procese i redovite pojave svake godine. Komplementaran pojam riziku je sigurnost.

Throughout history, the conservation of architectural structures for cultural reuse in archaeological sites has been a complex exercise in decision-making based on multiple factors, including construction, state of conservation, and sociocultural and socioeconomic context of the time. When structures classed as earthen architecture, less known and more vulnerable to degradation agents, are to be intervened these difficulties have traditionally increased. These complications also occur when the intervention is approached from the angle of sustainability. Accordingly, there is a vast spectrum of solutions in the architectural panorama conserved, potentially causing confusion to visitors and in the process for the selection of technical interventions. This paper aims to examine structured decision-making for conservation actions, using a database of 85 archaeological sites in Spain, with earthen architecture in varying degrees of exposure, applying sustainability parameters for recently identified heritage. Thus, a practical diagram or matrix can be offered to provide a clear vision focusing on the different aspects of sustainability, as well as recommendations on the different starting points for conservation.

This research aims to document and analyze the destruction inflicted on cultural institutions and centers in the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023. The study relies on data and statistics from reliable sources, including UNESCO, the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, and specialized international organizations. The results indicate widespread destruction affecting 110 cultural sites according to UNESCO, and 207 out of 320 heritage sites according to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, in addition to the martyrdom of 44 cultural workers. The study concludes that this destruction constitutes a systematic cultural genocide aimed at erasing Palestinian identity.

During the last few years, public space went through a deep crisis. Anti-pandemic preventive measures have dictated severe restrictions to the use of public space. Access to everyday activities, as well as simple leisure
moments, or even circulation, have been harshly restricted, both indoors and outdoors, including the access to schools, universities, museums or libraries during the confinement periods.
Nevertheless, can we say that cultural activity had ceased? Has, or has not, the restricted access to outdoors public space fostered a massive exploration of virtual public space? In fact, creating and sharing artistic work, attending and participating in cultural activities and online programs
seems to have had a wide and general boom, expanding our notions of public space and public art.
Addressing these questions, the International Conference Public Art as a Bridge over Troubled Places intends to capture and debate the memory of the resilience of public art during pandemic times, as well as to reflect about the impact of the means and methods that were used during those periods.

Les interventions directes sur les artefacts exposés dans les musées ne constituent pas un phé- nomène récent. Depuis longtemps, les institutions muséales ont été confrontées à des gestes transgressifs visant les objets et les œuvres qu’elles conservent et exposent. Ce rapport se con- centre sur les cas survenus au cours des cinquante dernières années, dans les musées d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord. Il s’attache à documenter et analyser les actions qui ont ciblé inten- tionnellement des œuvres d’art à l’intérieur de ces institutions culturelles. Ces dernières mettent en lumière le statut particulier du musée dans l’espace social : lieu de mémoire et de légitimation culturelle, mais aussi surface de projection de tensions contemporaines.
Ces dernières décennies, les musées ont très régulièrement fait l’objet d’interventions directes visant les œuvres qu’ils exposent. Ce rapport se concentre exclusivement sur les actions réali- sées à l’intérieur de musées, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Il ne traite pas des destructions d’artefacts survenues en contexte de guerre ou de conflit armé. Il n’intègre pas non plus les actions menées à l’extérieur des bâtiments muséaux, ni les occupations d’espaces muséaux. Ce choix de périmètre permet de se concentrer sur un phénomène précis : les gestes mobilisant des artefacts muséaux ou des œuvres d’art exposées dans des musées, souvent conçus comme des atteintes à des biens symboliques ou patrimoniaux.
Le rapport se compose de deux parties complémentaires, proposant une analyse comparative de deux types d’interventions menées dans les musées en Europe et en Amérique du Nord :
La première partie du rapport est consacrée aux atteintes portées à l’intégrité physique d’œuvres muséalisées. Elle propose un inventaire et une analyse des actes de dégradation in- tentionnelle d’œuvres d’art survenus dans des musées européens et nord-américains entre 1970 et 2025, et s’appuie sur un corpus diversifié, incluant des gestes impulsifs, des perfor- mances artistiques, des protestations idéologiques, ainsi que des actes liés à des troubles psychiques ou à des détresses personnelles. L’analyse examine les profils des auteurs, les motifs invoqués, les modalités d’action, ainsi que les réponses judiciaires et institutionnelles appor- tées. Une attention particulière est portée aux disparités géographiques dans la distribution de ces actes et dans les formes de traitement qui leur sont réservées, révélant des conceptions différenciées du musée, de la transgression et du patrimoine. L’analyse met ainsi en évidence des récurrences géographiques ainsi que des différences nationales dans les régimes de traite- ment judiciaire, les niveaux de tolérance institutionnelle, et les cadres d’interprétation médiatique du vandalisme.
La deuxième partie du rapport s’intéresse aux interventions muséales menées de manière coor- donnée par des collectifs éco-activistes entre 2022 et 2024. Ces actions symboliques, qui s’articulent autour d’artefacts et d’œuvres protégés, s’inscrivent dans un répertoire de déso- béissance civile non violente, visant à alerter sur l’urgence climatique. Elles combinent prises de parole et dispositifs visuels conçus pour susciter un fort écho médiatique tout en question- nant le rôle des institutions culturelles dans le débat public. L’analyse de ce second corpus permet de dégager les régularités dans les formes d’action, mais aussi les différences nationales dans les réactions institutionnelles, judiciaires et médiatiques — révélatrices des seuils de tolé- rance propres à chaque société à l’égard de la contestation dans l’espace muséal.
En mettant en dialogue ces deux ensembles, le rapport met en évidence à la fois des continuités historiques (la récurrence des musées comme cibles symboliques) et des inflexions contempo- raines (l’internationalisation des causes, la médiatisation instantanée, les cadrages juridiques différenciés). Il révèle des écarts entre des pratiques individuelles ou marginales d’un côté, et des stratégies militantes collectives, coordonnées et assumées politiquement, de l’autre. La comparaison géographique constitue un fil rouge de l’analyse : elle permet notamment de sou- ligner les contrastes entre les approches nord-américaines et les dynamiques européennes.
Ce rapport vise ainsi à proposer une cartographie raisonnée des interventions qui ont eu lieu pendant un demi-siècle dans les musées occidentaux contemporains – envisagés comme espaces publics traversés par des conflits de valeurs, des stratégies de visibilité et des régimes de légitimation –, tout en offrant des pistes de réflexion pour interroger les tensions qu’elles révèlent entre patrimoine, protestation et espace public.

Les Diodes Electro-Luminescentes (DEL ou LED : Light Emitting Diodes en anglais) sont des composants semi-conduteurs qui, combines a un luminophore, emettent de la lumiere avec une tres bonne efficacite (independamment de l'alimentation) surpassant les sources de lumiere conventionnelles. Les LEDs sont generalement associees sous diverses topologies pour former des sources ou luminaires dites a LED. Bien que leur efficacite au niveau de chaque composant elementaire soit tres bonne, elle peut chuter a cause de plusieurs facteurs comme les optiques, les pertes electriques ou l'impact thermique. Nous etudie l'influence d'associations et du niveau de courant applique sur l'efficacite des LED en simulation et avons valide notre approche par des resultats experimentaux.

Ann Veronica Janssens s'efforce d'échapper à ce qu'elle appelle la tyrannie des objets. Elle emploie ainsi des formes très simples, non pérennes, de préférence performatives, c'est-àdire en mouvement constant, animées par des phénomènes naturels comme la lumière ou artificiels comme le brouillard. « Vertigo. Phénomènes naturels et visuels dans l'abstraction depuis 1950 », nous offre l'occasion de revenir sur certains aspects de sa pratique artistique. Il me semble que dans votre travail s'entremêlent architecture, sculpture et peinture. Pour procéder dans l'ordre, au-delà d'une question biographique (votre père est architecte), votre première installation de fumée colorée (Blue, Red and Yellow, 2001) était exposée sur l'esplanade de la Neue Nationalgalerie de Berlin, dans une confrontation directe avec l'architecture de Mies Van der Rohe. D'où vient ce besoin initial et constant de se confronter à l'architecture ? 1.

Although there is a growing practice of puppetry in education, there has been no academic research to date on the range of puppet theatre styles and techniques in the museum context. This interdisciplinary thesis seeks to investigate what I call 'museum puppetry', e.g. puppetry used for pedagogical purposes in museum studies' with a focus on the exchanges, compromises and tensions among museum staff and puppet theatre practitioners. Although the research is conducted mainly from the puppeteers' perspective, Chapter 3: The two communities of practice: museum staff and puppeteers Post-museum and museum communities -Interactivity as pre-production………… Collaborative museum puppetry practices………………………………………….. Museum puppetry projects and delicate subjects…………………………………… Authenticity/reliability and other issues involved in big institutions' commissions.... Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….. Chapter 4: Museum Interactivity and Puppet Exhibits………………………… Exploring museum collections and ideas with objects……………………………… Automata on display………………………………………………………………... Museum interpretation and communication with puppet exhibits………………….. The sense of touch and interactive puppet exhibits………………………………….. Conclusion. ………………………………………………………………………… Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations…………………………….……..

The impact of solvent residues in solvent-based acrylics
on the results of Oddy tests for corrosivity was examined.
Solvents can distort Oddy test results, leading to
false-positive or false-negative outcomes. Acetates such
as ethyl acetate and n-butyl acetate can cause corrosion
by hydrolysis into acetic acid and alcohol. A comparison
of the drying methods showed that heat drying at 60°C
for 14 days is suitable for most acrylic solutions. However,
particularly for slow-drying solutions, longer drying times
may be required. The results suggest that the use of acetates
as solvents should be avoided in conservation.

Contém biografia dos artistas. Edição bilingue (Português-Inglês)A obra publica os textos proferidos no Seminário Internacional "Os processos participativos e a cerâmica", que decorreu nos dias 16 - 17 de nov. (2019), organizado no âmbito da 14ª Bienal de Cerâmica Artística de Aveiro, 2019info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tarihi yapılar bakımsızlık, sahipsizlik veya restorasyon süreçlerinde kullanılan bazı yüksek riskli ekipmanlar nedeniyle çoğu zaman yangın tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Çok katmanlı restorasyon çalışmalarına rağmen farklı aşamalarda artan yangın riskinin ortadan kaldırılması için yapılacak rutin çalışmalar yanında farklı birimlerce elde edilmiş bazı temel bilgiler baz alınarak oluşturulabilecek uygulama planları, hem yapının onarımı sırasında hem de sonrasında tarihi yapıları yangın tehlikesinden korumak için kullanılabilir. Örneğin yapıda katkı veya astar malzemesi olarak kullanılmış üstübeç; kimyasal adı ile kurşun karbonat yanıcı olmamasına rağmen yangın sırasında ortaya çıkardığı zararlı gaz ve yanma ürünleri nedeniyle solunum koruyucu kullanılarak ve cilt ile
temasını engellemek için uygun koruyucu kıyafet giyilerek müdahale edilmesi gerekmektedir. Yangın
söndürüldükten sonra ise tozlarının solunmaması ve yangın söndürme sularının yeraltı ve yer üstü sularına karışmasının önlenmesi gerekmektedir. Yapı malzemelerinin analiz edilmesiyle elde edilen sonuçların ve malzemeye bağlı risklerin de yer alacağı analitik rölöve kullanılarak yapı özelinde bir risk değerlendirme çalışması, önleyici koruma ve afet risklerine müdahale planı hazırlanabilir.



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Historic buildings are often exposed to fire hazards due to neglect, abandonment or usage of high-risk equipment during restoration implementations. Due to this multi-layered restoration projects are implemented after carrying out detailed studies. Despite these elaborate studies, the risk of fire increases at different stages of restoration processes. Implementation plans can be created by using routine studies and some informations obtained by different specialist to eliminate the fire risk and these plans can be used to protect historical structures from fire hazards both during and after the repair works. For example, although üstübeç, which is used as an primer material in historic structures, isn’t flammable but it must be intervened by using respiratory protection to prevent
inhaling and by wearing appropriate protective clothing to prevent contact with the skin due to the harmful gas and combustion products it produces during the fire. After the fire is extinguished, it is necessary to prevent inhalation of the dust and to prevent fire extinguishing water from mixing with underground/surface waters. A fire risk assessment study, preventive protection and disaster risk plan can be prepared by conducting an analytical survey, which will include the results obtained by analysing the building materials and material-related risks.

In heritage conservation, a gap is often observed between the theory of conservation as a durable process that aims at the preservation of a historic building and the practice of restoration as a single intervention that aims at a fast and convincing result. This paper describes the proposed approach for the conservation of the main façade of the Shoemakers Chapel (in Dutch: Schoenmakerskapel) in Antwerp (Belgium), a listed monument since 1976. It serves as an example of how to develop a durable and realistic approach for the conservation of a sixteenth century façade. The basis for the conservation approach is the understanding that each intervention should take the stratified significance of the historic façade into account. In this paper, it will be shown how to combine a study of the façade from a technical point of view with an analysis of the façade as a carrier of cultural significance.

A partir del marco epistemico que comprende a la produccion artistica como capaz de tener una carga de conocimiento, se analiza la transformacion de las tesis de grado en Artes Plasticas de la Facultad de Bellas Artes (fba), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (unlp). Este cambio realizado entre los anos 2011 y 2012, que reduce el numero de paginas de 30 a 5, genera un distanciamiento de la mirada tradicional del conocimiento, con un eje discursivo y logocentrico, y se aproxima a una concepcion de conocimiento construido a partir de investigaciones en arte, cuyo eje es experiencial y hermeneutico. Para ello, se toman tres estudios de caso de tres graduados de Plastica, y se separan y se observan las diferencias reales entre una tesis de Plastica y una tesis de Historia del Arte.

This study surveys the state of the art in usability and user experience strategies applied to applications that deal with large amounts of data in the field of cultural heritage, highlighting the most prominent aspects and underlining the under-explored. In these applications, large amounts of data need to be wisely presented to help final users at drawing conclusions and making decisions. While sophisticated technology may be used to improve the user experience, it should not be applied to the detriment of usability, which is critical for the success of these applications. We performed a systematic mapping study to classify the literature retrieved in the four largest scientific databases by a structured search string. We classify applications according to purpose, intended users, the way they address and evaluate user experience and usability, among others, and include the analysis of combined results through maps. Findings reveal the contradiction that while most articles are in...

resultados parciales de la investigación que tiene por objetivo el Monitoreo Ambiental Edilicio del museo, que consiste en el registro y posterior análisis de las condiciones ambientales de las distintas salas de exposición a través de la medición continua de la temperatura y humedad relativa, y de mediciones puntuales de los niveles de iluminación y radiación UV. Se concluye determinando el comportamiento de las distintas salas de exposición, considerando sus características espaciales y su ubicación relativa dentro del mismo. Palabras clave: museos, condiciones ambientales, monitoreo ambiental edilicio, conservación preventiva, patrimonio cultural.

Se presentan las estrategias y herramientas desarrolladas en el marco de un proyecto de I+D de la UNLP, donde se planteo la adecuacion del procedimiento del Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).” El principal objetivo fue evaluar las necesidades ambientales e implementar soluciones sustentables. Uno de los primeros pasos en el proceso para establecer una estrategia de control ambiental es la evaluacion de los diversos factores que pueden afectar la conservacion y cuidado de las colecciones, con el proposito de desarrollar las soluciones apropiadas. Las colecciones de los museos pueden deteriorarse debido a una serie de riesgos: la sensibilidad inherente de las colecciones debido a sus materiales, el clima y la respuesta del edificio a las condiciones climatologicas. Con la evaluacion se trata de describir la sensibilidad de las colecciones, el comportamiento del edificio, los riesgos que representa el medio ambiente y el hombre. La evaluacion para la conservacion se realiza por medio ...

The common approach for libraries to preserve their paper-based collections from irreversible deterioration is by controlling quantitative parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity. Variations of these parameters for preventive conservation can be expressed by the "performance index" (PI) and the "amplitude index" (AI). Building envelope is the first filter of the external climate, buffering the external weather fluctuations and maintaining the building's indoor climate stable. Its shape, window areas and envelope materials are the most influential parameters. As they capture the relationship of a few geometric and physical variables with the building's performance, the envelope characteristics can be expressed as certain passive envelope indexes. This paper studies the relationship of certain passive envelope indexes and the preventive conservation indexes for books for several libraries and archives located in La Plata, Argentina. The results show the impact of every passive envelope index upon the preventive conservation indexes. The compactness, heaviness, adjacency to spaces and adjacency to ground have a positive linear correlation meanwhile transparency and global transmittance are parameters with a negative correlation. In general, the most influential parameter is the relative area adjacent to other spaces, followed by global transmittance, transparency, heaviness, relative area adjacent to ground and compactness. Highlights  Definition of passive envelope indexes and caracterization of libraries in La Plata  Environmental monitoring: achievement of preventive conservation indexes  Correlation between passive envelope indexes and preventive conservation indexes  Determination of the most influential passive envelope indexes for the achievement of preventive conservation indexes.

RESUMEN La preservación y conservación de bienes de valor histórico y cultural demanda conocimientos, y hoy pocos se encuentran a disposición de las autoridades y técnicos con responsabilidad en el tema. Existe suficiente información a nivel internacional generada por organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, que sumados a los académicos permiten definir un marco teórico sobre el cual trabajar. En el país la información es escasa y/o se encuentra dispersa, no existe normativa nacional sobre el tema. Se han realizado mediciones que muestran que el patrimonio cultural reunido en museos de la región del gran La Plata se encuentran en serio riesgo de degradación.

Biogas production from kitchen waste presents a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for energy generation while addressing the challenges of waste disposal. This study explores the anaerobic digestion process, factors affecting biogas yield, technological advancements, and the potential of kitchen waste as an effective feedstock. The findings confirm that kitchen waste, with its high organic content, is an excellent substrate for biogas production. The study also examines the challenges related to feedstock composition, microbial activity, and process optimization. It emphasizes the advantages of using kitchen waste in urban environments, including reducing costs for cooking gas and electricity. By utilizing kitchen waste for biogas production, urban communities can decrease their reliance on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and establish more sustainable waste management systems.

The use of backing boards and glazing as a protective measure is well established in preventive conservation of delicate canvas paintings. A wide range of materials is currently being applied. However, there has been little knowledge on the effectiveness of these modern materials in relation to transport protection of canvas paintings, i.e., vibration and resonance reduction. A range of such damping systems was mounted on sample paintings and compared in their damping capacity with respect to shock impact and vibration in a newly developed transport simulator. Some of the systems produce very effective damping, whereas other systems recommended as standard showed little protective effect. Some even induced negative resonance effects and must be classified as unsuitable. Current findings thus highlight the importance of the evaluation regarding the effects of the protective system as a whole. This should help to avoid unwanted destructive effects induced by unsuitable combinations of "protective" materials. résumé L'utilisation de dos protecteurs et de vitrage est une mesure de sécurité bien établie en conservation préventive des peintures sur toile fragiles. Un large éventail de matériaux sont aujourd'hui employés. Pourtant, nous disposons de peu de connaissances sur l'efficacité de ces matériaux modernes au regard de la protection des peintures sur toile lors des transports, notamment pour limiter les vibrations et la résonnance. Une variété de systèmes d'amortissement ont été fixés sur des tableaux tests et leur capacité d'amortissement des chocs et des vibrations a été com-

Cet article propose une généalogie à la fois technique, culturelle et plastique de l’émergence des écrans et de l’imagerie électronique au XXe siècle. Là où les études de médias se sont principalement concentrées sur les avancées techniques de la télévision et du radar pour comprendre ces phénomènes, il s’agit ici de mettre au jour une série d’expérimentations artistiques nord-américaines remontant à l’entre-deux-guerres. Ces contributions significatives à l’exploration du potentiel de l’imagerie électronique furent le fruit de dialogues et de collaborations entre les laboratoires d’ingénierie des grandes sociétés de télécommunications et des artistes pionniers dans le domaine des médias visuels. En particulier, l’article aborde ce sujet au prisme des remédiations de l’art de la « Mobile Color » de Thomas Wilfred et à travers le critère technique de l’intensité lumineuse des images.

In this study we evaluate the laser cleaning of tarnished pure and sterling silver substrates using a nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064, 532 and 266 nm. To assess the effects associated with cyclic laser cleaning treatments, several cycles of tarnishing followed by laser cleaning were applied on silver coupons that were characterized by gravimetry, colorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. According to the obtained results, none of the three wavelengths is recommended for laser cleaning of pure silver objects, while for sterling silver artifacts, the visible laser wavelength of 532 nm seems the most appropriate.

Στην ανατολική Αττική, στο Ιερό της Βραυρωνίας Αρτέμιδος που είναι χτισμένο στις εκβολές του ποταμού Ερασίνου, αποκαλύφθηκε το 2011 ένα σύνολο 420 ένυδρων ευρημάτων που χρονολογείται στις αρχές του 5ου αιώνα π.Χ.. Σημαντικό μέρος του συνόλου αυτού αποτελούν ξύλινα αντικείμενα, όπως καττύματα, ξυλόφυλλα, σκεύη, και ένα ξύλινο ειδώλιο γυναικείας μορφής.
Κατά τον καθαρισμό αυτών των τέχνεργων αποκαλύφθηκαν ρωγμές και διατρήσεις από ρίζες, θραύσεις και απολεπίσεις των επιφανειών, παραμορφώσεις του σχήματος, κατασκευαστικά στοιχεία όπως οπές συναρμογής αλλά και εντυπωσιακές επιφάνειες με εγχάρακτες διακοσμήσεις και χρώματα.
Στο πλαίσιο της διάσωσης αυτού του σπάνιου αρχαιολογικού υλικού, κύριος στόχος ήταν να διατηρηθούν όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι πληροφορίες που έφεραν τα ευρήματα μέχρι τις μέρες μας. Ως εκ τούτου, πριν την ενεργητική συντήρησή τους, πραγματοποιήθηκε μία συγκριτική μελέτη αξιολόγησης διαφορετικών μεθόδων συντήρησης, η οποία ανέδειξε ως καταλληλότερη μεθοδολογία, τον εμποτισμό του υλικού με πολυαιθυλενική γλυκόλη και την ξήρανση του με λυοφιλίωση. Σημαντική πρόκληση αυτού του συνδυασμού τεχνικών συντήρησης, αποτέλεσε ο έλεγχος της διαστασιακής συμπεριφοράς των αντικειμένων που παρουσίαζαν κατασκευαστικές ιδιαιτερότητες και ειδικότερα του ξύλινου ειδωλίου. Με τη χρήση τρισδιάστατου σαρωτή δομημένου φωτός έγινε εφικτή η δημιουργία νάρθηκα από φωτοπολυμεριζόμενη ρητίνη που διασφάλισε τη διαστασιακή σταθερότητα του αντικείμενου κατά την συντήρηση, αναδεικνύοντας τη χρησιμότητα της τρισδιάστατης απεικόνισης και εκτύπωσης στο πεδίο της συντήρησης των πολιτιστικών τεκμηρίων.

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Typically, the structure of old monumental buildings differs significantly from that of contemporary ones. The massive walls, large indoor air volume and the small windows, compared to the opaque portion, drastically affect the microclimates of such constructions. In such buildings is often quite difficult to perform a detailed monitoring campaign of the main microclimatic parameters. In this regard, experimental methodologies and non-invasive equipment, able to minimize the impacts on the building and on its users, should be adopted. This research describes the methodology applied to carry out the monitoring campaign on the Milan Duomo, one of the biggest Cathedrals in Italy. The campaign was carried out by means of non-invasive measuring instruments, in order to keep the building intact and ensure the smooth running of the activities. In a second stage, sensors for the long-term monitoring were installed according to the most significant and accessible points inside the Cathedral. The data collected during one year of monitoring was used to characterize the hygrothermal behaviour of the Cathedral, in order to assess the risks for the main materials which sacred objects, artworks, organs, sculptures and furnishing are made of. The future developments of this work are oriented towards the realization of a simulation model aimed at designing and planning proper active or passive solutions to improve the microclimatic conditions for both artwork conservation and the comfort of visitors.

Digital Twins – as well as HBIM models on which they are based – are among those technological tools that today can facilitate, if well directed, the implementation of methodological assumptions that were already fully
formulated in the Venice Charter: the importance of documenting the building and the interventions carried out as well as the subsequent publication of the information collected; the systematic execution of maintenance activities (today we would say conservation); the use of all techniques contributing to the conservation of architectural heritage. Sixty years later, the changed conditions, including technological advancement, pose different challenges to those involved in conservation. The aim of the contribution is, therefore, to provide a definition of the interdisciplinary concept of Digital Twin as a tool to support planned conservation practise, highlighting its potentialities and risks, also through the critical analysis of the main results obtained so far in the field of conservation and monitoring of historical structures. The first outcomes of the application of this approach to the case study of Palazzo Pallavicino in Parma – particularly interesting because of the large amount of data available – will then be discussed.

Mechanical properties of aged beeswax were studied by an indirect measurement, using hydrogenated beeswax as a model material. The adequacy of the model was evaluated by comparison of its chemical composition and thermal properties with those of samples of historical beeswax. It was found that the gradual decrease in content of unsaturated compounds in beeswax contributes significantly to changes of its mechanical properties. As a consequence, beeswax artefacts become increasingly prone to mechanical damage during natural ageing. Understanding the difference between mechanical properties of recent and historical beeswax is primarily important from the point of view of safe handling and storage of such artefacts. Besides, this knowledge could help conservation scientists, e. g. when preparing model samples for testing new conservation methods.

This paper describes a procedure for the generation of a detailed HBIM which is then turned into a model for mobile apps based on augmented and virtual reality. Starting from laser point clouds, photogrammetric data and additional information, a geometric reconstruction with a high level of detail can be carried out by considering the basic requirements of BIM projects (parametric modelling, object relations, attributes). The work aims at demonstrating that a complex HBIM can be managed in portable devices to extract useful information not only for expert operators, but also towards a wider user community interested in cultural tourism. Fig. . A detailed HBIM can be generated from a combinations of laser scans, digital images, total station data, existing drawings, thermographic analysis, historical research, non-destructive tests (NDTs) and minor destructive tests (MDTs), etc. The HBIM is then handled at different levels in mobile devices and apps for virtual reality and augmented reality. This allows the involvement of expert operators (restorers, architects, engineers, archaeologists, historian, …) and people interested in cultural tourism.

Partie 2 : Approfondissement des Méthodologies Statistiques et Visualisation Graphique 7. Méthodes Statistiques Avancées pour les PFE Dans le cadre des PFE en économie, gestion, marketing, finance et logistique, l'utilisation de méthodes statistiques avancées, combinées à des visualisations graphiques adaptées, permet d'enrichir l'analyse des données issues de questionnaires.

Abstract This investigation presents the results derived from the design and use of registry tables drawn up according to unified criteria on the preliminary phases of diagnosing cultural heritage, presenting the advantages, limitations and improvement margins obtained after the first application experiences [...]

The conservation of museum collections requires a comprehensive evaluation of various factors, including the nature and quantity of the collection, the current condition of the objects selected for display, the implementation of effective and preventive conservation measures, and continuous maintenance during the exhibition. The primary goal is to ensure that cultural assets made from different materials and possessing varying states of preservation are exhibited under safe conditions
and in an understandable manner. The preparation process for exhibiting objects in the Union of Turkish Bar Association Law Museum collection—
most of which are archival in nature and made of paper materials—has been approached through an interdisciplinary perspective. This article aims to systematically address the conservation strategies followed and the technical methods applied during this process.

The present work investigated the effect of the common gaseous pollutants on silver artifacts corrosion. The study will be carried out on manufactured coupons of silver alloy (91 silver, 9 copper) which have chemical composition similar to ancient Egyptian silver artifacts. These coupons will be exposed to gaseous pollutants of each individual gas; such as Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide and Chlorine. The exposure period will be four weeks in a climate chamber with gas concentration 10 PPM. After the test Examinations by SEM and PM were used to evaluate the effect of each gas and description the morphology of the corrosion layers. The results revealed that all gases reacted with the surface except carbon dioxide. The formed tarnishing layers varied in coverage and density rate. Corrosion products are analyzed by XRD and the results revealed Ag 2 S, AgCl, Ag 2 SO 4 and Ag 2 O as corrosion products.

The present work investigated the effect of the common gaseous pollutants on silver artifacts corrosion. The study will be carried out on manufactured coupons of silver alloy (91 silver, 9 copper) which have chemical composition similar to ancient Egyptian silver artifacts. These coupons will be exposed to gaseous pollutants of each individual gas; such as Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide and Chlorine. The exposure period will be four weeks in a climate chamber with gas concentration 10 PPM. After the test Examinations by SEM and PM were used to evaluate the effect of each gas and description the morphology of the corrosion layers. The results revealed that all gases reacted with the surface except carbon dioxide. The formed tarnishing layers varied in coverage and density rate. Corrosion products are analyzed by XRD and the results revealed Ag 2 S, AgCl, Ag 2 SO 4 and Ag 2 O as corrosion products.

The study of stone alterations in the Lisbon Metro stations allowed the discussion of the influence in the development of these alterations of stones characteristics and the actual conditions to which the stones are subjected. Alterations occur under what can be considered the usual conditions of use but also under abnormal situations that must be taken into account given its frequency. The diverse situations identified are considered in the discussion of possible recommendations bearing in mind the actual situations found at the stations.

Cet ouvrage retrace la mise en œuvre du programme Africa 2009, initie par le Centre du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, a travers des projets dits situes visant a ameliorer les conditions de la conservation du patrimoine immobilier dans la region de l'Afrique subsaharienne tout en se positionnant dans le cadre plus large du developpement durable. Cette publication illustre le dynamisme d'un reseau de professionnels aux capacites renforcees et se veut egalement etre un instrument incitatif pour les professionnels du patrimoine africain et leurs partenaires locaux, nationaux, regionaux et internationaux, vers la poursuite et la multiplication d'actions concretes en faveur de ce riche patrimoine.

Cet article retrace l’histoire du métier de gestionnaire des archives de fouilles (GAF), son développement, ainsi que la manière dont ce métier doit constamment s’adapter aux enjeux de la conservation préventive. Vous verrez que la frontière entre leurs rôles et celui de régisseur·se des collections est parfois plus fine qu’on ne le pense, avec des problématiques similaires, notamment en ce qui concerne les défis liés aux espaces de stockage.

Il Giornale dell'Architettura» è un marchio registrato e concesso in licenza da Umberto Allemandi & C. S.p.A. all'associazione culturale The Architectural Post; ilgiornaledellarchitettura.com è un Domain Name registrato e concesso in licenza da Umberto Allemandi & C. S.p.A. a The Architectural Post, nuovo editore della testata digitale, derivata e di proprietà di «Il Giornale dell'Architettura» fondato nell'anno 2002 dalla casa editrice Umberto Allemandi & C. S.p.A.

As many archaeologists work towards less colonial and more collaborative field projects, engagement with local communities and their ideas about heritage, preservation, and tourism have become increasingly essential. Imposing Euro-American heritage narratives and ideas about site exploration, management, and protection is now rightly seen as neo-colonial, particularly in areas like Africa, where modern states have developed directly from colonised pasts . The integration of communities in everything including archaeological research, education, training, and heritage management is now increasingly mainstream. Over the past four years, the present authors have worked within a team of multinational archaeologists and conservators at the site of Jebel Barkal in Sudan. We have engaged with local communities in an increasingly collaborative way, responding to these important post-colonial approaches. The initial aim of this chapter was to provide a detailed narrative and critical appraisal of the work we have undertaken so far and what we hope to do in the future. However, recent years have gone from turbulent to horrifying in Sudan. The revolution against General Omar al-Bashir and the Islamist state began in 2018-2019 but struggled for survival. The civilian-led transitional government held on through the ravages of COVID-19 in 2020 only to be overthrown by a military coup in 2021, orchestrated by the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and a paramilitary group, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Then, in April 2023, war broke out between the SAF and RSF, and the conflict has been deadly. As of late 2024, up to 150,000 people have been killed, 12 million have been displaced, and 22 m face severe hunger. The UN has described it as having spawned "the world's worst hunger crisis": country-wide famine -the worst in 40 years -was declared in August 2024 (The Economist, 2024). It can be difficult to write about archaeology, conservation, and tourism during times like these. Yet heritage sites, museums, archives, and libraries have not

X-ray microtomography (microCT) is a new and extremely powerful tool for 3D digitization and modelling. As a non-destructive technology, its biggest asset is to enable the visualization of the internal structure of any object, with a very high degree of precision. In the field of museography, microCT opens up new perspectives. More particularly used in archaeology and palaeontology, it makes it possible to carry out a three-dimensional analysis of the internal structurescomposition, hidden objects, defects -and to model surfaces without a shaded zone. 3D tomography is a polyvalent tool and used for manifold applications: from scientific research and assistance in restoration and conservation to interactive presentations (expositions, popularization, pedagogy) and including the digital safeguard of cultural heritage. The fields of application are now opening up to palaeontology, entomology, Egyptology, and to earth and natural sciences.

Resume : La microtomographie par rayons X est un outil extremement performant pour la numerisation et la modelisation d'objets en 3D. Technologie non destructive, son plus grand atout est de permettre la visualisation de la structure interne des objets, avec une tres grande precision. Dans le domaine de la museographie, la microtomographie ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. Plus particulierement utilisee en archeologie et en paleontologie, elle permet d'analyser en trois dimensions les structures internes – constitution, objets caches, defauts – et de modeliser les surfaces sans zone d'occultation. La tomographie 3D est un outil polyvalent et multi-applications : de la recherche scientifique et l'aide a la restauration et la conservation a la presentation interactive (exposition, vulgarisation, pedagogie) en passant par la sauvegarde numerique du patrimoine. Les domaines d'application s'ouvrent aujourd'hui a la paleontologie, l'entomologie, l'egypto...

El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una base de trabajo en la manipulación de objetos culturales, con el diseño y creación de un embalaje técnico. Se analizan los factores que actúan en la seguridad de un objeto cultural en tránsito, dirigidos a impedir o minimizar cualquier riesgo. Asimismo, se definen las características que debe tener un embalaje para establecer un ambiente seguro, sólido y aislado de agentes de deterioro. Así, se propone la aplicación de una metodología digital de recopilación de datos para diseñar de forma precisa una estructura perfectamente adaptada a la morfología de la pieza. Se ha utilizado un programa informático para crear un modelo 3D y otro para descomponerlo en plantillas imprimibles. O objectivo deste artigo é proporcionar uma base de trabalho para a manipulação de objectos culturais através do desenho e criação de embalagens técnicas. Abordam-se os factores relevantes para a segurança do transporte de objectos culturais com vista à eliminação ou minimização de riscos. Igualmente se definem as características que deve ter uma embalagem para proporcionar um ambiente seguro e isolado dos agentes de deterioração. Assim, propõe-se o uso de uma metodologia digital de recolha de dados para desenhar de uma forma precisa uma estrutura perfeitamente adaptada à morfologia da peça. Utilizou-se um programa informático para criar um modelo 3D e outro para o decompor em moldes que podem ser impressos.

As many archaeologists work towards less colonial and more collaborative field projects, engagement with local communities and their ideas about heritage, preservation, and tourism have become increasingly essential. Imposing Euro-American heritage narratives and ideas about site exploration, management, and protection is now rightly seen as neo-colonial, particularly in areas like Africa, where modern states have developed directly from colonised pasts . The integration of communities in everything including archaeological research, education, training, and heritage management is now increasingly mainstream. Over the past four years, the present authors have worked within a team of multinational archaeologists and conservators at the site of Jebel Barkal in Sudan. We have engaged with local communities in an increasingly collaborative way, responding to these important post-colonial approaches. The initial aim of this chapter was to provide a detailed narrative and critical appraisal of the work we have undertaken so far and what we hope to do in the future. However, recent years have gone from turbulent to horrifying in Sudan. The revolution against General Omar al-Bashir and the Islamist state began in 2018-2019 but struggled for survival. The civilian-led transitional government held on through the ravages of COVID-19 in 2020 only to be overthrown by a military coup in 2021, orchestrated by the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and a paramilitary group, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Then, in April 2023, war broke out between the SAF and RSF, and the conflict has been deadly. As of late 2024, up to 150,000 people have been killed, 12 million have been displaced, and 22 m face severe hunger. The UN has described it as having spawned "the world's worst hunger crisis": country-wide famine -the worst in 40 years -was declared in August 2024 (The Economist, 2024). It can be difficult to write about archaeology, conservation, and tourism during times like these. Yet heritage sites, museums, archives, and libraries have not

Η Ιερά Μονή της Αγίας Αικατερίνης του Σινά αποτελεί ιστορικό και εκκλησιαστικό θεσμό υψηλότατου κύρους, όχι μόνο για την Ορθοδοξία αλλά και για τη διεθνή έννομη τάξη. Η αδιάλειπτη λειτουργία της επί περισσότερους από δεκαπέντε αιώνες, σε συνθήκες συχνά αντίξοες, έχει εδραιώσει το ειδικό νομικό και θεσμικό καθεστώς της, το οποίο αναγνωρίζεται σιωπηρά αλλά σταθερά από την αιγυπτιακή έννομη τάξη και το διεθνές δίκαιο.