Power Electronics Converter

Renewable energy sources are a viable solution to tackle the growing supply and demand gap. They are being favored worldwide for power applications due to their cleanliness and sustainability. Solar energy is considered to be the most abundant renewable energy resource. The solar photovoltaic technology is being adopted for both distributed as well as centralized generation. The output from renewable sources is in DC, it requires conversion to AC for grid integration and large scale utilization. This conversion is carried out using inverters. Traditional inverters introduced issues like high switching losses, harmonic distortion, and poor-quality output. Multilevel inverters are advanced form of conventional inverters and possess much higher efficiency. In this paper, MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used to model a CHB sub-MLI. The PV panel output is fed to CHB sub-MLI to generate a 15-level AC voltage. The switches are triggered using multicarrier phase opposition disposition PWM. FFT analysis tool is used to calculate the THD which is obtained as 3.11 %. MPPT perturb and observe algorithm is employed to guarantee maximum PV output. Consequently, 15-level AC output is generated and fed to the load.

This paper introduces a novel boosting multilevel inverter that utilizes switched capacitors. Current multilevel inverters (MLIs) face several issues, such as complex structures, intricate switching controls, and challenges in generating gate pulses, numerous components, and high voltage stress on semiconductors. The increase in the number of levels adds to the complexity and cost of the circuit and can reduce reliability in some cases. The proposed topology creates a 7-level voltage waveform using 9 switches, 1 diode, and 2 capacitors, and it triples the voltage gain. The capacitors maintain selfbalanced operation without the need for additional circuits. A simple logic gate-based pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique is presented to ensure power balancing of the capacitors. The proposed 7-level switched capacitor boosting multilevel inverter features a reduced switch count, lower voltage stress, and built-in fault tolerance. The paper includes a comprehensive comparison of various related topologies. The proposed topology is simulated in PSIM, with simulation results presented for different parameters.

Significantly, the use of power electronic devices in residential and industrial settings has grown significantly in the last several years. Recent advancements in power semiconductors and microelectronics may be the main reason of their growing use in power systems for filtering, conditioning, and compensating. Additionally, the proliferation of semiconductor switches appropriate for high-power applications, and the enhancement of microelectronics enable mixed signal processing and control mechanisms. Furthermore, the concentration on renewable energy sources within the electric utility industry has emphasized the incorporation of power electronic converters into power systems. The operation and control of the regulated DC-voltage power port are examined in this work, a key part in different applications, such as STATCOM, dual mode HVDC converter systems, and aerodynamic wind energy converters with adaptive-speed optimization, emphasizing its significance in upholding a stable voltage level throughout the DC bus. The research also highlights the importance of power electronic converters within contemporary power systems, emphasizing their crucial role in facilitating effective and reliable power distribution. The obtained simulation results confirmed the efficacy of feedforward compensation in stabilizing the voltage responses of the DC bus.

This paper presents the design and analysis of different types of sliding-mode control techniques for buck converter from a circuit design perspective. Different types namely voltage sliding mode control, current sliding mode control and adaptive sliding mode control are implemented. The ripple content in the output voltages for all the control techniques during both the input voltage change and load current change was tabulated. Simulation and experimental results show the performance of the converter with the best control technique. The design of such strategies is performed in two steps. In the first step, among different sliding surfaces it is selected that one providing the desired asymptotic behavior when the converter dynamics is forced to evolve over it. In the second step, the feedback circuit which addresses the converter dynamics to the sliding surface is designed

The aim of this work is to design and implement an embedded system capable to characterize some relevant figures of merit of Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide transistors in a wide range of frequencies. In particular, the designed system is focused on measuring the parameters involved in both the power loss phenomena and the reliability of the device during switching operations. Both the employment of a low-cost microcontroller unit and the equivalent-time sampling technique contributed to make the measurement system flexible, affordable and capable of enhanced sampling performance. As a result, different GaN and SiC devices were compared, in order to characterize the behavior of the measured quantities with respect to the switching frequency.

This paper presents the impedance-source (Z-source) inverters concept to the transformer-based Z-source (trans-Zsource) inverters. The original Z-source inverter (ZSI) contains an impedance network of two inductors and two capacitors connected in a unique arrangement to interface the dc source and the inverter. It has buck and boost function that cannot be achieved by traditional voltage-source inverters and currentsource inverters. In the proposed trans-Z-source inverter, the impedance network consist of a transformer and one capacitor. While retaining the main features of the previously presented Z-source network, the new networks exhibit some unique advantages, such as the increased voltage gain and reduced voltage stress in the voltage-fed trans-ZSIs .when the turns ratio of the transformer windings is over 1. Simulation and experimental results of the voltage-fed trans-ZSIs are provided to verify the analysis. Keywordsdc–ac conversion, voltage-source inverter, Z-source inverter...

Hybrid AC/DC microgrids have emerged as a promising solution to integrate diverse renewable energy sources, storage systems, and loads with increased efficiency and reliability. However, the coordination of multiple power electronic converters (PECs) within such systems remains a significant control challenge. This paper proposes a unified control algorithm capable of real-time dynamic coordination among various PECs in hybrid microgrid architectures. The algorithm leverages hierarchical control layers with embedded communication protocols for system-wide optimization of power sharing, voltage stability, and fault response. The proposed approach is validated through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink using a representative hybrid AC/DC test microgrid. Results demonstrate improved voltage regulation, seamless transition between grid-connected and islanded modes, and enhanced power quality metrics

This paper treats a new type of high power Switched-Capacitor-DC-DC-Converter (SCDDC), which is characterized by resonant switching transitions. This drastically reduces switching losses and opens up the possibility to employ thyristors instead of turn-off power semiconductors. At the same time a larger energy can be transferred per switching cycle and/or the application of the SCDDCs can be extended into the megawatt power range. For operation with high switching frequency thyristors are replaced by IGCTs which allow to avoid a turn-off time in reverse-blocking mode. The new converter topology is extensively analyzed using simulations. To gain practical results a small scale prototype is designed and the operation of the proposed converter is experimentally verified including the resonant operation of IGCTs which results in significantly reduced switching losses.

The concept of the modular multilevel converter (MLC) has been raising interest in research in order to improve their performance and applicability. The potential of an MLC is enormous, with a great focus on medium- and high-voltage applications, such as solar photovoltaic and wind farms, electrified railway systems, or power distribution systems. This concept makes it possible to overcome the limitation of the semiconductors blocking voltages, presenting advantageous characteristics. However, the complexity of implementation and control presents added challenges. Thus, this paper aims to contribute with a critical and comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art aspects of this concept in order to maximize its potential. In this paper, different power electronics converter topologies that can be integrated into the MLC concept are presented, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each topology. Nevertheless, different modulation techniques used in an MLC are also presente...

ABSTRACT: At the side of the increasing demand on up power quality i.e. typically outlined as any amendment in power (voltage, current, frequency) that interferes with the conventional operation of electrical instrumentality, the foremost in style technique that has been employed in Active Power Filter (APF). This {can be} as a result of passive filters performances is proscribed to many harmonics and that they can introduce resonance within the power grid. Passive filters square measure larger element sizes and thus prices high. therefore APF will simply eliminate unwanted harmonics, improve power issue and overcome voltage sags and eliminate any harmonic frequencies. This paper can discuss and analyse these simulation result for a 3phase three wire Shunt Active Power Filter(SAPF) using MATLAB program. This simulation can implement a non linear load, to compensate line current harmonics below balanced and unbalanced masses. As a results of the simulation, it's found that a live...

In this paper, the comparison is shown between three different techniques of sinusoidal pulse width modulation i.e., phase disposition PWM, phase opposition PWM and alternate phase opposition disposition PWM used for modular multilevel inverter. The simulation of single phase three, five and seven level modular multilevel inverter has been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and output waveforms of the same are included along with its FFT analysis.

Проведено аналіз стану відомчої системи радіозв'язку з рухомими об’єктами. За результатами аналізу зроблено висновок про необхідність її модернізації з використанням сучасних та перспективних технологій: широкополосних сигналів з псевдовипадковою перестройкою робочої частоти, спектрально ефективних видів модуляції, турбокодів та адаптивного контуру. Поставлено задачі, які необхідно вирішити для реалізації запропонованих напрямків модернізації відомчої системи радіозв'язку з рухомими об’єктами.In the article the analysis of the state of the department system of radio contact is conducted with mobile objects. As a result of analysis a conclusion is done about the necessity of its modernization with the use of modern and perspective technologies after directions of the use of wideband signals with frequency hopping spread spectrum, spectral effective types of modulation, turbocodes and adaptive to the contour. The put tasks which it is necessary to decide for realization of the...

This article concentrates on the development of the IC layout for the driving switches of the inverter with improved switching control. This work uses the improved non-carrier switching pattern algorithms to have precise control of inverter switches with twin objectives of i) reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD)% and ii) developing a dedicated system on chip for the improved switching control of the 35-level switched ladder multi-level inverter. The DC voltage of the inputs to the inverter is designated based on the LUO progression, which consists of an improved mathematical formula for deriving its values. Conventionally, the multi-level inverter circuits are driven by the pulse width modulation signals by overlapping the modulating sine wave with different levels of triangle waves, such as phase disposition, phase opposite disposition, and alternate phase opposite disposition, utilized to drive various voltage source inverter topologies. Although the MLI design concentrates on minimal THD%, factors like accuracy, minimum number of switches, and cost demands for advanced switching strategy algorithms. This paper compares the improved switching angle method to the existing algorithm by considering VPEAK, VRMS, and %THD for the 35-level LUO progression-based switched ladder inverter. The IC layout for the improved switching control is developed using the hardware description language code in the Cadence tool and validated by cross-compiling in Simulink MATLAB.

The three-phase multi-level inverter is considered one of the main power sources in industrial applications as well as in renewable energy applications. Therefore, researchers are interested in improving the efficiency of the inverter by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) value to its lowest limits. Also, one of the factors for improving the efficiency of the inverter is reducing the number of switches used, as it contributes to reducing the resulting losses. This research resorts to using many optimal algorithms to find the optimal values for the inverter gating angles that ensure reducing the THD value, as well as using a suitable topology with a least number of switches. The research used five algorithms known for their accuracy and efficiency, genetic algorithm (GA), gray wolf optimization (GWO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), slime mould algorithm (SMA), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) separately. Then, extracting the distinctive characteristics of these algorithms in a hybrid curve and using it in driving the three-phase multi-level inverter (MLI) with 31 levels. The research displays the voltages and currents of the inverter as well as the frequency analysis for three-phase inductive load resulting from simulating the inverter using MATLAB software.

This study explores the implementation of a five-level cascaded three-phase four-wire inverter as an active power filter to mitigate harmonics in power grids. Harmonic components in the load current are transformed and filtered to create a reference current, which serves as the foundation for designing the inverter's switching pattern. The predicted current, generated through circuit modeling, is compared with the reference current using the model predictive control (MPC) method. The accuracy of this approach is evaluated using a cost function that measures the difference between the predicted and reference currents. Simulation results reveal that the application of the hybrid power filter can effectively suppress harmonics, reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) to below 5%, thereby meeting power quality standards. Furthermore, it addresses load imbalances, ensuring that the phase currents at the source remain nearly equal. Additionally, the hybrid power filter significantly decreases the neutral current, reducing it to just one-tenth of its original value. While MPC has demonstrated its effectiveness in controlling power converters and multilevel inverters, its application to active power filters remains underexplored. This study investigates the potential of a four-legged multilevel inverter with MPC to enhance power quality by reducing harmonics in three-phase fourwire systems.

Reducing the size and weight of a power electric system is a prodigious challenge to researchers as the development of the latest technologies emerge in the field of electrical engineering. A similar urge is there to develop a light-weight mobile power substation (MPS) to use in the electric power distribution systems during emergency conditions. This thesis proposes a power electronics based solution using the modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology to design the MPS system. The market-available power semiconductor devices are analyzed and suitable devices are selected to design the system. The phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PS-PWM) and selective harmonic elimination (SHE) switching algorithms are selected to modulate the MMC terminals. To validate the proposed techniques simulation files are built in MATLAB/SIMULINKTM. Simulation results are presented and analyzed to verify the theoretical claims. These simulation results prove the feasibility of designing the MPS syste...

This Paper proposes a novel three-level, threeport, bidirectional dc-dc converter (TLTPBC). Through the bidirectional battery port, the TLTPBC guarantees the continuous flow of energy to the load when the system is deprived of the input source during faults. Owing to reduction of voltage stress across semiconductor devices, the proposed converter is appropriate for medium and high voltage applications, such as transportation systems, residential and office buildings. Moreover, the size of the passive components is reduced which is the inherent advantage of the three-level structures. The results demonstrate the proposed merits of the converter, and verify that the output voltage is well regulated both in presence and absence of the input source.

Multilevel power converters are becoming increasingly used in several sectors: energy, grid-tie renewable energy systems, High voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission, and a multitude of industrial applications. However, the multilevel converters consist of several drives and a high number of power switches, which leads to a considerable cost and an increased size of the device. Thus, a novel topology of a multilevel bidirectional inverter using a reduced number of semiconductor power components is proposed in this paper. Without any diode clamped or flying capacitor, only nine switches are used to generate nine voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is compared with the conventional structures in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparative analysis shows that the proposed topology is suitable for many applications. For op...

A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capaci...

La generación fotovoltaica (PV) en México crecerá sustancialmente en los próximo cinco años; la Comisión Reguladora de Energía (CRE) cuenta con permisos autorizados para añadir aproximadamente 1,072 MW adicionales a los ya instalados, alcanzando así un 2% de la generación total de electricidad en el país.
Las granjas fotovoltaicas a gran escala son los sistemas más convenientes para incorporar altos niveles de energía a sistemas eléctricos de media tensión. La estabilidad y control de estas granjas ha abierto nuevos retos de investigación, entre los que se encuentran la operación de tensión regulada ante condiciones de nublado parcial, maximización de la modularidad de los sistemas, y la reducción del peso y mantenimiento de los transforma-dores, entre otros. De manera convencional, los sistemas fotovoltaicos de gran capacidad están formados por un numeroso arreglo de paneles conectados en una estructura serie paralelo, los cuales se conectan para alimentar un inversor centralizado, que se acopla a la red eléctrica a través de un transformador de baja frecuencia. Este esquema presenta varias desventajas, entre cuales destaca que la tensión en corriente directa (CD) está limitada por la normatividad vigente (600 V en México). Esto implica que granjas fotovoltaicas de gran capacidad tienen que manejar muy altos niveles de corriente en baja tensión, lo que se traduce en pérdidas además de altos costos por el cobre.
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En este trabajo de tesis se analiza un convertidor fotovoltaico con una estructura multini-vel, basado en módulos de salida trifásica que cuentan con aislamiento galvánico en media frecuencia y etapas reducidas de procesamiento de energía. El sistema tiene la capacidad de incrementar la tensión de salida de forma modular, para poder acoplarse directamente a una red en media tensión. El trabajo incorpora análisis y dimensionamiento de los dife-rentes convertidores, así como simulaciones y evaluación experimental en un prototipo de laboratorio.
En el Capítulo de Introducción se presenta una revisión de las diferentes soluciones repor-tadas para los sistemas en media tensión, así como un análisis de las topologías viables.
En el Capítulo I se realiza la selección del convertidor con aislamiento en media frecuencia, analizando diferentes topologías con transformador. Las topologías seleccionadas se inte-gran a un solo convertidor CD/CA/CA, y se verifican las diferentes estrategias de conmu-tación y su modelo matemático asociado.
En el Capítulo II se analiza y simula el convertidor CD/CA/CA seleccionado, en su versión monofásica, trifásica y multinivel. Se plantea un algoritmo para el seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia, y se analiza una propuesta de control para el convertidor. Así mismo, se establece el análisis de pérdidas en los semiconductores de los módulos, incorporando un diseño térmico.
En el Capítulo III se expone la técnica de modulación y la estrategia de conmutación a ser implementada. Para validar los análisis y estrategias propuestas, se desarrolla un prototipo de laboratorio basado en módulos de 1 kW de potencia, con una tensión de 127 V a 60 Hz. Se presentan resultados experimentales con uno y dos módulos conectados.
Finalmente, en el Capítulo de Conclusiones se presentan los principales resultados de la investigación, así como las recomendaciones para trabajos futuros.
Este trabajo fue soportado y desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Calidad de Energía Eléctrica y Control de Motores de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí con la beca de estudios de posgrado CONACyT con número de registro 330406 rrollo de Microinversores Modulares para Integración de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos de Alta Eficiencia en Sistemas Eléctricos con número de proyecto 215844.

En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de una configuración para interconectar granjas fotovoltaicas de gran escala a la red en media tensión. Se analiza el esquema básico en una configuración monofásica de tres niveles a la salida, y posteriormente la configuración trifásica multinivel con acoplamiento en media frecuencia y conversión CA/CA directa. Se presenta un esquema de control para la configuración propuesta. Se incluyen simulaciones y resultados preliminares de un prototipo experimental. Palabras claves: Convertidor multinivel fotovoltaico, electrónica de potencia, aislamiento magnético en media frecuencia, fuentes alternas de energía.

Politicas energetica atuais vem encorajando a conexao de geradores de energia baseados em tecnologias de baixa poluicao, principalmente aqueles que utilizam fontes renovaveis, em redes de distribuicao. Consequentemente, se torna muito importante o entendimento dos desafios tecnicos, tendo em vista alta penetracao fotovoltaica de sistemas fotovoltaicos na rede, especialmente considerando-se os efeitos intermitentes dessa fonte na qualidade da energia, confiabilidade e estabilidade do sistema eletrico de distribuicao. Esse fato pode afetar as redes de distribuicao em que estao conectados, causando sobretensoes, subtensoes e oscilacoes de frequencia. De maneira a prever esses disturbios, utilizam-se as redes neurais artificiais. Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar 3 algoritmos de treinamento utilizados em redes neurais artificiais para a previsao temporal de potencia ativa gerada por placas fotovoltaicas. Como resultado, conclui-se que o algoritmo com melhor desempenho em relacao ao...

This paper shows the study, development, and results of a new Direct- Current to Direct-Current (DC-DC) electric power converter topology, designated as interleaved quadratic Boost DC-DC converter topology. The converter topology is capable of achieving significantly higher voltage gains (higher voltage in the output when compared with the input voltage) than most conventional existing topologies. A theoretical approach was introduced in this paper and then validated through some computer simulations (using MATLAB/SIMULINK software). Finally, the performance of the topology was also confirmed in an experimental setup using a practical prototype of the proposed converter. From the experimental results, it was possible to achieve a maximum output voltage gain of over eight times the input voltage. An efficiency analysis (allowing us to identify the energy losses during the operation of the converter) was also performed, showing that the proposed topology converter maintains a very high efficiency, around 95% to 96%. The optimal operating point was also identified, based on the duty cycle (turn-on and turn-off of the power devices at a certain frequency), where the converter operates at maximum efficiency. The results show that the proposed converter has a very high potential for applications that require high-voltage gain, such as photovoltaic solar systems or even electrical vehicles or energy storage systems.

For sustainable energy solutions, the introduction of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the electrical grid becomes more critical. Still, maintaining power quality and reducing harmonic distortion demonstrate challenging tasks. LCL filters are extensively applied to increase power factor and boost grid stability by lowering high-frequency harmonic generation by PV inverters. The design and modeling of an optimal LCL filter for grid-connected PV systems are reported in this work. The work thoroughly investigates LCL filter architectures, parameter choice, and the effects of various layouts on system performance. MATLAB/Simulink is used to build a simulation model to assess the efficacy of the filter under many running environments. The findings show how well the intended LCL filter can greatly reduce harmonic distortions while preserving system stability. In addition, investigated to reduce resonance problems are additional control techniques including passive and active dampening techniques. The results of this work help to build affordable and effective filtering techniques for improved grid integration of PV systems.

The advancement of power electronics has driven the need for materials with superior electrical properties, leading to the use of wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN). These materials exhibit higher breakdown voltages, faster switching frequencies, and better thermal stability compared to conventional siliconbased devices [1], [2], [3]. However, these benefits introduce significant challenges in electromagnetic noise (EM noise) management, particularly due to rapid transitions characterized by high rates of change in voltage (dV /dt) and current (dI/dt) [4], [5]. This paper analytically investigates the sources and propagation of EM noise in high-frequency switching power modules using WBG semiconductors. Mathematical models are derived to describe the noise generated, incorporating factors such as parasitic inductances (L) and capacitances (C), frequency-dependent impedance (Z(f)), and noise power density (N (f)) [6]. The relationships between switching characteristics and noise amplitude are explored through differential equations and Fourier analysis to map timedomain signals to their frequency components. Solutions for noise suppression are proposed, involving optimized circuit design and theoretical applications of electromagnetic wave propagation (EWP) principles, such as wave reflection and transmission in multi-layer structures [7], [8]. This work bridges theoretical electromagnetics with practical power module design, offering strategies that align with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards and enhance performance.

Национальный технический университет «Харьковский политехнический институт», г. Харьков Для создания больших вращающих моментов при малой скорости вращения наиболее перспективным представляется волновой электродвигатель с электронным управлением, основным элементом которого якляется изгибаемый ферромагнитный элемент. На рис. ( слева) стрелками показаны силы, возникающие в момент включения фазы С и отключения фазы В при питании током фазы А. В этот момент сила между участками магниточувствительного элемента 8 и статора 1 с обмотками электромагнитов 2 и 3 значительна (показана стрелкой в точке а). Сила Р между участками элемента 8 и статора 1 с обмотками электромагнитов 6 и 7 имеет меньшее значение из-за наличия зазора 17 между ними (показана стрелкой в точке b). Сила Р возрастает и деформирует гибкий элемент 8, вызывая тангенциальную силу Т в точке с, расположенной напротив отключенных от тока обмоток электромагнитов 4 и 5. Под действием силы Т происходит тангенциальное перемещение части элемента 8. За счет зацепления упоров 15 с пазами 14, выполненными на внешней поверхности диска 13, происходит передача силового момента на вал 16 электродвигателя. Поскольку осуществляется постоянное переключение обмоток электромагнитов статора волнового электродвигателя, то обеспечивается перемещение в пространстве сил Р и Т, что обуславливает вращение вала 16 электродвигателя со значительным механическим моментом. Рис. Схематическое изображение и распределение его магнитного поля волнового вентильного двигателя brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

The LLC resonant converter topology is known for its ability to achieve high efficiency, wide input voltage range, and soft-switching Characteristics. These half-bridge power stages are known to achieve higher efficiency; however, they come with the added complexities of operating in the resonant mode. This paper presents detailed calculations for designing an LLC configuration resonant half-bridge converter that uses a capacitor (C) and two inductors (LL). This paper also discusses key design considerations, such as the selection of the resonant frequency, transformer design, and control strategies to optimize the converter's performance. The design approach was verified using bench-testing measurements, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

An eight-switch nine-level modified ANPC inverter (8S-9L-MANPC) is designed and simulated in this paper. With this topology, only one DC voltage source and eight active semiconductor switches are required, significantly reducing system size, weight, and cost. The structure consists of a five-level ANPC inverter cascaded with a two-level leg converter. This arrangement extends the 5L-ANPC structure to a 9L configuration without requiring the use of additional capacitors. To maintain the balancing of the flying capacitor (FC), a modulation strategy using a switching state redundancy-based control method is employed. Recent 9L inverters incorporating flying capacitors and based on a hybrid structure have been compared with the proposed structure. By conducting this comparison, we can highlight the potential improvements offered by the proposed structure over the recent 9L inverters in terms of reduced component count, simplified design, and cost savings. The proposed 8S-9L-MANPC inverter is tested under various operating situations in MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

Wide bandgap (WBG) device-based power electronics converters are more efficient and lightweight than Silicon-based converters. WBG devices are an enabling technology for many motor drive applications and new classes of compact and efficient motors. This paper reviews the potential applications and advances enabled by WBG devices in ac motor drives. Industrial motor drive products using WBG devices are reviewed and the benefits are highlighted. This paper also discusses the technical challenges, converter design considerations and design trade-offs in realizing the full potential of WBG devices in motor drives. There is a trade-off between high switching frequency and other issues such as high dv/dt and electromagnetic interference. The problems of high common mode currents and bearing and insulation damage, which are caused by high dv/dt, and the reliability of WBG devices are discussed.

Active power filters (APFs) play a vital role in reducing the current harmonics and improving power quality. This work studies a shunt APF (SAPF) based on the threephase voltage source converter (VSC). This paper investigates the new robust control approach using error dynamics. Stable first-order error dynamics are considered when designing the control inputs. Three control inputs are obtained to control the currents at any phase by choosing and optimizing the appropriate parameters. This strategy is also simple to implement in practical applications because it is the same as the proportionalderivative controller design. In addition, the new control method can be utilized for any system with low dynamic information so that the destructive effects of lumped uncertainties in the output channels of the SAPF can be alleviated. The minimum voltage and current measurements are used to control the SAPF, and the grid current harmonics will be reduced by achieving the stabilization of tracking error dynamics. Some numerical simulations are performed by MATLAB software to confirm the proposed method.

This paper presents a new high step-up DC-DC switched-mode converter in which not only the input and output ports can be connected to a common ground, but also the service time of the input source is extended due to continuous current injection to the proposed power converter. Furthermore, the fast dynamic response is offered by minimum phase characteristics. This key feature is achieved by making the proposed converter’s control to output transfer function, free from the right half plane zero (RHPZ). Full description of the operation principles, theoretical analysis related to steady-state operation, and also the small-signal modelling derivation of the proposed converter, are presented in this paper. In the end, to confirm all the merits of the proposed converter and accuracy of theoretical analysis, a sample 25 V - 100 V laboratory prototype DC-DC converter with 100W output power has been implemented, and the main experimental results have also been outlined.

Active power filters (APFs) play a vital role in reducing the current harmonics and improving power quality. This work studies a shunt APF (SAPF) based on the three-phase voltage source converter (VSC). This paper investigates the new robust control approach using error dynamics. Stable first-order error dynamics are considered when designing the control inputs. Three control inputs are obtained to control the currents at any phase by choosing and optimizing the appropriate parameters. This strategy is also simple to implement in practical applications because it is the same as the proportional-derivative controller design. In addition, the new control method can be utilized for any system with low dynamic information so that the destructive effects of lumped uncertainties in the output channels of the SAPF can be alleviated. The minimum voltage and current measurements are used to control the SAPF, and the grid current harmonics will be reduced by achieving the stabilization of tracking error dynamics. Some numerical simulations are performed by MATLAB software to confirm the proposed method.

In this paper real time performance investigation of Dual active bridge (DAB) (300:100,2 KVA) converter with Extended Phase Shift (EPS) is done with storage element (battery) at the low voltage (LV) DC-bus and solar photovoltaic cell on the high voltage (HV) DC-bus .Linear Load connected at the HV bus is supplied from the source and when the load demand increases storage element (battery) discharges through the DAB and energy flows from the LV bus to the HV bus via the DAB. Dual Active Bridge is operated in Extended Phase Shift (EPS) mode. A closed loop controller having load voltage as target variable is used for providing the required outer phase shift between the H-bridges. Main contributions of this work are real time performance investigation of DAB for bidirectional flow of power, closed loop operation of DAB and its real time evaluation and obtaining the optimum duty ratio through the controller. State of charge, battery voltage and battery current are obtained. DAB waveforms (Primary voltage, Secondary Voltage, Inductor current and voltage) are also obtained. Simulation studies for the above mentioned system is carried out in MATLAB and are aptly verified with real time simulation results obtained through OPAL-RT.

Measurement results of basic characteristics of electronic module based on two specialized analog integrated circuits depending on different square area silicon detectors using source of 239Pu alpha particles is given. Processing of current pulses typically consists to convert them into a voltage by charge sensitive amplifiers and reduce noise by bandpass filters. Earlier for work with avalanche photodiode we have developed, constructed and tested two electronic modules "CRP-MDL-1" and "CRP-MDL-2". During the measurements was investigated spectrometric channel response on exposure to ionizing radiation from a source of alpha particles 239Pu and test input signals, thus we determined basic technical characteristics including energy resolution and noise characteristics. As a result, research found, that the output signal has the following timings: rise time 1 us (levels of 0.1-0.9), peak time 1.4 us, fall time 1.8 us pulse width 3.5 us. The conversion factor of mod...

At the July 2008 G8 summit in Toyako Hokkaido, the greatest challenge discussed was global warming. Dire circumstances require recognition of the seriousness of this issue. In its own business-related activities, Fuji Electric addresses environmental issues by promoting built-in environmental management, aiming “to create efficiency without waste using few natural resources and with low energy consumption” to further advance core technologies cultivated over many years and to make continuous improvements(1). Power electronics technology, which enables the efficient utilization of electrical power and energy, is positioned a major technology for protecting the global environment and reducing CO2 emissions. In particular, power semiconductor devices, the key components that support power electronics technology, are expected to become increasingly important. Environmental friendliness and ease of use are recently being requested of power semiconductors. Of course, components and materi...

This paper introduces a new hybrid topology of multilevel inverter capable of generating 21-level output voltage. The proposed topology is built using the combination of cross-switched bridge and a conventional full H-bridge. Compared to the conventional topologies and other hybrid topologies, the newly introduced multilevel inverter has the ability to maximize the number of voltage levels utilizing lower number of DC voltage sources, integrated bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches and gate drivers. A low frequency modulation technique is used to generate the ideal multilevel output voltage and gate pulses. Furthermore, the proposed topology is validated by building a hardware prototype and obtaining relevant experimental results. The acquired simulated and experimental results indicate the proper functioning of the proposed hybrid topology along with the compatibility of the applied modulation technique.

More and more wind turbine manufacturers turn to using the full-scale power electronic converter due to the stricter grid code requirements to thoroughly decouple the generator from the grid connection. However, a commonly used type of this generator is still unclear, where the selections of the low-speed (LS; direct-drive) and medium-speed (MS; one-stage) permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are both promising solutions. This paper will assess and compare the reliability metrics for the machine-side converter (MSC) for those two configurations. First, a translation from the mission profile of the turbine to the current and voltage loading of each power semiconductor is achieved based on synchronous generator modeling. Afterward, a simplified approach to calculate the loss profile and the thermal profile is used to determine the most stressed power semiconductors in the converter. Finally, according to the lifetime power cycles, the lifespan can be calculated when operating in various wind classes. It is concluded that, although the LS PMSG is able to eliminate the gearbox, the lifespan of its MSC is lower than the one-stage MS generator. Index Terms-Lifetime prediction, loss profile, permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), power electronic converter, thermal profile. I. INTRODUCTION A FTER the transition from the constant-speed squirrelcage induction generator to the variable-speed generator, a number of generator types are adopted by the wind turbine manufacturers, and the most optimum concept is still under discussion [1]-[5]. Initially, the wind turbine system equipped with the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) became attractive due to its traditional generator technology, having an affordable power converter and full controllability of the active and reactive power [6]. However, with the steady increase of wind power penetration, grid codes are regularly updated, and they have become stricter and stricter [7], [8], which prevents an

For High power, high voltage applications modern ages multilevel inverters are widely used. They provide better operation as well as effective efficiency rather than conventional two level inverters which differs in harmonic distortion, lower electromagnetic interference with large dc link voltage ratings. In multilevel inverters have problems in the sequence of number of components, complex pulse width modulation control method and voltage balancing problem. In this paper new topology is discussed which compensate the disadvantages by reversing voltage component. Where this method need of few more components other than conventional inverters, require fewer carrier signals and gate drives. Especially for High power output voltage levels the overall cost and complexity are reduced greatly. A prototype of seven level inverter is discussed with simulation of MATLAB which tested with simulation results.

The development of the electricity system while adapting high integrated variable renewable energy (VRE) generation lead to the need for energy storage technologies to balance the variability of VRE and improve the system reliability as well as security. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are expected to grow significantly due to their suitability for this application, high performance, and cost reductions. This report highlights different aspects of the three-phase medium voltage (MV) BESS architecture and components, while presenting details of MSc project BESS design. Consisting of lithium-ion with nominal 600V and 220kWh battery pack, bidirectional half-bridge and interleaved half-bridge DC/DC converters, 1200V DC link, three-phase voltage source DC/AC converter, optimized LCL filter, step-up 600V/11kV transformer, control system, battery management system, and energy management system. The established battery technologies along with their performance are compared revealing that the Lithium-ion technology stands out in the market. The DC/DC converter requirements of bidirectionality and buck-boost function led to using bidirectional half-bridge with single leg and interleaved three legs converters. Various suitable DC/AC converter topologies are reviewed in terms of efficiency and output harmonics against complexity and cost. The modular multi-level converters (MMC) have higher performance and complexity, while two-level converters are simplest, cheapest, but have lower performance which therefore used. Moreover, DC/DC converter control for charging and discharging is designed with mode switching logic, that depends on the system output, through DC link voltage and inductor current cascaded proportional integral (PI) controller. Different DC/AC converter control techniques are presented with the focus on voltage-oriented control with dq rotating two-phase frame. Along with integrated droop control to response to grid voltage frequency and magnitude by active and reactive power, respectively. Battery voltage limits protection is achieved by controlling the system output power. The grid side filter design and requirements are also demonstrated where LCL filters are proven to be the most cost effective and used in the design with optimized designing method. Along with choosing suitable DC/AC switching frequency that 4.63 times higher than the filter resonance frequency and minimizes harmonics. The DC/DC converters capabilities to handle high variation in the system operation are demonstrated in detail. The interleaved converter battery ripples are reduced 3.4 times compared to single leg half-bridge. While the battery current ripples in the model match the theoretical calculations, the voltage ripples have significantly lower values due to using MATLAB/Simulink battery model instead of simple resistor. Furthermore, the system responses to different grid operational scenarios are presented to demonstrate the functionality of the system. Lastly, the losses in different components of the system are analyzed in detail for both single leg and three legs DC/DC converter systems that resulted in around 1.79% and 2.08% losses at rated power, respectively.

Interconnectivity of energy markets is a tangible reality that generates scale economy, reduction of power reserves, more efficient operation of power systems, and optimal usage of natural resources in each region or country, in addition to the reinforcement of political relationship between interconnected countries, operating under a new regional market.

On the other side, the potential of renewable energy in the Caribbean region and South America, from solar, wind, hydro power, biomass, and seawater energy, among others, ensure a stable and reliable supply of energy to the region. Especially if these renewable sources of energy are adequately combined with traditional, nonrenewable, source of electric power.

Motivated on the previous arguments we developed a doctoral research project that allowed us to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the interconnectivity of those markets. In order to conduct this research, we applied the following procedure:

1. Study the projection of power demand and expansion plans from the Caribbean, part of South America (Venezuela or Colombia), and part of South Florida.

2. Study and analyze electrical legislation for each country of the region to adequate them to a regional scheme.

3. Evaluation of the potential of renewable energy sources in the Caribbean region.

4. Research, evaluation, and recommendation of the type of power to be transmitted, between direct current and alternating current technology.

5. Study bathymetric levels in the Caribbean Sea.

6. Research about different technologies available for submarine cables for power and data transmission and its application in the region under study.

7. Demonstrate the thesis about the technical and economic feasibility of the interconnection of the electrical markets of the region.

8. Design the interconnection system according to the suggested studies and others that arise during the development of the doctoral research.

A new soft switching active snubber cell with constant configuration is proposed. The proposed active snubber uses an auxiliary switch to recover stored energy in the snubber capacitor during turn off of the main switch. Complete analysis for the boost converter is given and the results obtained for other DC/DC converters are reported. Soft switching commutation is achieved for all semiconductor devices and consequently the switching losses and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are considerably reduced. Both simulation and experimental results are presented.

For many years, numerous high-power applications have been found to cause mechanical damage to the rotating shaft. This research demonstrates that common mode voltage (CMV), which causes common mode leakage currents to flow into the motor bearings and spinning shaft, is one of the main contributing factors to mechanical shaft failures. By applying a carrier based Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) approach in conjunction with a proportional integral or PI controller technique in the feedback, the study aims to reduce leakage currents by mitigating the common mode voltages induced by the inverter output asymmetry. To accomplish the stated goal, an asymmetrical inverter architecture with a 21-level is employed. The literature emphasized the trade-off between total harmonic distortion (THD) and CMV, which is attempted to be kept well below IEEE's allowable bounds. The system stability is verified and proved by plotting the bode diagram.

The multilevel inverters are considered as the efficient power converters. Because of the predominant properties of multilevel inverters over the two-level inverters, these are acquiring more popularity. The aim of research is to minimize the number of switches as well as sources. In this paper, total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis for different modulation indices is carried out for a 15-level inverter with fewer switches. This 15-level inverter uses three asymmetrical sources with nine switching devices. Nearest level control modulation technique provides the pulses for the switching devices at fundamental switching frequency. Evaluation of THD has been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink.

The three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverters are widely used in practice. One of nowadays research trends of multilevel inverter topologies has been reduction of switch number. For this aim, this paper presents an asymmetric three level NPC inverter and study on output performance of phase disposition (PD) carrier pulse width modulation (CBPWM) for different offset voltage functions. A MATLAB/Simulink model of three-level asymmetric NPC inverter is developed to examine the impact of varying the offset voltage on the CBPWM output performances. Total harmonics distortions factors (THD) of voltages and currents are investigated for the whole modulation indices range. The obtained results show that harmonics voltage contents would be advantageous to set in discontinuous pulse width modulation (PWM) methods, particularly at lower voltage range. For asymmetrical topology, simulation results show that switching frequency optimal (SFO)-PWM method has not good performance at low modulation indices and its harmonics content presents an improved at high modulation indices range. Finally, a comparison of the output voltage and current quality via THD index is made between the asymmetric three-level NPC circuit and the conventional three-level NPC circuit are also provided to evaluate the feasibility of the asymmetric three-level NPC inverter in applications.

This study's main goal is to make a new simulation model of the power losses calculation block for frequency converter power switches that can correctly figure out the transistors and diodes' static and dynamic power losses in a 1.5 kW SIEMENS SINAMICS G110 semiconductor converter (SSG110SC). We use simulation modeling tools in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to look at the semiconductor circuits of a rectifier and an autonomous pulse-width modulation voltage inverter. The study presents analytical expressions describing static and dynamic power losses in power semiconductor diodes and transistors. We used polynomials to get close to the power characteristics of insulated-gate bipolar transistor or IGBTs and then used mathematical expressions to show how they depend on Erec (Ic), Vse (Ic), Vf (If), Eon (Ic), and Eoff (Ic). By utilizing the acquired expressions, a MATLAB/Simulink block was constructed to calculate static and dynamic power losses. as well as power loss dependences on switching frequency and load current, were computed utilizing the developable block system. By comparing the simulation outcomes of the present study to the data provided by the manufacturer, the results were validated. Specific diode and transistor characteristics can be accounted for by the method developed in the present study.

High voltage DC power supplies have been used in a wide range of applications such as Radio Frequency (RF) tube drives, industrial, military, aerospace, medical, and domestic applications. Recently as a result of advances in power electronics and magnetic materials, development of compact high voltage DC power supplies has become an active area of research, and resonant power converters have been introduced as a promising solution, owing to their potential for high efficiency and high power density. Several resonant converter topologies have been investigated to be used as modulators for supplying RF tubes (i.e. Magnetrons, Klystrons, and Traveling Wave Tubes) for various applications. The main aim of this study is to develop a control methodology for maintaining soft switching of a series resonant series loaded (SRSL) power converter based modulator for driving an industrial magnetron with variable load conditions. This thesis considers the design of a high voltage, high frequency, compact power supply for applications where the load is variable and/or nonlinear. One particular application where this is the case is when driving an industrial magnetron with a variable output RF energy requirement. The magnetron appears to the resonant converter as a variable load which can negatively affect the efficiency of the power conversion unless control of the converter is carefully considered. A compact power supply based on the SRSL resonant converter with an extended combined phase and frequency control is proposed. A novel control method based on three dimensional (3D) lookup tables has been developed, in order to control the load resonant converter whilst maintaining soft switching under variable load conditions. A direct quadrature (DQ) based modelling approach is used to develop a suitable model of the converter for control design. Based on the characteristics of the magnetron, an emulator prototype is also V proposed to represent the magnetron load behaviour in a low voltage laboratory environment. A detailed design and implementation procedure is presented, including the hardware design and control of the resonant power converter and the magnetron emulator. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the approach and in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed converter modelling approach and control strategy. A good correlation between simulation and experimental results is obtained.

High voltage DC power supplies have been used in a wide range of applications such as Radio Frequency (RF) tube drives, industrial, military, aerospace, medical, and domestic applications. Recently as a result of advances in power electronics and magnetic materials, development of compact high voltage DC power supplies has become an active area of research, and resonant power converters have been introduced as a promising solution, owing to their potential for high efficiency and high power density. Several resonant converter topologies have been investigated to be used as modulators for supplying RF tubes (i.e. Magnetrons, Klystrons, and Traveling Wave Tubes) for various applications. The main aim of this study is to develop a control methodology for maintaining soft switching of a series resonant series loaded (SRSL) power converter based modulator for driving an industrial magnetron with variable load conditions. This thesis considers the design of a high voltage, high frequency,...

This paper presents an over-temperature protection (OTP) circuit for a DCDC converter based on switching capacitors (SC DC-DC). A two-steps design methodology was employed: a first-pass circuit was obtained by using standard, electrical-only simulations; next, electro-thermal simulations were employed to ascertain the best location of the thermal sensor and the resulting thermal coupling, thus allowing for the fine-tuning of the final circuit. The die temperature distribution was analyzed for two critical operational scenarios in order to identify the worst case and to provide design data for implementing a robust and precise OTP. The key electrical and electro-thermal simulation results are presented in some detail. Finally, results of measurement performed on the actual silicon are presented, to validate the design. Key-words: Over-temperature protection; switched-capacitor DC-DC converter; controlled charging current, thermal shutdown; electro-thermal simulations.

Half-bridge converters are suitable for power ranges too high for dual forward converters and too low for full-bridge converters, typically between 400 and 1200 W. Resonant converters, primarily the LLC converter, are commonly employed to reduce switching losses and electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, the LLC converter has its limitations: it requires a precise input voltage, necessitating a Power Factor Correction (PFC) stage, and if a broad output voltage range is desired, burst control becomes essential. While this is manageable in cases where PFC is mandatory and the output voltage remains constant, as seen in TV receivers, it becomes problematic for professional equipment where PFC is unnecessary. This results in increased costs and potentially exacerbates EMI from the PFC stage. This paper presents a method to control a half-bridge converter, enabling zero-voltage turn-on across all input and output ranges. An added advantage of this control technique is its inherent stability and rapid response, rendering it compatible with diverse converter topologies.