Papers by IECO IECO-journal
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
The Siwakoti-H inverter (SHI) with a flying capacitor is a recent addition to the transformerless... more The Siwakoti-H inverter (SHI) with a flying capacitor is a recent addition to the transformerless inverter family, suitable for grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic systems. It offers a promising alternative to traditional topologies without the need for transformers, due to its minimal power electronic components. However, one of the key challenges in managing flying capacitor (FC) inverters is ensuring that the voltage of the FC remains within the desired range. Materials and Methods: To tackle this issue, first, a novel nonlinear model of the SHI is obtained defining two control inputs and two control outputs, and then a nonlinear feedback linearization (FBL) control design is proposed for the SHI when connected to a single-phase grid. This article introduces a novel approach to the modeling and control of the SHI enabling simultaneous control of both the injected current to the grid and the flying capacitor voltage. The proposed modeling and the designed control method play a crucial role in maintaining the capacitor voltage within the specified range and in tracking a sinusoidal reference for the injected current into the single-phase network. A PWM implementation of the proposed control is also suggested which is useful in the practical setup. The obtained model can be extended for the SHI with other line filters and it can be used to design more sophisticated controllers for SHI. The simulation and practical results presented in this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and control approach.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
The integration of distributed generation (DG) sources into distribution systems has experienced ... more The integration of distributed generation (DG) sources into distribution systems has experienced significant growth due to their numerous advantages. However, DG integration has also introduced substantial challenges to distribution system protection, such as variations in fault current levels and bidirectional fault current flow. Under these conditions, directional overcurrent relays may not operate as intended. This paper proposes a directional comparison protection scheme for safeguarding lines and zones in active distribution systems, based on the calculation of incremental active power transient energy. Additionally, a differential protection scheme, based on the Teager-Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO), is incorporated to enhance the performance of the directional identification algorithm. The proposed scheme is capable of detecting symmetric and unsymmetric faults on microgrid lines at both low and medium voltage levels and is adaptable to changes in microgrid configurations and load-switching transients. The proposed methods offer the advantages of simplicity in calculation and high accuracy. An AC active distribution system incorporating inverter-based DG sources is modeled in PSCAD-EMTDC software to simulate various fault types, and the simulation results are subsequently transferred to MATLAB for the implementation of the proposed algorithms.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
State estimation of nuclear reactors often plays a crucial role in accomplishing loadfollowing co... more State estimation of nuclear reactors often plays a crucial role in accomplishing loadfollowing control. This study presents a novel approach that leverages a weighted particle filter to address the challenges associated with estimating these crucial parameters, including relative precursor concentration (𝐶 𝑟) and fuel temperature (𝑇 𝑓), under varying reactor power conditions. A high-fidelity nonlinear dynamic reactor model was developed, incorporating noises in both process and measurement models. The proposed method was evaluated by extensive simulations under a wide range of operational scenarios. The particle filter demonstrated exceptional performance in tracking the timevarying states of the nuclear reactor. Comparative analysis with a conventional Kalman filter and the extended Kalman filter revealed the superior robustness of the particle filter in handling nonlinearities inherent in nuclear systems. The proposed approach offers several advantages, including the ability to capture multimodal distributions, handle non-Gaussian noise, and provide probabilistic estimates. Despite the increased computational cost associated with particle filtering, the benefits in terms of estimation accuracy and reliability justify its application in nuclear power plant monitoring and control systems.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
This article presents a transformer-less bidirectional converter, which is designed with dual res... more This article presents a transformer-less bidirectional converter, which is designed with dual resonant frequencies. It supports Electric Vehicle (EV) charging systems, via capacitive coupling wireless power transfer (CCWPT) technique. In addition, its bidirectional power transfer feature can be used to return energy to the stations of the power-wall systems. This converter smoothly operates in both voltage step-up and step-down operation modes, which provides soft switching conditions for all semiconductor switches. Capacitive coupling technique provides robust galvanic isolation between the primary and secondary sides circuits, while the transformer-less design improves its efficiency and reduces its volume and cost, significantly. The proposed converter supports both full-bridge and half-bridge configurations to adapt to diverse power transfer requirements. The cost-effective CCWPT setup enables multi-EV charging from a single station. A prototype of the given converter has been meticulously developed and experimentally validated, demonstrating excellent performance. The converter efficiently converts output power in a wide range from 200 W to 1000 W, accommodates input voltage from 300 to 500 V, delivers a 400 V output voltage, which is suitable for EV battery charging. It also achieves maximum efficiency value of 96%, in practice.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
This paper presents an Enhanced Model-Free Sliding Mode Control (EMFSMC) method tailored for the ... more This paper presents an Enhanced Model-Free Sliding Mode Control (EMFSMC) method tailored for the speed loop of a 12-slot/19-pole yokeless and segmented armature axial flux-switching permanent magnet (12S/19P YASA-AFFSSPM) motor, focusing on robustness against parameter perturbations. Traditional control techniques, such as Proportional-Integral (PI) control and Model-Free Sliding Mode Control (MFSMC), have shown limitations in handling the motor's nonlinear behavior and susceptibility to disturbances. The proposed EMFSMC algorithm optimizes speed loop performance by establishing a hyperlocal model of the YASA-AFFSSPM motor, which accounts for parameter variations. An improved double-power combinatorial reaching law is developed to enhance convergence rates during the sliding surface approach phase, while an Extended Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer (ESMDO) provides real-time monitoring of unknown disturbances affecting speed control. Simulation results demonstrate that the EMFSMC significantly accelerates the speed response time to approximately 0.015 seconds with minimal overshoot, compared to 0.04 seconds and a 12.5% overshoot with the MFSMC. Additionally, under sudden load conditions, the EMFSMC controller exhibits a speed drop of only 4 rpm, recovering to stability in about 0.01 seconds, while the MFSMC controller experiences a 9 rpm drop with a recovery time of 0.03 seconds. These findings confirm that the EMFSMC enhances the speed response rate and robustness of the speed loop, outperforming traditional control methodologies across various operating conditions.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
In the field of mobile robot navigation, challenges such as nonlinear conditions, uncertainties, ... more In the field of mobile robot navigation, challenges such as nonlinear conditions, uncertainties, and the development of advanced methods have necessitated accurate position estimation. In this paper, fuzzy based adaptive unscented Kalman filter (FAUKF) is evaluted to enhance the state estimation performance for mobile robot localization. In proposed method, the FAUKF algorithm effectively removes the noise uncertainty by adaptively adjusting the covariance of the measurement noise according to the adaptation law. The output of the Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) acts as an observer and improves the matching law. The results of this research show the accuracy of FAUKF algorithm position estimation compared to traditional UKF methods. Also, this study presents a pioneering navigation strategy for mobile robots, which integrates random tree routing algorithm with rapid exploration (RRT*) for optimal path design in indoor environments. The goal of RRT* integration is to create optimal routes taking into account safety and environmental constraints. By combining the Kalman filter prediction and updating steps, this method reduces the accumulation of uncertainty during the localization process and facilitates accurate localization and path planning towards the target.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
In electric vehicles, energy storage systems (ESSs) are essential for managing power fluctuations... more In electric vehicles, energy storage systems (ESSs) are essential for managing power fluctuations and ensuring operational safety. Supercapacitors (SCs) have recently emerged as promising ESS candidates due to their high-power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and low internal losses. Integrating SCs with batteries or fuel cells in hybrid configurations can leverage the strengths of each technology while mitigating their individual weaknesses. This paper presents a novel estimation technique for supercapacitors in electric vehicles. The method involves wavelet decomposition and denoising, followed by importing low-frequency signals into a back-propagation neural network for one-step prediction to determine the state-of-charge (SOC) of the SC. The proposed method is tested with a Maxwell supercapacitor model under various charge/discharge current profiles and temperature conditions, comparing the results with conventional techniques. The artificial neural networks (ANNs) with wavelet preprocessed input demonstrate significantly improved SOC estimation accuracy across different discharge profiles.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
In this paper, the loss of excitation fault (LOE) as one of the most common fault in synchronous ... more In this paper, the loss of excitation fault (LOE) as one of the most common fault in synchronous generator is analyzed and the methods for detecting this fault are investigated. Then, the performance of the power system equipped with STATCOM is simulated in the Matlab / Simulink software and the effects of the generator performance on the resistor and its derivatives in the generator terminal are analyzed. A new method for LOE detection based on derivative of resistance is proposed. To illustrate the efficiency of this method various sizes and conditions for generator load are considered. The simulation results show that the amount of resistance time derivative in all cases, whether with or without STATCOM, behaves the same as a new criterion for detecting the LOE of an effective and useful method that is faster and more accurate than conventional methods. Simulation results in different amount and type of the loads shows the validity of the proposed method.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
This research aims to provide a comprehensive review of various CCM control strategies for flybac... more This research aims to provide a comprehensive review of various CCM control strategies for flyback inverters. The study is carried out based on published data in reports, papers, and other available online documents. The introduced control strategies make use of different approaches to dominate the constraints on determining the feedback control system gains caused by the zero put on right-half-plane (RHP) and dynamics of the LC filter. Thus, the tracking of the considered output current is accurately implemented and the introduced control systems carry out the attenuation of disturbances. Moreover, zero steady-state error and the stability requirements are fulfilled by properly regulating the control signal. The best control structure should be enough fast to employ the fewest number of delays in its structure resulting the burden in the computational system being considerably decreased.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
This study investigates the optimal design configuration of a hydrogen refueling station located ... more This study investigates the optimal design configuration of a hydrogen refueling station located in southern Iran, focusing on the integration of renewable energy sources and seawater desalination technology to achieve self-sufficiency. The station integrates various components, including photovoltaic panels, fuel cells, desalination units, natural gas and power-to-hydrogen conversion systems, and storage facilities for water and hydrogen. The primary goals are to achieve an independent power supply from renewable sources and an autonomous water supply through seawater desalination. To determine the most cost-effective configuration, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is developed, taking into account the water and power consumption of each component. The objective is to minimize the Net Present Cost (NPC) of investment, maintenance, and operation. The model is implemented and solved using the CBC solver within the PYOMO environment. The study's findings reveal that converting natural gas to hydrogen is more economically viable than power-to-hydrogen conversion, with the former accounting for more than 95% of the hydrogen produced. The power demand is effectively met by a combination of photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage. Moreover, the study highlights the benefits of integrating water and hydrogen storage systems, which optimizes the utilization of photovoltaic energy. Excess energy generated by the photovoltaic panels is utilized for seawater desalination and the production of green hydrogen
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
In this study, a new converter featuring an auxiliary circuit configuration is presented, designe... more In this study, a new converter featuring an auxiliary circuit configuration is presented, designed to facilitate soft switching conditions while minimizing the number of components used. This auxiliary circuit is innovatively developed to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) and effectively recover snubber energy to the input side, thereby enhancing the converter efficiency. Furthermore, the deliberate integration of coupled-inductors into the converter's design significantly boosts its gain while reducing voltage stress on the switching components. The modular architecture of the auxiliary circuit allows for the addition of circuit branches and an increase in power capacity without requiring extra components for its auxiliary circuit. To evaluate the performance of the proposed converter, extensive simulations were performed using PSPICE software, along with the construction of a laboratory prototype capable of operating at 170W. The alignment between the experimental results and simulation data strongly supports the theoretical analysis, illustrating the converter's potential for efficient power conversion in renewable energy systems.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
This paper proposes three techniques aimed at enhancing the seismic performance of base-isolated ... more This paper proposes three techniques aimed at enhancing the seismic performance of base-isolated tall buildings through uniform deformation of the superstructure. The first and second methods focus on generating a uniform modal shape and an even distribution of seismic loads across the floors, while the third method seeks to minimize the standard deviation of story drifts. For these purposes, an optimization procedure based on a gas Brownian motion optimization (GBMO) algorithm is defined. Simulation results, compared to those for a 20-story reference base-isolated structure, demonstrate that these techniques effectively reduce maximum floor displacement, particularly in the upper levels of the studied buildings. The proposed methods show clear advantages in lowering maximum floor drift, a critical factor in seismic damage. Specifically, methods 1 and 3 resulted in significant reductions in maximum floor drift, ranging from 30% to 80% in the upper floors. Additionally, these methods led to a reduction of 10% to 15% in maximum acceleration and seismic forces on the upper floors, while a slight increase was observed in the lower floors. Among the methods, method 1 exhibited the best overall performance, yielding average reductions of 6.65%, 32.65%, and 0.88% in maximum floor displacement, drift, and acceleration, respectively, when compared to the reference base-isolated structure. While methods 2 and 3 resulted in only modest reductions in displacement and acceleration, they were effective in significantly lowering maximum floor drift.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
Bearing-less induction motors (BLIMs) are suitable candidates for high-speed applications but suf... more Bearing-less induction motors (BLIMs) are suitable candidates for high-speed applications but suffer from low torque density and complex control issues due to the interaction of torque and levitation forces. To address these challenges, this paper presents a new control strategy that combines vector control and direct torque control (DTC) for torque management, alongside a novel force control method based on finite element analysis (FEA). The proposed approach minimizes interference between torque and force magnetic fields by employing a parallel winding structure and distinct control units for torque and force. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces torque ripple and improves steady-state performance compared to conventional vector control and DTC. Furthermore, the force control unit outperforms a dual field-oriented control (FOC) method in regulating rotor position, offering better suspension force control and faster stabilization. This work contributes to the development of more efficient control strategies for BLIMs, enhancing their performance in industrial applications.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
Objective: The objective of this research is to optimize the crude distillation unit (CDU) in oil... more Objective: The objective of this research is to optimize the crude distillation unit (CDU) in oil refineries by reducing energy consumption and improving operational efficiency through the application of a Proportional-Integral-Plus (PIP) control system within a Non-Minimal State Space (NMSS) framework. Material and Method: Simulations of the CDU were carried out using Aspen Plus for modeling the distillation process and MATLAB for implementing the PIP control structure. The controller was tuned by an economic cost function, optimizing key parameters such as furnace duty, side-draw rates, and condenser heat removal. The PIP control system was compared to traditional control methods, with performance evaluated under various disturbances, including feed rate, temperature, and composition changes. Results: The PIP control strategy significantly improved the CDU’s performance, reducing operating costs by up to 100% compared to traditional control methods optimized by the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE). The PIP system demonstrated superior disturbance handling and energy efficiency while maintaining product quality. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the PIP control system is a highly effective tool for optimizing energy consumption and process stability in modern refineries, especially under fluctuating operational conditions. Its application could lead to substantial cost savings and improved efficiency in CDU operations.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
This article focuses on the design of a controller for quadcopter position control, which is then... more This article focuses on the design of a controller for quadcopter position control, which is then used to organize a group of quadcopters into a specific formation. Initially, PID controllers are developed to manage all output variables of the quadcopter systems efficiently. Subsequently, a constrained tube-model predictive control (Tube-MPC) approach is implemented to regulate the system's position, comparing its performance to that of the tube-MPC controller. The article also explores the coordination of a group of six quadcopters, focusing on achieving a predefined formation that maintains the desired shape. Three different scenarios are examined to control the formation, assessing how each approach influences the arrangement and coordination of the quadcopters. The dynamics of the system's control are crucial for effective operation in multi-agent systems. Moreover, the configuration of the quadcopters is influenced by each quadcopter's internal controller, ensuring accurate formation and tracking. This study underscores the significance of sophisticated control strategies in improving the performance and coordination of multiple quadcopter systems.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
One of the main components of a power transformer is the transformer insulation system, namely, t... more One of the main components of a power transformer is the transformer insulation system, namely, transformer insulation oil and transformer insulation paper. Any failure can cause the transformer to fail temporarily or permanently. As a result, regular and nondestructive monitoring of transformers is of particular importance for early detection and prediction of any faults. Frequency response analysis (FRA) is known as a high-accuracy, fast, economical, and non-destructive method for diagnosing the condition of a transformer, which can be used independently or as a complementary method to ensure the results of other diagnostic tests and based on the operational conditions of the transformer, it can be implemented in two methods, online and offline. This paper provides an in-depth discussion of measuring and interpreting FRA results and the ability of this method to detect and locate power transformer faults, especially insulation faults, which have been given less attention in the past. The information confirmed in this survey is expected to provide an important roadmap for future research in monitoring the condition of transformer insulation systems.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
Efficient and versatile charging solutions are essential for modern applications requiring portab... more Efficient and versatile charging solutions are essential for modern applications requiring portable energy systems. This paper presents a novel portable charger powered by an isolated split-core current clamp, enabling direct charging from power lines. The system utilizes inductive coupling to draw AC current from these lines, which is then regulated to a precise voltage for battery replenishment. The proposed design features an interleaved resonant topology with a semi-active rectifier, achieving high efficiency and adaptability to a wide range of input voltages. This architecture supports a variable DC bus voltage, enabling the resonant converter to operate optimally near its resonant frequency for maximum performance. To ensure a lightweight and efficient design, the converter eliminates traditional transformers, incorporating a capacitive element within the resonant network for galvanic isolation. A cascaded dual-control strategy in the interleaved structure ensures precise voltage regulation. Designed to be compatible with 1-6 cell Li-Ion batteries, the charger offers extensive versatility. Experimental results from a 2.5-200 W prototype, with an output voltage range of 4.2-25.2 V, demonstrate a peak efficiency of 94%, validating the effectiveness of the proposed charger for gridconnected applications.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
A compact microstrip antenna by applying a parasitic artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), is prop... more A compact microstrip antenna by applying a parasitic artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), is proposed for facilitating 4G and 5G wireless communications. The antenna design includes microstrip dipoles fed by a T-shaped feedline. Notably, the antenna achieves a measured bandwidth of 5.32-6.73 GHz (with S11≤-10 dB). To enhance performance, a proposed parasitic AMC reflector is integrated into the antenna structure. Incorporating an 8×8 AMC array, the antenna extends its-10 dB measured bandwidth from 4.51 to 6.83 GHz, catering to both 4G and 5G communication standards. Comparative analysis with an antenna lacking AMC reveals a reduced size of 35%, alongside a notable gain of 8 dBi and uni-directional radiation patterns. The efficiency and gain of all elements are approximately 90% and 8 dBi, respectively. Moreover, the introduction of an AMC unit cell, well-founded on a parasitic patch, resonates at 6.15 GHz with a bandwidth extending from 5.21 to 7.10 GHz. Furthermore, the offered equivalent transmission line model of the antenna with the AMC is demonstrated, yielding desirable results. This model accurately predicts the input impedance of the antenna with AMC across a broad frequency band ranging from 4.64 to 6.74 GHz. This comprehensive study demonstrates the effectiveness and versatility of the offered model in characterizing the operating band's behavior of the antenna across a wide frequency band to facilitate its design and optimization for various applications.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
In this research, an adaptive fuzzy controller is presented to regulate the blood glucose level o... more In this research, an adaptive fuzzy controller is presented to regulate the blood glucose level of type 1 diabetic patients in the presence of input saturation. This controller along with an adaptive anti-windup compensator is considered to deal with the uncertainty of the Bergmann minimal nonlinear model parameters as well as the input saturation. Anti windup compensator is designed to prevent to saturation problems as hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia in regulating the blood glucose level of type 1 diabetes patients. The Bergman minimal model is used to mathematically model type 1 diabetes, depicting the dynamic behavior of the human body's blood glucose-insulin system. In the first step, the stability of the closed-loop system has been theoretically investigated and proved from the point of view of Lyapunov's theory. Next, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method in regulating blood glucose levels, the proposed control system has been implemented in the presence of meal disturbances using the Simulink environment of MATLAB software. The implementation results show a lower control effort and less convergence time of the proposed method compared to the existing methods.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO), 2025
The consensus of Cyber-Physical Power Systems (CPPSs), where generators agree on common desired r... more The consensus of Cyber-Physical Power Systems (CPPSs), where generators agree on common desired rotor angles and speeds, is vital for maintaining system stability and efficiency. This study explores this consensus using fractional-order multi-agent systems, offering advantages over traditional methods. CPPSs often encounter issues like faults, uncertainties, disturbances, and cyber-attacks. To address these, a new Adaptive Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Controller (AFOSMC) is proposed, designed to achieve consensus despite unknown nonlinear functional upper bounds characterizing system perturbations. The AFOSMC uses stable adaptive laws to determine these unknown coefficients, ensuring robust performance even under adverse conditions. It outperforms conventional Integer-Order counterparts by reducing chattering and enabling faster convergence during the initial phase of CPPS operations. The AFOSMC also ensures finite-time convergence to the sliding surface, enhancing system responsiveness and stability. The controller's stability is rigorously proven using Lyapunov's theorem. Finally, extensive simulations demonstrate the practical benefits of the AFOSMC, and comparisons with recent research highlight its superior performance in robustness and efficiency.
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