Pomegranate Polyphenols

Irrigation water salinity effects on colour and health ingredients in the pomegranate peel were studied in two accessions, 'Wonderful' and 'SP-2', grown under a wide range of salinities, 1.2 to 9 dS m -1 . Ripe fruit peels were analysed for phenolics and anthocyanins composition, and antioxidative capacity. Total phenolics concentration and antioxidative capacity were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau and FRAP assays, respectively. Phenolics and anthocyanins composition was analysed by RP-HPLC. Increased salinity enhanced considerably the overall accumulation of phenolics and anthocyanins, and the antioxidative capacity in both cultivars; the magnitude of the effects was accession dependent. Mono-and di-glucosides of cyanidins, pelargonidins, and delphinidines were detected at proportions that varied with accession and salinity. Increased concentrations of gallotannins, flavonols and ellagic acid derivatives in 'Wonderful', and punicalagins, flavonols and ellagic acid derivatives in 'SP-2' accompanied elevated salinity levels. The results may benefit the pomegranate juice and byproduct valourisation industries, especially in the face of global water quality deterioration.

Pomegranate peel is rich in polyphenols with punicalagin as the dominant compound but is always regarded as agricultural waste. This review focuses on the extraction of polyphenols as well as the purification, food industry applications and health effects of punicalagin. Considering polyphenol extraction, solvent extraction is the most commonly used method because it offers the highest total phenolic content; however, it is time consuming and energy intensive. Therefore, advanced methods are used to enhance its extraction efficiency, such as enzyme-assisted solvent extraction, resulting in the highest extraction yield. As for the purification of punicalagin from polyphenols, liquid chromatography is the most widely used method, and the highest purity is achieved with semi-high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) have similar effects, but relatively fewer studies have adopted these two methods. Besides, punicalagin has outstanding antioxidant properties and can thus be added to functional foods to extend their shelf life. Moreover, it shows great antibacterial effects on drugr esistant pathogens. Its anti-inflammatory potential is governed by its ability to treat infection and hyperimmune-related disorders. This work provides a comprehensive review of methods for extracting and purifying valuable compounds from pomegranate peel, particularly punicalagin, and highlights its potential applications in functional foods and health therapies.

Pomegranate juice has many health properties as the fruits contain anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds. Its consumption has greatly increased throughout the world in recent years due to the potential of its different components, polyphenols and anthocyanins mostly. Many studies have been performed on the pomegranate juice yield demonstrating its influence on the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the juice. Commercial pomegranate juice production involves pressing the fruits. As a consequence, there is a need to investigate the pressing machine types and adjustment in order to maximize juice yield and enhance its health properties. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the pressing system on the pomegranate juice yield and properties. Pomegranate fruits of the 'Wonderful One' cultivar were manually harvested in November 2014 and mechanically processed to extract juice. Two different pressing systems were used. The first one was an hydraulic pressing machine where the fruits were put after being sliced in half; the second extraction method consisted in using a destemming machine for the entire fruit followed by a pneumatic press, typically applied in grape processing. The juices obtained with the two systems were analysed and compared in order to identify the best extraction technique.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in development of a diverse range of foods that are enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. It is widely recognized that through dietary interventions, the lipid fraction of food can be modified to enhance its nutritional content. This study is aimed to develop chicken patties enriched with poly unstaurated fatty acids (PUFAs) extracted from microalgae aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) concentration of 0% (T0), 1% (T1), 2% (T2), and 3% (T3). All treatments were stored at −18 °C for one month and analysed at an interval of 0, 10, 20, and 30 days to assess the effect of PUFAs supplementation on physicochemical, oxidative, microbiological and organoleptic properties of chicken patties. The results revealed that moisture content was significantly increased during the storage; the maximum moisture was observed in T0 (67.25% ± 0.03) on day 0, while the minimun was found in T3 (64.69% ± 0.04) on day 30. Supplemenatation of PUFAs in chicken patties ...

Reuse of olive mill wastewaters (OMWWs) in agriculture represents a significant challenge for health and safety of our planet. Phytotoxic compounds in OMWW generally prohibit use of untreated OMWWs for agricultural irrigation or direct discharge into surface waters. However, pretreated OMWW can have positive effects on chemical and microbiological soil characteristics, to fight against fungal soil-borne pathogens. Low amounts of OMWW following thermal (TT-OMWW) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH-OMWW) pretreatments counteracted growth of some of 12 soil-borne and/or pathogenic fungi examined. With fungal growth measured as standardized change in time to half maximum colony diameter, τ , overall, HPH-OMWW showed increased bioactivity, as increased mean τ from 3.0 to 4.8 days. Principal component analysis highlighted two fungal groups: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Rosellinia necatrix, with growth strongly inhibited by the treated OMWWs; and Aspergillus ochraceus and Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, with stimulated growth by the treated OMWWs. As a non-thermal treatment, HPH-OMWW generally shows improved positive effects, which potentially arise from preservation of the phenols.

Pomegranate juice has many health properties as the fruits contain anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds. Its consumption has greatly increased throughout the world in recent years due to the potential of its different components, polyphenols and anthocyanins mostly. Many studies have been performed on the pomegranate juice yield demonstrating its influence on the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the juice. Commercial pomegranate juice production involves pressing the fruits. As a consequence, there is a need to investigate the pressing machine types and adjustment in order to maximize juice yield and enhance its health properties. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the pressing system on the pomegranate juice yield and properties. Pomegranate fruits of the 'Wonderful One' cultivar were manually harvested in November 2014 and mechanically processed to extract juice. Two different pressing systems were used. The first one was an hydraulic pressing machine where the fruits were put after being sliced in half; the second extraction method consisted in using a destemming machine for the entire fruit followed by a pneumatic press, typically applied in grape processing. The juices obtained with the two systems were analysed and compared in order to identify the best extraction technique.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit is widely consumed fresh and in processed form as juice, jam and wine. Pomegranate fruit peel, a byproduct of pomegranate juice industry is rich source of hydrolyzable tannin called ellagitannin 1 (ETs). Pomegranate ellagitannin i.e. polyphenols is composed of punicalagin and its isomers (2,3-hexahydroxydiphenyl-1-4,6gallogyl glucose) as well as lesser amount of punicalin (4,6gallagyl glucose), gallagic acid, ellagic acid and ellagic acid glycosides (hexoside, pentoside, rhamnoside etc.) 2,3. Pomegranate peel extracts are currently used for treatment of respiratory diseases and in the preparation of tincture, cosmetics and other therapeutic formula 4,5. Pomegranate extracts are also being investigated for their potential use as food biopreservatives and for the formulation of products in the neutraceutical industry 4. Recovery of tannin/phenolic compounds is commonly performed through a solvent extraction procedure but at present an ambiguous data on the method and conditions for extraction are available. Sometimes the reports are contradictory particularly when different raw materials are compared. The results are difficult to compare because different estimation method for phenols are used. Sometimes only the total phenol concentration of final extract is reported, but not the total yield. The

Està subjecte a una llicència de Reconeixement-NoComercial-SenseObraDerivada 4.0 de Creative Commons Quality and bioaccessibility of total phenols and antioxidant activity of calçots (Allium cepa L.) stored under controlled atmosphere conditions

Honey is a highly valued natural product with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antioxidant activity (AOA) is not as high as that of other honeybee products, such as propolis. Several polyphenol—honey formulations have been proposed up to now, most of them using maceration of biomass in honey or mixtures with liquid extracts, which either limit polyphenols bioavailability or destroy the characteristics of honey. To improve the health benefits of honey by increasing AOA and keeping its structural and sensory properties, we propose its enrichment in a polyphenol extract of raspberry after solvent evaporation. A honey-biomimetic natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) was prepared and compared with honey. The main polyphenols found in the raspberry extract were tested in combination with honey and NaDES, respectively. The AOA was determined by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP methods. The AOA behaviour of honey—polyphenol mixtures varied from synergism...

Background/Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of a feed supplemented with polyphenolic additives from olive mill wastewater (OMW) on lambs. Materials and Methods: Lambs received breast milk until the postnatal period, and then they were divided into two groups and received control and OMW feed for 55 days. Redox biomarkers were measured in blood and tissues at days 15, 42 and 70 after feeding. Results: Feed supplemented with OMW reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive species and protein carbonyls and increased total antioxidant capacity, glutathione and catalase activity in both blood and tissues. Conclusion: The administration of OMW-containing feed reinforced the antioxidant defense of lambs, which may improve their wellbeing and productivity. Additionally, this exploitation of OMW may solve problems of environmental pollution in areas with olive oil industries. Mediterranean countries are responsible for 95% of worldwide olive oil production (1). In Greece, the extraction and manufacture of olive oil is carried out in about 2,400 small scale agro-industrial units scattered throughout the country. These processes produce two waste streams: olive mill residual solids and olive mill wastewaters (OMW). OMW are formed from the water content of the fruit itself and the water used to wash and process them, and amounts to 0.5-3.25 m 3 per 1,000 kg of olives (2). Typically, the composition of OMW is water, organics and mineral salts. OMW comprises large amounts of organic (e.g. fats, lipids, polyphenols), inorganic constituents and water; a part of the organic fraction is composed of phenols (1). These compounds are responsible for its black color, toxicity, phytotoxicity and antibacterial properties (3). It is estimated that around 30 million cubic meters of OMW are generated annually in the Mediterranean area (4). Disposal of OMW causes serious environmental problems, such as soil contamination, water body pollution, underground seepage and odor (5). The environmental problems and potential hazards caused by OMW have prompted many countries to limit its discharge. Varied new technologies for reducing its pollutant power (e.g. physicochemical and biological methods), have been investigated in recent years (1). Technologies such as advanced oxidative processes have been proposed, but these are characterized by high operational costs and frequently require complex maintenance and availability of experienced personnel (6). Thus, an environmentally safe and costeffective treatment of OMW has not yet been found (7). Oleuropein, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are the main phenolic compounds found in OMW. Other phenolic compounds that are found in olive oil are caffeic acid, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempherol, apigenin and quercetin (8, 9). Despite toxic effects exhibited at high concentrations, these polyphenols also exhibit antioxidant activity. Therefore, the polyphenolic content of OMW could represent a source of antioxidants in different fields, such as nutrition, 291 This article is freely accessible online.

The exploration of natural antimicrobial compounds is necessary due to the current bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics. For this reason, pineapple residues were evaluated as a natural source of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial capacity. Pineapple residues were fermented with A. niger GH1 and subjected to ultrasound for the extraction of phenolic compounds. In the solid-state fermentation (SSF), the peel and the core (70:30) were fermented for 32 h. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized. The factors solid–liquid ratio (X1), ethanol concentration (X2), and extraction cycle (X3) were optimized through a Box–Behnken statistical design, using the total phenol content (TPC) as a response variable. The optimized and pre-purified extract with amberlite was characterized using HPLC-MS and we measured the antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The optimal values for X1, X2, and X3 were 82 mg/mL, 26%, and ...

Different fruit peel extracts of Punica granatum were tested in vitro for their insecticidal and antifungal activities against two pests (Myzus persicae and Phthorimaea operculella) and four fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sambucinum, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger). In fact, significant mortalities were recorded on adults treated with aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts with mortalities of 29%, 53% and 55%, respectively. For potato tuber moth, similar effects were observed on the first larval penetration of Phthorimaea operculella into potato tubers and the number of eggs. Additionally, all extracts tested were found to be effective in checking the mycelial growth only for Penicillium digitatum and Fusarium sambucinum as compared to the control. But no significant difference between control and treated fungi was found in the case of Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger. The treatment with these botanical extracts may be promising in protecting plants from pests and diseases infections.

Different fruit peel extracts of Punica granatum were tested in vitro for their insecticidal and antifungal activities against two pests (Myzus persicae and Phthorimaea operculella) and four fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sambucinum, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger). In fact, significant mortalities were recorded on adults treated with aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts with mortalities of 29%, 53% and 55%, respectively. For potato tuber moth, similar effects were observed on the first larval penetration of Phthorimaea operculella into potato tubers and the number of eggs. Additionally, all extracts tested were found to be effective in checking the mycelial growth only for Penicillium digitatum and Fusarium sambucinum as compared to the control. But no significant difference between control and treated fungi was found in the case of Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger. The treatment with these botanical extracts may be promising in protecting plants from pests ...

In order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent grain (SG) two extraction methods were studied: the ultrasound-assisted method (US) and the Ultra-Turrax method (high stirring rate) (UT). Liquid to solid ratios, solvent concentration, time, and temperature/stirring rate were optimized. Spent grain extracts were analyzed for their total phenol content (TPC) (0.62 to 1.76 mg GAE/g SG DW for Ultra-Turrax pretreatment, and 0.57 to 2.11 mg GAE/g SG DW for ultrasound-assisted pretreatment), total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.6 to 1.67 mg QE/g SG DW for UT, and 0.5 to 1.63 mg QE/g SG DW for US), and antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (25.88% to 79.58% for UT, and 27.49% to 78.30% for UT). TPC was greater at a high stirring rate and high exposure time up to a certain extent for the Ultra-Turrax method, and at a high temperature for the ultrasound-assisted method. P-coumaric acid (20.4 ± 1.72 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 14.0 ± 1....

Propolis is a resinous bee hive product that has many biological activities. In this study, a total of 11 raw propolis samples were collected from various geographical areas in Turkey. Phenolic compounds were extracted from all samples and analyses of total phenolics and flavonoids and total antioxidant capacities were performed. All the samples showed high total phenolic and flavonoid contents and

Pomegranate has valuable nutritional content and contains various bioactive compounds, one found in the fruit's peel. The utilization of these bioactive compounds could be used as herbal medicines and supplements, such as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity, phytochemical profile, and pomegranate peel extract grouping using different extracting solvents. The three extracting solvents used were water, 70% ethanol, and ethanol p.a. Antioxidant capacity of the three extracts was measured using the DPPH and CUPRAC methods. We also determined the total phenolic and flavonoid levels and the TLC fingerprint analysis and FTIR spectrum of the pomegranate peel extracts. The 70% ethanol extract owned the largest antioxidant capacity than the other two extracts with a value of 358.67 and 2981.59 µmol trolox/g dried sample using the DPPH and CUPRAC methods, respectively. The three pomegranate peel extracts' total phenolic and flavonoid levels ranged from...

Novelty Impact Statement Current work demonstrated how individual extraction characteristics (concentration, acidity, sample to solvent ratio and method used for extraction) of watermelon "New Dragon A-117" variety is located in the phenolics and antioxidant characteristic map. Thus providing information that can practically assist future product developers for their product formulation as a nutraceutical in a more sustainable and environment friendly manner.

This work aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds obtained from three squash by-products (e.g., peel, endocarp, and seeds) using the response surface methodology (RSM). The selected independent variables were ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. Squash by-products’ bioactive molecules were extracted according to the matrix proposed by the experimental plan. Significant variability in total phenolic compound content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, depending on the extraction time, the solvent concentration, and the extraction temperature, was recorded for the tested by-products. The experimental results adequately fitted with second-order polynomial models and showed significant linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of the independent variables. Data analysis suggested that the optimal extraction conditions were 12.2% ethanol for 11.2 min at 55 °C for peels; 28.5% ethanol for 10.5 min at 37 °C for endocarp; and 20% ethano...

New sustainable sources of feeds, which can enhance the health and welfare of farm animals, lower feeding costs, and lead to safer products, are of high priority in modern animal production systems. In the present study, a novel silage created from Greek olive, winery, and feta cheese waste by-products, was evaluated as a feed ingredient at different inclusion rates (0%, 5% or 10%) in 34-day-old weaned pigs. The potential beneficial effects on performance, health and intestinal digesta microflora balance of the pigs were evaluated. Additionally, chemical, microbiological and quality analysis of the meat was carried out. Results showed no detrimental effects (p > 0.05) on the pigs’ performance and no significant changes (p > 0.05) in meat pH, color and chemical analysis. Ileum and cecum microflora populations (total anaerobes, Lactobacillaceae) were positively affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the dietary usage of the silage. The microbial populations (Clostridium spp.) of belly meat cuts...

New sustainable sources of feeds, which can enhance the health and welfare of farm animals, lower feeding costs, and lead to safer products, are of high priority in modern animal production systems. In the present study, a novel silage created from Greek olive, winery, and feta cheese waste by-products, was evaluated as a feed ingredient at different inclusion rates (0%, 5% or 10%) in 34-day-old weaned pigs. The potential beneficial effects on performance, health and intestinal digesta microflora balance of the pigs were evaluated. Additionally, chemical, microbiological and quality analysis of the meat was carried out. Results showed no detrimental effects (p > 0.05) on the pigs’ performance and no significant changes (p > 0.05) in meat pH, color and chemical analysis. Ileum and cecum microflora populations (total anaerobes, Lactobacillaceae) were positively affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the dietary usage of the silage. The microbial populations (Clostridium spp.) of belly meat cuts...

The future of medicine is in biologics and artificial intelligence AI. With the advent of advancing and disruptive technologies, many traditional therapies are being replaced by new therapies such as: stem cell therapy, joint preservation, limb saving technologies and medical robotics. In countries where first world medicine is available, there will emerge new challenges in retraining for practitioners and confusion for patients as to what are the best treatment options.
From the medical practitioners’ perspective, the challenge will be to stay up to date with the changing times and innovations. Some aspects of their practice may quickly become obsolete. As patients become more aware of symptoms of their conditions, self-diagnosis will be on the rise, and patients may often run the risk of misdiagnosing themselves, or experiencing conditions such as cyberphobia from information overload. Innovations such as Artificial Intelligence will emerge, to summarize the vast amount of information that is being published each day relevant to medical fields. Artificial Intelligence that will interact with the doctor, promoting plausible diagnoses and treatment options is already present. Embracing change will become the norm.

Saudi and Egyptian pomegranate juice (APJ and EPJ) contains potent polyphenols, antioxidants that were found to reduce serum and macrophage oxidative stress. The protective effects of APJ and EPJ against atherogenicity were evaluated by feeding mice a hypercholesterolemic diet that was supplemented with PJ.PJ consumption reduced mice serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and (low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and increased the high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) when compared to mice with a control or atherogenic diet. The risk ratio and atherogenic index were significantly lower in both APJ or EPJ supplemented groups. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which remains associated with HDL, had a significant increase in activity in mice supplemented with PJ, compared to mice with aatherogenic diet (AD). PJ consumption significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased glutathione levels. The reduction in lipid peroxidation varied from 57 to 76%. PJ supplementation reduced peritoneal macrophage (MPM)-mediated oxidation of LDL by 68 to 82% and decreased mouse MPM Ox-LDL uptake by 31 to 48%. A significant up-regulation of macrophage PON2 activity was induced by PJ reducing the macrophage oxidative stress. In conclusion, PJ consumption resulted in anti-oxidative and anti-atherogenic effect on serum and macrophages, which could prevent atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases.

Zivzik pomegranate (Punica granatum) has recently sparked considerable interest due to its nutritional and antioxidant properties. To evaluate the antioxidant capacities of P. granatum juice, ethanol (EEZP), and water (WEZP) extracts from peel and seed, the antioxidant methods of 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS•+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging, Fe3+-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing, Fe3+ reducing, and Cu2+ reducing methods were used. The antioxidant capacities of samples were compared with the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants, i.e., BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol, and Trolox. In terms of setting an example, the IC50 values of EEZP for ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging activities were found to be lower than standards, at 5.9 and 16.1 μg/mL, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in EEZP peel were 59.7 mg GAE/g and 88.0 mg QE/g, respectively. Inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase, ac...

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit that is widely consumed as fresh fruit and juice. The use of pomegranate fruit dates from ancient times and literature about its therapeutic qualities has echoed throughout the ages. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown how this fruit acts as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic and shows antibacterial, antiparasitic antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiviral, and anti-carcinogenic activities. The fruit also potentiates cardiovascular and oral health. These beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive applications in a variety of diseases such as (renal and hepatic toxicity). The health benefits of pomegranate have been attributed to its wide range of chemicals and extracts, which are predominantly polyphenols,

Ellagic acid is a bioactive compound derived from the hydrolysis of the ellagitannins. Ellagic acid has important applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry due its beneficial biological properties. Ellagic acid has been obtained from several sources, such as some berries, semi-desert plants, and oak trees. Pomegranate husk has a high content of ellagitannins, which can be bio-converted into ellagic acid by fungal bioprocesses, although there is no industrial biotechnological process available. The aim of this work was to find appropriate conditions for ellagic acid production by Aspergillus niger GH1 in submerged culture using pomegranate husk powder. The influence of culture factors was studied by a Box-Bhenken design. The maximum ellagic acid production was 21.19 mg g-1 of pomegranate husk powder. Substrate and pH influenced the ellagic acid production. A constant consumption was present in the substrate during the kinetics of hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins). The maximum protein accumulation was reached at 24 h, which can be associated

In particular, Patra, et al. [13], briefl y discuss the different technologies, mechanisms, processes, advantages, disadvantages, characteristics of the extracted bioactive compounds, and process parameters used to extract bioactive compounds from fruit industry by-products such as seeds and peels. Furthermore, according to Kurek, et al. [14], although technologies based on new principles without toxic solvents have been developed, many technical signs of progress are still needed. In particular, Dorosh, et al. [15], in their review, comprise studies of the last two decades by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of conventional and environmentally friendly technologies used for the extraction of vine-cane phenolic compounds. Depending on the technique used and the extraction conditions, the amount and the profi le

Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography—Diode Array Detector–Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 133 mg/g dry matter). A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidi...

The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of five different pomegranate cultivars. Fruit mass ranged from 109.27 to 78.07 g. Peel thickness of the fruit was recorded from 5.05 to 2.70 mm. The pH, total soluble solids content, the titratable acidity content were within the range of 4.23 to 4.36, 20.00 (•Brix) to 14.05 (•Brix), 0.04 to 0.007 mg per 100 g of juice, respectively. Ascorbic acid content was from 4.73 to 1.98 mg per 100 g of juice. The amount of total phenolics in pomegranate cultivars was between 6.36 and 1.78 mg GAE/100 ml. The total flavonoids content also ranged between 4.93 to 2.24 mg GAE/100 ml. The level of antioxidant activity was varied from 86.77 % to 79.54 %. Reducing sugar content ranged between 5.81 to 1.72 mg/100g. Glucose content was found from 3.48 to 1.14 mg/100g. In total based on these results, the cultivar is the main parameter which influences the physic-chemical properties and antioxidant activity in pomegranates.

Fruit samples of strawberry were collected from local markets in Sulaimani Governorate/Iraq which they are imported from Turkey and Iran.Two different methods for identifying the fungi were used; morphologically, depending on some characteristic such as the shape of the spores, the color and the general shape of the fungus. Also to confirm the diagnosis fungal, molecular method was used. The mycotic observations showed that there were nine distinct fungi. The molecular data was blasted at NCBI checked and the identification rate was between 97-100%. The diagnosed fungi were (Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Nigrospora sphaerica, Penicillium raistrickii, Penicillium griseofulvum and Rhizopus stolonifer). The highest infestation percent was recorded for A. niger 26.02%, while the lowest was for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae 1.08%, pathogenicity test was performed for the isolated fungi a...

This work investigated the effects of sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) on yield components and fruit physicobiochemical proprieties of two pomegranate cultivars, 'Sefri' and 'Wonderful' 21 trees each, in Sais plain (northern Morocco) over two consecutive seasons (2018-2019). Irrigation treatments consisted of a control, irrigation applied to fully satisfy crop evapotranspiration (100% ET C), and two SDI treatments: 70% ET C (SDI 70) and 50% ET C (SDI 50). The effects of the SDI treatments differed between cultivars and years. During the first year, yield and fruit weight were significantly reduced in 'Sefri' under SDI 50. The same effect was also observed in the second year under SDI 70. In 'Wonderful', a significant decrease in yield occurred in the second year under both SDI regimes. Fruit juice content was reduced in both cultivars, particularly under SDI 50 , with no significant effect on fruit aril content and aril weight. As for juice chemical properties, it was observed a decrease in total soluble solids, especially under SDI 50. Furthermore, a significant decrease in juice soluble sugars content was observed in the first year for both cultivars. Total polyphenols content has significantly diminished in the second year in both cultivars. Likewise, total anthocyanins level displayed the same pattern, particularly in 'Wonderful'. The findings suggest that SDI decreases yield and fruit quality even under moderate regime of 70% ET C. These negative effects may be dramatic depending on pomegranate genotypes, as observed in 'Sefri', compared to Wonderful variety. The great impact on species behavior toward water stress was particularly driven by the irrigation treatment, of which the interaction with the cultivar factor had the higher impact on the model. As many areas of how sustained deficit irrigation impacts pomegranate tree resilience are still needed to be investigated further, this study is a first attempt to explore water management in pomegranate in the Mediterranean semiarid lands.

WOS: 000467668200062This study was conducted in order to investigate the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts obtained from the surface parts of the Salvia virgata Jacq. plant collected in Kirsehir province. In the experiments, S. virgata extracts were prepared and used in 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. The seeds of Lactuca sativa L., Lepidium sativum L., and Triticum vulgare L., plants were placed as 25 seeds for each of Petri dishes with a 9-cm diameter, which two layers of filter paper were placed, and it was humidified thoroughly for control purpose with distilled water and plant extracts (125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm) and then they were left for incubation for 3 weeks at 24 degrees C +/- 1 conditions. At the end of the period, the germination percentages, root-shoot developments and wet and dry weights of the seeds were determined. In the antifungal studies, the plant methanol and hexane extracts were added to the PDA environments prepared in the ...

Introduction Fermented foods and beverages have begun to be consumed more during recent years because of their improved nutritional value, antioxidant capacity (AC), and several health benefits (Dufresne and Farnworth, 2000). In the world functional drink market, kombucha is the fastest growing fermented beverage 1 (Baschali et al., 2017). Kombucha is obtained by fermenting sweetened black and green tea with yeast (Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces,

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the drying kinetic, total bioactive content, in-vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds, and color and microstructural properties of pomegranate arils. Drying methods significantly affected all selected parameters of dried pomegranate arils (P<0.05). Freeze-drying (FD) showed higher bioactive compounds, lower shrinkage, and better color quality than those of other samples. Ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying (UAVD) showed lower drying times, lower shrinkage, and higher bioactive compounds than vacuum drying (VD) and hot air drying (HAD). The ABTS, CUPRAC, and DPPH results were 34.53-63.71 μmol TE/g, 29.70-61.60 μmol TE/g and 64.82-93.69% DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, the highest values of antioxidant capacity for all methods were obtained from the samples dried with FD followed by UAVD, VD, and HAD. The recovery of TPC in dried and fresh samples changed from 2.58% (fresh pomegranate) to 10.32% (vacuum-dried pomegranate). The recovery of TPC for freeze-dried samples (2.62%) was closest to the fresh ones and VD showed the highest TPC recovery. This study suggested that UAVD and VD should be used as alternative methods to HAD due to higher bioactive compounds retention, better color and surface quality, and higher recovery of bioactive compounds.

According to the data of Food and Agriculture Organization, approximately one third of the food produced in the world (1.6 billion tons/year) is lost when it is not reused at the end of consumption. For the recovery and reuse of valuable ingredients (flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids) in &lsquo;Katırbaşı&rsquo; pomegranate peel and &lsquo;Satsuma&rsquo; type mandarin peel, which are food industry wastes, ultrasound assisted extraction method (UAEM) which is green technology was used. The effects of various solvents and particle size on extraction yield were investigated by applying solvent / solid ratio of 5 ml/g , particle size of 0.5-1 mm pomegranate peels and 10 min. extraction time for UAEM. The highest efficiency was achieved by using water with 18%. Total phenolic content (TPC) values are 16.55 mg GAE/g dry peel(dp), 14.4 mg GAE/g dp, 12.55 mg GAE/g dp, 10.9 mg GAE/g dp, 14.45 mg GAE/g dp for distilled water, methanol, 50% methanol-water, ethanol, 70% ethanol-water solv...

It is known that homemade chocolate is the most important and popular sweet product used in the diet of children and adults, due to its attractive taste and caloric value. The special nutritional qualities of chocolate are conferred by compounds with biological activity in its composition. The representative compounds from chocolate are antioxidants, macro- and micronutrients, sugar, and stimulants such as caffeine and theobromine. In our study we show how fruits addition can influence the physico-chemical properties of homemade chocolate. The used fruits were been frozen fruit. Experimental part is based on some physico-chemical determination (content of water, dry content, total mineral content et al.) in order to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of the product

Enzymatic treatment was used to induce liberation of antioxidant phenolics from under-utilized sweet lime peel (CLP). Small rotatable central composite design (SRCCD) was selected to optimize the conditions of enzymatic processing, i.e., enzyme concentration (2 to 5%), pH (5 to 8), temperature (30 to 75 °C), and incubation time (30 to 120 min). The morphological characterization of enzymatically hydrolyzed CLP was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Extracts obtained under suitable conditions were characterized for their phenolic profile by use of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD) and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activities. The observed results revealed that optimum enzymatic pre-treatment doubled the recovery of phenolic antioxidants with maximum Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential (IC50). The observed results indicate that enzyme-assisted extraction might be a green choice to revalorize agro-processing residues.

Although the Green Revolution was a milestone in agriculture, it was accompanied by intensive use of synthetic pesticides, which has raised serious concerns due to their impact on human and environmental health. This is increasingly stimulating the search for safer and more eco-friendly alternative means to control plant diseases and prevent food spoilage. Among the proposed alternatives, pomegranate peel extracts (PPEs) are very promising because of their high efficacy. In the present review, we discuss the complex mechanisms of action that include direct antimicrobial activity and induction of resistance in treated plant tissues and highlight the importance of PPE composition in determining their activity. The broad spectrum of activity, wide range of application and high efficiency of PPEs against bacterial, fungal and viral plant pathogens suggest a potential market not only restricted to organic production but also integrated farming systems. Considering that PPEs are non-chemi...

Olive fruit extracts, combined with pomegranate and orange waste extracts, isolated using microwave assisted extraction technique, were used as a potential alternative crop protection method against Verticillium dahliae, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Pyrenochaeta lycopersici on tomato plants. For the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, various mixtures of the extracts were applied on 15 days old tomato plants, variety "Bella Dona", infected by the above-mentioned pathogens. After 40 days of treatments, plant growth parameters such as plant fresh and dry weight, root weight, plant height, number of blossoms and number of formed fruits were calculated in order to assess the extract effectiveness. The results indicated that the four pathogens dramatically reduced tomato growth. In contrast, most of the evaluated extracts provided satisfactory control of the pathogens resulting in tomato growth similar to that of the uninfected control plants. Conclusively, the use of these polyphenolic extracts could protect tomato plants in case of fungal infection.

In the present study, pomegranate peels, avocado peels, and seed vacuum microwave extraction solid by-products were supplemented in corn silage in order to investigate the effects on meat quality and growth rate in broiler chicken. There were 50 broilers, divided in two groups, treated with experimental or usual feed for 43 days (group A: 25 broilers fed with avocado and pomegranate by-products and group B: 25 broilers fed with corn-silage used as control). The results showed that broiler chickens fed with a diet supplemented with a mixture of pomegranate avocado by-products (group A) showed significant differences in chicken leg meat quality, significantly improving the level of proteins and fatty acids content in breast and leg meat, respectively. More specific ω3 and ω6 fatty acids content were three times higher than in group B. Moreover, a protective effect on the decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids, induced by free radicals and presented in chicken meat, is based on t...

The extraction efficacy of avocado fruit peels (AP) and seeds (AS) with the use of vacuum microwave-assisted aqueous extraction (VMAAE) was optimized in this study, with regard to extract’s total phenolic content (TPC), maximum antioxidant activity and minimal operational cost. Temperature (79.64 and 78.11 °C for AP and 43.90 and 45.26 °C for AS), time (11.89 and 11.75 min for AP, 10.18 and 10.28 min for AS), ratio of water to raw material (16.45% and 10.02% for AP, 38.73% and 37.65% for AS) and microwave power (5708.04 and 5699.10 W for AP, 5549.08 and 4797.29 W for AS) were estimated statistically as the optimal conditions in order to achieve high rates of extracts with high TPC and antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) scavenging radical methods, respectively. VMAAE performed under these conditions resulted in received extracts with TPC (0.352 gallic acid equivalent-GAE/g fresh AP/min and 0.124 GAE/g fresh AS/min). Furthermore, it was calculated the...

In this research study potential synergistic action of aqueous extracts of olive-pomegranate-orange fruits isolated by microwave assisted extraction were investigated as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi. The aim of the research study was the production of mixed liquid extracts to be used as natural phytoprotective agents in organic farming. The results proved that the use of 100%-pure olive fruit polyphenol extract affected the mycelium growth of B. cinerea, V.

The global interest in the use of plant by-product extracts as functional ingredients is continuously rising due to environmental, financial and health benefits. The latest advances in extraction technology have led to the production of aqueous extracts with high bioactive properties, which do not require the use of organic solvents. The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions applied for the extraction of pomegranate peels (PP) via a “green” industrial type of vacuum microwave-assisted aqueous extraction (VMAAE), by assessing the potential bioactivity of the extracts (in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant activity), using a response surface methodology. The extraction conditions of temperature, microwave power, time and water/PP ratio were determined by the response surface methodology, in order to yield extracts with optimal total phenolics concentrations (TPC) and high antioxidant activity, based on the IC50 value of the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl...

The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial properties of encapsulated lyophilized powdered extracts of pomegranate peels (PP), avocado peels (AP) and avocado seeds (AS) in vitro and in vivo. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods, optical density measurement, and well diffusion assay were used to determine antimicrobial activity against food borne bacteria (Gram− Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Pseudomonas putida), (Gram+ Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus plantarum), and fungi (Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger) based on a mixture design model. Additionally, the most effective powder was studied in vivo in yogurt, cream cheese, and minced meat burger. The samples that contained high polyphenol content also exhibited higher antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity. From the results of the well diffusion, the MIC/MBC, and...

In the present study, pomegranate peels, avocado peels, and seed vacuum microwave extraction solid by-products were supplemented in corn silage in order to investigate the effects on meat quality and growth rate in broiler chicken. There were 50 broilers, divided in two groups, treated with experimental or usual feed for 43 days (group A: 25 broilers fed with avocado and pomegranate by-products and group B: 25 broilers fed with corn-silage used as control). The results showed that broiler chickens fed with a diet supplemented with a mixture of pomegranate avocado by-products (group A) showed significant differences in chicken leg meat quality, significantly improving the level of proteins and fatty acids content in breast and leg meat, respectively. More specific ω3 and ω6 fatty acids content were three times higher than in group B. Moreover, a protective effect on the decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids, induced by free radicals and presented in chicken meat, is based on t...