Political Economy of Communication

Hâlâ yazmakta olduğum çalışmamın bir kısmını sizlerle paylaşmak istedim. Aslında 60 sayfayı aşkın çalışmamı biraz kısaltarak ve silerek paylaşıyorum. Bazı başlıkların altı kasten boş bırakıldı ve dipnotlar silindi. En anlamlı taraflarıyla cümleleri birleştirmeye çalıştım. Kaynakça kasten silindi. Paragrafı silip "(...)" işareti koymadığım yerlerde olabilir. Maksadım bu çalışmayı daha düzenleyerek kısaltılmış halini katıldığım sempozyumun tam metin kitabında paylaştırabilmek.
Saygılarımla

El proceso de “actualizacion del modelo economico y social cubano” constituye la maxima prioridad dentro de la agenda del Gobierno de la Republica de Cuba. Tiene asociado sustantivas transformaciones e impactos politicos y sociales con el objetivo de garantizar un desarrollo marcado no solo en temas de administracion publica y del sector productivo cubano, sino en el propio desarrollo social y la participacion activa de los ciudadanos cubanos en el proyecto de pais, acorde con el proposito de garantizar y perfeccionar nuestro sistema socialista. Como resultado de lo anterior, la administracion publica cubana se ha visto en los ultimos anos sujeta a cambios y modificaciones en relacion con su concepcion, vision y funcionamiento. Todo esto con el objetivo de garantizar no solo el desarrollo economico del pais, sino avances sustanciales en la relacion gobierno-ciudadania. Dentro de las bases del modelo de desarrollo cubano, justamente la modernizacion de la administracion publica figur...

constitui os que abrem a série de artigos que compõem o amplo leque enfeixado pelos vários pesquisadores do Cepos, o Grupo de Pesquisa Comunicação, Economia Política e Sociedade, especializado nos estudos dos fenômenos midiáticos contemporâneos. A explicação para o foco em televisão se deve puramente pela importância cada vez maior desempenhada por este suporte midiático ante os demais, ainda mais reforçada pela emergência da TV digital, embora ela própria esteja afetada continuamente pelas novas tecnologias e, portanto, obrigada a reconfigurar sua existência e funcionamento a todo momento.

El artículo presenta el panorama actual del complejo TIC en Argentina incidido por la compra de Telefónica a cargo del Grupo Telecom, cuya autorización gubernamental está pendiente. Ante una nueva manifestación de concentración del poder infraestructural, se ponderan las situaciones de mercado y económico-financieras, y
luego las alternativas para limitar la operación teniendo en cuenta las posiciones dominantes posibles de señalamiento, los antecedentes de la Megafusión Cablevisión-Telecom y las debilidades institucionales para afrontar un potencial desafío regulatorio.

O presente trabalho parte de dois entendimentos: o primeiro, tomado como marco teórico, é desenvolvido por Celso Furtado ao entender que o verdadeiro desenvolvimento econômico de uma nação só será conseguido quando o referencial de desenvolvimento se distanciar dos países centrais e se voltar para as particularidades locais, o que só poderá ser alcançado com a autonomia cultural, possibilitada pela valorização da cultura popular nacional. O segundo, desenvolvido previamente pela autora em sua dissertação de mestrado, diz respeito ao consumo distintivo de fãs transnacionais brasileiros, conhecidos como os melhores do mundo. Diante dessas asserções, indaga-se sobre as possibilidades de traduzir o consumo de fãs transnacionais para fãs brasileiros de produções nacionais anti sistêmicas os fãs de resistência , criando uma audiência apaixonada e engajada em produções arraigadas na nossa cultura popular. Porém, sabendo que o fã é um sujeito próprio da esfera da cultura pop, seria preciso também identificar uma cultura pop de resistência, contra-hegemônica e anti imperialista. A primeira parte do trabalho dá conta de definir conceitos caros à discussão, seja referentes à questão cultural como capital cultural, hegemonia, imperialismo, hibridismo, identidade, dependência e resistência , como à forma como a cultura é desenvolvida sob o sistema capitalista destrinchando a história e a conceitualização da Indústria Cultural, da cultura de massa, da cultura pop, dos ídolos e dos fãs. Já a segunda parte vai em busca do pop brasileiro de resistência, traçando um breve histórico da indústria cultural nacional e abordando casos anteriores de dissidências hegemônicas. Em específico, investiga-se a produção e o consumo de BaianaSystem, banda original de Salvador, Bahia, que mescla gêneros e estéticas nordestinas, brasileiras, latinas e do Sul Global com composições sobre a valorização histórica e cultural local, injustiças sociais, religiões brasileiras, ativismos políticos, cotidiano de classes baixas, etc. A história da banda é marcada por iniciativas de fomentos públicos que a levou para o Carnaval de Salvador, evento que hoje tem Baiana como uma das principais atrações. Para analisar o discurso que cerca esses ídolos e identificar resistências culturais, é realizada uma análise de temática em todas as músicas inéditas da banda e em entrevistas fornecidas por seus membros à veículos midiáticos nacionais. Acerca do consumo dos fãs, foi conduzida uma análise de conteúdo em duas páginas dedicadas a BaianaSystem em mídias sociais e entrevistas em profundidade com os responsáveis por elas. Constatou-se que os membros de BaianaSystem, enquanto originários das camadas populares e que produzem arte visando despertar o senso crítico nelas, podem ser abarcados na classificação gramsciana de intelectuais orgânicos. Seus fãs demonstram apreender as resistências presentes nas obras e no discurso da banda, relatando ter modificado suas formas de enxergar o mundo devido ao pertencimento no fandom. Assim, a despeito da hegemonia imperialista e da estrutura dominante da Indústria Cultural, é possível afirmar que encontram-se possibilidades de resistência cultural na cultura pop o que, ainda que não represente o uma solução definitiva aos nossos problemas de subdesenvolvimento e dependência cultural, certamente oferecem pistas rumo ao enfrentamento destes. Por fim, a análise demonstra a importância do estabelecimento de uma teoria de fãs brasileira consolidada e inspirada em nossas particularidades.

Marx'ın ekonomik teorisi, yazıldığı dönemin üzerinden bir asırdan fazla zaman geçmiş olmasına rağmen, modern toplumun ve kapitalist sistemin dinamiklerini anlamada merkezi önemini korumaktadır. Sadece bir ekonomik eleştiri olmanın ötesinde, toplumsal ilişkilerin, teknolojik değişimin ve tarihsel dönüşümün arkasındaki itici güçleri ortaya koyan kapsamlı bir analiz çerçevesi sunar. Bu incelemenin temel amacı, Marx'ın karmaşık ekonomik düşüncesinin temel direklerini sistematik bir şekilde aydınlatmaktır. İncelememiz, Marx'ın geleneksel iktisattan kökten ayrılan analitik yöntemiyle başlayacak, ardından teorisinin üzerine inşa edildiği temel kavramları-meta, değer, emek ve para-detaylandıracaktır. Bu temelden hareketle, kapitalist sistemin özünü oluşturan sermaye ve artık değerin kökenine inecek; sermaye birikiminin, üretim süreçlerini nasıl sürekli bir dönüşüme zorladığını analiz edeceğiz. Son olarak, sistemin daha karmaşık dinamiklerini, yani kârın farklı gelir biçimlerine (rant, faiz) nasıl dağıldığını ve sistemin kendi içsel çelişkilerinden doğan kriz eğilimlerini inceleyeceğiz. Bu yol haritası, okura Marx'ın kapitalizmi nasıl en temel biriminden başlayarak bütünsel ve dinamik bir sistem olarak modellediğini ve bu modelin günümüz dünyasını anlamak için neden hala geçerli bir araç olduğunu göstermeyi hedeflemektedir.

Hazırlamış olduğum bu çalışma; Türkiye'deki tarih yazımı ve tarih eğitiminin ideolojik sınırlarını sorgulayarak, eleştirel ve çoğulcu bir paradigma ihtiyacını dile getirir. Tarih, nesnel bir bilim olmaktan ziyade tarihçilerin ideolojik, kültürel ve politik önyargılarıyla şekillenen bir anlatı olarak inşa edilmektedir. Bilhassa Türkiye'de Cumhuriyet'in kuruluşundan bu yana egemen olan pozitivist ve milliyetçi tarih yazımı, tarihsel gerçekliği dar bir çerçeveye hapsetmiş, muhtelif toplumsal grupların (azınlıklar, kadınlar, işçiler vb.) anlatılarını dışlamıştır. Pozitivist tarih yazımı, nesnel bilgi üretimi iddiasıyla ideolojik etkileri gizlerken; milliyetçi tarih yazımı ise tarihi, ulusal kimliği pekiştiren bir propaganda aracına dönüştürmüştür. Bu durum tarih eğitiminde de kendini göstermekte, ezberci müfredatlar ve resmi anlatılar, eleştirel düşünceyi bastırmaktadır. Halbuki tarih eğitimi yalnızca bilgi aktarımı değil, eleştirel düşünmenin, etik değerlerin ve tarihsel bilinçlenmenin bir aracıdır. Çalışma, yeni bir tarihçilik anlayışının temel ilkelerini belirlemeyi hedefler. Buna göre, tarihçiler kendi ideolojik duruşlarını şeffaf biçimde ortaya koymalı; tarih yazımı ise çoğulcu, disiplinlerarası ve toplumla bağ kuran bir biçimde yeniden inşa edilmelidir. Aynı zamanda tarih eğitimi, öğrenci merkezli, proje tabanlı ve dijital araçlarla desteklenmiş bir yapıya kavuşturulmalıdır. 10 yıllık bir uygulama planı ile dijital arşivleme, bağımsız araştırma merkezleri, halk katılımı ve müze reformları gibi alanlarda somut dönüşüm önerileri sunulmaktadır.

This GMICP report details trends in media concentration in India over the period 2019-2021, and is the first of three reports. It details ownership, market share and concentration across two infrastructural domains (telecoms and Internet services) and two media content domains: (audiovisual media content and newspapers). The report highlights the increasing integration of the Indian media economy, arising from rapid
digitisation of media formats and processes and the increasing predominance of mobile internet as the primary media apparatus in India.

During the survey period of 2019-2021, the Indian media economy grew by 21% to reach gross revenues of $US 66.52bn (excluding publishing). The overall pattern of growth was unevenly distributed across four component divisions: telecoms and internet infrastructure with growth of 23% (2021 revenues of US$ 49.22bn), core internet services (including online advertising) with growth of 122% (2021 revenues of US$ 3.38bn), audiovisual media content (traditional and online) with growth of 22.5% (2021 revenues of US$ 12.38bn), and newspapers, with a 32% decline in revenues (2021
revenues of US$ 1.54bn for the ten leading firms). Within each of these divisions, there are disparities in revenue growth across sub-sectors, trending in favour of mobile digital formats. One consequence of these developments is a marked increase in the concentration of media infrastructure and distribution businesses, and another is an increase of cross-ownership across previously distinct areas of media content.

Trends towards monopoly and complex interactions between national and international interests in the media economy are mapped out in this report across different levels of the media stack. The survey period of this particular report also serves to illustrate the significant challenges
faced across the Indian media economy during the height of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Capturing both this period of crisis and underlying trends in the transformation of the media economy in India, this report also seeks to begin addressing the lack of systematic data driven accounts of developments in Indian media markets.

In a recent series of US court cases involving media ownership regulation, broadcasters have invoked the First Amendment to the US Constitution to resist ownership limitations, while civil society organizations and critics of media consolidation have raised free speech rights as ...

A Economia Política da Comunicação (EPC) brasileira estabeleceu o padrão tecnoestético como elemento que representa barreira de mercado relevante para a produção audiovisual no Brasil. Seguindo proposta de criação metodológica de análise desta categoria teórica nas transmissões esportivas audiovisuais, este artigo investiga de forma exploratória a exibição dos Jogos Pan-Americanos Santiago 2023 pela CazéTV. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, que retrata um estudo de caso sobre a transmissão de determinado evento multidesportivo. Enquanto primeiro torneio assim exibido pela empresa, percebeu-se problemas no enfrentamento ao padrão de transmissão da líder de mercado, com a necessidade de mudanças do formato da transmissão para se adequar às críticas do público. Ao mesmo tempo em que serviu como experiência relevante para aprimoramento em transmissões futuras pela CazéTV, que pôde desenvolver seu padrão num torneio de menor abrangência internacional e sem concorrentes tradicionais.

Radio dominates the news media ecosystem in Kenya. However, little is known about the relationship between radio exposure and drivers of electoral participation in Kenya. This research thus examines the correlation between radio exposure and political knowledge and attitudes, and interpersonal political discussions among women voters during the 2013 Kenya general election in Kakamega County. The study adopted a descriptive quantitative correlational research design, collecting data from 372 women voters using a survey interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data was analyzed through bivariate statistics based on Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients. Findings reveal a strong and positive correlation between radio exposure and political knowledge as well as election campaign interest. This suggests that radio exposure can contribute to political learning and create voter awareness on political activities and rights that lead to election campaign interest. It was estab...

el proceso de democratizaci6n de los sistemas de comunicaci6n. Por lo cual deben considerarse tanto las industrias cultura- les, como, y cada vez mas, el sector de i a telecomunicaciones; ya que este ljltimo aporta une nucva ldgica a1 sector infocomunicacional. El proceso de privatizaci6n de las telecomunicaciones que se desarroila a partir de 1989, constituye un elemento central para analizar y comprender lo.? procesos econ6micos, politicos y sociales que descrnbocaron en la grave crisis por la que atraviesa cl pais desde fines del aiio 2001. Por otra parte, posibilita la aproximaci6n a1 estudio de las politicas neoliberales aplicadas durante la dfca~ da de los 90, en 10s que las privatizaciones de empresas pliblicas formaron uno de 10s elementos clave dcl denominado Consenso de Washington. El objetivo del przsente trabajo es aportuelementos para la comprensidn de la crisis argentina a partir de las politicas neoliberales, tomando la privatiracihn de la telefonia como caso testigo. Para ello hemos partkio de aleunos trabaios que. si bien disimiles. consideramos nodales en el anilisis de dicho oroceso. Par un lado. consideramos que LR rmma del nenlib-erali~mo de Perry Anderson sintetlza, en forma prccisa. las Idpicas neoliberales en sus aspectos m8s generales; por otra parte, para el estudio ilel caso argentino tomamos Ins trabajos del k e a de econoda de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), especialmente dos de sus libros recientes: Eloligopulir~ relgfdnicn dc Abeles,Forcinito y Schorr y Concentraci6n j cenfraiir<~-ci6ndel capital en la Argentina, de EnriqueBasualdo.Nuestra tareafueun intentodecomplementar sus puntos de vista, cruzando el analisis de la situacihn econhmica especifica de la Argentina, con el modelo de analisis de Peny Anderson alrededor de lo que significa la reestmcturaci6n neoliberal del sistema capitalista. 'Huhlaino, de rereguIbci6n y no h de~rrpuluci6n.yaqueconmderamos aestaliltirnv und opeiacidn semBnlica bl neoliheralismo que ticndc a ocii1,w quc lo quc ac rcallld y10 rcalizn son nueva ieguiocioncs a i.,ror de 10s sectore3 mjs favarecidos. vcr: Moswini, G. y Mcshnvn. M. (1996) aiDericvlaci6n o re~regulnci(ln'!De ins dcnotra de Iias politicas a lus politicas de In deirotun. en Cundernosde iig'orriiuc,d,t 1, ~u l i i ~r o .

The Cultura de la Pantalla network consists of an international group of film, media and communication researchers in (Latin) America (Mexico, Colombia, US) and Europe (Belgium, Spain) collaborating in a series of multi-method longitudinal studies on urban cinema cultures in the Spanish language world. The network is writing ‘new cinema histories’ with a focus on exhibition, programming and audience experiences. First we briefly look back at the development of the network and its roots in The Enlightened City project. Then the conceptual framework that inspires it, new cinema history,  is defined and the basic three part model is explained,  with its central research questions and methods. In a last part, preliminary results from one of the case studies are complemented with reflections on the overall goal of the network, i.e. to present local, national, regional and cross-continental comparative studies on historical cinema cultures.

Birine söz verirken acele etme. Çünkü namustur. Hz. Ali Çocuk hayata evde sözler vererek, alarak başlıyor. Okullarda ant içerek büyüyor. Öğrenci andıyla, örnek Türk yurttaşı olma sözü veriyor. Hayata atılıyor, söz vermeler devam ediyor. Hem de ne söz vermeler-...mazsam namussuzum-...mezsem şerefsizim Ama verilen sözlerin çoğu yerine getirmiyor.

Görsel sanatlar alanında kadın fotoğrafçıların artan temsili, çoğunlukla cinsiyet temelli kimlik politikaları üzerinden okunur. Bu yaklaşım, kadın sanatçının üretimini yalnızca "kadın olma" deneyimiyle sınırlayarak, onun tarihsel bağlamla kurduğu ilişkiyi arka plana iter. Oysa kadınların fotoğraf pratiği, çoğu zaman daha geniş politik ve sınıfsal mücadelelerin içinden doğmuş; toplumsal gerçekliği ifşa etme ve görsel tanıklık yoluyla dönüştürme arzusu taşımıştır. Kadın fotoğrafçılığın tarihsel bağlamı, kimlik temsiline indirgenmeden; mücadele, sınıf ve ideoloji zemininde konumlandırılmalıdır. Kadrajda cinsiyet değil; direnişin, tahakkümün ve görsel ifşanın hatları olduğu gözden kaçırılmamalıdır. Burada incelenen küresel ve yerel örnekler; sınıfsal, kültürel, etnik ve ideolojik çeşitliliğiyle, görsel alanın kadın mücadelesindeki siyasal doğasını da açığa çıkarır. Bu bağlamda sınır, göç, devlet şiddeti gibi mekânsal/ideolojik yapıların yanı sıra; kadın fotoğrafçıların üretimlerinde bedenin, hafızanın ve emeğin temsili de irdelenmektedir.

The changing nature of communication and media studies necessitate the need for a media text that addresses the changing narratives in the discipline and brings the communication and media scholars up to date with the praxis of the disciplines. In an attempt to diffuse the contemporary thoughts in the field, a total of fifty two essays are presented in this text by senior academics, scholars and practitioners. We agree that there is a no-one-fit-all-text in the field of communication and media studies. However, in this text, a conscious attempt has been made to touch the various strads of the disciplines in order to realise the gestalt effect-the parts make the whole. From the earliest study on media effect, the media were conceived to be all powerful. Later studies revealed the intervening variables that limit the power of the media in creating very powerful effect. Again, the technology of mediated communication keeps changing, the metamorphosis of such changes result into new paradigms and ways of consuming the media. Thus, our attempt in this text is to bring to the fore contemporary thinking about the media and communication. In chapter one, Prof. Umaru Pate & Dr. Mainasara Yakubu Kurfi touched on the subject of press freedom and ethical orientation in democratic Nigeria. The chapter underscores the fact that press freedom is the hallmark of democracy. However, they cautioned that freedom has a corresponding responsibility. This is why there is no clear absolute freedom for the press around the world. They called for value orientation in reporting conflicts situations if they must remain responsible press working in the public interest.Chapter two is authored by Prof. Ezekiel S. Asemah; Olayemi A. Ajibulu & Bello M. Beli. They did a critical analysis of slangs in select Nigerian music videos. They argued that slangs are expressions used by a subgroup to communicate ideas. The authors used textual analysis to analyse select music videos in which the slangs used have become part of the youth culture in Nigeria.The thrust of chapter three is a textual analysis of comments on select social media sites on Chidinma Ojukwu's alleged murder case, written by Prof. Ezekiel S. Asemah; Emeke P. Nwaoboli & Bello M. Beli. The paper focuses on the power of the social media in crime discourse. However, they asserted that only if the process of producing and reporting information matches the ever-changing condition of the crisis and media decisions suit the demands of the target audience, can social media comments play a constructive part in regulating and managing a crisis (Soltanifar & Mortazavi, 2008). Chapter four focuses on the listenership and viewership of broadcasting in hypercompetitive market in relation to the dictum that 'content is King' by Osakpolor Emwinromwankhoe & Prof. Akpan Udo Uwem. The authors looked at the power of content in determining audience flow and advertisers' interest. The authors argued that in a competitive broadcast market, content remains the driver of the audience and the advertisers. They called for the creation of quality content that appeals to the audience and which can ultimately attract advertisers' interest.Chapter five focuses on the public sphere as alternative platform for free speech in emerging democracies. Written by Dr.Daniel O. Ekhareafo, it argued that the public sphere has become ingrained in our society and a potential tool for free expression. The author reasonedthat against the frequent clampdown on media organisations which government perceives to be adversarial to its course, the public sphere remains the vocal tool for the watchdog role against government excesses. Drawing inferences from the 2012 subsidy protest, 2014 political protest against insecurity and the Netizens' reactions against National Broadcasting Commission's (NBC) suspension of AIT's television operating license in 2020. This work strongly reaffirms that our poor political culture, especially intolerance for opposition which he reasoned can only be addressed in a platform that gives citizens unrestricted access. Olatunde Isaac Olaniyi's paper titled 'misinformation and disinformation in the face of civic engagement in an era of new media and deliberative democracy' takes centre stage in chapter six. The author argued that citizens' engagement with the democratic system in the public sphere has given

Buscamos discutir neste artigo a centralidade da Comunicação nos Estudos de Fãs (EFs) e suas características no Brasil. Para tanto, apresentamos o desenvolvimento dos EFs desde seus primórdios, tanto no contexto internacional como brasileiro, e as contribuições de diversas correntes teóricas na tentativa de abordar fãs. Através de revisão de literatura pudemos observar como a Comunicação é central nos Estudos de Fãs, especialmente no Brasil, onde se destacam abordagens teóricas e metodológicas a partir da Cibercultura e dos Estudos de Recepção.

This book examines the significant changes reshaping the European media landscape in the context of rapid technological advancements, political shifts, and economic pressures. It sheds light on the economic, political, and structural forces behind these transformations, focusing particularly on the impact of platformisation, media convergence, and the emergence of new players on media production, distribution, and consumption. At the same time, the book analyses how platform dominance is reshaping European media ownership by fostering mergers and collaborations, while also raising concerns about media concentration. Against this backdrop, it also considers the evolving role of public broadcasters, as governments and policymakers grapple with the challenge of regulating new media realities while maintaining diversity and pluralism. It also discusses the implications of the trends for European identity and the European public sphere, particularly the tension between a top-down, institutional, and regulatory approach to Europeanisation.

Providing a detailed overview of the trends and shifts shaping the future of European media, the book offers key insights into the dynamics and challenges of the contemporary media environment. It will appeal to students, researchers, and media professionals interested in media studies, European studies, international communication, and public policy. Its insightful analysis and empirical grounding enable readers to gain a better understanding of the ongoing transformations in the European media sector and the future direction of the media in the digital platform era.

his study presents a critical analysis of communication barriers in selected billboards within Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. The study focuses on identifying and understanding communication challenges and barriers prevalent in the messages of billboards promoting various products and services. The theoretical framework for the study draws upon the Semiotics Theory and the Information Discrepancy Theory, as they offer valuable insights into the interpretation of signs and symbols in communication and the impact of incongruent information on message reception. The research methodology utilises a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through content analysis, the study identifies the prevalent communication barriers, including language, cultural, environmental and visual barriers in the billboard messages, while also examining the use of symbolism and messaging styles. In addition, the study conducts interviews with members of the public to gain insights into how these communication barriers are perceived and interpreted. The research found some incongruent messages, environmental barriers as well as language and semiotic barriers in the selected billboards examined in the study. It was, therefore, concluded that advertisers, communication practitioners, and policymakers should always ensure effective design and dissemination of billboard messages to overcome communication barriers and enhance target audience engagement.

Vasiliki PASPARAKİ * I. Maarifet: İçeriklerine ve editörünün dünya görüşünün ilk kamusal etkisine kısa bir genel bakış Tanzimat Reformları (1839-1876) ile 19.yüzyılın sonuna kadar olan dönem, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun, çözülmenin önüne geçmenin bir yolu olarak, sosyoekonomik ve kültürel eğiliminde bir değişikliğin ve sekülarizasyona ve modernizasyona doğru yeniden yönelişinin sinyalini veriyordu. İmparatorluğun farklı milletleri (topluluk) için Osmanlıcılık ideolojisi altında kapsayıcı bir kimlik inşasına dayalı tepeden inmeci politik ve yönetimsel reformlar arandıysa da, Genç-Osmanlı entelijansiyası; Padişah ve onun ıslahat politikasının şiddetli eleştirmenleri hâline geldi. Abdülhamid yönetimi, muhalif liberal Genç-Türkler'in seslerini bastırmak, muhtelif milliyetçi ve ayrılıkçı gerilimleri kontrol etmek için baskıcı tedbirlere ve sansüre başvurdu. Otokratik yönetimine rağmen, Abdülhamid, tebaası arasında popüleritesini sürdürmüş ve modernizasyon projesini devam ettirmiştir. Yüzyıl sonunda, Batı emtia ticaretindeki kapsamlı genişleme, endüstrinin büyümesi ve basının gelişmesiyle birleşen Avrupaî edebiyat propagandası 1 ve düzenli

The study evaluated the programme schedules of selected AM and FM radio stations within Kaduna and Kano States to ascertain the frequency of agricultural programme disseminated by these stations. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, the study employed document analysis to extract and analyze data from the programme schedules of ten selected stations, aiming to determine the frequency of agricultural radio programme broadcast in the designated study areas; to evaluate the number of stations that feature sponsored agricultural programme among the selected stations in Kaduna and Kano States; and to identify the types and formats of agricultural programme. The results indicate that, among the sampled AM and FM stations, only five (5) stations engage in repeat broadcasts, and of the seventeen (17) programme titles, merely five exhibit recurrent broadcasts of agricultural radio programme. Furthermore, the majority of the selected stations produce one programme that is proprietary to the station, whereas numerous other titles are sponsored by external entities. The study concludes that the frequency with which radio programmes are aired is crucial for disseminating developmental messages and facilitating subsequent adoption. Agricultural messages necessitate repeated broadcasts to enhance reception rates. Consequently, the study advocates for the management of the radio stations to consider augmenting the slots allocated for all agricultural radio programme. Additionally, it is recommended that stations pursue additional sponsorship opportunities for agricultural programmes to bolster the frequency of their coverage.

This collection represents a maturing discipline and the culture that brought post-secondary games education from the backrooms and basements of academic institutions to the frontispiece of internationally recognized programs. Collections such as these are a reminder of the strength of the collaborative, earnest, and cooperative character of game academics. It is this history in game-focused education that helped establish the legitimacy of such work in sometimes adversarial and skeptical environments. The work enclosed here is evidence of a community that aims to support quality education by fostering an open and transparent community of pedagogic discourse. These syllabi not only reflect the instructional goals of their authors, but they are also informed by the perpetual post-mortem of being an effective educator. They are the product of successful and unsuccessful experiments in improving student outcomes, addressing learning objectives, and working within the set of constrains common to all education. They are outlines of lessons learned to meet the common goal of providing a game-focused education. They also demonstrate the many foci of a complete ludic education. What is shown here is variety. A variety of disciplinary practices, a variety of institutions, and a variety of ways to help students examine the characteristics that makes games engaging, meaningful, and socially relevant media. From assessment tools to rubrics, and timelines to philosophies, the diversity here is evidence of a thriving community strengthened by entangling disciplines. For those who helped create the first generation of games degree programs, this is the collection we needed. Before such a collection, administrators, lead faculty, and committees effectively scrounged for such resources, tapping their network to understand what had been done. This collection simplifies that task by offering a single resource, much wider and more inclusive than those supported by traditional peer networks and organic web searches. It is a much-needed resource for any kind of starting -a new course, a new program, or a new take on a topic that educators know well. It is also a reminder that there is no one right way to teach games. Instead, like all interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary work, there are a variety of solutions to help move the entire practice foreword. It is a collection not unlike what those of us who have created game programs start with -a collection of syllabi from a wide-ranging faculty. This treasure trove is collected in a way that reduces redundancy and supports a wide view. This collection is also important as educators consider the evolving space of media literacy and global engagement. There are countless ways to interpret the study of games. When educators move viii TEACHING THE GAME away from the practice of teaching it the way they were taught, they often have an opportunity to improve the instructional value of their course. Having access to other syllabi facilitates a wider view of pedagogic solutions, references, assignments, resources, and teaching philosophies. While many early-generation faculty teaching games did not have this resource, its contents support both experienced and inexperienced faculty. It provides heuristics from the field. In this case, the field is the classroom. In these pages, foci vary from recognizing games as media artifacts or as technical experiments to commercial, artistic, or pragmatic products. There is study of the economics, history, operations, and more in the context of games. The breadth of study in itself serves as heuristic on how games act as both case study for a variety of disciplines and how the ludic pervades so much of life. Unsurprisingly, there are faculty using the canon of commercial games, while others aim for global, independent, and artistic intersections. Some focus on the technological, others on media or aesthetics. Ultimately, the mere aggregation of this knowledge lends perspective to the many approaches to teaching games. While this collection offers obvious practical resource in demonstrating how people educate others on games, it also serves as a snapshot of a time and space for games pedagogy. While in the short term it is useful to consider how such syllabi might support educator needs, it is also a tool for understanding what needed to be taught in the contemporary. For this reason, it remains a long-term resource. It provides evidence of that which needed to be taught when it was taught. That evidence is useful in capturing the shifts apparent in wider education. Where once there were collegiate courses to introduce the web, eventually the Internet's pervasiveness and technological simplicity rendered different needs for such courses. There is a chance that some of what is listed here will become so fundamental to the experience of all learners, it will not warrant a college level course. What will be left instead is an archive like this, that helps map how education itself changed over time. Ultimately the health of any environment, whether academic or natural, is in its ability to thrive. Where those less informed about games education might perceive a monoculture, the syllabi collected here offer evidence of a much healthier community. Resting in these pages is humanist pedagogy among technology, media studies mingled with education, narrative alongside ethics. It is evidence of a community that is thriving in its diversity of subject and resources. As academic environments shift, this diversity of focus helps insulate games education from the disruption that could prove detrimental to less diverse topics. Readers are invited to not only review the contents of this book as an encyclopedic reference, but also as an artifact. As a way of seeing more globally the ways in which games, broadly, are taught. In so doing, readers' pedagogical approaches may broaden or even be inspired in entirely new directions. At the least, reading through the resources presented here gives an opportunity to peek into another instructor's classroom, learn what they are doing, and help the community grow through a kind of informal, asynchronous class visit. Reading such a collection comes with a responsibility. Readers are encouraged to continue to contribute to the practice in an equally generous way. Just as this collection provides evidence of a collaborative, earnest, and cooperative character in game academics, it also calls forth the reader to continue that tradition. Games, for all their social pervasiveness and potential, are not always educationally accessible to many communities. The momentum of games education has been its hallmark for decades. As educators examine this collection and use it in their own planning it seems a self-evident responsibility to continue that commitment. The practice and strength of the community grows not from the darkness of obscuring our work behind closed doors, but instead by generously sharing it widely, freely, and with the light available to all. Just as the contributors and editors have given you this valuable resource to support the strength of games education, you are invited to continue contributing, collaborating, and working to make the opaque more transparent. Give light to academic rhizomes as they rise and leave space for them to grow in full support of our shared strength.

Bu makale, edebî ve kültürel metinlerin incelenmesinde "metin kazıbilimi" adı verilen yeni bir yaklaşımı önerir. Metin kazıbilimi, metinleri yalnızca anlam düzeyinde değil; tarihsel, dilsel, ideolojik ve toplumsal katmanlarıyla birlikte ele alır. Eleştiriyi, bir yüzey yorumu olmaktan çıkarıp çok katmanlı bir kazı sürecine dönüştürür. Arkeolojik kazılarda uygulanan satranç usulü ve dikkatli fırçalama yöntemlerinden esinlenen bu yaklaşım, metnin her parçasına özenle ve sabırla yaklaşmayı önerir. Namık Kemal'in "Vatan Yahut Silistre" adlı oyunu üzerinde yapılan uygulamalı analiz, bu yöntemin işlerliğini ortaya koyar. Zekiye karakteri üzerinden yapılan çözümlemede, edebiyatın tarihsel figürler üzerindeki etkisi ve kadın temsilinin ideolojik katmanları kazılmıştır. Metin kazıbilimi, yalnızca yorum değil, aynı zamanda disiplinlerarası bir yeniden inşa çabası olarak, akademiye yeni bir yön ve derinlik kazandırmayı amaçlar.

Netflix Dizisi: Sirens (2025)-İnceleme Yazısı "Sirens", Molly Smith Metzler'in aynı adlı oyununa dayanan ve 2025 yılında Netflix'te yayınlanan beş bölümlük kısa bir dizi. Karanlık komedi ile psikolojik gerilim türlerini harmanlayan bu yapım; sınıf çatışmaları, güç dinamikleri, travma ve kadınlar arası ilişkiler gibi temaları cesurca işliyor. Konu Özeti Buffalo'dan gelen Devon, küçük kız kardeşi Simone'un zengin bir sosyetik olan Michaela Kell'in evinde yaşadığını öğrenir. Devon, bu ortamın kardeşi için uygun olmadığını düşünerek Simone'u kurtarmaya karar verir. Ancak bu süreçte kendisi de lüks, güç ve manipülasyonun sarmalına kapılır. Karakterler ve Oyunculuklar-Julianne Moore (Michaela "Kiki" Kell): Sosyetik bir figür olarak hem karizmatik hem ürkütücü bir karakter.-Milly Alcock (Simone): Hassas ama içten içe güçlü bir kişilik.-Meghann Fahy (Devon): Duygusal yükleriyle mücadele eden, realist bir abla figürü.

Freedom begins the moment you realize someone else has been writing your story, and it's time you took the pen from his hand and started writing it yourself. --Bill Moyers keynote address to the National Conference for Media Reform in Memphis, TN (2007) Today, everyone can be a storyteller as social media and mobile streaming applications have flattened the communicative landscape. Moreover, social media platforms have the potential to change the relationship between news media and the public in significant ways, as virtually everyone now has the ability to document and live-stream events to a global audience. To say the least, social media has become a primary venue for public commentary about current events, disrupting the gatekeeping power once held by national news outlets and talk radio. The most poignant examples of this restructuring of communicative power can be seen in social justice movements and the instant release of imagery and commentary in the wake of multiple shootings of Black men by police officers across the U.S. in recent years. For instance, Diamond Reynolds live-streamed the moments following the shooting of her fiancé, Philando Castille, when they were pulled over by police for a broken taillight in Falcon Heights, a suburb of the St. Paul and Minneapolis twin cities in Minnesota. Videos were posted online when police in Baton Rouge, Louisiana shot Alton Sterling, prompting an investigation from the U.S. justice Department. Civil unrest followed the shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed Black teenager in the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson, Missouri in the summer of 2014. As the hashtag #Ferguson trended on Twitter, national and international news outlets followed social media activity in covering the protests, looting, and militarized police response. And in Cincinnati, Ohio during the summer of 2015, Sam DuBose, an unarmed Black motorist, was shot and killed during a traffic stop by Ray Tensing, a University of Cincinnati police officer. Afterwards, local community groups led by @BlackLivesCincy and @theIRATe8 quickly mobilized on social media to decry the incident and confront competing narratives that it was justified.

Abstract
Bu makale, depresyonu bireysel bir patoloji olarak değil; geç kapitalist düzenin görünürlük, üretkenlik ve hız rejimlerine karşı zihinsel bir duraksama, duygusal bir çatlak ve bilişsel bir direnç biçimi olarak ele alır. Guy Debord’un gösteri toplumu, Bernard Stiegler’in epistemik proleterya ve Franco Berardi’nin iletişimsel kapitalizm kavramları çerçevesinde, depresyonun yalnızca tedavi edilmesi gereken bir bozukluk değil, aynı zamanda sistemin dayattığı normatif zaman ve duygulanım rejimlerine karşı bireyin son savunma hattı olduğu öne sürülür. Sosyal medya gibi mecralarda depresyon ya bastırılmakta ya da estetikleştirilerek dolaşıma sokulmaktadır; böylece depresyon, hem görünmezleştirilen hem de metalaştırılan bir duygulanım biçimi hâline gelir. Makale, bu çelişkiyi bir okuma alanı olarak değerlendirerek depresyonun, sistemin sürdürülemezliğini ifşa eden bir “noetik çöküş” semptomu olduğu kadar, düşünsel bir yeniden doğuşun imkânı da olabileceğini ileri sürer.

In today's modern world, political knowledge is not only conveyed or sought through traditional methods such as political rallies but also via social media such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. The search for political information through social media has now become a global phenomenon. In recent years, the use of social media among youths in Malaysia has increased significantly. It is, thus, prudent to explore the use of social media platforms amongst youths in Malaysian. Therefore, this paper offers a review of studies on youth participation in politics via social media, particularly in the Malaysian context. The paper provides an overview of how Malaysian youths seek political information through social media and reviews recent information related to online resources in the political context. It was envisaged that this paper could advance our understanding of the trend and level of youth participation in politics via social media, particularly in Malaysia. Additionally, this review could provide useful information on the online dissemination and consumption of political information.

The article is devoted to determining the types of youth content in social networks produced by political power subjects. The study's empirical base is the accounts of the social network Vkontakte, which are politically oriented towards young people and with the number of participants from six thousand. The statistical data analysis identified types of content and their typology according to the indicator of social engagement. Content monitoring of political posts, as well as obtaining basic statistics on social engagement, allowed to identify five main tasks of youth political Internet communication: increasing community members, identifying the needs of the target audience, building the reputation of the organization and the image of a political leader, engaging the target audience, campaigning, and also offer a set of types and forms of content for their practical implementation.

The United States and the world are now a good two decades into the Internet revolution, or what was once called the information age. The past generation has seen a blizzard of mind-boggling developments in communication, ranging from the World Wide Web and broadband, to ubiquitous cell phones that are quickly becoming high-powered wireless computers in their own right. Firms such as Google, Amazon, Craigslist, and Facebook have become iconic. Immersion in the digital world is now or soon to be a requirement for successful participation in society. The subject for debate is no longer whether the Internet can be regarded as a technological development in the same class as television or the telephone. Increasingly, the debate is turning to whether this is a communication revolution closer to the advent of the printing press.1

El articulo examina la política exterior de México durante la Guerra Fría, comprendida para efectos de la investigación de 1947 a 1988 ―es decir, de los periodos presidenciales de Miguel Alemán Valdés hasta Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado―, centrándose en la aplicación de una diplomacia cultural ejercida a través del cine. El objetivo principal es explorar cómo las exportaciones cinematográficas reflejan una estrategia de neutralidad y diplomacia cultural, analizando el destino y la distribución de las películas mexicanas en ese periodo. El argumento central sostiene que México, en su afán de mantener una postura independiente en el ámbito internacional, utilizó el cine como una herramienta de soft power, eligiendo cuidadosamente los países de destino para sus películas en funciones de los intereses estratégicos. La metodología adoptada consiste en un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de la producción y exportación cinematográfica, considerando las coyunturas políticas y los distintos periodos presidenciales para evaluar los alcances y limitaciones de la política exterior mexicana durante el periodo de Guerra Fría.

The September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. were perhaps the most dramatic media spectacle in history. The 9/11 spectacle of terror was a global media event. Attacking the heart of U.S. symbolic power in the World Trade Center in the New York financial district and the symbol of U.S. military power the Pentagon, the terror spectacle took over live global media for days to come, becoming an emblematic event in media history, whereby McLuhan's "global village" became a site of horror, death, and destruction. The attacks

the article aims to reflect on the characteristics of European football, marked by high levels of commercialization and spectacularization. These elements can also be deeply rooted in various football practices and rituals. Owing to the resources guaranteed by its media and economic exploitation, the driving rationale behind the organization of elite football prioritizes the maximization of revenue. The recent history of the Champions League serves as a clear example of this trend. Shaped by a strong market orientation, European football has thus ensured a monopolisation of economic and sporting success by the top clubs, exacerbating the inequality, with the less wealthy clubs being left with fewer resources and opportunities to compete.

Paramount's with Donald Trump is a stunning display of bribery, greed, and cowardice. It's also a symptom of deep structural rot in our media today-a system in which profit trumps democracy at every turn. To review: last October, Trump sued Paramount, the parent company of CBS News. Trump alleged that the CBS program 60 Minutes an interview with Vice President Kamala Harris to " in favor of the Democratic party" in the lead up to the presidential election. From the beginning, nearly all legal experts determined that the case was. Media organizations are, after all, protected by the First Amendment, and are both legally and ethically permitted to make routine edits of interviews they air. Paramount's settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system.

Türkiye’de yaşanan hızlı otoriterleşme sürecinde, Dersim-Kırım konusunda onarıcı adalet bir yana, yüzleşme veya hesaplaşma bile hayal olmaya başlamış, bu konuda adeta geriye savrulma yaşanmıştır. Nitekim günümüzde Dersim-Kırım, yeniden bir avuç demokratla birlikte Dersimlilerin düzenledikleri ‘anma’ günlerine indirgenmiş, geniş kamuoyunda ve ana akım siyasette ise sessizlik ya da inkarın (yer yer eskisinden de pervasızca) yeniden üretimi egemen olmuştur.

This article analyzes Turkish media history through the framework of Ibn Khaldûn’s cyclical theory of history, focusing on the recurrent oscillation between media liberalization and repression under shifting political regimes. The study addresses the central question: How has press freedom in Türkiye been shaped by cyclical dynamics of consent, control, and coercion in relation to political power? Using a historical-comparative and interpretive methodology, the research systematically investigates three critical periods—the Armistice era (1918–1923), the Democrat Party era (1950–1960), and the aftermath of the 1971 military memorandum. Both primary sources (such as period newspapers and legislative texts) and secondary sources (scholarly works) are analyzed thematically to identify the underlying mechanisms and recurring patterns in the expansion and contraction of press freedoms. The findings demonstrate that each political regime, regardless of ideology, initially tolerates or promotes pluralism in the media to generate public consent and strengthen legitimacy. As power becomes consolidated, mechanisms of control—including legal constraints, economic patronage, and administrative pressure—begin to restrict journalistic autonomy. In the face of growing dissent or perceived threats, regimes ultimately turn to overt coercion, such as censorship, legal prosecution, or direct violence against journalists. This cyclical pattern—consent production, control, and coercion—repeats throughout Turkish media history and is interpreted through the Khaldûnian lens of dynastic cycles. By proposing and applying the media cycle model, the article presents an original analytical framework that links historical theory with the political economy of communication, concluding that press freedom in Türkiye remains contingent and vulnerable, shaped by recurring cycles that continue in the digital era.

İnsanlık tarihine bakıldığında en başından bugüne, insanın, varoluşunu sürdürmek adına daima tüketme eylemi içinde olduğu görülür. Önceleri ihtiyaçları için ve ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda ‘fayda’ odağıyla tüketime yönelen insanoğlu, zaman içerisinde -bilhassa Sanayi Devrimi ertesinde- hipnotize olmuşçasına, doğrudan, tüketmenin kendisini bir ihtiyaç hâline getirir. Bu süreç kapitalizmi doğururken, bu süreçte insan, nesnelere fonksiyonları ve faydaları için değil, onlar üzerinden statü sağlama/yansıtma ve modayı kaçırmama gibi gayelerle yönelir hâle gelir. Söz konusu global süreç Osmanlı Devleti/Türkiye’de de 1900’lü yıllardan itibaren dünyaya paralel bir şekilde ve yıllar içerisinde etkisini arttırarak varlık gösterir. Sosyolojik gerçekliği daima bünyesinde barındıran edebiyat eserine ve daha özelde Türk romanına bakıldığında, özellikle Servet-i Fünûn döneminde -daha çok Halit Ziya’nın eserlerinde- ve sonraki dönemde tüketimin söz konusu olduğu romanlar varlık gösterir. Tüketimin toplumdaki işleyişine paralel olarak tüketim kültürünün örneklendiği romanlar, esas itibarıyla Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk edebiyatında sayıca artar. Sayıca artmanın yanı sıra konunun işlenişi de derinlikli ve çok boyutlu bir hâle gelir. Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk romanında tüketim kültürünün işlenişini ele alan bu çalışmada -tarih aralığını sınırlandırmak ve belirli bir dönemi incelemek adına- modernist olduğu konusunda ortak kabul gören yaklaşık kırk roman taranarak tüketim kültürünün izlerine rastlanan sekiz roman üzerinden bir örneklendirmeye varılmıştır.