Policy Paper

This paper examines the voluntary return process of Iraqi families from Al-Hol camp in northeast Syria to their areas of origin in Iraq, via the Al-Amal rehabilitation center in Jadaa, Ninewa. Using Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with government officials, NGO staff, and psychosocial service providers, alongside dialogue sessions with returnees in Salah al-Din and Ninewa, the paper captures both institutional and community-level perspectives. A desk review of reports from 2023–2025 complements the analysis, situating local experiences within national and international frameworks.
The findings highlight positive progress in structured convoy returns, issuance of civil documentation, psychosocial rehabilitation, and reconciliation initiatives. However, serious gaps persist, including delays in family reunification, housing destruction, lack of livelihoods, unresolved stigma, and uneven social acceptance. The paper recommends expanding civil registration capacity, embedding returnees in national social protection schemes, investing in housing and livelihoods, strengthening reconciliation platforms, and adopting tailored communication strategies to reduce stigma.

This paper examines the shortages in public service delivery in Salah al-Din governorate, Iraq, focusing on the health, drinking water and sanitation, municipal, education and other sectors. It situates these shortages within Iraq's broader governance challenges, marked by entrenched corruption, weak decentralization, political fragmentation, and conflict legacies. Drawing on reports from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), UNDP, Chatham House, the World Bank, and national policy briefs, the analysis provides both national-level and local-level insights. The study highlights concrete cases in Salah al-Din such as the long-delayed Mkeishifa Bridge in Samarra, the neglected neighborhoods outside Tikrit's master plan, the dire state of Hemrin's schools, and tribal and sectarian bias in service distribution. Comparisons with Ninewa, Anbar, Basra, and the Kurdistan Region further illustrate the governance-driven disparities. Recommendations emphasize ministry-led capacity development focused on technical staff, unifying digitizing procedures, strengthening feedback and inclusion, promoting equity, enhancing local ownership, and integrating housing with service restoration-building a transparent, citizen-centered, and resilient governance system in Salah al-Din.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is frequently characterized as the “sick man of Asia.” As a relatively young state with a fragile and uneven pre-industrial economy, insufficiently consolidated national identity, heterogeneous demographic composition, and a persistent history of conflict, its relations with the international community have remained strained. The purpose of this research paper is to critically examine the challenges confronting Pakistan’s diplomatic engagements and to propose viable strategies through which the state can reconstruct and project a more favorable image within the international political and economic order. Adopting a qualitative methodological approach, the study concludes that Pakistan must recalibrate its foreign policy by embracing contemporary instruments of diplomacy, most notably economic, cultural, digital, and public diplomacy, to mitigate its negative image and enhance its global standing.

In today’s digital era, personal data has emerged as a critical asset across both public and private sectors, heightening the need for a comprehensive legal framework to govern its protection. Such a framework not only safeguards information but also reinforces  the fundamental right to privacy and personal security enshrined in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 as amended from time to time. The enactment of the Personal Data Protection Act, 2022 (PDPA), represents a landmark achievement in Tanzania's transition toward a digital economy governed by the rule of law and respect for individual privacy, while harmonizing national data privacy laws with international standards.
This article provides a legal overview and outlines the compliance obligation under the PDPA, with a focus on the core statutory principles that govern the protection of personal data. It explores the roles and responsibilities of data controllers and processors, the function of Data Protection Officers (DPOs), and the establishment of the Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC) as the central regulatory body overseeing compliance.  The article further explores mandatory registration requirements, including the procedures, eligibility criteria and applicable fees.
Additionally, the article highlights the legal consequences of non-compliance, which include administrative fines and criminal sanctions; thereby underscoring the legal ramifications for failure to adhere to the provisions of the Act and its associated regulations. ultimately the analysis intends to assist businesses, legal practitioners, policymakers, and academics in understanding and navigating the evolving data protection landscape in Tanzania.

Ringkasan Eksekutif

Asumsi dan Risiko Target Capaian Indikator Tujuan dan Sasaran RPJMD Tahun 2025-2029 Kabupaten Polewali Mandar.  Disusun sebagai dasar Manajemen Risiko Pembangunan Daerah, dan laporan Realisasi Satuan kinerjaa Pegawai.
Oleh:
Arsad Rahim Ali, SKM, M.MKes
Perencana Ahli Muda Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Polewali Mandar

Latar Strategis
Dalam rangka mewujudkan visi pembangunan jangka menengah Kabupaten Polewali Mandar tahun 2025–2029,  “Polewali Mandar Sehat, Cerdas dan Maju, Berlandaskan Nilai Agama dan Budaya, serta Berwawasan Lingkungan”. Pemerintah Daerah menyusun RPJMD sebagai dokumen arah kebijakan yang terintegrasi dengan RPJPD 2025–2045 dan RPJMN 2025–2029. Sejalan dengan Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 2 Tahun 2025, RPJMD tidak hanya menetapkan target capaian, tetapi juga diwajibkan untuk memperhatikan Manajemen Risiko Pembangunan Nasional di Daerah.
Sebagai tindak lanjut, Pemerintah Kabupaten Polewali Mandar melalui Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perencanaan Pembangunan menyusun dokumen ini sebagai policy paper yang memuat asumsi dan risiko terhadap 30 indikator strategis tujuan dan sasaran RPJMD, diseleksi dan ditetapkan sebagai Indikator Kinerja Utama (IKU). Dokumen ini juga merujuk pada Peraturan Bupati Polewali Mandar Nomor 5 Tahun 2023 tentang Manajemen Risiko di Lingkungan Pemerintah Daerah, yang mendefinisikan risiko sebagai kemungkinan terjadinya peristiwa yang membawa akibat tidak diinginkan atas pencapaian tujuan dan sasaran organisasi.
Tujuan dan Manfaat
Dokumen ini bertujuan untuk:
• Menyediakan dasar konseptual dan teknis bagi penyusunan dokumen manajemen risiko pembangunan daerah.
• Mengidentifikasi secara sistematis asumsi dan risiko terhadap target capaian tujuan dan sasaran RPJMD.
• Menyelaraskan strategi mitigasi risiko dengan visi dan misi kepala daerah.
• Meningkatkan akurasi perencanaan, efektivitas penganggaran, dan ketahanan kebijakan terhadap dinamika sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan.
Dengan pendekatan ini, RPJMD tidak hanya menjadi rencana lima tahunan, tetapi juga menjadi dokumen hidup yang adaptif, antisipatif, dan partisipatif.

Ruang Lingkup dan Struktur
Dokumen ini menganalisis 30 indikator strategis RPJMD, yang mencakup dimensi:
1. Pembangunan manusia (IPM, AHH, RLS, Pendapatan per Kapita)
2. Ekonomi dan wilayah (Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Desa Mandiri, Industri Pengolahan)
3. Kesejahteraan sosial (Kemiskinan, Pengangguran, Gini, Kualitas Keluarga)
4. Kesehatan dan perlindungan (Stunting, Perlindungan Anak, Ketimpangan Gender)
5. Lingkungan dan ketahanan (IKLH, Emisi GRK, Risiko Bencana)
6. Tata kelola dan reformasi birokrasi (SAKIP, MCP KPK, SPIP, Sistem Merit, IPKD)
7. Pelayanan publik dan digitalisasi (IPP, IPD, Opini BPK, Reformasi Birokrasi)
8. Kebudayaan dan kerukunan (IPK, IKUB)
Setiap indikator dijabarkan dalam tiga bagian utama:
• Asumsi Kunci
• Risiko Utama dan Mitigasi
• Strategi RPJMD (roadmap tahunan)
Rekomendasi Strategis
1. Integrasikan manajemen risiko ke dalam siklus perencanaan dan penganggaran, mulai dari RKPD hingga Renstra OPD.
2. Tetapkan indikator risiko prioritas dalam RPJMD dan Renstra OPD, dengan sistem pemantauan berbasis data mikro dan dashboard lintas sektor.
3. Perkuat kapasitas SDM perencana dan pengendali internal melalui pelatihan teknis dan forum pembelajaran lintas kabupaten.
4. Dorong partisipasi masyarakat dan stakeholder lokal dalam identifikasi risiko dan evaluasi capaian, terutama di sektor kesehatan, pendidikan, dan kebudayaan.
5. Kembangkan sistem informasi risiko daerah yang terintegrasi dengan SIPD dan mendukung pengambilan keputusan berbasis bukti.
6. Lakukan audit risiko tahunan sebagai bagian dari evaluasi RPJMD dan dasar penyusunan perubahan kebijakan.
Penutup
Dokumen ini diharapkan menjadi referensi utama dalam penyusunan dokumen manajemen risiko pembangunan daerah, sekaligus menjadi alat bantu strategis bagi kepala daerah dan perangkat daerah dalam mengawal pencapaian visi RPJMD secara terukur, aman, dan berkelanjutan. Dengan pendekatan ini, Polewali Mandar tidak hanya membangun fisik dan angka, tetapi juga membangun martabat, spiritualitas, dan ketahanan kebijakan yang berpihak pada masyarakat.

في ظل الأزمات وعدم الاستقرار تزداد أهمية التضامن والمشاركة المدنية الفعالة لمواجهة التحديات، مع توفير فرصة للتدرب على الديمقراطية التشاركية. لكن الفاعلين المدنيين كثيرًا ما يتعرضون لمحاولات تضييق فضاء العمل التطوعي وتجريده من طابعه السياسي كممارسة تأثير يوجه السياسات العامة، وتحويله إلى أداة للسلطة تحدد ضوابطه بشكل أحادي. تتناول الورقة هذا التنازع بين المجتمع المدني والسلطة في تعريف التطوع والفضاء العام، وتسعى للإجابة على كيفية ضمان السياسات التشريعية حماية المتطوعين دون أن تتيح للسلطة السيطرة المطلقة على الفضاء العام، وتقترح إعادة تعريف التطوع باعتراف واضح بطابعه السياسي والحقوقي والمستقل ضمن فضاء عام مشترك، حر وليس مغلقًا أو محتكرًا.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) poses a significant public health challenge in Uganda, affecting approximately 1.6 million individuals and contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Current SCD management is often fragmented, with care primarily concentrated in specialized centers, leading to disparities in access and delayed interventions. The integration of SCD care into the primary healthcare (PHC) system has been proposed as a strategy to address these challenges. This narrative review explores the current gaps in SCD care within Uganda's healthcare system and examines the potential benefits of integrating SCD management into PHC settings to improve outcomes. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess existing SCD management practices, barriers within PHC systems, and outcomes from integration pilot programs. Data on healthcare provider confidence, access to diagnostic tools, and patient outcomes were analyzed to understand the current landscape and opportunities for improvement. Only 35% of healthcare providers in PHC settings reported confidence in managing SCD patients (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.35-0.55). Limited access to diagnostic tools and inadequate resources further hinders timely diagnosis and treatment, contributing to preventable complications and higher healthcare costs. However, a pilot program integrating SCD care into PHC clinics demonstrated a 50% reduction in hospital admissions for pain crises among participants (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.5-2.7). Integrating SCD care into Uganda's PHC framework offers significant potential to enhance early diagnosis, improve treatment adherence, and reduce hospital admissions. Coordinated care approaches could alleviate the disease burden, improve patient outcomes, and lower healthcare costs.

This study investigates the impact of rapid urban expansion on agricultural lands and ecosystems in Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, an area experiencing significant urban growth. Using a hybrid approach, the research combines quantitative data from 157 respondents and satellite imagery analysis to evaluate land-use changes, socioeconomic consequences, and environmental degradation. The analysis reveals that urban sprawl has significantly reduced agricultural land, negatively affected livelihoods, and increased the cost of living, especially for farming communities. Correlation analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) show strong relationships between urban expansion, ecosystem degradation, and policy responses. The results highlight the urgent need for sustainable urban planning, with respondents advocating stricter land-use regulations to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization. Recommendations include zoning policies to protect agricultural land, promoting sustainable farming practices, and raising public awareness about the environmental consequences of unchecked urban expansion. This research provides valuable insights for the makers of policies and urban planners aiming to balance development with ecological conservation.

The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting millions of people’s lives in many ways. While millions of people have lost their jobs after the outbreak, acute food insecurity is another immediate effect of the crisis affecting the poor. India is home to the largest number of undernourished persons globally, and the COVID-19 pandemic has caused acute food insecurity and food scarcity in the country. Food banks and community kitchens play a pivotal role in feeding the needy people in India. The community kitchen idea is also linked with cultural practices in India. The beneficiaries are the home-quarantined or sick persons and food-insecure people, including needy schoolchildren, senior citizens, low-income persons, unemployed persons, low-income families, and the homeless. The study's objective is to explore the role and importance of food banks and community kitchens in addressing acute food insecurity during and post-COVID-19 crisis in India. The main concern of this study is to examine how the governments, NGOs, and local community intervention could help food banks and community kitchens feed needy people. It is a descriptive and analytical study based on primary and secondary sources.

Această lucrare analizează implicațiile neuroetice și de securitate națională generate de utilizarea tehnologiilor de neuroaugmentare în domeniul militar și al serviciilor de informații. Sunt examinate riscurile și beneficiile asociate implanturilor cerebrale, nootropicelor și tehnologiilor de stimulare cerebrală, cu accent pe potențialul lor de a îmbunătăți memoria, capacitatea decizională și eficiența operațională a personalului militar și de intelligence. Lucrarea abordează aspecte precum utilizarea neurostimulării pentru interogatorii și detectarea minciunilor, controlul direct al dronelor și echipamentelor prin implanturi neuronale, dar și vulnerabilitățile cibernetice și riscurile de hacking asociate acestor tehnologii. Se propune crearea unui cadru legal internațional și a unor strategii de protecție împotriva neurohacking-ului, precum și dezvoltarea de programe de instruire specializate pentru agenți. Articolul oferă o analiză comprehensivă, cu relevanță practică, a modului în care neuroaugmentarea poate transforma fundamental operațiunile de securitate națională, evidențiind totodată necesitatea unor reflecții etice profunde și a unor reglementări clare.

Electricity pricing in South Africa is at a critical juncture, influenced by a myriad of factors including economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and technological advancements. This paper aims to analyse the future of electricity pricing in South Africa, focusing on the implications of renewable energy integration, the role of policy reforms, and the impact of socioeconomic factors. By examining these dimensions, this study seeks to provide insights into the potential trajectories of electricity pricing in the country.

Monetary metric is useful whenever it is necessary a cost/benefit assessment that implies a change of the degree of individuals and families well-being. The work is devoted to investigate and assess the impact of Environmental and Social Quality (ESQu) on Subjective Well-Being (SWB) at regional scale, keeping under control the individual heterogeneity. After a brief introduction, the application of the Life Satisfaction Approach (LSA) on a large data-base of Italian official statistical source, allows establishing the operative practicality of this method through monetization of the impact of some externalities. In this direction and by way of an example, some regional differentials, in terms of environmental and social benefits-costs, are highlighted and their impact on GDP is estimated.

In this book, six partner organisations describe FairShares Labs for Social and Blue Innovation. They offer a vision of how to create social enterprise incubators that nurture inclusive multi-stakeholder co-operative enterprises. Building on the theory and practice of Living Labs, Social and Blue Economy and the FairShares Model the text of Creating Social Enterprises in FairShares Labs sets out the concepts, processes and methods for building a FairShares Lab.

This policy-oriented study offers a multidimensional typology of the Islamic Republic of Iran, situating the country within the broader dynamics of Middle Eastern geopolitics and global governance. It explores the formation of the Iranian nation-state, the hybrid nature of its political and legal institutions, and the domestic and external factors shaping its evolving role in the international system. The analysis spans governance, economic resilience under sanctions, human rights, demographic shifts, and strategic sectors such as health, transportation, and scientific development, with particular attention to youth engagement, intergenerational dynamics, and gender equity. In an era marked by climate crises, contested sovereignties, and digital authoritarianism, Iran presents both a challenge and an opportunity for international policymakers. The country's assertive regional posture, complex civil-military relations, and strategic alliances necessitate nuanced engagement that moves beyond binaries of isolation or appeasement. This paper draws on both global academic research and regional perspectives to present actionable insights for diplomats, development agencies, and multilateral institutions seeking to foster stability, dialogue, and cooperation in the region. Ultimately, the typology underscores the need for informed, context-sensitive policy approaches that recognize Iran's internal plurality and its strategic importance in shaping the Middle East's future.

In Punjab, Pakistan, a province whose educational outcomes are pivotal to national development, the school system continues to struggle with significant challenges in access, quality, and equity. Despite a long history of ambitious education policies, a persistent and critical gap exists between policy intentions and their practical implementation, leaving many students without quality learning opportunities and teachers without adequate support. This narrative review analyzes the landscape of education policy and reform since 2001, synthesizing a wide body of evidence from policy documents, peer-reviewed academic research, and government reports to diagnose the root causes of this systemic implementation failure. The findings reveal several interconnected bottlenecks that consistently stall improvement. Chronic policy inconsistency, driven by volatile political cycles, prevents long-term strategies from taking root. Weak monitoring and evaluation systems render it nearly impossible to track progress or make evidence-based adjustments, while deep-seated urban-rural disparities in funding and resources perpetuate cycles of inequality. These issues are compounded by systemic corruption and administrative inefficiency that divert critical funds and erode public trust. Crucially, the review highlights a pervasive lack of meaningful stakeholder engagement in the policy process, which undermines local ownership and the sustainability of reforms. The paper argues that breaking this cycle requires a fundamental shift away from top-down reforms towards more adaptive and participatory strategies. This involves a concerted effort to strengthen policy coherence, invest in teacher capacity through continuous professional development, leverage technology for transparency, and empower communities through participatory monitoring to finally bridge the policypractice gap.

Like many social science presentations, gendered theories and parental alienation may be considered contested concepts. They both rely fundamentally on the subjectivity of lived experience and assessment of structural factors that cannot be directly discerned. If, as the Irish Examiner claims, the Irish Government should not rely on contestable theories, then governments cannot rely on the gendered theory of violence to guide their policies either.
This false contestability argument has significant adverse implications for formal bodies responsible for legislation and public health policies. The WHO accepting GFV as an essential public health issue affecting women but not accepting PA as a public health issue affecting men, women, and children is contradictory. It is an example of how the false claim that PA is contestable but GFV is not (or that GFV is contestable but PA should still not be accepted) drives policies that harm significant populations that GFV regards as politically incorrect.
Gendered theories’ systemic entrenchment, ideological rigidity, and dogmatic nature render them more contestable. The same rigorous scientific explanation applied to PA should also apply to GFV. A shift towards inclusive, evidence-informed policymaking is essential for equitable justice and support for all affected families.

This paper critically examines Leicester City Council's 2025 Community Asset Transfer (CAT) proposals, focusing on the impact on super-diverse communities in Belgrave and Rushey Mead. Through policy analysis, community testimonies, and local demographic data, it reveals how the CAT process-despite its intent to empower-risks exacerbating exclusion, eroding public trust, and displacing care infrastructure. The paper argues for culturally safe consultation models, hybrid governance strategies, and equity-led oversight mechanisms. These recommendations offer a framework for inclusive, community-affirming urban governance.

Abstract: This research explores the structural transformations within the Saudi economy under Vision 2030, with particular emphasis on the growing significance of the cultural and digital creative sectors—collectively referred to as the Creator Economy. Drawing on national and international data, it offers an analytical overview of the opportunities and challenges facing this emerging field, and proposes an institutional model inspired by global practices such as South Korea's KOCCA, tailored to the Saudi context. The study also discusses the role of cultural and digital policies, and proposes a national digital creators center as a scalable intervention, emphasizing intersections with sectors like tourism, handicrafts, manufacturing, and cultural branding.
intervention, emphasizing intersections with sectors like tourism, handicrafts, manufacturing, and cultural branding.

This dissertation problematizes the normative claim of prevalent participation models and theories: participation thrives in politically-conducive contexts. The notion is a problem because it is neglective of (a) the analytical challenge to retheorize power without equating ‘what constitutes power’ to some owned attribute or variable of the ‘powerful,’ and (b) the people participating in difficult power scenarios because such claim side-tracks the complexity of their experiences in favor of ‘successful and replicable approaches.’ Such power-blindness is made possible by a problem-solving bias in governance (Mayntz 2004, Haus 2018, Selg and Ventsel 2020, Selg et al. 2023), wherein participation is treated as a solution technology to address democratic and development problems. However, such problems are “wicked” (Peters 2017), characterized by their continuous reproduction as issue-framed solutions are introduced. As wicked problems reproduce and persist, more participation models are introduced as a response, imposing accumulating a priori normatives into what participation (as a solution technology) ‘ought to be.’ The result constitutes this dissertation’s problematique: the power-blindness and over-normativity of participation theorizing.

Finding no theoretical recourse in conventional power theorizing (i.e., the ‘three faces’) that treat power as an ‘owned’ variable or capacity constituting the ‘powerful,’ the analysis turns to relational sociology, which problematizes the constitution of the social and political into non-essentialist theorization and emphasizes processual and unfolding dynamics in understanding the contingency of relations. Drawing from the relational theorizing of Michel Foucault, Georg Simmel, Peeter Selg, and Ann Mische, among others, the dissertation develops a relational sociology of power in participation, which embeds power as influencing discursive dynamics in participation’s ‘codes of legitimation.’ The analytical development of the relational analysis engages the contingency of power relations through situating power in participation in relational spacetime, and pivoting space, time, and dynamics through notions of relational scaffolds, normative signals, and power shifts. The relational analysis comprises two dimensions: an analysis of differentiation reflecting Emirbayer’s typology of substantivist/essentialist orientations versus the relational, and an analysis of constitution, which presents the legitimation codes of power in participation, drawing from the political semiotic theory of Selg and Ventsel (2020) and Selg et al. (2023). The political semiotic categories of participation embed power in legitimizing the codes/terms of problematizing participation as structure, open, inclusion, partnership, community, and discourse (meta-participation). These political semiotic categories organize the analysis of the code legitimation as ‘moments of discursive shifts’ to unpack the discursive motions and agonistic relations in the unfolding and constitutive dynamics. The relational framing addresses the problematique by embedding the power discourse in the unfolding, dynamic, and constitutive character of reflexive legitimation.

The relational framing is applied to two cases, the Local Development Councils and the Philippine Open Government Partnership, as empirics supporting the theory-building. The cases unpack the dynamics of legitimation in their respective discursive shifts and underscore pragmatic insights that relational analysis provides for policymakers and practitioners. The dissertation concludes with an analytical engagement of relational sociology’s claims and dissonances and affirms the discipline’s promise for a more grounded and humanistic understanding of the social world.

The Nepal Public Policy Review was launched as a multidisciplinary journal to provide an academic platform for research relevant to public policy. It has published three volumes, including a special issue arising from a symposium. Following a critical review of the journal's policies, we identified the need for better alignment between academic research and public policy. In response, we redefined the journal's purpose to bridge research with policy, updating the Aims and Scope to encourage collaboration between researchers and the policy community. This shift emphasizes the importance of clear and accessible communication for policymakers. To facilitate this, we introduced new manuscript requirements, including sections for Policy Recommendations and Suggested Course of Action to translate research findings into actionable policy steps. We also introduced an initial formative editorial assessment for manuscripts before peer review. This aimed to enrich the research and ensure its alignment with relevant policies. Piloted in Volume 4, the manuscript improvement initiative successfully enhanced five articles by translating their conclusions into detailed policy recommendations. Positive feedback from authors and reviewers affirmed the success of this approach. We consider the manuscript improvement a success and will expand it in future volumes, along with exploring broader mentoring for both academics and policy professionals.

The current study aims to identify different harmless errors in crimes involving harm to the human body and property. An error that is deemed "harmless" refers to errors made in a judicial decision that do not lead to the overturning of said decision. Many studies have been conducted abroad to identify harmless errors in the background of various subjects, such as constitutional law, criminal law, and civil law. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research on harmless errors in criminal cases in Pakistan. Through the use of qualitative content analysis, this study discovered that despite various issues such as delays, failure to fulfill legal requirements, and incomplete testimonies, the appellate court upheld the conviction of the accused. According to the study, the appellate courts did not give sufficient consideration to the inconsistencies in witness testimonies and other evidence related to minor matters, nor did they adequately address the prosecution's presentation or lack of certain witnesses and evidence. This study will provide valuable insights for both academics and professionals seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the non-malicious errors that can occur in offenses involving harm to the human body and property.

In the epoch of the anthropogenic climate crisis, the necessary policies and actions to alleviate the worst aspects of Climate Change require the involvement of the whole community and stakeholders at all levels. Based on research undertaken as part of a final year dissertation (Jeisy, 2023), this short policy brief examines the underrepresentation of fishers in marine policy decision-making in Ireland, focusing on Castletownbere in County Cork, the country’s principal whitefish port. Through qualitative analysis of stakeholder interviews and fisheries data, this research highlights how restrictive quotas, the dominance of foreign fleets, and exclusion from governance structures contribute to fishers’ disconnect from broader environmental concerns and action. A key finding is that many fishers deprioritise Climate Change and sustainability incentives due to immediate economic struggles and a lack of representation in marine policy discussions and implementation. The study argues that addressing governance inequalities is essential for fostering more inclusive and effective climate adaptation strategies. Furthermore, it explores the importance of fostering stronger connections between fishers and policymakers to enhance trust, engagement, and shared responsibility in marine governance and protection.

The Druze community in Israel occupies a unique position as a minority group deeply integrated into national defense and political life. This article explores the historical and contemporary factors that have shaped Druze integration, particularly their longstanding alliance with the Israeli state and their mandatory military service. It explores how military participation has facilitated social mobility, political representation, and economic advancement for the Druze, distinguishing them from other Arab communities in Israel. By examining the Druze experience, this article offers policy recommendations for fostering minority inclusion worldwide.

Knowledge and innovation have become essential resources of economic growth as well as survival of firms. Turkey has been consistently incorporating actions and initiatives to foster and stimulate knowledge creation and innovation. Yet despite significant developments in Turkish
innovation ecosystem, such as establishment of many intermediary agents (ex. TTOs) orconsistent increase trends in innovation indicators (ex. R&D expenditure, number of researchers), challenges in converting innovation output into economic value persists. In this study, we conduct
a keyword-based literature review on Turkish innovation system to identify the issues and policy recommendations. Our review suggests that fostering human capital and personnel training in universities, firms, as well as government; selective funding of collaboration initiatives focused
on integration of SMEs; and region-specific analysis and policy-making must be prioritized by policy-makers to realize Turkey‘s innovation potential. Finally, we construct three targeted policy interventions aimed at enhancing innovation efficiency of Turkish innovation ecosystem.

Concept of energy security has been subject to multiple attempts for its conceptualization. Nowadays generally accepted approach is based on multiple dimensions and incorporates factors of energy availability, energy affordability, energy efficiency and environmental stewardship. This paper used z-scored standardization methodology in order to empirically examine the development of overall energy security via synthesizing the contributions of individual dimensions. We took into account eleven distinct variables which describes the each dimension. We found out, that most important common denominator that distinguishes the most secured countries from its peers within EU is their ability to generate energy indigenously due to its natural endowments. Our analysis further revealed that dimensions that are covered under common energy policies (energy efficiency and environmental stewardship) show signs growing cohesion across countries. However countries which improved their overall energ...

The arrival of COVID-19 in the spring 2020 semester caused a major upheaval to universities and colleges across the world, and it led to unique challenges for international students and the offices that serve them. These offices contended with ever-changing guidance on the virus issued by various governmental bodies and with evolving directions and restrictions that were issued by USCIS and the federal government regarding international students and scholars. At the same time, international students and scholars faced all the same challenges that American students and scholars did, but these were compounded by problems that were specific to their situations and concerns.

Avrupa ülkeleriyle kıyaslandığında Türkiye genç bir nüfusa sahiptir. Ülkemiz bu nüfus yapısıyla, ilköğretim dışındaki tüm eğitim kademelerinde hâlâ sayısal baskı altındadır. Öte yandan, 2000 yılından bu yana nüfus yapısında bir dönüşüm yaşanmaktadır ve uzun vadede toplam nüfus içindeki yükseköğrenim çağı nüfusu payının %34'ten %29'a düşmesi beklenmektedir. 2010 Yılı İnsani Gelişim Raporu'na göre yetişkin nüfusumuzun ortalama eğitim süresi 6,5 yıl olup, gelişmiş ülkelerin oldukça gerisindedir. Ülkemizde yükseköğrenim görmüş yetişkin nüfusumuzun oranı ise %13'tür. 2001-2010 yılları arasında yükseköğretimde gözlenen önemli büyümeye karşın, arz-talep arasındaki açık hâlâ önemini korumaktadır. Buna göre açıköğretim hariç, yükseköğretime başvuranların yaklaşık %40'ı yükseköğretim programlarına yerleşme fırsatı bulabilmektedir. Yükseköğretimdeki brüt okullaşma oranı %17'den %32'ye yükselmiştir. Toplam yükseköğretim içinde vakıf üniversitelerinin payı ise %10'a yaklaşmıştır. Son on yıldaki önemli eğilimlerden birisi de yaş kompozisyonundaki değişimdir. 23 yaş ve üzerindeki öğrencilerin toplam öğrenci içindeki payı %11'den, %19'a yükselmiştir. Bu gelişmelere paralel olarak kız-erkek öğrenci dengesi kızların lehine değişmektedir. Yükseköğretim bütçesi, Türkiye'deki kamu eğitim harcamalarının yaklaşık olarak dörtte birini oluşturmaktadır. Her ne kadar bu bütçe yükseköğretim için yetersiz görünse de, diğer eğitim kademeleri ile karşılaştırıldığında yükseköğretime verilen öncelik açıkça gözlenmektedir. Yükseköğretimde öğrenci başına yapılan kamu harcaması 4648 Amerikan dolarıdır. Bununla birlikte, yükseköğretimdeki hızlı büyüme ve artan ihtiyaçlar karşısında harcamalar yetersiz kalmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, yükseköğretimle ilgili özel harcamalar konusundaki veri yetersizliği nedeniyle yükseköğretim harcamaları konusunda daha ayrıntılı analizler yapılamamaktadır. Ülkemizde yükseköğretimin geleceğine ilişkin tahminler incelendiğinde, TÜSİAD ve UNFPA ortaklığında yürütülen bir proje raporu önemli bulgular ortaya koymaktadır. Bu rapora göre, 2010-2025 yılları arasında yükseköğretimdeki büyüme OECD ülkelerinden daha hızlı bir biçimde devam edecektir. Aynı verilere göre, 2020'li yıllarda kızların yükseköğretime kayıt sayılarının erkekleri aşması beklenmektedir. Tüm bu gelişmeler, önümüzdeki yıllarda Türkiye'de yükseköğretim alanında, hem kamu üniversitelerinin kendi aralarında hem de vakıf üniversiteleri ile kamu üniversiteleri arasında, önemli bir rekabet yaşanacağına işaret etmektedir. Bu rekâbetin Türkiye'deki yükseköğretim yönetiminde önemli değişikliklere yol açması beklenir.

Pakistan's economy is transitioning from crisis to stability, necessitating the alignment of public service sectors like Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management with the country's economic conditions. By leveraging discrete mathematics and logical frameworks, this study identifies the potential of the waste sector to reduce public expenditure and contribute to economic sustainability. The proposed Wasteism Hierarchy Approach (WHA) offers policy guidelines across waste hierarchy levels to aid decision-making for municipalities, waste management companies, and local governments. Key considerations include the interplay of waste collection modes, fleet management, infrastructure, and catchment areas. Additionally, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework ranks and prioritizes feasible MSW treatment and disposal options. This research highlights the integration of the waste sector into the circular economy and its potential to address climate change, promote regenerative agriculture, and support local economic sustainability.

The European Policy Centre and the Odysseus Academic Network for Legal Studies on Immigration and Asylum in Europe joined forces and conducted in-depth analyses of some of the key adopted reforms, identifying challenging aspects of the reforms, whether legal, political, or practical in
nature, and proposing a set of forward-looking reflections that could enhance
implementation outcomes, in line with fundamental rights. This book brings
together these analyses, which were published between June and September
2024, following the adoption of the reforms.

Executive Summary Inflation describes the process of sustained price increases for a wide range of goods and services. Thus, inflation originates from decisions by enterprises to increase the prices for their goods and services. When taking such decisions, enterprises ...

Nep al Myanmar Mo ng oli a M ic ro n e si a Position Note Prepared by UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific April 2020 OF COVID-19 IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION THE UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or UN Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of United Nations or UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The rapid and widespread diffusion of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has unlocked new capabilities and changed how content and services are created, shared, and consumed. This special issue builds on the 2021 Policy and Society special issue on the governance of AI by focusing on the legal, organizational, political, regulatory, and social challenges of governing generative AI. This introductory article lays the foundation for understanding generative AI and underscores its key risks, including hallucination, jailbreaking, data training and validation issues, sensitive information leakage, opacity, control challenges, and design and implementation risks. It then examines the governance challenges of generative AI, such as data governance, intellectual property concerns, bias amplification, privacy violations, misinformation, fraud, societal impacts, power imbalances, limited public engagement, public sector challenges, and the need for international cooperation. The article then highlights a comprehensive framework to govern generative AI, emphasizing the need for adaptive, participatory, and proactive approaches. The articles in this special issue stress the urgency of developing innovative and inclusive approaches to ensure that generative AI development is aligned with societal values. They explore the need for adaptation of data governance and intellectual property laws, propose a complexity-based approach for responsible governance, analyze how the dominance of Big Tech is exacerbated by generative AI developments and how this affects policy processes, highlight the shortcomings of technocratic governance and the need for broader stakeholder participation, propose new regulatory frameworks informed by AI safety research and learning from other industries, and highlight the societal impacts of generative AI.

Decarbonization is a pivotal strategy for combating climate change and achieving global sustainability objectives. This research paper explores the multifaceted approaches necessary to reduce carbon emissions across key sectors by harnessing cutting-edge technologies, maximizing energy efficiency, and driving the transition to renewable energy sources. The study highlights the critical role of decarbonization in justifying the adverse impact of climate change, global warming, and ecological degradation while advancing sustainable development goals. Through a comprehensive analysis of technological advancements and policies, the paper identifies effective strategies and actionable solutions for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. It emphasizes the importance of integrating support for policy, technological advancements, and teamwork, which contributes to major decreases in carbon footprints. By examining best practices and recommending future research directions, this study seeks to add to the important global decarbonization conversation while promoting environmental stewardship. This paper serves as an important resource for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders, providing insight into attaining a sustainable and resilient future through implementing comprehensive decarbonization policies and strategies.

This undergraduate thesis deals with the topic of "Stylistic analysis of British newspaper". Newspaper is one of the most powerful and influential media in the world. The news they bring should be impartial and neutral. But because the reporters and journalists are still people with their own opinions and specific styles of writing, news tends to be subjective rather than objective. And there are sections or entire newspapers which are designated for presenting news which are biased on purpose. Examination of biases in newspaper is the main subject of the thesis. This first section aims to provide basic division and description of British newspaper. It also endeavours to acquaint the reader with linguistic terminology which will be used through the thesis. The terminology serves solely to the purposes of this work. The method of analysis is explained in the subsequent section to help the reader to understand the process and results of the analyses. The research is divided into two parts; firstly, the structure of newspaper as a whole is examined. Secondly, the texts of individual articles are analysed. British newspaper The Guardian was chosen for exploring its content, structure, and language. This newspaper was suitable for the purposes of this thesis because it offers a range of variable types of news and topics. The analyses of the articles showed many stylistically distinctive features, but only those which relate to the topic of the thesis are further analysed. The results show that the chosen articles vary in their style and the rate of bias. The thesis also proves the preliminary assumption that there is bias and subjectivity in the language of newspapers, but it is restricted to certain sections and types of news and newspaper. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .

India's National Education Policy 2020 recommends essential steps to help the country meet its 21st-century developmental goals. The policy seeks to significantly transform India's higher education through a multi-pronged set of recommendations that include (1) an education system that is deeply rooted in Indian ethos; (2) a focus on skill-based education; (3) transformation of organisational structure, curriculum, regulatory ecosystem, and institutional culture; (4) provision of an equitable and inclusive education for all; and (5) an emphasis on being global. The nuanced implications of these recommendations are woven throughout the policy document and require repeated, careful readings to be captured. Hence, there is a need to sift through the policy document and reorganise the recommendations into a comprehensive and accessible list so that various stakeholders can be conversant with the recommendations, appreciate their significance, and devise effective strategies to implement them. Such an exercise also highlights the interconnectedness of the various elements of the policy and thus underscores its holistic nature.

This policy paper briefly outlines the comprehensive approach and methodology used in the Strategic Governorate and Territorial Planning Guidelines developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) and the World Bank (WB). The paper aims to integrate spatial, economic, social, environmental, and institutional components to achieve sustainable urban development through a practical localisation approach for participatory and consultative processes. It discusses the framework, methodology, and tools utilised in the planning process, highlighting key findings and lessons learned from practical applications.

تسعى هذه الورقة إلى الوقوف على مظاهر الاستمرار والقطيعة في التعامل مع الظواهر الاجتماعية والسياسية، من خلال الوقوف على المحاولة النقدية التي عرفتها العلوم الاجتماعية. والوقوف على النماذج النظرية المقدمة في تصور علوم اجتماعية صالحة لميدان لم يخرج بعد من ثقل التقليد، وانغمس في موجة التحديث، دون دخول كامل في الحداثة.

This study examines India’s milk production trends from 2018-19 to 2022-23, It highlights the focus on trends, diversity in milk types, and regional disparities. This paper highlighting significant growth in top milk-producing states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. It reveals variations in milk types, with Punjab leading in foreign cow milk, Haryana in buffalo milk, and Rajasthan in indigenous cow milk. The paper also discusses improvements in milk availability and the increase in cattle and buffalo populations. While states like Rajasthan and Punjab show higher productivity, challenges persist in sheep milk production in states like Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The research calls for further investment in technology and feed to sustain this growth and address regional disparities in milk production.

In recent years, the semiconductor supply chain has experienced dramatic changes, due to geopolitical tensions and public health events, which have provided insights into supply chain disruptions and the shortage economy. This review synthesises current research on semiconductor supply chain disruptions to offer a comprehensive analysis of the vulnerabilities of the semiconductor supply chain and resilience strategies. We begin with an overview of the key characteristics and complexities of the semiconductor supply chain. Focusing on geopolitical security issues and public health events, we provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced and mitigation strategies adopted. Moreover, we identify important gaps in the literature and propose future research directions, emphasising the need for innovative supply chain management practices and decentralised networks for necessary redundancy. Our analysis contributes to the ongoing discussion on how the robustness and adaptability of the semiconductor supply chain, to ensure its sustainability in the face of a rapidly changing global landscape.

In the digital era, data has become a critical asset, necessitating robust legal frameworks to safeguard personal information and ensure privacy. This study offers a comparative analysis of Singapore's Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) 2012 and India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023, examining their key provisions, compatibility with existing laws, and implications for data privacy. Both legislative frameworks prioritize the principles of consent, transparency, and security, reflecting their respective socio-economic and legal contexts.

Singapore's PDPA emphasizes flexibility and compliance across sectors, while India's DPDPA introduces comprehensive mechanisms, such as "privacy by design" and consent-based data processing, addressing the evolving challenges of digital ecosystems. This analysis highlights the strengths and challenges of each framework, providing valuable insights for Pakistan, which currently lacks a dedicated data protection law.

The study underscores the urgent need for Pakistan to adopt a data protection framework aligned with international standards, incorporating principles like consent, purpose limitation, transparency, and cross-border data safeguards. Recommendations include establishing a Data Protection Authority, integrating data protection with existing legal frameworks, and enhancing public and organizational awareness.

By learning from Singapore and India’s experiences, Pakistan can create a robust data protection regime that ensures individual privacy, fosters trust in the digital economy, and positions the nation as a responsible player in the global data ecosystem.

başlayan köyden kente göç, daha sonraki yıllarda ciddi bir ülke sorunu haline gelmiştir. Bu göçler, nedenleri ve sonuçları ile birlikte Türkiye'nin ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasi yapısını etkileyen ve değiştiren önemli bir toplumsal olay olarak kabul edilmektedir. Türkiye'nin birçok sorunu ile doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkisi bulunan köyden kente göçler, tam olarak anlaşılamadan Türkiye'nin diğer sorunlarına akılcı ve kalıcı çözümler üretmek oldukça zor görülmektedir. Bu gerçekten hareket edilerek bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki köyden kente göçün nedenleri, sonuçları ve çözüm önerileri üzerinde durulması amaçlanmıştır.