Policing Studies

随着人工智能（AI）技术的飞速发展，AI 系统在自动化决策、数据分析和自主行为等领域发挥着日益重要的作用。然而，AI的普及和应用也带来了显著的伦理问题，尤其是关于责任归属、道德决策和公平性的问题。本文首先探讨了传统伦理学理论，如功利主义、义务论和德性伦理学，在 AI 伦理问题中的应用与局限性。接着，分析了AI 的自主性、决策透明性、算法偏见等核心问题，提出了AI伦理面临的主要挑战。最后，本文结合跨学科的视角，提出了具体的对策，旨在推动 AI 系统的道德决策能力，确保AI 技术的伦理合规性。通过这一研究，本文不仅 为当前 AI 伦理争议提供理论支持，也为 AI 未来发展提出了实践性建议，推动 AI 技术与社会伦理的良性互动。

人工智能（AI）技术的迅猛发展正在深刻重塑社会运行方式，对传统法律秩序和社会契约理论提出了全 新的挑战。本研究从法哲学的视角，探讨了 AI 时代法律秩序的重构路径和社会契约的现代化需求。研究指出， 传统法律理论在面对 AI 技术带来的复杂性和不确定性时，展现出适用性不足；同时，AI 对社会结构和法律体系的影响需要立法、司法和执法机制的全面调整，包括明确 AI 法律地位与责任边界、加强数据隐私与算法透明性保护，以及推动技术与法律的深度融合。此外，国际合作与公众参与在 AI 治理中的重要性日益凸显。研究通过结合自然法学、实证法学和现代社会契约理论，为 AI 时代法律体系的建设提供了理论支持，同时也指出了研究 局限性和未来研究方向。总之，本研究旨在构建一个公平正义的新法律秩序，以应对 AI 技术对社会秩序和人类 价值的多维度冲击，为技术发展与社会稳定的协调提供解决方案。

L'histoire est faite par la vie. C'est l'action de la droite, de la gauche, du centre, et même des aliénés... L'histoire est faite par les hommes qui changent la culture et la société. Rien ne reste pareil Quand vous pensez... Tetuo Koga PRÉAMBULE Les faits qui émergent dans la vie quotidienne de l'Histoire sont causés par des processus complexes. Il ne suffit pas pour l'histoire de les cataloguer dans une certaine période de temps ou dans un certain espace géographique, mais, surtout, d'interpréter les processus qui les font éclater. Le fait, en tant que fait, est un épisode momentané et fugace. Mais les forces profondes qui la génèrent ne sont perceptibles qu'à travers le processus de réflexion, d'analyse et de conjonction de facteurs. La concentration de faits similaires permet au chercheur de supposer qu'ils naissent du même substrat, qu'il soit politique, religieux, social ou économique. Ces forces profondes, le marxisme les appellera l'infrastructure 1 et ses manifestations des superstructures, qui ne sont rien d'autre que le résultat naturel de ces « forces souterraines ». Pour mieux délimiter ces phénomènes, l'historien fait une trame temporelle qui permet d'agglutiner dans un même « espace historico-temporel » les faits qui émergent d'un substrat commun. 1 -Dans le concept marxiste, le mode de production est décisif pour la formation de la superstructure, qui sont les différentes formes d'institutions sociales, qui sont toujours configurées à l'infrastructure économique. L'homme ordinaire perçoit les faits sans les relier logiquement. L'observateur superficiel perçoit la relation superficielle entre ces faits. Seul le chercheurscientifique perçoit les processus profonds qui les génèrent et qui les font émerger dans la temporalité du moment historique. De telles « coupures » et délimitations temporelles nous permettent d'appréhender le processus qui génère les faits, organisant ainsi notre savoir, le systématisant, le caractérisant et le rendant scientifique. Par conséquent, le fait historique est le résultat d'un processus qui, compris dans les forces qui l'ont généré, nous fait comprendre non seulement le fait historique lui-même, mais le processus qui le génère. Dans l'étude de l'histoire, certains épisodes signalent des forces « souterraines » qui, n'étant pas visibles, les provoquent. Il est important de se rendre compte que de tels faits, agglutinés et perçus dans une perspective profonde, nous signalent le type de forces qui se cachent dans le substrat de l'Histoire. C'est à l'historiographie, dans l'interprétation des faits, de percevoir leurs injonctions avec le substrat de l'Histoire. Un volcan, par exemple, a l'enregistrement du jour et de l'heure où ses activités sismiques deviennent visibles avec l'éruption de cendres et de magma. Cette éruption, cependant, a été « gestationnée » pendant des années, voire des siècles. Il est important pour le scientifique de comprendre les antécédents qui expliquent le phénomène au moment où il devient visible, dès les premières explosions. L'historien est moins attaché au fait, et plus aux causes qui l'ont généré. Sans cette compréhension des causes profondes et des motivations, les faits deviennent fugaces et dénués de sens. L'invasion des bâtiments des Trois Puissances à Brasília était un fait. L'invasion et la déprédation, cependant, ont été le couronnement et la grande finale d'un long processus construit pendant des mois et des années. 1 -UNE IDÉOLOGIE CONSERVATRICE EN ACTION Le 8 janvier 2023, à Brasilia, à partir de 13 heures 2 , des manifestants qui campaient devant le quartier général de l'armée, ont entamé une marche vers la place des Trois Puissances qui a abouti à l'invasion de bâtiments publics. En début de soirée, ces bâtiments, aujourd'hui vandalisés, ont été repris par les forces de sécurité. Cette délimitation temporelle qui a commencé à 13 heures, cependant, n'exprime pas le substrat qui était à l' origine de cet événement et les motivations qui ont culminé dans cette invasion/déprédation. La déprédation des bâtiments des trois puissances est un fait, mais quelles idées et idéologies ont motivé et soutenu l'acte du 8 janvier ? À titre d'illustration, nous soulignons que dans l'histoire, il y a eu des épisodes emblématiques qui ont été l'expression finale d'un long processus qui a éclaté à un certain moment. Au niveau international, le mouvement des droits civiques aux États-Unis 3 , le massacre de la place Tiananmen à Pékin 4 , la chute du mur de Berlin 5 et le printemps arabe 6 . Au Brésil, les marches pour les Diretas Já étaient des événements/symboles mûris après un long processus de remise en question et de révolte contre le statu quo. L 'épisode du 8 janvier 2023 a été le point culminant des manifestations publiques de l'extrême droite d'un coup d'État qui proposait une intervention militaire et la destitution du président élu, disqualifiant les institutions démocratiques 2 -13h00 : Les manifestants sont partis du quartier général de l'armée en direction de la Praça dos Três Poderes ; 14h00 -arrivée ;14 h 43 : Bris des barrières policières. 15h00 : Invasion du Congrès national. 15h15 : Invasion du Palais du Planalto. 15h40 : Invasion du Tribunal fédéral (STF). 3 -1950-60 -Dirigé par des personnalités telles que Martin Luther King Jr qui s'est battu contre la ségrégation raciale et pour l'égalité des droits pour les Afro-Américains. Une phrase symbolique de ce mouvement était la phrase prononcée par King : I have a dream...

El "Modelo de gestión policial desconcentrado con orientación comunitaria" fue una apuesta institucional consagrada en el Plan de Modernización de la Policía Nacional del Ecuador en el 2004. Este modelo se concibió para dar respuesta a la prevención del delito y mejorar la gobernanza de la seguridad en los territorios. Luego de 20 años de vigencia y en el contexto de la peor crisis de inseguridad en el Ecuador, se ha abierto el debate sobre la necesidad de evaluar este modelo de gestión vigente. ¿Cuál es el balance de este modelo? ¿Cuáles son sus perspectivas futuras? El objetivo de este estudio, mediante una estrategia metodológica mixta de fuentes secundarias, es hacer un balance del modelo de gestión desconcentrado de la policía con orientación comunitaria y analizar sus perspectivas futuras. Se argumentará que, si bien este modelo de gestión ha logrado algunos objetivos importantes, al día de hoy deben ser contextualizados para definir nuevos desafíos y metas institucionales. Analizar este proceso en Ecuador puede ser un insumo importante para comprender el alcance de un modelo de gestión altamente difundido en América Latina.

Resumen La pandemia de la covid-19 ubicó los temas del control social en el centro de un debate de alto valor, al cual se le ha dado el nombre de leviatán sanitario. En un sentido histórico, esta idea no es moderna, pues obedece a una vieja saga con distintas racionalidades que han dado forma a las instituciones policiales, situación que se explica en el marco del institucionalismo histórico como la disciplina encargada de dar cuenta de las configuraciones organizacionales en periodos prolongados. Por esta razón, mediante una revisión hermenéutica de la interpretación de autores, autoras y fuentes documentales, en este artículo se realiza una genealogía del rol de las pandemias en la demarcación de las racionalidades de las instituciones policiales en América Latina, poniendo un particular interés en los casos de Ecuador y Chile. Se concluye que el Gobierno absolutista moral, la mentalidad burocrática, el leviatán antidrogas, la prevención de la violencia y, actualmente, la preocupación por la bioseguridad son distintos momentos en los que se ha construido la racionalidad policial como un problema gubernamental. Si bien la reflexión poscovid apunta a que las Policías han dado un giro salubrista, en realidad históricamente estas siempre han sido moldeadas por las "pandemias", lo cual constituye un excelente mecanismo para vislumbrar la configuración de las instituciones policiales del futuro.

What people are saying about No Justice, No Police? "Globally, there are increasing concerns about police use of force within both democratic nation-states and authoritarian regimes. This is combined with a growing awareness of the fact that criminal justice systems are institutionally racist. This book does an admirable job of drawing together these issues and asking urgent questions: what is the role of the police; what could justice be in the 21st century; do black lives really matter? The book will be invaluable for all students interested in justice, equality and rights in the age of Black Lives Matter." David Baker, University of Liverpool, author of: Deaths after Police Contact: Constructing Accountability in the 21st century (2016, Palgrave-Macmillan), "We Are Not the Enemy": Police Related Deaths in the United States" (2021, Lexington Books) "This timely edited volume exposes a threatening dialectic manoeuvre: the 21st century is returning to the situation present within the origins of capitalist society when the military was in charge of public surveillance, but now it does so in a more egregious manner: through militarized policing. However, the book does not leave us without hope. Instead, it is a call to build upon a worldwide social movement demanding the defunding of the police and proposing a transformative way of dealing with crime and punishment.

There is now widespread agreement amongst theorists and commentators that there has been a sea-change in the culture of crime control since the 1970s. New paradigms and sensibilities about the institutions of criminal justice have arisen, not least amongst those scholars who concern themselves with questions to do with the institution of statutory policing. The interplay between scientific epistemology and political intelligence continues to provide a backdrop to the contemporary public engagements of criminology. The theory of evidence-based policing assumes that there is a correct, objective analysis of risk that is superior to the knowledge police might otherwise use to resolve their information dilemmas. Community-based policing ‘capitalizes on the resources of communities to identify and control crime’ and rests upon the idea that citizens can be enlisted to help ‘co-produce’ community safety. The fallacies of evidence-based policing arise through errors resulting from the kind of reasoning that wants to find the evidence to confirm the conclusions it has already reached.

In the digital age, understanding the representation of law enforcement on social media is essential, particularly in the context of widespread activism. This study examines the portrayal of police in social media groups advocating against perceived injustices, with a specific focus on the case of Roman Zadorov's alleged wrongful conviction in Israel. Analyzing 480 posts over seven years, the study reveals a consistently negative depiction of the police, lacking positive references. The portrayal encompasses five main categories: depicting police as unprofessional, particularly in Zadorov's case; generalizing police as unprofessional; portraying police as corrupt, both in Zadorov's case and broadly; and viewing police as part of a collaborative network of institutional bodies in the Zadorov case. This research explores the representation of law enforcement in the digital era, highlighting the predominantly negative portrayal within influential social media groups during social justice movements.

Faire de l'Histoire avec Daniel Roche Penser les sciences et les savoirs avec Daniel Roche Stéphane Van Damme Cerner la contribution de Daniel Roche à l'histoire des sciences et des savoirs de l'époque moderne pourrait apparaître comme un exercice artificiel, si un récent entretien ne venait jeter une lumière nouvelle sur sa participation au renouvellement historiographique de cette discipline 1. Daniel Roche y rappelle d'abord l'importance de la philosophie des sciences dans sa formation dans les années 1950 où, en propédeutique déjà, il « tente d'écouter Bachelard » qu'il trouve « fascinant et attirant », mais reconnaît que ce premier contact « restait très dépendant des circonstances et de l'improvisation », lié à la lecture des grandes synthèses de l'Histoire générale des sciences dirigée par René Taton 2. Il signale aussi que les épreuves de géographie de l'agrégation d'alors intégraient des connaissances scientifiques relevant de la botanique, de la géologie, du climat. C'est en tant que préparateur à l'agrégation à l'École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud qu'il élargit sa culture générale scientifique, puis dans le cadre de l'enquête d'histoire du livre entreprise par François Furet et Alphonse Dupront où il est chargé d'analyser la catégorie bibliographique « sciences et arts » aux côtés de Jacques Roger et Jean Erhard 3. Plus généralement, comme il l'analyse, « le domaine de l'histoire des sciences souffrait en quelque sorte d'une non-reconnaissance globale par l'ensemble des historiens et d'une dispersion interdisciplinaire et institutionnelle » 4. En France, de Gaston Bachelard à Michel Foucault en passant par Alexandre Koyré ou Georges Canguilhem, l'épistémologie française a questionné une même définition de la science (au singulier) comme système autonome de connaissances en la confrontant à d'autres régimes de scientificité ou de

This study examined the impact of Human Resource Strategies (HRS) on Employee Relations in entrepreneurial organizations operating in Dubai, with Work Culture serving as a mediating variable. A structured questionnaire was administered to 370 employees from startups and innovation-driven enterprises, and the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results revealed that HRS positively affected both Work Culture and Employee Relations. Additionally, Work Culture significantly mediated the relationship between HRS and Employee Relations. These findings supported all proposed hypotheses and contributed to the strategic human resource management literature by highlighting the pivotal role of organizational culture in entrepreneurial contexts. Practical implications were drawn for HR practitioners and policymakers to design culture-aligned HR interventions that enhance employee engagement and organizational cohesion. Despite limitations related to the study's cross-sectional design and geographic scope, the research provided a strong foundation for future investigations into HR dynamics within high-growth entrepreneurial environments.

Svensk kritisk rasforskning har länge uppmärksammat ”rashumor” som ett fenomen som kan återskapa en normerande vithet. Det perspektivet har undersökt ett njutningsfullt överläge i skrattet, men i den här artikeln riktas fokus mot andra affekter och mot hur den som drog skämtet förhandlar humorns betydelse i retrospektiv. Materialet består av podcasts, tevedokumentärer, böcker och tidningsartiklar där komikern Henrik Schyffert ges utrymme att blicka tillbaka på sin karriär som komiker, och reflektera över de tidiga skämt som mött kritik. Syftet är att synliggöra det affektiva arbete som ligger i att hantera tidigare skämt, där humorns betydelse är under förhandling och beroende av vad som blir tyst och tabu. Analysen visar hur skam, ånger och självkritik görs performativt, och att humor som anklagas för rasism är svårare att tala om i jämförelse med den humor som kritiserats för att vara sexistisk eller homofob. Därmed lämnas ett bidrag till hur antirasistiska subjektspositioner skapas i det affektiva arbetet att blicka tillbaka på gamla skämt – och vad det kan säga oss om möjligheten att tala om humor, ras och rasism i det samtida Sverige.

Spanish policemen played a pivotal role in the reforms between 1905 and 1912 that modernised policing in Spain. This article focuses on their protest and advocacy strategies to compel the government to acknowledge their rights and concerns. The first section covers pre-reform protest campaigns organised by policemen. The second explores how police journals influenced the provisions and decrees shaping subsequent restructurings. The next section examines the inception of police provident societies, particularly the formation of the first montepío. The final section analyses the campaign of protests led by police sectors adversely affected by the reforms, emphasising their innovative approaches in language and strategies. Some officers consistently advocated for more ambitious reform policies, while others staunchly resisted measures detrimental to their interests. Despite internal conflicts within their complex organisation, policemen managed to significantly influence the institution’s restructuring.

Questo numero monografico si concentra sul lavoro delle polizie in Italia e in Germania a partire dalla fine della Seconda guerra mondiale, adottando una prospettiva che privilegia lo studio delle pratiche nelle diverse dimensioni spaziali. Analizzando le prassi operative nei territori, gli autori e le autrici indagano i processi attraverso cui le polizie operano e si muovono in contesti geografici e su scale di grandezza differenti (città, province e regioni).
I contributi di questo numero prendono in esame diverse istituzioni, vari ambiti dell’attività di polizia e molteplici modalità di controllo statale. L’istituzione di polizia viene pertanto considerata non solo come un’autorità esecutiva e funzionale del potere statale, ma anche come un attore situato nello spazio, nei territori, che compie un lavoro di mediazione tra le autorità centrali (o regionali) e i diversi contesti locali in cui opera. La storia delle polizie viene quindi raccontata anche come una storia dello spazio pubblico e come una storia sociale regionale e locale.
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Dieses Heft untersucht die Polizeien Italiens und Deutschlands nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und wählt dafür eine praxisorientierte Herangehensweise. Deren Praktiken werden anhand einer auf den Raum bezogenen Perspektive analysiert. Die Autor:innen fragen also danach, wie die Polizeien in unterschiedlichen geografischen Kontexten (Städte, Provinzen und Regionen) agieren und den jeweiligen Raum polizieren.

Die Beiträge in diesem Heft nehmen unterschiedliche Institutionen von Polizei, diverse Räume polizeilichen Handelns sowie vielfältige Modi staatlicher Kontrolle in den Blick. Dabei wird die Institution Polizei nicht nur als funktionale Ausführungsinstanz staatlicher Gewalt begriffen, sondern als räumlich situierte Akteurin, die zwischen zentralstaatlichen (oder regionalstaatlichen) Autoritäten und den verschiedenen lokalen Kontexten vermittelt. Polizeigeschichte wird demnach als Geschichte des öffentlichen Raumes erzählt und zugleich auch als regionale Gesellschaftsgeschichte.

Introduction: In October 2019, British pilot Mohamed Barakat arrived in Almaty, Kazakhstan with his Kazakh wife, Madina Abdullayeva, and their one-year-old daughter, Sophia. By the next morning, Sophia was dead and Barakat was found unconscious-a family tragedy that quickly escalated into a politically-charged prosecution. Kazakh authorities accused Barakat of brutally murdering his infant daughter, and a trial by media ensued, painting him as a violent killer before any fair trial could occur. Barakat was ultimately convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2020, but mounting evidence suggests he is an innocent man ensnared in a corrupt and biased system. This exposé examines how state-controlled media, police and prosecutors disseminated false information to sway public opinion, how flawed forensics and judicial double-standards helped secure a wrongful conviction, and how Kazakhstan's justice system-despite official promises of reform-continues to violate ruleof-law norms. Barakat's case, largely ignored by those who should help (even the British government), underscores Kazakhstan's poor human rights record and the immense challenges of overturning a conviction in a system where acquittals are virtually nonexistent. *Mohamed Barakat with his infant daughter Sophia (personal family photo). In 2019, Barakat was accused of murdering Sophia-a charge he vehemently denies, claiming he was incapacitated and that the tragedy was a terrible accident.* Trial by Media: False Narratives and State-Controlled Press

Susana llegó hasta nosotros nerviosa, inquieta, embrollada. Su presentación fue un enunciado que bien podría constituirse como la oración inaugural de una obra de literatura de no-ficción 1 : si bien en esta historia no hay un fusilado que vive, sí "Hay túneles subterráneos que conectan la Jefatura con el Comando de Ejército". Es así que Rosario, la prostibularia con nombre de virgen (Bianchi et al. 2008), la ciudad-puerto constituida como tal en torno a los mitos fundantes del contrabando y de lo oculto; se nos presenta conectando lo clandestino y subterráneo con 'lo otro': lo público, lo dicho, lo que sí se narra y, narrándose, convierte a ese túnel en puente. Puente como transmisión, como manera de recordar, de re-semantizar, de traer las ausencias del pasado al presente (es decir, a la presencia). Nos proponemos entonces, a través del siguiente trabajo, indagar respecto de las historias que vinculan el antiguo edificio del Comando del 2° Cuerpo de Ejército 2 con el edificio de Jefatura de Policía, en donde funcionó el Servicio de Informaciones de la Policía 3 , principal centro clandestino de detención (de aquí en adelante, CCD) en la ciudad de Rosario, epicentro de la represión en el sur santafesino.

La literatura especializada sobre el gobierno político de la seguridad
y la policía en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, señala que el
desempeño de las administraciones gubernamentales recientes osciló
entre iniciativas de carácter reformista, orientadas a modernizar
el funcionamiento del sistema de seguridad y la policía, e iniciativas
conservadoras o regresivas, signadas por la búsqueda de desarticular
los lineamientos impulsados por otros gobiernos. Sin embargo,
poco se conoce sobre el impacto de estas cuestiones en el plano
de la institucionalidad política. Desde el enfoque de las estructuras
organizativas y el gobierno de la seguridad, y por medio de la aplicación
de un estudio de caso, el presente trabajo analiza la institucionalidad
política del Ministerio de Seguridad de la provincia de Buenos Aires
destinada al gobierno de la seguridad y la policía durante los años
2015 y 2023, es decir, durante la gestión de María Eugenia Vidal y Axel
Kicillof al frente de la gobernación provincial. Los resultados muestran
cuáles fueron los ejes principales que orientaron la gestión de ambos
mandatarios en los aspectos señalados. El trabajo contribuye a la
indagación científica y la reflexión sobre cuestiones poco abordadas
por las ciencias sociales.

Police officers are being entrusted with significant amounts of discretion and power which they are required to justify when things get wrong and when it has resulted in violation of the victim's constitutional right. Many police decisions carry potential serious consequences when violated, for instance, arrest, and use of force, search, and seizure if it has to be done within the ambit of the law requires effective decision making . Although some parameters are provided during training on best practice in managing cases, there is still room for officer's discretion. Terms such as "reasonable" leave The study examines the influence of personality traits and demographic variables on decision-making styles in crime management among police officers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Employing a cross sectional survey design, a total of 388 officers of the Nigerian police within 3 area commands in FCT were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using validated instruments, including the Big Five Personality Inventory and Police Crime Management Decision Scale. Two hypotheses were developed and tested and the result using multiple regression analysis revealed that agreeableness (β = 0.35, p < 0.01) and openness to experience (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) significantly predicted effective decision-making styles. While Conscientiousness (β = .005, t(285) = 0.088, p = .93), Neuroticism (β = -.016, t(285) = -0.247, p = .805) and Extraversion (β = -.093, t (285) = -1.65, p = .100) were not statistically significant predictors of decision-making. While demographic variables, gender, age, years of service (YoS), were also not jointly statistically significant, F(42, 248) = 1.36, p = .082. Gender (F(1, 248) = 0.28, p = .600), Age (F(5, 248) = 1.05, p = .390), Years of service (F(6, 248) = 0.43, p = .861) did not independently significantly predict decision-making. The results indicate that psychological factors play a crucial role in shaping decision-making processes among police officers. The study recommends that Police recruitment and promotion processes should include standardized psychological assessments that evaluate traits such as openness to experience, agreeableness. Finally officers should be assigned to roles based on psychological competence and decision-making capabilities rather than based on demographic background.

Police officers are being entrusted with significant amounts of discretion and power which they are required to justify when things get wrong and when it has resulted in violation of the victim's constitutional right. Many police decisions carry potential serious consequences when violated, for instance, arrest, and use of force, search, and seizure if it has to be done within the ambit of the law requires effective decision making . Although some parameters are provided during training on best practice in managing cases, there is still room for officer's discretion. Terms such as "reasonable" leave The study examines the influence of personality traits and demographic variables on decision-making styles in crime management among police officers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Employing a cross sectional survey design, a total of 388 officers of the Nigerian police within 3 area commands in FCT were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using validated instruments, including the Big Five Personality Inventory and Police Crime Management Decision Scale. Two hypotheses were developed and tested and the result using multiple regression analysis revealed that agreeableness (β = 0.35, p < 0.01) and openness to experience (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) significantly predicted effective decision-making styles. While Conscientiousness (β = .005, t(285) = 0.088, p = .93), Neuroticism (β = -.016, t(285) = -0.247, p = .805) and Extraversion (β = -.093, t (285) = -1.65, p = .100) were not statistically significant predictors of decision-making. While demographic variables, gender, age, years of service (YoS), were also not jointly statistically significant, F(42, 248) = 1.36, p = .082. Gender (F(1, 248) = 0.28, p = .600), Age (F(5, 248) = 1.05, p = .390), Years of service (F(6, 248) = 0.43, p = .861) did not independently significantly predict decision-making. The results indicate that psychological factors play a crucial role in shaping decision-making processes among police officers. The study recommends that Police recruitment and promotion processes should include standardized psychological assessments that evaluate traits such as openness to experience, agreeableness. Finally officers should be assigned to roles based on psychological competence and decision-making capabilities rather than based on demographic background.

Police officers are being entrusted with significant amounts of discretion and power which they are required to justify when things get wrong and when it has resulted in violation of the victim's constitutional right. Many police decisions carry potential serious consequences when violated, for instance, arrest, and use of force, search, and seizure if it has to be done within the ambit of the law requires effective decision making . Although some parameters are provided during training on best practice in managing cases, there is still room for officer's discretion. Terms such as "reasonable" leave The study examines the influence of personality traits and demographic variables on decision-making styles in crime management among police officers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Employing a cross sectional survey design, a total of 388 officers of the Nigerian police within 3 area commands in FCT were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using validated instruments, including the Big Five Personality Inventory and Police Crime Management Decision Scale. Two hypotheses were developed and tested and the result using multiple regression analysis revealed that agreeableness (β = 0.35, p < 0.01) and openness to experience (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) significantly predicted effective decision-making styles. While Conscientiousness (β = .005, t(285) = 0.088, p = .93), Neuroticism (β = -.016, t(285) = -0.247, p = .805) and Extraversion (β = -.093, t (285) = -1.65, p = .100) were not statistically significant predictors of decision-making. While demographic variables, gender, age, years of service (YoS), were also not jointly statistically significant, F(42, 248) = 1.36, p = .082. Gender (F(1, 248) = 0.28, p = .600), Age (F(5, 248) = 1.05, p = .390), Years of service (F(6, 248) = 0.43, p = .861) did not independently significantly predict decision-making. The results indicate that psychological factors play a crucial role in shaping decision-making processes among police officers. The study recommends that Police recruitment and promotion processes should include standardized psychological assessments that evaluate traits such as openness to experience, agreeableness. Finally officers should be assigned to roles based on psychological competence and decision-making capabilities rather than based on demographic background.

The paper is about the marketing meaning of business relationships. Marketing is the science of market behaviour. Or to be more precise the scope of marketing is the behaviour of different market actors, as individuals and organisations, suppliers and buyers, middlemen, and market regulating authorities. Transactions between or among partners are the basic research unites of marketing. Recurrence of transactions creates market dynamics. Market relationships are constructed by repeating transactions.

The PRC Office is a division of the City Manager&#39;s Office with a staff of three:  The PRC Officer administers the daily operations of the PRC office, supervises staff, oversees complaint investigations, and serves as Secretary to the Commission. As Secretary, the PRC Officer staffs commission meetings and provides managerial support in the execution of PRC policies and procedures.  The PRC Investigator conducts in-depth investigations of civilian complaints against members of the Berkley Police Department, assists with special projects, and periodically serves as Acting Commission Secretary.  The Office Specialist III manages the front office, provides administrative support to the PRC Officer and Investigator, prepares and maintains PRC records, and compiles statistics.

On behalf of the Berkeley Police Review Commission, I present the Commission's 2013 Annual Report. The main purpose of this report is to provide statistical data of misconduct complaints filed during the year. However, also included is the Commission roster with a short description of the Commissioners' duties, an introduction to the Commission Staff, a brief outline of the complaint procedure and a list of meetings held this year. 2013 was a busy year for the Commission. Early in the year, the City of Berkeley was faced with the in-custody death of a member of its community. The Commission voted unanimously to begin a formal investigation which demanded a high degree of professionalism and time from the Commissioners and Staff. It is my firm belief that the Commission and Staff conducted themselves with the utmost competence during this investigation which is slated to culminate at a Board of Inquiry in early 2014. While much of the Commission's time this year was dedicated to hearing the public's concerns of the aforementioned investigation, the Commission was nonetheless able to address many other important issues affecting our community. Prompted by the Alameda County Sherriff Department's interest in implementing the use of drones in its policing activities, the Commission formed the Drone Subcommittee to explore the possible use of drones in the City of Berkeley. Through the subcommittee process, the Commission collaborated with the Peace and Justice Commission and held a joint town hall meeting in which the public and other stakeholders were able to voice their opinions on the use of drones in the City. This ultimately resulted in a recommendation by the full Commission to the City Council. Police Review Commission (PRC)

El consumo de drogas entre los adolescentes es uno de los mayores problemas psicosociales a los que se enfrentan los profesionales de la salud. El enfasis en los programas preventivos hace necesario el estudio de los factores determinantes del inicio y mantenimiento del abuso de sustancias entre adolescentes. La mayoria de los programas preventivos incluyen la mejora de los niveles de autoestima, a pesar de que los estudios que analizan su relacion con el consumo de sustancias, han encontrado resultados contradictorios. En el presente estudio se analiza la relacion entre el consumo de drogas distintas al alcohol y tabaco y los niveles de autoestima, en una muestra de 415 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 anos y que estudiaban entre 1~ y 40 de E. S. O., en escuelas publicas y privadas de la Comunidad Autonoma Gallega. Ademas de analizar los niveles medios de autoestima, se ha dividido la muestra entre sujetos con autoestima muy baja y autoestima muy alta. Los ...

This paper examines evolving trends in security crisis management within an increasingly interconnected global environment. The study identifies three primary areas of transformation: technological advancements, collaborative governance frameworks, and emerging threat landscapes. The research highlights the integration of artificial intelligence for threat detection, big data analytics for predictive modeling, and social media monitoring for real-time situational awareness. The analysis demonstrates a paradigm shift toward multi-stakeholder engagement, emphasizing public-private partnerships, international cooperation, and community-based resilience building. Contemporary security challenges-including cyber threats, climate-induced displacement, hybrid warfare tactics, and misinformation campaigns-demand adaptive management strategies that address interconnected risks. Key findings reveal the importance of inclusive governance models that engage diverse stakeholders while maintaining democratic values. The research concludes that effective crisis management requires organizations to prioritize adaptability, collaboration, and proactive engagement over traditional reactive approaches to build resilient communities capable of addressing complex, multifaceted security challenges.

El artículo aborda los procesos de especialización policial de tipo político en el funcionamiento de las policías chilenas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, a partir de la conformación de un saber policial empírico siguiendo el paso de actores institucionales clave en este proceso. En base a documentación institucional y gubernamental se revisa la elaboración y reelaboración de la categoría "sujeto sospechoso" que permite atender a las dimensiones transnacional y geopolíticas presentes en la especialización política de las policías.

Religion has always been important to Nigerian society, guiding people’s values and behaviors. However, many young people today are more focused on making money by any means, through various means, including rituals and fraud, and showing off their wealth. This study looks at the increasing practice of money rituals among southwest Nigerian youths, especially among those who engaged in internet fraud and ritual practices to get rich. It further examines the materialistic display of wealth and how it influences young people to engage in money ritual-killing activities. The paper because of its nature employs qualitative methods, drawing on secondary data, literature reviews, social media posts, case studies, newspapers, and other relevant contents. The findings revealed that showing off wealth on social media, poor parenting, and peer pressure, are major factors influencing young people to engage in money rituals. The study therefore concludes and recommends that religious institutions should reinforce ethical teachings on wealth acquisition, integrating messages that counter materialism with values of hard work and integrity.
Keywords: Money Ritual, Religious Values, Social Media Influence, Materialism Display, Moral Decline.

This study examines the physical, social, and temporal dimensions that affect Iranian women's perceptions of safety during travel on public transit. We employ both primary and secondary data: a survey of 680 female users of the Shiraz subway and GIS shapefiles. Our Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) explains 34.4% of the variance in perceived safety. We find that constructs such as access, demographics, design, and surveillance have a direct effect on perceived safety, whereas the effect of timing is only indirect. The effect of surveillance measures, such as CCTV cameras, police officers, and lighting, is the most influential, explaining 43% of the variance in perceived safety. This suggests that, in the case of Shiraz, enhancing these measures may be a particularly effective strategy to boost safety perceptions among female passengers. However, we acknowledge that excessive surveillance can backfire and may also be objectionable on ethical grounds. Beyond infrastructure measures, the real challenge is to cultivate a feeling of collective responsibility for women's and girls' safety and empower female riders to confront and report perpetrators.

This conference explores the centrality of violence in the formation, consolidation, and governance of empires from the early nineteenth century to the First World War. Moving beyond narratives of civilising missions and administrative modernisation, it examines how violence was exercised, codified, justified, and remembered within imperial systems and their metropoles. Bringing together historians and scholars of related disciplines, the event seeks to interrogate the legal, institutional, military, and cultural mechanisms through which coercion operated across diverse imperial contexts—European and non-European alike. Particular attention will be given to the intersections of violence with law, race, gender, class, and mobility, as well as to its symbolic and rhetorical dimensions in shaping imperial legitimacy and its enduring postcolonial legacies. By fostering a comparative and transimperial dialogue, the conference aims to contribute to broader debates on state power, political modernity, and the global history of coercion.

The criminalization of racially minoritized youth is often examined in the literature on racial and ethnic disparities (RED) and the school-to-prison pipeline. Most of the research in this area focuses on the impact of formalized criminalization on the offending trajectories of racially minoritized youth, often overlooking informal experiences with criminalization and their influence on how these youth construct their selfperceptions. The current study assesses human and juvenile justice service providers' perceptions of the impact of repeated criminalization on racially minoritized youths' self-concept and other outcomes. The results of thematic coding showed that practitioners perceived that the ubiquitous experience of regular criminalization altered racially minoritized youths' self-concept and contributed to other problems, including compounded criminalization, and the development of internalizing and at-risk behaviors. The results suggest that the criminalization process extends beyond juvenile justice processing and access to conventional opportunities.

In this article, we address the impact of political and state centralization
measures promoted by Peronism by studying the reorganization of the
structure of the Córdoba police force, headed by Federal Police officers.
In this regard, we identify the Inter-American Conferences on the
Coordination of Police and Judicial Measures, held during World War II,
as spaces that enabled the emergence of federal-level police
cooperation organizations that relied on national defense, along with
the maintenance of neutrality, to legitimize police action in matters of
internal security. At the same time, from a national perspective, we
investigate the context of political and partisan disputes following the
1943 coup d'état and their implications for the Córdoba police force. As
demonstrated, the modifications included internal provisions
(personnel regimes and technical infrastructure) and the passage of a
police law that enshrined their unification under a single authority: the
provincial police chief. This research aims to provide a series of
perspectives for studying the role of police institutions in the affirmation
and consolidation of government political power.

Summary
Different concepts often evoke various emotions, positive or
negative. The emotions can be related to the understanding and the
meaning of the concepts. Two such concepts dealing with femininity
are girl (‘flicka’) and chick (‘tjej’) and the aim of this study is to
linguistically investigate the meaning of these concepts in order to
understand the emotions they evoke. The emotions relating to these
concepts may have to do with changes over time and therefore I will
also study how these concepts have changed over five decades.
Theoretically I employ a socio-cultural perspective where language
and society are seen as related, and how we use language is seen as
a way of constructing society. Methodologically my study is in the
field of corpus linguistics, since I use large computerized textcollections
for the study of meaning. Meaning in this context is
defined as something that is revealed in language use, more
specifically, in frequency-based language patterns such as collocations,
adjective attributes and lexical relations in relation to the two
concepts. My conclusions are that the two concepts flicka and tjej
are used very differently through the years. Flicka has decreased in
importance – both quantitatively (less used) and qualitatively (in
fewer different contexts/about fewer topics). Flicka is also related
to more negative attributes, and is used in passive roles. At the
same time tjej has increased in importance quantitatively (used
more) and qualitatively (more contexts/subjects). Tjej is also at the
same time used in relation to positive attributes and in active roles.
The changes in usage of flicka and tjej can be seen as interrelated in
that there seems to be a matter of a division of labour between the
two concepts. Flicka and tjej are used in different contexts and with
different functions, which could explain the different emotions
towards the concepts.

The economic potential of the regency of Algiers has led to question the weight of the theoreticians of liberalism in the colonial project, highlighting the existence of this ambition before the French Revolution already. The role of the officers and administrators located there remains poorly known, although the information available to the government and parliament came mainly from their reports and correspondence. Based on this documentation, which is still unevenly exploited, we examine the way these actors, who primary had a military training, and to a lesser extent a legal one, attempted to develop projections for the future of the Regency under French rule, based as much on their present and past experiences as on what they considered to be the general principles of development and public action under the new regime. This approach makes it possible to see how career, rivalries of competence and supply as well as the circulation of economic ideas and the multiplication of publications on Algiers at the beginning of the July Monarchy weigh on these predictions. It shows in particular the role of the military and civil intendants and the administrators of Finances in disseminating hypotheses based alternately on agricultural and commercial assumptions, before the 1833-1834 parliamentary commissions of enquiry ratified the project of a European colonisation.

Focusing on discourses surrounding the introduction and use of body-worn cameras, this book contends that the principal catalyst for equipping front-line officers with cameras is linked to media narratives concerning beliefs about their effectiveness in bringing about police reform.

Although research testing the efficacy of body cameras is inconsistent, law enforcement agencies continue to adopt and use body-worn cameras on the premise that the technology will increase and enhance accountability and transparency. The authors argue that the police and public do not have shared definitions or expectations associated with the terms accountability and transparency, but that these ideas appear frequently across media narratives in relation to police reform. Police Body-Worn Cameras: Media and the New Discourse of Police Reform details how the new discourse obfuscates the clashing expectations and goals of police and publics, ensuring that transparency and accountability remain aspirational public concepts with no enshrined legal or policy parameters that bolster the legitimacy of policing as an institution.

This book will appeal to scholars and students of criminology, sociology, media studies and policing.

Polis teşkilatı, toplumda güvenliği sağlamak ve kamu düzenini korumak amacıyla ortaya çıkmış bir kurumdur. Görevleri zaman içinde değişen toplumsal ihtiyaçlara göre evrilmiş, yalnızca suçla mücadele eden bir güç olmanın ötesine geçerek kriz yönetimi, halkla ilişkiler ve hukuki süreçlere destek gibi çok boyutlu sorumluluklar üstlenmiştir.

Tarih boyunca polis, merkezi otoritenin gücünü temsil eden bir yapı olarak, toplumsal düzenin sağlanmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Görev tanımları, yetki sınırları ve örgütsel yapılar, zamanla daha disiplinli ve kurumsal bir hâl almıştır. Bu süreç, hem polis memurlarının etkinliğini artırmış hem de halkın devlete olan güvenini güçlendirmiştir.

Modern polis teşkilatı, toplumsal yaşamın karmaşıklaşması ve suç tiplerinin çeşitlenmesiyle birlikte, farklı uzmanlık alanlarına sahip birimler oluşturarak görevlerini yerine getirmektedir. Eğitim, teknolojik donanım ve hukuki çerçeve, polislerin görevlerini etkin ve güvenli şekilde yapmalarını sağlayan temel unsurlar olmuştur.

Bununla birlikte, polisler çeşitli zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Yoğun iş temposu, stres, ekonomik ve hukuki sorunlar, mesleki tatminsizlik, toplumsal algı ve aile hayatındaki dengeler, polislerin iş performansını ve psikolojik sağlığını etkileyen önemli etkenlerdir.

Özetle, polis teşkilatı, toplumsal düzeni sağlamak ve halkın güvenliğini temin etmek amacıyla sürekli gelişen, modern devletin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan ve çok boyutlu görevler üstlenen bir kurumdur. Polislerin yaşadığı zorluklar, bu kurumun işleyişini etkileyen önemli dinamikler arasında yer almaktadır.

In a war scenario, air operations are key to a favorable resolution of the conflict, and can even be won through air power, as was the case not so long ago with the Kosovo War, which took place in the last decade of the 20th century. To achieve this, air supremacy was vital. This concept implies control of the skies in a given war scenario, at any time and in any place, preventing hostile aircraft from interfering with allied air and/or ground operations or conducting offensive missions of any kind.

The F-22 as a weapons systems, enables this capability. This paper describes the full performance and systems of the aircraft.

Öz Kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarında temel aktör görevinde yer alan kamu personelinin mesleki görevlerini yerine getirmelerinde içsel ve dışsal birçok faktör yer almaktadır. Bu faktörleri içerisinde barındıran kamusal hizmet motivasyonu (KHM), personelin kamu hizmetindeki etkinlik ve verimliliğine yönelik bir yaklaşım olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kamusal hizmeti motivasyonu personelin güdülenmesinde ekonomik faktör dışında yer alan diğer motivasyon faktörleri üzerinde durarak, kamu personelinin, kamu hizmetindeki etkinlik ve verimliliklerinin artırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışma, ekonomik faktörler dışında kamu personelinin motivasyonuna ve verimliliğine katkıda bulunan faktörlerin neler olduğuna, ayrıca demografik faktörlerin bu durum üzerinde etkili olup olmadığına yönelik bir incelemedir.

This report, commissioned by the Gauteng legislature, seeks to add clarity and enrich debate as to role of the executive and legislative structures at provincial level with respect to oversight of the police. Using international literature, it sets a conceptual framework for understanding how police agencies are held accountable in democracies, and why oversight of the police service is substantially different to that over other government agencies. Towards this end, an argument is made that police have to be held accountable for both their performance (what they do) and their conduct (how they do things). Key elements of policing as a particular profession are presented so as to highlight specific challenges for external civilian oversight structures tasked with holding the police accountable.

Following its entry into service in September 1991 and the development of several variants, the AIM-120 AMRAAM (Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile) is currently the air-to-air weapon par excellence used in Beyond Visual Range (BVR) combat, replacing the AIM-7 Sparrow in its role.

This paper shows a brief desciption of the missile and the related air-to-air capabilities.

Este artículo busca relacionar dos importantes hechos ocurridos antes de la fusión que da vida a Carabineros de Chile el 27 de abril de 1927, con este preciso hito fundacional: el movimiento militar conocido como "Ruido de Sables" y la unificación de las Policías Fiscales de la República que se manifiestan como pasos previos a la fusión de 1927.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), and World Trade Organization (WTO) are three pillars that shape the architecture of global economic governance. Their existence and authority are not based on mere political agreements but are rooted in strong and binding legal foundations. This research aims to analyze the legal foundations that form the basis for the establishment, authority, and operations of these three institutions. This study uses a normative juridical method with a conceptual and statutory approach. Data was collected through a literature study of primary legal materials, such as the Articles of Agreement of the IMF and IBRD, the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, and various related legal instruments, as well as secondary materials in the form of legal literature and scientific journals. The research findings indicate that the legal foundation of the IMF and the World Bank is the Articles of Agreement ratified by member countries, which grants them international legal personality, privileges, and immunities. Their authority is focused on monetary stability and development financing. Meanwhile, the WTO's legal foundation is the Marrakesh Agreement, which establishes a rule-based multilateral trading system with a binding dispute settlement mechanism. Despite their robust legal frameworks, these three institutions face contemporary challenges, such as shifting global economic power, digitalization, and calls for reform to better reflect the interests of developing countries. This research concludes that a strong and adaptive legal foundation is crucial for these institutions to maintain their legitimacy and effectiveness in promoting global economic stability and prosperity.
Keywords: Legal Foundation, IMF, World Bank, WTO, Global Economic Governance