Plant Genetic Resources

This study aims to examine the nutritional value and reintroduction on the decline of Igbo cocoyam in Manyu division. This study adopts the survey research design. The study also made used of farmers of Igbo cocoyam in Manyu division. The sampling technique adopted for this study is the stratified random sampling technique which is one of the non-probability sampling techniques. The sample size used was 200 respondents who were farmers from Mamfe central, Eyumojock, Akwaya, and Upper Bayang from the four subdivisions in Manyu division. Questionnaire was used as a primary data to collect data. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that generic factors, soil fertility, and agronomic practices have positive and significant effect on the decline of Igbo cocoyam in Manyu division. The study recommended that farmers show well manage these factors if they intend to have quality yields. This is because; results shows that these determinants are supportive and can reverse the decline of Igbo cocoyam in Manyu division.

The paper reviews present status of forest plantations in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the light of information being collected within the framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment Programme (FRA) and the on-going FRA2000 study. It discusses the type and reliability of available information and analyses trends in the tropical and temperate zone countries in the region. The place and role of traditional and advanced technologies of tree improvement and breeding are examined in the light of the need to improve quality and increase production of a range of goods and environmental services which can be derived from forest plantations and tree planting activities, while at the same time ensuring the conservation of the genetic variation necessary in the light of constantly changing environmental conditions and new and often unforeseen demands of society. The paper underlines that forest plantation and tree improvement strategies must form an integral part of ...

Este estudio establecio los sitios de la Provincia de Chimborazo donde fueron ubicadas 5 especies de Passifloras, las cuales segun bibliografia, tienen beneficios dentro de la medicina; como ansioliticos; las especies de Passifloras estudiadas fueron: P. tripartita, P. ligularis, P. mixta, P. manicata y P. quadrangularis. Se realizaron salidas de campo para establecer con un GPS las coordenadas geograficas donde se encuentran ubicadas cada especie de Passiflora, determinandose las condiciones ambientales con el fin de establecer las zonas de vida donde habita cada especie. En el estudio macro-morfologico el material vegetal recolectado, fue acondicionado y llevado a la Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Agronomia, donde se procedio al reconocimiento de las caracteristicas de las estructuras de cada planta. Para el estudio micro-morfologico, se realizo cortes de flores y hojas, a estos se les dio tratamiento quimico mediante formol-acido acetico-alcohol (FAA) y parafina, para...

Community seedbanks and emerging networks of community seedbanks contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Community seedbanks can secure improved access to and availability of diverse, locally adapted crops and varieties and enhance related indigenous knowledge and skills in plant management including seed selection, treatment, storage, multiplication and distribution.

PR4 genes post-infection, with TWC1100 showing robust expression, while Boushy exhibited minimal gene activation. Discussion: The integration of agronomic, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular analyses revealed promising maize genotypes with enhanced resistance to late wilt disease (LWD) and stable performance across diverse environments. These findings highlight the potential of these genotypes as valuable candidates for inclusion in breeding programs targeting improved disease resistance and yield stability under varying environmental conditions.

Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.), a rare and valuable medicinal plant, is gaining attention for its bioactive compounds and diverse applications. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic and tribal medicine, it is renowned for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Despite its potential, the cultivation, conservation, and commercial exploitation of black turmeric remain limited. This review explores the botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, cultivation practices, and market potential of black turmeric, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of this underutilized crop.

Historia de los datos en biodiversidad Los datos de biodiversidad hoy El ciclo de vida de los datos Marco normativo y uso de datos en políticas públicas Desafíos Datos en biodiversidad Descripción de datos: ¿Qué indexar y para qué? Panorama global: Iniciativas para aumentar accesibilidad, reutilización e interoperabilidad de los datos de biodiversidad Iniciativas de países: Hacia la integración de datos ambientales y de biodiversidad Panorama local: Avances y brechas Estándares para el intercambio de datos de biodiversidad Recursos físicos para independencia local frente a data warehouses privadas Observatorio para el monitoreo y análisis de la biodiversidad Observación de la biodiversidad Un observatorio nacional de biodiversidad Datos en bioDiversiDaD: Un informe para Cop25 cap 6 -5

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity has been examined using PCR-RFLP and RFLP strategies for phylogenetic studies in the genus Phaseolus. Twenty-two species, including 4 of the 5 cultivated species (P. lunatus ¸., the Lima bean; P. vulgaris L., the common bean; P. coccineus L., the runner bean and P. polyanthus Greenman, the year-bean), represented by 86 accessions were included in the study. Six PCR primers designed from cpDNA and a total cpDNA probe were used for generating markers. Phylogenetic reconstruction using both Wagner parsimony and the neighbor-joining method was applied to the restriction fragment data obtained from each of the molecular approaches. P. vulgaris L. was shown to separate with several species of largely Mesoamerican distribution, including P. coccineus L. and P. polyanthus Greenman, whereas P. lunatus L. forms a complex with 3 Andean species (P. pachyrrhizoides Harms, P. augusti Harms and P. bolivianus Piper) co-evolving with a set of companion species with a Mesoamerican distribution.

A rare aberrant fruit phenotype was found in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in St Augustine, Trinidad. Double fructification instead of single fructification on a single pedicel was observed. The aberration probably occurred as a result of the formation of two pistils in a single flower. Fruits matured as normal, and fruit morphology and seed number were within the range of that reported for normal fruits of the accession observed in Trinidad. The plant is under investigation and the impact of this finding is highlighted.

Cocoa butterfat and cocoa powder are key economic products from the seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.). In this study, 323 accessions (comprised mainly of Upper Amazon Forasteros and Refractarios) from the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad were characterized for one biochemical and five morphological seed-derived traits. The data were analysed using non-parametric statistics including correlation analysis to identify promising parental candidates for future cacao breeding programmes. The Upper Amazon Forastero group had the greatest proportion of accessions with high butterfat content in cotyledons, whereas Refractario and Trinitario groups tended to contain more accessions with high butterfat content per fruit. The correlation of butterfat content of cotyledons with the dry mass of cotyledons was inconsistent in significance and direction. However, consistent significant positive correlations between butterfat content per fruit, cotyledon size and dry mass of cotyled...

... FL Bekele,' AJ Kennedy,2 C. Mc David', FB Lauckner4 & I. Bekeles 1 The Cocoa Research Unit, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad; 2 West Indies Central Sugar Cane Breeding Station, Groves, Barbados; 3 The Department of Plant Science, The University ...

This minimum descriptor list was designed to characterize and evaluate the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) during field collections and in the germplasm bank. The minimum list contains 38 descriptors, including 4 control descriptors, 9 vegetative descriptors, 9 bunch descriptors, 12 fruit descriptors, 2 pest descriptors and 2 fruit outline descriptors. Additional descriptors are also presented.

This paper presents data from sixteen collecting missions conducted over three decades (2000-2023) in the Lubelskie Voivodeship, located in Southeastern Poland. During these missions, 756 samples of functional plants were collected, along with accompanying species such as weeds, crop wild relatives, ornamental plants, spice plants, and grafts of fruit trees. These materials were compared with those collected during six expeditions in two earlier decades (1980-1999), which resulted in the collection of 665 genotypes. The samples were primarily obtained from local farmers or gathered directly from fields. This study aims to summarise and compare the results of the collecting missions across decades. The analysis indicates that the Lubelskie region remains a place where old varieties of annual vegetable plants, rare weed species (on a national scale), crop wild relatives, and old varieties of fruit trees can still be found. However, old cereal varieties have nearly disappeared. The collected materials were characterised and stored as a base collection under long

As part of the work towards a treatment of the palms for Flora of Thailand a checklist is provided with full synonymy, notes on distribution, vernacular names, and uses. The list comprises 161 species classified into 33 genera. Recently, Hodel & Vatcharakorn (1998) published a profusely illustrated book on Thai palms, accounting for 36 genera and 164 species. The book has been criticised for being written in haste and introducing numerous superfluous names (Lim 1998;. Although the checklist presented here includes more or less the same number of species, there are major differences in genera such as Calamus, Licuala and Iguanura. Many of the names that Hodel (1997a; 1997b, 1998) published in a series of papers preceding the publication of book are synonymised. Furthermore several newly published species have been added, such as Calamus

More than 15-million Ethiopians depend upon enset for their food, fibre, animal forage, construction materials and medicines. However, the sustainability of enset-based agriculture is threatened by a number of factors. The main biotic stresses are bacterial wilt, the enset root mealybug, nematodes, fungi and other vertebrate pests like mole-rats. Enset root mealybug, Cataenococcus ensete is a major pest of enset (Ensete ventricousm) in enset growing areas of southern Ethiopia. This paper reviews the recent body of work on integrated control measures for enset mealybug (Cataenococcus ensete). Its focus includes: biology and description of C. ensete; the pest’s behaviour within the enset plant; its geographical distribution; pest symptoms; mealybug dispersal methods and key means of mealybug management including prevention and cultural, biological and chemical control (including plant-extracts). The enset mealybug is difficult to control with insecticides, due to its cryptic nature, w...

Bioversity International is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2008, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria,

هدف الدراسة إلى صياغة إطار منهجي لبناء وتطبيق خطة الحفظ للمجموعات المتحفية في المتاحف العربية، استنادًا إلى المعايير الدولية والممارسات التطبيقية المعتمدة في المتاحف. وتُعالج الدراسة إشكالية غياب الخطط المؤسسية المنهجية للحفظ في معظم المتاحف العربية، وما يترتب على ذلك من تعرض المقتنيات لمخاطر التدهور والتلف في ظل بيئات مؤسسية تعاني غالبًا من محدودية الموارد البشرية والمادية، وضعف الإجراءات الوقائية لمواجهة المخاطر البيئية أو البشرية. شملت الدراسة شق نظري يُقدم الخطوات العملية لإعداد خطة حفظ متكاملة. واقترحت الدراسة مؤشرات أداء كمية لقياس فاعلية الخطة ومدي تحقيقها لأهدافها، مع تطبيق أدوات تحليل المخاطر الكمية عبر معادلة الاحتمالية والتأثير. بينما تمثل الشق التطبيقي في دراسة حالة لمتحف رأس الخيمة الوطني بالإمارات. وقد أظهرت هذه الحالة مدى الحاجة إلى بناء خطط حفظ ديناميكية تتكيف مع الإمكانيات والموارد المتاحة.
خرجت الدراسة بأن تطوير خطط الحفظ الوقائي يتطلب إدماج الحفظ في السياسات العامة للمتحف كالتوثيق الرقمي، إدارة المخاطر والطوارئ، توظيف التقنيات الرقمية الحديثة في التوثيق والحفظ وإدارة المخاطر، مع ضرورة تعزيز التدريب المهني وبناء القدرات المؤسسية، واعتماد آليات تمويل مستدامة. وقد أوصت الدراسة بأهمية تبني المتاحف العربية لهذه المنهجية المتكاملة، وربطها ببرامج للتقييم الدوري باستخدام أدوات كمية ونوعية. بالإضافة إلي إلزام المتاحف العربية بسياسات تشريعية لضمان تطبيق خطط الحفظ، مع تطوير شراكات مع المؤسسات الدولية وتعزيز الشراكات العربية العربية. وبذلك، تقدم الدراسة نموذجًا عمليًا وأدوات كمية قابلة للتطبيق، يمكن أن تسهم في رفع كفاءة الحفظ الوقائي، وضمان حماية التراث الثقافي في المتاحف العربية للأجيال القادمة.

The Amazon, globally recognized for its remarkable biodiversity, is a region profoundly shaped by the culture and traditions of Indigenous peoples, who number approximately 867.9 thousand individuals, distributed across 180 communities and isolated groups.  Endowed with vast traditional knowledge transmitted across generations and acquired through lived experience, Indigenous peoples have developed deep understandings through their interactions with nature. This knowledge plays a fundamental role in conserving ecosystems that are essential to the planet’s sustainability. When associated with genetic resources, traditional knowledge maintains a direct relationship with nature, living beings, and the environment. The misappropriation of such knowledge, as well as the failure to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits, often perpetrated by external actors, has emerged as a significant challenge for international law, as these practices conflict with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and the Nagoya Protocol  are instruments of international law aimed at regulating access to and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from natural resources obtained through bioprospecting. However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms remains a challenge due to the complexities and consequences associated with illicit exploitation, such as biopiracy. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the interrelationship between bioprospecting in the Amazon, the rights of Indigenous peoples, and the practical implementation of international legal frameworks, particularly through the lens of UNDRIP and the Nagoya Protocol, as means to ensure the preservation of Indigenous cultural heritage and their rights to benefit economically from the exploitation of resources within their territories.
There is no comprehensive academic engagement with this topic in Brazil. A search using the prompt “traditional knowledge and intellectual property” on platforms such as Google Scholar and SciELO returns only one academic article, published in 2007.  Similarly, using the prompt “bioprospecting of genetic resources in the Amazon” yields mostly articles dated prior to 2014, with the most recent one, published in 2023, offering merely a historical overview up to the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol.  Thus, academic research on the topic remains scarce, particularly with respect to addressing it through the lens of international law in its current state of the art.
Using the hypothetical-deductive method, the central question guiding this research is: can international law, through the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Nagoya Protocol, ensure effective protection of Indigenous rights in the face of predatory bioprospecting? The hypotheses derived from this research question are: “no, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Nagoya Protocol are not capable of ensuring such effective protection” and “yes, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Nagoya Protocol are capable of doing so.” Through a qualitative approach involving literature review and documentary analysis of relevant legislation and international treaties, the study aims to explore the hypothesis that, although these legal instruments represent progress in the protection of Indigenous rights, their practical implementation still encounters significant obstacles.

The collection of landraces from farmers’ fields has received significant attention as a strategy to conserve the genetic diversity of food security crops in farms, villages, or countries. In Burkina Faso, the two cultivated rice species, O. glaberrima and O. sativa, are grown in farmers’ fields. To preserve this diversity, a broad collection of rice landraces was acquired in the four main rice growing regions of the country: Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, HautsBassins and Sud-Ouest. Three hundred and thirty rice landraces were collected from farmers’ stocks. The collection was evaluated in a field with 20 quantitative and 30 qualitative agro-morphological traits. Fourteen traits were found to distinguish the entire collection, which was dominated by O. sativa relative to O. glaberrima varieties. The diversity assessment revealed that O. sativa accounted for 86% of the collection and was split into four sub-groups. The application of the Shannon Weaver diversity index, to compare the ...

The monograph contains information on the activities of Russian botanical gardens aimed at forming a human ecological culture for the purposes of sustainable development. The recreational potential of the Siberian Botanical Garden of Tomsk State University is considered and the main areas of activity in the field of environmental education of the population are covered. The experience of implementing environmental projects is described, scenarios of events for schoolchildren (game, practical lesson, project work, master class, environmental campaign, etc.) are given. The book is for specialists in the field of environmental education, teachers of universities and colleges, students, postgraduate students, school teachers, kindergarten teachers.

This study assessed thirty-two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes, including two control varieties, to analyse genetic diversity. The research was conducted during the Kharif season (2024-2025) at the College of Agriculture's Research Farm in Pune. Observations were made on ten quantitative traits, and the Tocher clustering method categorized the genotypes into ten distinct groups. Among these, Cluster I and III were the largest, containing 10 and 8 genotypes, respectively, followed by Cluster II (5 genotypes) and Cluster IV (3 genotypes). The remaining clusters (V to X) each consisted of a single genotype, resulting in zero intra-cluster distance. By evaluating cluster mean values, the most genetically diverse genotypes can be identified for future hybridization programs.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important resource to the national economy and it is essential to assess the genetic diversity in existing sorghum germplasm for better conservation, utilization and crop improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity within and among sorghum germplasms collected from diverse institutes in Nigeria and Mali using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic markers. Genetic diversity among the germplasm was low with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.24. Analysis of Molecular Variation revealed 6% variation among germplasm and 94% within germplasms. Dendrogram revealed three groups of clustering which indicate variations within the germplasms. Private alleles identified in the sorghum accessions from National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Nigeria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Kano, Nigeria shows their prospect for sorghum improvement and...

grapevine genotypes, analyse polymorphism level of ISSR primers used, and determine genetic relationship of some Azerbaijani, introduced cultivars and hybrids. Twenty-one cultivars were analysed via ten polymorphic ISSR primers.. Morphological and ampelography data of genotypes studied according OIV descriptors to provide complete information of accessions. ISSR primers produced a total of 56 bands of which 44 were polymorphic. Resolving power of the ISSR primers ranged between 1.61 (UBC 826) and 4.09 (UBC 840). PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) values varied from 0.211(UBC 842) to 0.401 (UBC 810) respectively. The grapevine genotypes were grouped into five major kinship groups. Considering morphological and high genetic similarity value Khalbasar and Apoi Khagog genotypes showed highest genetic similarity index (0.923) and could be theoretically identical. Our results revealed that ISSR genetic markers combined with morphological and ampleography data could be a better tool for evaluation of genetic diversity among the grapevine genotypes.

Chickpea is mostly cultivated under dryland condition and water availability is the major environmental factor affecting crop yield in dryland conditions. In dryland areas, the crop suffers from moisture stress due to the insecurity of rainfall. The combination of stored soil moisture and high temperatures results in the creation of various degrees of moisture stress during the duration of crop growth, therefore restricting the expression of growth and development characteristics, resulting in a significant loss of crop output. The provision of irrigation proves pivotal for the successful cultivation of chickpea crops during key growth stages, including pre-flowering, pod development and seed filling. Consequently, the implementation of supplemental irrigation serves as a strategic measure to offset potential production losses attributed to terminal drought. This agricultural practice is notably employed in diverse regions worldwide, with a pronounced impact observed in areas such as West Asia and Northern India, where it plays a crucial role in augmenting chickpea productivity. Susceptibility to drought stress has restrained chickpea productivity at a global level, thus, the proper selection of early maturing and drought tolerant cultivars along with supplemental irrigation may be helpful to sustain chickpea production.

se encuentra brindar a sus estudiantes una capacitación formal en tecnología de semillas a través de cursos especializados y entrenamiento práctico en las áreas de producción, procesamiento y acondicionamiento. Con ello, Zamorano participa activamente en la producción y procesamiento eficiente de semilla de frijol de óptima calidad, a la vez que colabora en el fortalecimiento de la industria nacional de semillas y el incremento del nivel de productividad alcanzado por los productores de este rubro. El frijol es el segundo grano básico en importancia en Honduras, debido al volumen de su producción, la superficie destinada a su cultivo y su contribución al valor agregado agrícola. Este grano únicamente se utiliza para el consumo humano, y es una de las principales fuentes de proteína para la gran mayoría de la población del país. Las preferencias del consumidor hondureflo están basadas principalmente en el color, tamaño, sabor y tiempo de cocción del grano. Zamorano, manteniendo sus objetivos de enseñanza e investigación, ha participado activamente en el desarrollo de la industria nacional de semillas. Ejemplo de ello es que entre 1950 y 1985, las únicas instituciones dedicadas a la producción y procesamiento de semilla eran la Secretaría de Recursos Naturales (ahora Secretaría de Agricultura y Ganadería) y Zamorano. Entre 1986 y 1990, varias empresas del país se iniciaron en la producción, procesamiento y mercadeo de semillas de granos básicos, con la espectativa de que la demanda de este insumo se incrementara y en consecuencia se redujera su precio de venta. Sin embargo, en el período 1991-92, la mayoría de estas empresas arrastraron gran parte de sus inventarios debido a la importación de semilla a un precio menor al exigido por ellas, lo que les ocasionó una difícil situación financiera.

في أغسطس 2023 وفي عهد وزيرة الثقافة الدكتورة نيفين الكيلاني، دشنت وزارة ‏الثقافة "بيت ‏التراث"، لتستكمل حلقة من حلقات صون التراث، وتضطلع بمهمتها ‏الموكلة إليها في الحفاظ علي الهوية المصرية التي ‏بدأتها مبكراُ، ‏متخذة إلى هذه الغاية كل السبل والإمكانيات المتاحة، لإقامة أرشيف ‏وطني للتراث الثقافي غير المادي، وإتاحة فضاء ‏للترويج لكل ‏عناصر التراث".‏
"أصبح اليوم هناك  مساحة للاحتفاء ‏بالتراث، يجد فيها كل مصري فرصة لممارسة التراث ‏والاطلاع على ‏إرث أجداده والتفاعل معه بإيجابية، وهذا حق المصريين علينا، ‏ونتعهد باستمرار هذا الجهد لنحقق الهدف معاً، وواجبنا أن نلتف ‏جميعاً لتفعيل دور هذه المؤسسة المعنية بتراثنا العريق الجدير ‏بالتوثيق ‏والصون وإعادة الإحياء ".
وأضافت الدكتورة نهلة إمام أن "بيت التراث" سوف يحتوي على الأرشيف الوطني للتراث ‏الثقافي غير المادي، كما يعني بتطبيق إجراءات صون التراث ‏بالحفظ والتوثيق والنقل والترويج وإعادة الإحياء، ويُعتبر إطلاقه ‏خطوة مهمة لتعزيز الوعي العام بقيم التراث الثقافي، وتعزيز ‏التواصل والحوار داخل البلاد، ومع المجتمع الدُولي، وتعزيز الجهود ‏الوطنية لصون التراث الثقافي غير المادي، وتعميق فهم المجتمع ‏لهذا التراث الغني بالقيم والعادات والممارسات التي تميز الشعب ‏المصري.
يقدم الباحث درافت مبدئي وتصور شخصي لرؤية ورسالة وخطة بيت التراث المصري في الفترة المقبلة

A comprehensive evaluation of 480 distinct accessions of forage pearl millet, employing an augmented design methodology at the Foragen Seeds Private Limited Research Farm, which is situated in Hyderabad during the kharif season of 2024. significant and positive correlation were showed for traits like plant height, panicle length, panicle girth, number of tillers, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf length. Therefore, these traits can be considered for selection of parental lines for further hybrid breeding program. The accessions taken into consideration for the study showed a broad range of genetic differentiation for forage yield component characteristics. The mean of eight traits in 480 accessions with 51.8% variances was used to extract the first three main components with eigenvalues greater than one. The first, second, and third major components yielded variances of 21.4, 16.9, and 13.4%, respectively. 480 accessions were divided into ten groups using the K-mean clustering technique, which was based on eight quantitative traits and clearly distinguished between them for each quantitative trait. Based on their parental and geographic origins, the majority of accessions were not grouped together into a single cluster. The first principal component (PC1), which explained 21.4% of the variation with the main contributing traits i.e. panicle length, panicle girth, stem girth, and leaf width was the most significant component according to PCA analysis. Based on cluster analysis, a unique accession FFPMA-110 was grouped in cluster 7 followed by accessions of cluster 9 were FFPMA-2, FFPMA-34, FFPMA-40, FFPMA-58, FFPMA-68, FFPMA-69, FFPMA-185, FFPMA-194, FFPMA-204, FFPMA-208 and FFPMA-397 therefore, breeders can use these accession directly as inbred lines and also for further hybridization with low yielding clusters like cluster 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 for forage yield improvement in pearl millet.

Albania's rich biodiversity and diverse climatic conditions make it an ideal country for the collection and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). With over 400 indigenous MAP species, this sector plays a significant role in the country's economy, generating more than 50 million Euros annually and accounting for about 25 % of total agricultural exports. Moreover, the sector provides employment and income for thousands of rural households. This study examines the MAPs sector trends and patterns in Albania, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. Despite the global rise in demand for MAP products, driven by technological advancements and changing consumer attitudes, the Albanian MAPs sector faces challenges related to standards, processing capabilities and market access. Through a combination of qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and analysis, this study offers a comprehensive overview of the sector's current development, identifies critical issues, and provides recommendations for economic and political actors aimed at strengthening the value chain and market competitiveness of Albanian MAPs.

Legumes are among the most important crops globally, serving as a major food source for protein and oil. In tropical regions, the cultivation of legumes has expanded significantly due to the increasing demand for food, plant-based products, and sustainable agriculture practices. However, tropical environments pose unique challenges, including high temperatures, erratic rainfall, soil infertility, and a high incidence of pests and diseases. Indeed, legumes are vulnerable to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, and nematodes. This review highlights the importance of legumes in tropical farming and discusses major diseases affecting productivity and their impact on the economy, environment, and lives of smallholder legume farmers. We emphasize the use of legume genetic resources and breeding, and biotechnology innovations to foster resistance and address the challenges posed by pathogens in legumes. However, an integrated approach that includes other cultivation techniques (e.g., crop rotation, rational fertilization, deep plowing) remains important for the prevention and control of diseases in legume crops. Finally, we highlight the contributions of plant genetic resources to smallholder resilience and food security.

3 This report was prepared during April/May 1995 by staff and associates of TAO (the Joint Working Group on Technology and Agrarian Development) of the Wageningen Agricultural University and University College London, (Depart-ment of Anthropology) under supervision of Prof. ...

AGRIS record. Record number, XF887409988. Titles, Use of zygotic embryo culture to collect germplasm of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Personal Authors, Bah, BA (Vegetative Propagation Lab., Bingerville (Cote d'Ivoire)),Durand-Gasselin, T.,Pannetier, C. Publication Date, (1987 ...

Chlorophyll fluorescence is one of the very useful techniques in plant physiology because of the ease with which the user can gain detailed information on the state of photosystem II (PSII) at a relatively low cost. Detection of quantitative traits loci related to chlorophyll fluorescence have a major role in understanding the genetic mechanisms of photosynthesis. In the present research, to mapping, the genome regions controlling chlorophyll fluorescence traits, barley (Hordeum vulgare L) from 106 F8 recombinant inbred lines caused by crossing two cultivars of Badia × Kavir was used and these lines were cultured in a complementary randomized design with two replications. Traits studied include ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, DIo/CSo, ABS/CSm, DIo/CSm, psi (Eo), TRo/RC, REo/RC, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, Area, Fv/Fm, Sm. Linkage maps were prepared using 152 SSR polymorphic markers, 72 ISSR, 7 IRAP, 29 CAAT, 27 Scot, and 15 iPBS alleles. Molecular markers were assigned on 7 chromosomes of barley. The linkage...

The Sapindaceae, commonly known as the soapberry family, is a cosmopolitan group of approximately 1900 species across 144 genera, forming part of the economically and ecologically significant angiosperm order Sapindales. Despite prior taxonomic efforts, relationships within Sapindaceae and across Sapindales have remained poorly resolved due to complex morphological variation and incomplete infra-familial classification systems. Recent advances in molecular systematics, particularly the use of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and Angiosperms353 target enrichment datasets, have enabled substantial progress in reconstructing evolutionary relationships within this group. ITS-based phylogenetic analyses have confirmed species-level resolution within Indian Sapindus, clearly distinguishing S. emarginatus from S. trifoliatus, and revealing the divergent position of S. oligophyllus, which clusters with Allophylus of tribe Thouinieae. Estimates of evolutionary divergence revealed significant variability among tribes, with the greatest divergence observed between Paullinieae and Harpullieae (0.20) and the least between Sapindeae and Lepisantheae (0.06), supporting past taxonomic hypotheses. Complementary phylogenomic analyses using Angiosperms353 markers across 123 Sapindaceae genera (86% coverage) recovered 21 clades, providing the basis for a revised classification into four subfamilies and 20 tribes, including six newly proposed tribes within Sapindoideae. Broader Sapindales-wide analyses comprising 448 samples and 85% of genera confirmed family monophyly and resolved core clades while also revealing persistent challenges in subfamily-level relationships due to paralogy, likely linked to ancient hybridisation and polyploidy events. The presence of paralogous loci, particularly in Meliaceae and Rutaceae, affirms the need for careful data curation and highlights the impact of ancient genome duplications on phylogenetic inference. This integrated molecular framework provides the most comprehensive phylogenetic resolution of Sapindaceae and Sapindales to date. It offers a robust foundation for future evolutionary, biogeographic, taxonomic, and conservation-orientated studies while emphasising the need for continued sampling and the incorporation of genomic complexity in phylogenetic reconstruction.

Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, is one of the most important tree-crop that serves the purpose of sustaining the economy of millions of households and the largest non-oil foreign exchange earnings in Nigeria. The management of cacao genetic resources as it affects sustainable production of cocoa in Nigeria is reviewed. These include details of the diversity present in the germplasm collections, their utilization in varietal development and current status of the field genebanks as revealed by DNA fingerprinting using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. Factors contributing to continuing backlash in the annual outputs of cocoa in Nigeria are also highlighted. The prospects of advances in the science of cacao genomics for up-scaling production and its impacts on the improvement of the industry in the country are discussed.

Chickpea is a commonly grown crop, but it is vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. Leaf miner (Liriomyza cicerina) is a pest that can cause severe yield losses of up to 40% if not properly controlled. This study was conducted at ICARDA (Aleppo, Syria) during the 20112012 growing seasons. Two recombinant inbred lines, ILC 5901 (LM resistant) and ILC 3397 (LM susceptible), were crossed to yield 350 F 2 plants, which were then screened for pathogen tolerance. The resistance of the plants was screened using a scale of one to nine, with 1 indicating complete resistance and 9 indicating complete susceptibility. A set of 600 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were validated on both parents, and 51 of these markers showed variation and were used to construct a genetic linkage map. QTL analysis was performed to determine the linkage groups responsible for line variations. The QTL analysis found that linkage groups TA37, TA34, and H4F03 were responsible for 22% of line variations, while unmapped NCPRG48 and H1C092 revealed 55.3% and 26.8% of the LIS variance, respectively, and displayed a warped dominance toward the susceptible parent. The H1C092 marker, which is significantly associated with LM, is located on Chr3 near a gene encoding the glutathione S-transferase gene family enzyme, which protects cellular macromolecules from attack by reactive electrophiles. The highly associated markers were field tested for three years to confirm their connection with LM resistance in 200 chickpea genotypes. The study showed marker-associated selection, which could accelerate the conventional breeding of LM-resistant chickpea germplasm. The markers linked to LM resistance and the identification of the protective enzyme gene offer promising avenues for further research. This study represents a significant step forward in understanding the genetics of LM resistance in chickpea and provides valuable information for breeding programs aimed at improving chickpea production.

Cocoa butterfat and cocoa powder are key economic products from the seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.). In this study, 323 accessions (comprised mainly of Upper Amazon Forasteros and Refractarios) from the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad were characterized for one biochemical and five morphological seed-derived traits. The data were analysed using non-parametric statistics including correlation analysis to identify promising parental candidates for future cacao breeding programmes. The Upper Amazon Forastero group had the greatest proportion of accessions with high butterfat content in cotyledons, whereas Refractario and Trinitario groups tended to contain more accessions with high butterfat content per fruit. The correlation of butterfat content of cotyledons with the dry mass of cotyledons was inconsistent in significance and direction. However, consistent significant positive correlations between butterfat content per fruit, cotyledon size and dry mass of cotyled...

Badh2 of rice is considered to be the major gene responsible for the fragrance in rice. The wild type badh2 allele encodes betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) enzyme while the mutated version of badh2 gene encodes non-functional BADH2 enzyme that leads to the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), the principal fragrant compound in rice. There are many mutated recessive alleles causing fragrance in global rice germplasm, although the badh2.1 allele present in Basmati type rice is the most well-known among breeders. In this study, we attempted to reveal potential fragrance causing mutations, and the respective varieties carrying them, through in silico analysis based on the sequences available in the Rice SNP-Seek-Database of International Rice Research Institute. The sequences of 1878 rice accessions from 22 countries were analysed to identify mutations in each exon of badh2 comparatively with the non-fragrant ‘wildtype’ GenBank sequence in Nanjing11, Oryza sativa indica (...

The use of pineapples as ornamental plants has increased in the last years due to their beauty and originality, demanding the generation of new varieties. The objective of the present work was to study the genetic variability and type of use of hybrids as ornamental pineapples, besides evaluating the resistance of these hybrids to Fusarium wilt. Six progenies, FRF-22 X FRF-1387, FRF-1392 X FRF-32, Curauá Roxo X Ananás Tricolor, G-44 X FRF-1387, FRF-1392 X FRF-224 and FRF-1387 X FRF-224, were evaluated by eleven morphological descriptors, and five categories of use were taken into account: landscaping plants, cut flower, potted plants, minifruits and foliage. High variability within and between progenies was detected, which allowed the selection of 16 hybrids as cut flowers, 17 as landscaping plants, four as minifruits, two as potted plants and just three as foliage. Fourteen of them were recorded for more than one type of use. For resistance to the Fusarium, out of the 31 hybrids evaluated, 11 presented resistance, 17 were moderately resistant and three were susceptible.

Accurate identification of named accessions in germplasm collections is extremely important, especially for vegetatively propagated crops which are expensive to maintain. Thus, an inexpensive, reliable, and rapid genotyping method is essential because it avoids the need for laborious and time-consuming morphological comparisons. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) marker panels containing large numbers of SNPs have been developed for many crop species, but such panels are much too large for basic cultivar identification. Here, we have identified a minimum set of SNP markers sufficient to distinguish apple cultivars held in the English and Welsh national collections providing a cheaper and automatable alternative to the markers currently used by the community. We show that SNP genotyping with a small set of well selected markers is equally efficient as microsatellites for the identification of apple cultivars and has the added advantage of automation and reduced cost when screening ...

Sri Lanka is home to a diverse array of nutritionally rich vegetables, many of which are underutilized due to limited public awareness of their health benefits. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness regarding underutilized vegetables (UUVs) within the Ranawana West Grama Niladhari Division of the Harispattuwa Divisional Secretariat in the Kandy District Sri Lanka and to evaluate the nutritional composition of the selected UUVs. A structured questionnaire was administered to fifty households, focusing on three key areas: awareness, consumption frequency, and perceptions of the nutritional value of UUVs. Five UUVs Bauhinia racemosa ("Maila"), Colocasia esculenta ("Kalu ala kola"), Acrostichum aureum ("Karan koku"), Canthium coromandelicum ("Kara"), and Olax zeylanica ("Malla") were identified as infrequently consumed, with response rates of 2%, 4%, 4%, 6%, and 6% respectively. Standard analytical procedures were employed to quantify macronutrients and key micronutrients. Among the samples, C. esculenta exhibited the highest protein (8.11%) and vitamin C content (65.93 mg/100g), while A. aureum had the highest carbohydrate content (18.51%). O. zeylanica recorded the highest crude fiber level (68.75%), and B. racemosa showed the greatest calcium concentration (488.5 mg/100g). In terms of micronutrients, C. esculenta and A. aureum had the highest iron (295.6 mg/100g) and potassium (192.0 mg/100g) levels, respectively. These findings highlight the significant nutritional potential of UUVs. Enhancing public knowledge, improving market accessibility, and promoting home cultivation are recommended strategies to increase the integration of these vegetables into local diets.

A common problem in cryogenic processes is survival at ultra low temperature (-196 °C). Based on the physiological effects of salicylic acid (AS) on the signaling of stress tolerance responses, the objective was to evaluate the effect of AS on increasing survival and on the growth of potato buds undergoing cryogenics. Microplants of the advanced clone 06-27 of the Germplasm Bank in vitro of the Potato Program in Metepec State of Mexico, Mexico, were incubated for 28 days in AS (0, 10 -6 and 10 -5 M) and subsequently subjected to cryogenic process. Effect of AS in plant regeneration: a significant increase in survival was observed in plants pretreated with AS 10 -5 and 10 -6 M with respect to the control (1.66-2.04 times respectively). Fresh weight, stem length and root significantly increased in microplants pretreated with AS with respect to the control. Cryogenesis: both concentrations of 10 -5 and 10 -6 M AS induced significantly greater survival (2.17-3.21 times respectively) of explants to cryogenics. Plants preincubated in AS and regenerated after being subjected to cryogenics for 1 h significantly increased root length. The control showed callus formation, absent in the plants treated with AS. The AS-cryogenic combination favored the development of plants subjected to methods that employ ultra-low temperatures in potatoes for the purpose of germplasm cryopreservation or cryotherapy to obtain virus-free materials.