Plant Genetic Resources

ÖZET Baraj gölleri büyük alanları su altında bırakmaktadır. Bu su altında kalan sahalarda birçok bitki yer almaktadır. Çou zaman bu bitkilerin akarsu kenarlarında, vadi içlerinde uyum salamı yerel ekotipleri ve ırkları olumaktadır. Yerel ekotipler ve bazı durumlarda vadi içlerinde çok sınırlı bir yayılıa sahip bitki türlerinin varlıı baraj sularının altında tehlikeye girmektedir. Bu su altında kalan gen kaynaklarının en azından ortamları dıında (ex-situ) korunması gerekmektedir. Dier yandan barajlar su altında bıraktıı alanın dıında genel olarak çok geni havzalara sahiptir. Bu havzalarda su düzenleme ve erozyon kontrolünü amaçlayan çounlukla odunsu türlerle youn bitkilendirme çalımaları yapılmaktadır. Bu bitkilendirme çalımalarında baraj gölü altında kalan ve havzada yer alan yerel gen kaynaklarının kullanımına öncelik verilmelidir. Yerel bitkilerin envanteri, öncelik su altında kalan alan olmak üzere baraj inaatı tamamlanmadan önce sonlandırılmalıdır. ABSTRACT Dam reservoirs occupy great areas in which many plants occur naturally. Ecotypes and landraces of these plants adapted to certain riparian areas and watersheds are often seen. Sometimes, local ecotypes and landraces and existing endemic plants in dam reservoirs face extinction. These gene resources under the water reservoir at least need to be conserved outside their occurrence (ex situ). Dams have big watersheds outside water reservoirs. In these water catchment areas, big plantation studies especially with woody plants are carried out for water management and erosion control. In these plantation studies, local gene resources in the watershed and under the water reservoirs should be mainly preferred and used. The inventory of plants in the watershed and under the reservoirs should be completed before the water collection in dam reservoirs.

Brazil is one of the largest global producers of genetically modified crops and a center of origin and diversification of relevant species for agriculture and food. Transgenic monocultures occupy around 50 million hectares, whereas smallholder farmers, indigenous people, and traditional communities are responsible for in-situ/on-Farm conservation of local genetic resources. Based on 15 years of expertise in regulating GMOs and in cross-institutional agrobiodiversity conservation projects, this article discusses the challenges regarding the coexistence of these two agricultural models based on transgene flow detection in maize landraces. As part of a broad and unique participatory transgene-flow-monitoring process, 1098 samples of maize landraces were collected in the Brazilian Semi-arid Region between 2018 and 2021 and analyzed using immunochromatographic strips. The tests revealed 34% of samples with presence of GM proteins. It is concluded that the biosafety standards in force in Brazil do not allow the assurance of on-Farm conservation of maize. The sectors that contribute to agrobiodiversity conservation and do not benefit from using GM seeds are taking on the burden of this process. Transgene flow can be reduced by approving and enforcing more effective coexistence rules that consider maize landraces crop areas also as seed-producing areas added to full disclosure of commercial seeds origin.

Enhancing orphan crops productivity in developing countries is of paramount importance to providing quality diets to the growing population as well as resilience options to smallholder farmers in order to adapt to climate change. However, the status of genetic resources diversity and the utilisation patterns of many orphan crops have been poorly investigated to inform breeding programs and management strategies. In this study, we assembled Kersting’s groundnut diversity, associated farmers’ knowledge and production systems across three ecological zones in Benin and Togo. We collected data through focus group discussions in 43 villages. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 300 farmers. Four cell analyses was performed using cropping areas and number of Kersting’s groundnut farmers as criteria. We conducted a comparative analysis of the Kersting’s groundnut utilisations and production systems across ecological zones. In total, 308 accessions of Kersting’s groundnut were collected using farmers’ criteria such as grain colour, grain size, maturity time, yield potential, medicinal properties and marketability. Farmers grouped the accessions into five landraces based solely on grain colour. All landraces were cultivated in the Sudanian zone while only three of them were found in the Guinean and Sudano-Guinean zones. Most of these landraces were produced by a few farmers on small cropping areas. The choice of landraces for production depended on local intention for production and different use categories across ecological zones. Up to 46.80% of decrease in cropping areas was observed in most zones due to specific production bottlenecks such as drought and diseases. We discuss our findings and suggest tailored actions including effective in situ and ex situ conservation strategies, germplasm collection and characterization in other countries where the crop is produced, development of new cultivars with farmers’ preferred traits and enhancement of the genetic base of the species.

Results of the first genetic diversity assessment of Philippine eggplant germplasm collection consisting of accessions of Solanum melongena L. and related wild species using morphological traits and molecular markers is reported in this paper. Thirty-two accessions, representing 30% of the available collection of local landraces, improved cultivars and crop wild relatives (CWR) held in the national genebank were differentiated based on 39 morphological trait descriptors and 41 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. Ten out of the 39 morphological traits accounted for high phenotypic differences among the accessions. SSR polymorphism survey revealed that 33 out of the 41 SSR primer pairs (80.48%) detected variation among the accessions and the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 8 with a mean of 4.3 alleles per marker. The morphological trait and SSR data were analyzed as separate and combined data sets using principal component analysis (PCA) and unweighted pair-group method with arit...

Nnewi is situated some 30 kilometres South East of Onitsha in Anambra State in the southeastern part of Nigeria. This highly commercial town has undergone rapid urbanisation and industrialisation within the past two decades, since the end of the 1967-1970 Nigerian civil war. The Igbo community of the study area had traditionally employed bioconversion methods and other indigenous technology to process or recycle bio and non-degradable wastes. Industrialisation has enjoyed priority status in this locality as a requirement for modernisation and economic progress. The rapid urbanisation, aggressive industrialisation, and the attendant uncontrolled population growth have had a deleterious impact on the environment. There is now a wide range of industrial wastes that are released daily into the environment. Effects of these activities on the socio-cultural practices of the people, plant genetic resources and the environment are highlighted. In addition to palliative measures suggested here, a call is made to revisit the successful indigenous waste treatment and management technology formerly practised by the Igbo community. The importance of combining modern biotechnological approaches with the indigenous technology, norms and practices of Nwewi people to effect suitable waste treatment and management, as well as improving the living habits and the education of the people about their environment, is recommended.

Data on intra-specific variability for seed oil content, physical characteristics and fatty acid composition inCucurbita moschataandCucurbita argyrospermaare lacking in the scientific literature. We examined 528 genebank accessions ofC. moschataand 166 accessions ofC. argyrosperma– which included members of both subsp.argyrospermaand subsp.sororia– for seed oil content, oil physical characteristics and fatty acid composition. The oil of both species had near-identical viscosities, viscosity indices, colour and oxidative stabilities while the oil ofC. argyrospermahad a slightly higher pour point, cloud point, percentage of free fatty acids and acid value when compared withC. moschata. Mean oil content values of the two species were similar at 28.7 ± /2.7 and 29.8 ± /2.6% forC. moschataandC. argyrosperma, respectively. The mean seed oil content ofC.argyrospermasubsp.argyrospermavar.palmeri(32.1%) was significantly higher than that of the other taxa examined. The average (mean) percent...

The morphological characterisation and data analysis of germplasm accessions of wild Portuguese Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Rivas-Martínez from the southern Beira Interior region of central eastern Portugal are described. The study, based on seeds and cultivated plants, was conducted in 2005, 2006 and 2008 among populations selected from four sites (I, II, III and IV). Quantitative and qualitative phenotypic data relating to a set of 35 morphological traits were analysed using canonical discriminant analysis. Genetic similarity among accessions was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism molecular markers. The traits contributing most to the variability among studied populations were related to plant density, leaf colour, seed weight and various spike and flower characteristics. Plant populations from each of the four test sites were statistically distinct, exhibiting unique characteristics when compared with one another; however, populations from Sites II, III and IV showed greater genetic similarity and differed substantially from the population of Site I. Altitude and temperature were found to be the most significant environmental variables influencing plant traits, yet the morphological variability of L. luisieri was also influenced by soil pH levels, suggesting that the expressed variability is not only a result of genetic characteristics but also of existing ecological conditions.

The strength of any ongoing breeding programme thoroughly depends on the presence of genetic variation at both morphological and molecular level. In present study, total 36 pearl millet genotypes were evaluated for different morphological characters along with grain Fe and Zn contents. High estimates of coefficient of variation inclusive of high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean was marked for dry fodder yield per plant, grain yield per plant, Fe and Zn contents. This suggested that the selection based on these traits will be effective in improving breeding material. Further correlation analysis showed a highly significant correlation between grain Fe and Zn content which signifies simultaneous improvement in the two traits. Grain yield per plant showed non significant negative correlation with Fe and Zn thus suggesting improvement in nutrient value without sacrificing yield. A set of 64 SSRs was also used for molecular diversity assessment. A significant positive correlation was observed among number of alleles, Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) and number of repeats in the SSR motifs. Across the linkage groups, the mean PIC varied from 0.48 (LG 3) to 0.76 (LG 2). Mean alleles per locus and overall PIC obtained was 7.20 and 0.68 respectively. Presence of ample variation at morpho-genetic level signifies their use as parents in the out crossing programmes to obtain new improved hybrids with desired traits.

Quizá uno de los problemas claves que nos encontramos a la hora de acotar el concepto de erosión genética aplicado a la agricultura sea precisamente la creencia errónea de que se trata de un concepto autónomo. Esto no es así, la erosión genética es el concepto negativo y complementario del proceso de creación de diversidad biológica. No existe erosión genética como término separado del concepto de conservación o independiente del proceso de creación o, mejor dicho, generación de la diversidad. La biodiversidad agrícola se genera y se destruye y la erosión genética es tan solo un balance neto negativo de este proceso y por lo tanto si queremos hablar con rigor debemos siempre de situarlo dentro de este proceso y en un contexto espacial y temporal determinado.

Sugarbeet cultivars are almost exclusively hybrids, which are produced using the sole source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), the so-called Owen CMS. Several alternative sources of CMS have been described. One of these, I-12CMS(3), was derived from wild beets collected in Pakistan, and another CMS source, GCMS, has a cytoplasmic origin in wild sea beets from France. During the past decade, male sterility-associated mitochondrial genes have been identified in these three CMS systems. Moreover, the recent development of a variety of DNA markers has permitted the genetic mapping of nuclear restorer-of-fertility genes for both Owen and GCMS. This review focuses on the mechanism of CMS in beets.

Germplasm conservation and use require of a deep knowledge of accessions of a particular crop. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important economic and social crop in Venezuela, that have accumulated a large amount of improved genetic germplasm and must be characterized. The objective of this research was to characterize 10 elite sesame lines and to establish the phenetic relationship among them, based on 47 morphological traits proposed by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources of India. Field assays were established in Turén, Portuguesa state, and Tarabana, Lara state, Venezuela, in a random blocks statistical design. Thirty five traits showed variation. Variance analysis identified significant differences among genotypes in eight variables. Remaining 27 variables also displayed differences, which were analyzed by Kruskal and Wallis test. Phenetic relationship among phenotypes was established based on the main characteristic evaluated, identifying number of nodes to the first flower, number of flowers per leaf axil, and color of dry capsules as the most discriminant variables. Based on this ordination of sesame genotypes, four groups were defined, which is valuable information in sesame breeding programs that use this germplasm to obtain segregant populations.

Fifty morphological characteristics, fruit production over 3 years (from 1999 to 2002) and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique were used to analyse a set of 48 guava (Psidium guajava L.) accessions cultivated in Mexico, in order to characterize their genetic relationships. Germplasm was collected from the Calvillo-Cañones region and planted in Huanusco, Mexico. The study included two P. cattleianum (Sabine) and two P. friedrichsthalianum (Berg-Niedenzu) accessions from Costa Rica as outgroups. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained less than 30% of total variation and 14 characteristics from trees (1), leaves (2) and fruits (11) were the most informative. PCA analysis separated the germplasm into three major groups of accessions based on fruit size and weight, stem diameter and leaf size. Significant differences in fruit yield were detected among accessions and years, where P. guajava produced 36 kg/year/tree of fresh fruit while P. cattleianum and P. friedrichsthalianum showed fruit yield lower than 7 kg/year/tree. The fruit yield broad sense heritability was 0.25. The AFLP analysis produced two clusters of Psidium accessions, the first included P. cattleianum and P. friedrichsthalianum, and the second P. guajava accessions. This is the first report about the use of AFLP marker methodology for the genetic characterization of Mexican native guava germplasm and the results based on phenotypic and productive characteristics suggest that germplasm was selected from open pollinated trees.

Mineral nutrient deficiencies are a worldwide problem that is directly correlated with poverty and food insecurity. The most common of these is iron deficiency; more than one-third of the world's population suffer from iron deficiency-induced anaemia, 80% of which are in developing countries. The consequences of iron deficiency include increased mortality and morbidity rates, diminished cognitive abilities in children and reduced labour productivity, which in turn stagnates national development. The developed world has made tremendous success in alleviating nutrient deficiencies through dietary diversification, food product fortification, improved public health care and supplementation. In developing countries, these strategies are often expensive and difficult to sustain, especially in rural areas. The rural poor typically consume what they grow and are dependent upon a small number of staple crops for the vast majority of their nutrition. Therefore, genetic improvement of staple crops (biofortification) is the most cost-effective and sustainable solution to this global health problem. In this study, we describe a strategy to enhance iron nutritional quality in maize using a human cell culture (Caco-2)-based bioassay as a phenotyping tool to guide genetic analysis of the trait. We also report validation of this approach using an animal feeding study.

Chapter in Book: This book presents the perspectives of policy-makers and economists on a highly topical subject. Plant breeding patents, the ownership of biological innovation and associated intellectual property rights (IPR) are the subject of increased attention worldwide. They are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology, but until recently evoked little policy analysis. IPRs are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology. They are issues affecting public and private sector organizations and companies, and are significant for developing as well as developed countries. Table of Contents 1: Introduction, V Santaniello et al. 2: Patent and Other Private Legal Rights for Biotechnology Inventions (Intellectual Property Rights - IPR), D D Evenson, P.L.L.C., Washington, USA 3: Intellectual Property Rights of Plant Varieties and of Biotechnology in the European Union, V Santaniello 4: Intellectual Property Rights under the Convention on Biological Diversity, W Lesser, Cornell University, USA 5: An Economic Approach to Identifying An ‘Effective Sui Generis System’ for Plant Variety Protection Under TRIPS, W Lesser 6: Recent Intellectual Property Rights Controversies and Issues at the CGIAR, S H Bragdon, IPGRI, Rome, Italy 7: Economics of Intellectual Property Rights for Agricultural Technology, R E Evenson 8: The Market Value of Farmers’ Rights, R Mendelsohn, Yale University, USA 9: International Crop Breeding in a World of Proprietary Technology, B D Wright, University of California, USA 10: Knowledge Management and the Economics of Agricultural Biotechnology, D Zilberman and C Yarkin, University of California, USA and A Heiman, Hebrew University, Israel 11: Comparing Allocation of Resources in Public and Private Research, S Lemarié, Université Pierre-Mendès, Grenoble, France 12: Biotechnology Inventions: What Can We Learn From Patents?, D K N Johnson, Wellesley College, Massachusetts, USA and V Santaniello 13: Biotechnology Inventions: Patent Data Evidence, A Zohrabyan, Yale University, USA and R E Evenson 14: Property Rights and Regulations for Transgenic Crops in North America, G Carlson and M Marra, North Carolina State University, USA 15: Intellectual Property Rights, Canola and Public Research in Canada, P W B Phillips, University of Saskatchewan, Canada Reviews Have you read this book, or used it for one of your courses? We would love to hear your feedback. Email our reviews team to submit a review.

Rice accounts for 21, 14 and 2% of global energy, protein and fat supply, respectively. There are thousands of different rice varieties; some have been in the diet for centuries, while others are new hybrids promoted for qualities such as high yield and drought and disease resistance. Little is known about the nutrient composition of many of the world's rice varieties. This paper investigates the literature on nutrient composition of rice varieties. Standardization of data to 100 g samples of unpolished rice (dry matter basis), showed intra-varietal ranges of; 9 g protein, 5.65 mg iron, 3.34 mg zinc, 1.6 mg thiamin, 0.392 mg riboflavin and 7.2 mg niacin. Currently, several research institutions are working toward improving the nutrient content of rice through greater utilization of rice genetic resources. The results section discusses in detail the magnitude of intra-varietal differences and highlights practical applications of genetic diversity in rice. #

The present work is a sequel and the first English publication among the unique series of volumes “Flora of cultivated plants” started by N.I. Vavilov. Justifying the issuing of volumes of this serial on separate crops, he specified this publication as an encyclopedia on cultivated plants, major guidebook and directory for every biologist, plant breeder and plant grower. By now, the N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russia) has issued several dozens of volumes of this serial dedicated to main agricultural crops with a bias towards national specificity of Russia and in Russian.
.The volume devoted to long-term study of the collection of some annual grain legumes was for the first time published in 1937. However, due to a number of circumstances lupin was not included in this volume. The present book embraces the results of more than sixty years of monographic research on lupin genetic resources. Research materials are represented by the lupin collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) storing now more than 2500 accessions of different lupin species collected by numerous expeditions over the globe. Theoretical basis for our research activities were N.I. Vavilov’s works on plant genetic resources.
.We have used the special methodology of the Vavilov Institute developed with regard to lupin (Kurlovich et al., 1990b).
.Many years of observing plants sown in various regions have enabled us to find out new regularities in the variability of characters depending on genetic features of the species and accessions, and also on ecological and agronomic conditions of their growth. We have also disclosed new characters and their combinations, both taxonomically significant and genetically determined. This factor as well as generalization of the data obtained by other researchers (Zhukovsky, 1929; Kazimierski and Novacki, 1961; Gladstones, 1974; Maissurjan and Atabiekova, 1974; Kazimierski and Kazimierska, 1975) made it possible to introduce essential corrections in the intra-specific taxonomic and eco-geographic classifications of lupins. These classifications have been developed on the basis of Vavilov’s concepts (the doctrine about the species as a system, the law of homological series in hereditary variation, differential systematic and geographical method of crop studies, etc.).

The potentially devastating impacts of climate change on biodiversity and food security, together with the growing world population, means taking action to conserve crop wild relative (CWR) diversity is no longer an option-it is an urgent priority. CWR are species closely related to crops, including their progenitors, which have potential to contribute traits for crop improvement. However, their utilisation is hampered by a lack of systematic conservation which in turn is due to a lack of clarity over their identity. We used gene pool and taxon group concepts to estimate CWR relatedness for 173 priority crops to create the Harlan and de Wet inventory of globally important CWR taxa. Further taxa more remotely related to crops were added if they have historically been found to have useful traits for crop improvement. The inventory contains 1667 taxa, divided between 37 families, 108 genera, 1392 species and 299 sub-specific taxa. The region with the highest number of priority CWR is western Asia with 262 taxa, followed by China with 222 and southeastern Europe with 181. Within the primary gene pool, 242 taxa were found to be under-represented in ex situ collections and the countries identified as the highest priority for further germplasm collection are China, Mexico and Brazil. The inventory database is web-enabled (http:// www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/) and can be used to facilitate in situ and ex situ conservation planning at global, regional and national levels.

In this study, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) specific to marigold were developed using the inter-SSR technique and a SSR-enriched genomic DNA library. In addition, SSRs derived from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were also tested for transferability to marigold. In total, 38 polymorphic markers with 112 observed alleles were identified in 20 African marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.) consisting of 14 commercial varieties and six Thai landraces, and six French marigolds (Tagetes patula L.). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7. The averages of expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.48 and 0.32, respectively. Polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.10 to 0.71, and resolving power (R p ) values ranged from 0.23 to 2.77. The SSRs were successfully applied to the differentiation of the 26 marigold samples into clusters of African commercial varieties, Thai landraces and French marigold. The genetic relationship analysis revealed that the African commercial varieties were more closely related to the Thai landraces than to the French marigold. The results of the study indicate that the SSRs developed are effective for genetic diversity analysis, species classification and individual identification.

Essential for the conservation and sustainable use of a resource is having adequate and extensively recognized property regimes. Despite the widely accepted importance of genetic resources for future plant breeding and thus food security, there is still pervasive disagreement at the individual level on who should own genetic resources. Aim of the article is to provide conceptual clarification on the following concepts and their relation to agrobiodiversity: public good, open access, commons, private property, state property and common heritage of humankind. After presenting which rights each property regime recognizes, we will examine which moral responsibilities go a long with such privileges, particularly in regard to conserving and sharing genetic resources.

With human intervention, wild forest species have gone from being exploited in the wild to being cultivated. This process of domestication on a species changes the composition of its genetic resources. In this review, Eucalyptus globulus is used to illustrate the process of domestication and describes the milestones that occur in tree farming. Knowledge of genetic variation and genetic parameters are the most useful tools in choosing the strategy of conservation and improvement. Adaptation to new environments causes changes in genetic and is a fundamental basis in most of the improvement program. Improvement strategies meet the guidelines and managements to reproduce genetic gain. This is achieved through the production of seeds in seed orchards, and clones selected for vegetative propagation at the operational level. The adjustment of the vegetative propagation technique has consolidated very wealthy genetic gains and allows extending its application in eucalypt hybrids. E. globulus is a reference species in domestication, cultivation, tree improvement and biotechnology developments.

"¿Por qué las variedades locales?
Los agricultores y las variedades locales.
¿Cómo se describe una variedad?
Recuperación de variedades.
Actividades con consumidores.
Las variedades locales y la ley. Límites impuestos a su uso
Las redes de semillas. "

Leclerc, C., Labeyrie, V., Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, G. 2017. Diversité des plantes cultivées, sociétés et territoires. In: Caron, P., Valette, E., Wassenaar, T., Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G., Papazian, V. (eds.): Des territoires vivants pour transformer le monde. Editions Quae (Agricultures et défis du monde), Versailles, 147-150.

Due to the high information content of DNA molecules, a rapid growth in the number of methods of crop molecular genetic analysis using molecular or DNA markers is observed in world scientific practice. The same methods of DNA analysis can be used for genetic certification of crop varieties instead of low-information methods for the protein markers analysis. This review discusses the use of various DNA markers for the identification and evaluation of genetic resources of species, subspecies, varieties and lines of cultivated plants. Some information on the classification of markers and examples of their successful use in certification, selection and phylogenetic studies are presented. Briefly describes the stages of their use, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. The most effective and inexpensive methods for detecting intraspecies polymorphism can be considered ISSR, SSR and SNP-analyzes. The SNP-analysis method is the most informative, which is most likely to find increasing application in the genetic analysis and selection of cultivated plants. It is noted that different types of markers are suitable for studying polymorphism both within a single species and in higher taxonomic groups (genus, family, etc.). Population and evolutionary studies also noted the need to use several evolving independently markers, for example, nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial markers.
For citation: Sukhareva A.S., Kuluev B.R. DNA markers for genetic analysis of crops. Biomics. 2018. 10(1). P. 69-84. DOI: 10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2018-15

G e o C oppens d'Eeckenbrugge, Freddy Leal, M arie -Fra nce D u va l, Eric M a lé z ie u x L 'a n a n a s est cultivé dans tous les pays tropicaux et subtropicaux. Avec une pro duction supérieure à 12 millions de tonnes en 1995, il se place au troisième rang des fruits tropicaux. Cette production, en constante augmentation, est à 70 % consommée localement sous la forme de fruits frais. Le marché international de la conserve (1 065 000 tonnes) et du jus (200 000 tonnes de concentré) est dominé par la Thaïlande et les Philippines, qui contribuent respectivement pour 23 % et 10 % à la production mondiale, et détiennent 70 % du marché international. Le marché de l'ananas frais (680 000 tonnes) est alimenté par les Philippines, la Côte d'ivoire et le Costa Rica. La Côte d'ivoire est le principal fournisseur de l'Union européenne, premier importateur avec plus de 220 000 tonnes de fruits frais. H aw aii et l'A m érique centrale -Costa Rica, M exique, Honduras, Saint Domingue -approvisionnent l'Amérique du N ord; Taïwan et les Philippines exportent vers le Japon. De grands pays producteurs, comme le Brésil (8 % de la production mondiale), la Chine (7 %), l'Inde (7 %) et les Etats-Unis (3 %), pro duisent essentiellement pour leur propre marché Fao, 1995).

Olea europaea L. has been cultivated in the Mediterranean region for thousands of years and is of major economic importance. The origin of olive cultivars remains as complex to trace as their identification. Thus, their molecular characterization and discrimination will enable olive germplasm management. In addition, it would be a useful tool for authentication of olive products. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, coupled with five microsatellite markers, was integrated to facilitate molecular identification and characterization of main O. europaea cultivars collected from the National Olive Tree Germplasm Collection established in Chania, Greece. The five microsatellite loci used were highly informative and generated a unique melting curve profile for each of the 47 cultivars and for each microsatellite tested. In particular, three microsatellite markers (DCA03, DCA09 and DCA17), which generated 29 HRM profiles, were sufficient to genotype all the olive cultivars studied, highlighting their potential use for cultivar identification. Furthermore, this assay provided a flexible, cost-effective and closed-tube microsatellite genotyping method well suited for molecular characterization of olive cultivars.

Forests are in imminent danger due to adverse biotic and abiotic stresses resulting from urban expansion, infrastructural development, agriculture and global warming. It is well recognized that genetic variation is essential or species to evolve and to adapt to changing in environmental conditions. The sustained ability of forests to provide goods and resources thus depends on the management and maintenance of forest genetic resources. It is estimated that about 49,000 species of plants occur in India, of which flowering plants accounts for 15,000 species. About, 5000 of the flowering plants are endemic. The Convention Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted in 1992, affirms that states are responsible for conserving their biological diversity and for using them in a sustainable manner. In Indian forest ecosystems, some economically important forest tree species have been conserved in gene banks, in situ and ex situ conservation sites, national parks (99), other protected areas in the form of biosphere reserves (17) and wildlife sanctuary which has been regarded as in situ conservation and management of forest genetic resources at species level. In addition a variety of field repositories of genetic resources, Int.

Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G., Segura, S.D., Hodson de Jaramillo, E., Gongora, G.A. 1997. Les fruits de la passion. In: A. Charrier et al. (eds.): L'amélioration des plantes tropicales. Montpellier, France, CIRAD-ORSTOM, Collection Repères, 291-312

本书介绍了170多个草莓品种，其中包括植株、
果实、花、花粉和叶的图像资料。
《草莓品种与栽培》是一本阐述草莓品种的专
著，书中介绍了170多个品种的信息，这些数据是
1989—2004年在加拿大农业和农业食品中心（魁北
克）调查得来，同时也包括从已发表的科技文献上获
取的信息，以便和当地获取的信息进行比较。本书
对草莓育种者、对草莓栽培感兴趣的专家、技术推广
人员、种植者和庭院园艺爱好者均有一定的参考价
值。关于抗寒性、抗病性和成熟期的内容对于生长期
短、气候寒冷以及和魁北克气候相似的地区有重要
意义。全书有大量图片，对品种的形态特征的详细描
述有助于鉴定一些未知的品种。有些符号能帮助读者
很快确定品种的来源、成熟期、抗病性和最终用途等
重要特性，对品种的描述也有助于选择特殊用途的品
种。［1 000多个草莓品种的信息可从联盟数据库上获
取（http://www.unibase.ca，这是一个常用数据库，
能浏览图像）］

‘Jeanne d’Orle´ans’ is a new late-season, floricane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar (Rubus idaeus L.) released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Horticulture Research and Development Center. Results from replicated trials in L’Acadie show ‘Jeanne d’Orle´ans’ has larger and firmer fruits (Fig. 1) that have an excellent shelf life and higher soluble solids compared with the commercial cultivars in this study. ‘Jeanne d’Orle´ans’ also has higher antioxidants than commercially grown raspberries in Quebec (Ehsani- Moghaddam and Sullivan, 2008; Khanizadeh
et al., 2009).
The selection was named after Mrs. Jeanne Delisle, a pioneer of small fruit cultivation and development with Les Fraises de l’lˆle d’Orle´ans Inc. lˆle d’Orle´ans is an island located 20 km east of Quebec City known for the production of high-quality small fruits, including red raspberry. Its economy is based mainly on agricultural production, particularly vegetable crops and small fruit crops. This island is also known as the capital of strawberry production in Quebec and is recognized for its production of high-quality fruits.

Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a tropical crop native to the Americas with Amazonia as the likely center of origin of domestication. Annatto is important because it produces the dye bixin, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and textile industries. A total of 32 microsatellite loci were isolated from a microsatellite-enriched genomic library, of which 12 polymorphic loci were used to characterize four populations of B. orellana and B. orellana var. urucurana, the wild relative. Higher genetic diversity estimates were detected for the wild populations when compared to the cultivated populations. Also, higher apparent outcrossing rates were found for the two wild than the cultivated populations. These results indicate a mixed mating system for the species. All markers described herein have potential to be used in further studies evaluating the genetic diversity, population dynamics, domestication, breeding, and conservation genetics of annatto.

The transfer of existing plant genetic resources to future generations is only possible through their protection and conservation. For this pur- pose different conservation methods are follewed. In this review, conservation methods of plant genetic resources, position of research activities on plant genetic resources in Turkey and working systems of seed gene banks out of the important conservation methods.

The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial fruit with great economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast and is expanding to other regions. However, this culture is susceptible to various diseases, such as “lixa grande”, “lixa pequena” and leaf blight. Although they are of great economic importance, are diseases difficult to control, especially for the high size of the plants. Through this study aimed to describe the relationship between the intensity of the complex sanding and leaf blight (CLQ) in dwarf coconut accession and evaluate the cyproconazole fungicide efficiency to control CLQ in green dwarf coconut tree under different modes (axillary and injection) dosages (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 g a.i.) and frequency of application (bi-monthly and six-monthly). To test the control efficiency of cyproconazole front of the CLQ. Axillary application was made by the application in the axil of the leaf number 9 of the product diluted and injected by opening a hole in the stem to 20 cm from the ground with a mechanical drill and introduction of pure product in the above doses with a syringe. Was evaluated the incidence and severity in addition to the first leaf with leaf blight (PFQ). The temporal variation in the incidence and severity of disease during the study period was determined by the ratio of the values of the last evaluation (225 d) on the first (0 d). For chemical control with cyproconazole, the use of tree regression resulted in a model where a tree four terminal nodes explained 49% of the total variability of the data. This variability was explained by two factors selected for analysis, dose and mode of application, which contributed respectively with 35.5% and 13.5% of the total variability. It was found that there was a difference for all treatments in relation to control. The application modes differ, where injectable application obtained the best controls with lower levels of incidence and severity and higher levels of PFQ. Doses of 0.6 and 1.0 g a.i. were the most efficient independent of the frequency of application to the axillary and injection modes, respectively. There was no significant effect of frequency of application. In the second experiment were evaluated six dwarf coconut accessions conserved in active germplasm bank (BAG) of Embrapa-CPATC being: AAG (Dwarf Yellow-of the-Brazil-of-Gramame), AAM (Dwarf Yellow-of- Malaysia), stroke (Dwarf-Red-of-Cameroon), AVG (Dwarf-Red-of the-Brazil-of-Gramame, AVBJ (Dwarf-Green-of the-Brazil-of-Jiqui), and AVM (Dwarf-Red-of-Malaysia). the design was randomized blocks with six treatments (accessions) and five repetitions. Was carried out 11 monthly evaluations from June 2015 to May 2016. Of each disease was evaluated incidence and severity. With the evaluation of BAG accesses a graphical representation expressed 95% of the variability of the data, and of this total, 72% associated with the axis 1 and 23% to the axis 2. the intensity of CLQ damage stroke access and AVBJ presented an intermediate behavior in relation the other accesses. AVG access followed by AVM tended to greater intensity of great sandpaper and the burning of leaves. A group of AAG and AAM tended to greater intensity of small sandpaper. Regarding the environment the intensity of great sandpaper was positively influenced by the temperature and the incidence of leaf burn negatively by rainfall. The small sandpaper was influenced by the relative humidity.

i PENILAIAN CIRI-CIRI MORFO-FISIOLOGI TITISAN-TITISAN PIRAMID MRQ74 DENGAN LOKUS-LOKUS CIRI KUANTITATIF BAGI HASIL BIJIAN DALAM KEMARAU MOHD IKMAL BIN ASMUNI LATIHAN ILMIAH YANG DIKEMUKAKAN UNTUK MEMENUHI SEBAHAGIAN DARIPADA SYARAT MEMPEROLEH IJAZAH SARJANAMUDA SAINS DENGAN KEPUJIAN (BIOLOGI) FAKULTI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA BANGI 2016 i PENGAKUAN Saya akui karya ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan ringkasan yang setiap satunya telah saya jelaskan sumbernya. 28 Mei 2016 MOHD IKMAL BIN ASMUNI A145513 ii PENGHARGAAN Syukur Alhamdulillah kepada Allah S.W.T kerana dengan izinnya latihan ilmiah ini dapat disempurnakan dengan memberikan nikmat masa, kesihatan dan akal fikiran kepada saya.

All the present day established crops are evolved in due course of time, through continuous efforts of human being for crop improvement via, cultivation, selection and breeding. Even today many plant resources from forests are being utilized in crop breeding as source of resistant genes against insect pests, fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, adverse agro-climatic conditions, for quality improvement in terms of different proteins, vitamins and also appearance; thereby broadening the genetic base of cultivars. Many others, e.g., Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) R. Br., Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fernandez. and Jasminum malabaricum Wight are directly brought under cultivation from wilderness for food, medicine and ornamental purpose. Considering the potential and need for new resources, a study was undertaken to explore the diversity, plant parts used, process of preparation, scope and potential of the wild edible plant species from Maharashtra State. The results revealed that, about 172 wild species are used as food in Maharashtra. Out of these 63 species are commonly used by tribal and rural peoples, 35 species are occasionally used while remaining species are rarely consumed especially during scarcity of food due to drought or other reasons. Some of these have high scope and potential for their improvement and exploitation on commercial scale

In Mexico 762 edible fruit species are presently distributed into 288 genera belonging to 87 botanical families. There are 113 cultivated fruit tree species, of which 53 are native and 60 have been introduced; there are also 649 non-cultivated or underutilized species, of which 88 of them were introduced and 554 are native ones. The best representative botanical families are: Anacardiaceae (16 spp.

Crop genetic diversity is a critical resource to address the nutrition and agronomic challenges facing global food security. Increases in use of this diversity are expected but are dependent upon conservation, availability, and access. Considerable erosion of crop genetic diversity has occurred in situ, i.e., in farmers’ fields and natural habitats, and the variation conserved in ex situ genebanks is also vulnerable due to insufficient resources. The window of opportunity to resolve these deficiencies and thus accomplish a comprehensive global system for crop genetic diversity conservation and availability for use will not remain open indefinitely.

Among the factors hindering the conservation of crop genetic resources is a lack of essential information regarding this diversity. Questions include: (a) what is the status of diversity in our food systems, and where are the greatest vulnerabilities?, (b) where can genetic diversity be found that can be useful in increasing productivity and mitigating these vulnerabilities?, (c) is this genetic diversity available in the present and in the long term?, and (d) what steps are needed to improve the ability for researchers to access genetic resources critical for present and future crop improvement?

This thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge required to answer these questions through an exploration of the need for, potential of, challenges and constraints regarding, and necessary steps to enhance the conservation and use of crop genetic diversity. The research starts with an investigation of the state of diversity in global food supplies, finding that national food supplies around the world have become increasingly similar over the past 50 years, gaining in calories, protein, and fat, as animal-derived foods and high-calorie plant foods have risen in importance. The proportion of diets consisting of major cereals, sugar crops and oil crops has increased, while regionally and locally important cereals, root crops, and oil crops have generally become further marginalized.

The thesis then delves into the potential for utilization of a particular set of genetic resources of increasing interest globally – crop wild relatives. These wild cousins of cultivated species have been used for many decades for crop improvement. Their utilization is likely only to increase due to improvements in information on species and their diversity, advancements in breeding tools, and the growing need for exotic genetic diversity in order to address compounding agronomic challenges. As wild plants they are subject to a myriad of human caused threats to natural ecosystems. A focus on wild genetic resources is thus timely both for biodiversity conservation and food security objectives.
Research on crop wild relatives first concentrated on the identification of potentially important wild genetic resources at the national level in the United States. The resulting National Inventory listed close to 5000 taxa. A prioritization of species based on value to food security emphasized close to 300 native taxa that are most closely related to important food crops.

Once potentially valuable genetic resources are identified, subsequent information is needed regarding where they occur, what diversity they may possess, and how well conserved and therefore available to crop breeders they are. A ‘gap analysis’ methodology was proposed to answer these questions, capitalizing on developments in digital occurrence and eco-geographic data as well as species distribution modeling, intentionally utilizing freely available software and data, and incorporating a novel expert evaluation tool.

The thesis then advances the gap analysis methodology, taking advantage of improvements in species targeting, occurrence data, modeling, and expert feedback methods, and further utilizing eco-geographic information to identify traits of value to crop improvement objectives. In case studies on the wild relatives of bean (Phaseolus L.), sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., I. series Batatas], and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], related species were found to be highly under-represented in ex situ conservation systems and thus inadequately available to breeders and researchers. Species differed among themselves and in comparison to the associated crop in their adaptations to temperature, precipitation, and edaphic characteristics, and many species also showed considerable intraspecific variation. Taxa and specific geographic locations were prioritized for further collecting in order to improve the completeness of germplasm collections for these important crops.

While conservation of crop genetic diversity is fundamental to the availability of this diversity for breeding, it is national and international policies that determine the real capacity for researchers to acquire these resources. The thesis culminates in an exploration of the degree to which international collaboration is required in order to achieve access to genetic resources where they are needed. Countries were found to be highly dependent on crops whose genetic diversity largely sources from outside their borders. This reliance is evident even in countries located in regions of high indigenous crop diversity and has increased significantly over the past half century, bolstering evidence for the need for effective national and international policies to promote genetic resource conservation and exchange.

This chapter deals with the international protection and promotion of indigenous traditional knowledge (TK) associated with agriculture, with a special focus on biodiversity-related knowledge. Interest in this knowledge has intensified greatly over the past two decades, along with a growing awareness of the contribution it can make, in a time of climate and environmental change, towards developing more sustainable models of agriculture and contrasting the erosion of both
biodiversity and cultural diversity. The chapter analyzes the international legal framework for TK protection, as well as current international efforts to develop sui generis protection systems that are culturally more appropriate and capable of valorizing the collective and intergenerational nature of TK. In this context, the protection of indigenous TK is put against the backdrop of the protection of TK hold by rural communities of peasants, shepherds, and fishermen. The chapter finally investigates the role of intellectual property in preserving indigenous peoples’ TK and promoting their economic empowerment. More precisely, attention is paid to the question as to whether TK falls within the boundaries of
protected property under international human rights law.

The Botanical Garden of National Botanical Research Institute is one of the premier and oldest gardens in India. The garden is spread over an area of 25 hectares in the heart of Lucknow, the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, along the southern bank of river Gomti between 26º55' N latitude and 80º59' E longitudes at an altitude of 113 m. It has been designed to conserve the indigenous and exotic flora and fulfil the basic function of making available for study, research and use, at one place, a variety of plant species. The Garden with about 5000 taxa has rich genetic treasure comprising the germplasm collection of trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers etc. of ornamental, economic, medicinal, and aromatic importance, hailing from the indigenous and exotic sources of various tropical and subtropical regions.

В справочно-методическом пособии описана история создания и формирования экологически значимых ресурсов Ботанического сада Иркутского государственного университета - единственного в Прибайкалье ботанического сада. Рассмотрен систематический, эколого-биологический, географический состав флоры Сада. Проводится сравнение с флорой основных зеленых зон Иркутска. Для специалистов-ботаников, географов, студентов и преподавателей профильных специальностей, педагогов общеобразовательных школ, озеленительных организаций, широкого круга любителей природы.

National and regional legal and regulatory frameworks have been put in place to implement provisions of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge and benefit sharing from their use. However, few meaningful benefits from access and benefit sharing (ABS) frameworks have been secured by groups holding traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources (TKGR) or by other developing country stakeholders. Our hypothesis is that ABS frameworks can only work effectively and equitably in a world in which the geographies of genetic resources and of associated traditional knowledge are sufficiently static, and where the norm is for there to be unequivocal linkages between knowledge-holding individuals and groups, biological matter and information of actual or potential human use associated with this knowledge, and specific and identifiable places. We argue that by and large this is not the case. We show how a historical geography perspective informed by anthropology and ethnoecology is extremely useful in separating those instances where benefit sharing with a specific group or community is due and is practicable, and those probably far more common situations where either no benefits are due, or else such benefits must be distributed using existing norms by means of a multilateral mechanism. Our skepticism about the current tendency to focus narrowly either on ABS frameworks leads us to the view that a human rights framework that we construct based on existing international instruments offers a more robust, comprehensive and culturally sensitive legal structure that addresses the legitimate concerns of indigenous peoples that can be applied both within and – which is probably preferable – outside of conventional ABS frameworks and intellectual property-related norms.

One of the major issues facing humankind is global food security. A changing climate, coupled with a heightened consumer awareness of how food is produced and legislative changes governing the usage of agrichemicals for improving plant health and yield, means that alternative, more integrated and sustainable approaches are needed for crop management practices. To this end, there is increasing recognition of the value of the role of microbial inoculants in agriculture. The focus of this review is to understand how plant-growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can play a part in improving crop yield by promoting the health status of the plant through the sequestration of various nutrients and in the control of plant diseases.

In "La Mondialisation cote sud, acteurs et territoires"
Editions ENS rue d´Ulm, IRD Editions
Edited by Jérome LOMBARD, Évelyn Mesclier, Sébastien Velut.
ENS École Normale Supérieure de Paris
IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.
ISBN: 2-7099-1602-9

Los trigos canarios poseen características propias, derivadas en parte de la situación geográfica de las islas y también consecuencia de lo específico de sus ecosistemas, por lo que poseen un fondo genético común distinto al de la península ibérica y otras zonas de la cuenca mediterránea. Este libro es la primera aportación científica sistemática al conocimiento existente sobre los trigos canarios. En él se han recogido y descrito más de 40 caracteres morfológicos y fisiológicos en 21 variedades locales de trigo de Tenerife, tanto harinero como duro. Algunas de ellas todavía son cultivadas y conservadas in situ por los agricultores de la isla, mientras que el cultivo de otras se abandonó hace tiempo y se conservan ex situ en bancos de germoplasma. Todas ellas constituyen un patrimonio genético, agrícola y cultural que conviene preservar para las futuras generaciones.