Plant Bacteriology

The aim of the present investigation was to find out the effect of leaf litter compost prepared by aerobic (NADEP) and anaerobic (Bangalore) pit methods on Nutrient content in beet root (Beta vulgaris L.). The experiment was conducted in plots of size 150 x 150 cm with six treatments and four replications. The composts were used as
NADEP, Bangalore method (compost), vermicompost and Dung treatment separately in comparison with recommended fertilizer (N40:P30:K30 Kg/ha) and absolute control. The beet root was sown by the method of ridges and furrows at the seed rate of 10 Kg/ha. The Nutrient
content in beet root was estimated at 70 DAS (days after sowing). The sample of beet root was kept in oven for drying, grinded to a fine powder and it was used for the estimation of Nutrient content. 
The leaf litter composts increased the yield and nutrient content of beet root. Beet root are biennial plants grown as annuals and harvested for their swollen root tuber. The flesh with brown/purple skin, although yellow and white fleshed varieties are also available. While beet root is most commonly eaten as a cold, salad vegetable, pickled in vinegar and it also makes a delicious hot vegetable. Grated beet root may also be eaten raw. Beet root is utilized as a food as it is rich in nutrients like protein carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals etc.
In the present investigation, application of cattle dung, NADEP compost and vermicompost increase total reducing sugar in the beet root as well as total plant. While significant reduction was observed after the application of fertilizer and many times it was less than the control. Leaf litter can be considered as a source of Agricultural waste which return directly to the soil after the formation of compost.

In this study, tuber extracts of Arisaema tortuosum were investigated for in-vitro antibacterial
and antioxidant activity. The antibacterial properties were tested against five human pathogens
such as Klebsiella pneumonae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris,
Pseudomonas aeriginosa using two solvents viz methanol and acetone by well diffusion method.
The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in methanolic extract against all tested
pathogenic strains. The antioxidant potential of Arisaema tortuosum was determined by using
three methods viz DPPH, HRSA and FRAP assay. The results obtained from these three methods
revealed % free radical scavenging activity in methanolic extract. In FRAP, methanolic extract
shown higher antioxidant power than that of acetone extract. The standard antioxidant BHA at
the same concentration exhibited a good deal of free radical scavenging percentage.

The leaf samples of the plant Cajanus cajan L. were selected for the determination of
phytochemical and proximate compounds. The results procured showed the presence of
compounds viz., Crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins and saponin. In proximate determination the results obtained, showed the presence of
crude protein 19.9%, crude fat, 3.10%, crude fibre 8.15%, NFE 61.78%. The phytochemical viz.,
saponin and other flavonoids have been observed. A.O.A.C (1970) Methods were followed for
the determination of proximate constituents. There were variations in the concentrations of,
crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total ash, acid insoluble ash, nitrogen free extracts.

This study focuses on identifying bacterial pathogens isolated from naturally infected chilli seeds using morphological and biochemical methods. A collection of infected chilli seeds was analyzed to identify the bacterial species responsible for their infection. Morphological methods, including colony characteristics, gram-staining and microscopic examination, were first employed to categorize the isolates based on their cellular structures and colony appearances. Subsequently, biochemical tests such as oxidase and catalase, sugar fermentation assays, and API tests were conducted to further characterize the bacteria and confirm their identities. The results indicated the presence of key bacterial pathogens, including and Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas viridiflava, which were linked to observed symptoms in the seeds. The findings underscore the importance of precise bacterial identification in developing strategies for disease management and enhancing crop productivity Their identification from infected chilli seeds suggests a potential role in seed borne transmission of disease. This dual approach of using both morphological and biochemical methods proved to be an effective and reliable strategy for bacterial identification. The findings emphasize the critical importance of early and accurate pathogen detection in seeds, which is essential for implementing effective disease management strategies, improving seed health, and ultimately enhancing agricultural productivity in chilli cultivation.

A field experiment was carried out during Kharif 2023 with an aim to optimize organic manure requirement through foliar application of liquid manures and performance of Foxtail Millet in a long organic production system. Treatment includes spray of organic liquid manures compared with water spray applied at the tillering and panicle initiation stages. For all the treatments, 30 kg N ha-1 through vermicompost was applied. Results showed foliar application of panchagavya @ 3% at tillering and panicle initiation stages has resulted in taller plants, larger leaf area, more tillers per sq meter, dry matter production per plant. Further, it also produced additional yield of 622 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 956 kg ha-1 over without foliar spray. It also resulted in additional gross returns (₹. 22.72 ×10 3 ha-1) net returns (₹. 21.33 ×10 3 ha-1), and BC ratio (0.74). However, it was found non-significant with the application of foliar spray of vermiwash @ 5% and jeevamrutha @ 500 L ha-1 at tillering and panicle initiation stages, which demonstrated their ability to improve growth, yield and economic viability. It was confirmed that application of vermicompost on N equivalent and supplement foliar spray of either Panchagavya @3% or vernmiwash@5% or Jeevamrutha@ 500 L ha-1 at tillering and panicle initiation stage was found effective in foxtail millet.

Abundance on and access time to the host plant are the pivotal factors in Xylella fastidiosa transmission to olive by the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius. Therefore, olive varieties suitable for the vectors, i.e., plants providing all the necessary cues to the insect for their location, settling and acceptance, and devoid of antixenotic defenses, could be more susceptible to infection than varieties non-or less suitable for the vector. Here we evaluated whether a bacterium-susceptible olive variety, Ogliarola Salentina, could be a more suitable host for P. spumarius than the two resistant varieties Leccino and FS-17. We carried out: (i) an evaluation of between-hosts and within-host preference; (ii) an insect survival analysis; (iii) an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG)-assisted analysis of the probing behavior; (iv) light microscopy of the tissues the spittlebugs had access to; (v) an analysis of the xylem sap primary metabolites. In choice tests, the insect exhibited a significant preference for Ogliarola Salentina. In addition, spittlebugs displayed longer xylem sap ingestion bouts on the bacterium-susceptible variety compared to resistant genotypes, possibly because of differences in the xylem sap chemical profile rather than xylem anatomy. Spittlebugs preference for Ogliarola over both Leccino and FS-17 could be a relevant and so far overlooked component of the low disease prevalence in these two olive varieties reported in Southern Italian olive orchards. Overall, our data point toward the importance of incorporating studies on vector-plant interaction and host traits of resistance to the vector in research on genotypes resistant to X. fastidiosa.

Background: Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Farm during kharif seasons of three consecutive years from 2020-2022 to find out the effect of potassium and bio stimulants on growth and yield of dolichos bean. Methods: The experiments were conducted in RBD and replicated thrice. The treatments viz., T 1-Control (without foliar nutrition), T 2-Foliar application of KNO 3 @ 1%panchagavya @ 3%, T 3-Foliar application of KNO 3 @ 1%  panchagavya @ 6%, T 4-Foliar application of KNO 3 @ 1%  seaweed extract @ 2%, T 5-Foliar application of KNO 3 @ 1%  seaweed extract @ 4%, T 6-Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1%  panchagavya @ 3%, T 7-Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1%  panchagavya @ 6%, T 8-Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1%  seaweed extract @ 2% and T 9-Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1%  seaweed extract @ 4%. The dolichos bean variety Arka Jay was used for this study. Result: The result of present investigation indicated that the growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, branches plant-1 , pods plant-1 , pod length and single pod weight were found to be superior in treatment T 5 as compared to control. The higher yield (15.16 t ha-1) of dolichos bean was significantly improved due to application 1% KNO 3  seaweed extract @ 4% (T 5) followed by T 4 and T 1 over the control. The same treatment fetched the highest net return of Rs. 81626 ha-1 with a benefit cost ratio of Rs.1.79.

Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume, used in human and animal nutrition, stewed or fresh. It is one of the oldest domesticated vegetable species. In our country today, it is grown on small areas or fields, mostly for household needs. Given the low prevalence of broad beans, data about the causes of this species diseases are scarce. In 2015, the medical examination of crops on a test field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad showed the presence of pustules on leaves, initially at the end of May, as well as on the broad bean tree later on, in June. The microscopic analysis of the pustules' content showed dark orange uredospores, typical for pathogenic fungi from the group of rust causing agents. Multiple secondary diseases were established after monitoring the disease till the end of the broad bean vegetation.Bob (Vicia faba L.) je važna zrnena mahunarka, mada više u svetu nego kod nas. Upotrebljava se za ljudsku ishranu kao varivo ili u sve...

The main goal of the current study was to record the diversity of millipedes in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India, in relation to several environmental conditions, such as the seasons. In the surveys conducted from January 2024 to December 2024, a total of 1963 individuals of various millipede (4 species) from three families were recorded from 16 different sites located in the districts of Nanded,

The main goal of the current study was to record the diversity of millipedes in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India, in relation to several environmental conditions, such as the seasons. In the surveys conducted from January 2024 to December 2024, a total of 1963 individuals of various millipede (4 species) from three families were recorded from 16 different sites located in the districts of Nanded,

Aim: Effect of Panchgavya and Jeevamrut on yield, chemical and biological properties of soil and
nutrient uptake by Kharif Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Crop
The two field experiment conducted at the Students Instructional Farm of Acharya
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) during Kharif
2023 explored the impact of various treatments on the effect of Panchgavya and Jeevamrut on the yield,
chemical, and biological properties of soil, and nutrient uptake by Kharif Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.)
crop replicated thrice with 09 treatments.  The present study addressing environmental concern to protect plants from stress, kill
pathogens and  improves plant & soil health. The results indicated that T7 Panchgavya (6% foliar spray)
+ Jeevamrut (soil application @ 500 l ha-1), demonstrated significantly higher growth parameters such
as plant height and dry matter, higher yield attributes including effective tillers per plant (10.45), panicle
length (24.46 cm), test weight (8.00 g), grain yield (44.93 q/ha), and straw yield (73.94 q/ha) with
highest gross return (Rs. 1,27,113). Post harvest available soil N, P and K status and uptake was also
influenced by T7 Panchgavya (6 % foliar spray) +Jeevamrutha (soil application @500 L ha-1), Similarly,
the population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes (14.50 cfu x 106 g -1, 8.73 cfu x 103 g -1, 11.30 cfu x
104 g -1, respectively) were significantly higher after harvest as compared to other treatments. 
Interpretation: The research suggested a valuable practice for farmers to adopt ecologically sound
practices, to protect plants from stress, kill the pathogens, improve the plant & soil health and preserving
the delicate dynamics of organic/ natural farming

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is among the major vegetables of Punjab. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi is responsible for significant reduction in its production. In the present study, incidence and prevalence of this disease on chili were determined and biovars were identified in five major chili growing districts of Punjab, Pakistan namely Multan, Kasur, Pakpattan, Bahawalpur and Attock. The study revealed an overall 11% incidence and 85% prevalence of bacterial wilt in Punjab. The highest disease incidence of 16% was found in Pakpattan district followed by Kasur (12%) and Attock (12%). Disease incidence was found to be minimum in Multan and Bahawalpur districts (9% each). Prevalence of bacterial wilt was 90% in Pakpattan and Kasur and 80% in rest of the districts. Out of 42 R. solanacearum strains isolated from various localities, 82% were identified as Biovar 3, while the remaining 18% were recognized as Biovar 4. Biovar 3 was recorded from all the districts while Biovar 4 was present in all districts except Attock. As bacterial wilt is widely prevalent throughout the province with varying intensities; therefore, stringent surveillance and control measures are needed to preclude the spread and severity of the disease.

Potato is the most consumed vegetable in Pakistan and is regarded as source of food and energy for millions of people around the world. Bacterial wilt of potato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important disease causing huge losses worldwide. Punjab is the major potato producing province in Pakistan contributing 80% production. This study was conducted to record the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt disease in Pakistan's major potato growing areas of Punjab and also to characterize the pathogen. Survey of several fields from each area viz; Lahore, Okara, Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Sialkot and Taxila was done for the collection of samples of plants and soil. R. solanacearum was isolated on Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) agar media from infected samples followed by pathogenicity tests on potato plants. Race of the isolates of R. solanacearum was determined and the isolates were characterized biochemically and identified on molecular basis using the R. solanacearum-specific primer pair 759/760 which amplified 280 bp fragment of DNA. Data obtained from the survey of potato growing areas revealed bacterial wilt as a common problem. The highest incidence of bacterial wilt (24.4%) was observed in Okara. Areas including Sahiwal, Lahore, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Taxila were having 21.7, 18.0, 23.2, 19.8 and 8.5 percent incidence respectively while disease prevalence was 100% in all areas except Taxila (60%). The isolation from the infected samples was done and the isolates were determined to be belonging to race 3 biovar 2. According to the molecular identification tools, 21 isolates were confirmed to be R. solanacearum.

Aim: Effect of Panchgavya and Jeevamrut on yield, chemical and biological properties of soil and nutrient uptake by Kharif Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Crop Methodology: The two field experiments were conducted at the Students Instructional Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj Ayodhya

Background: Nigrospora is one of the diversified pathogens with wide host range. Endophytic nature of Nigrospora oryzae has
been reported previously. Daily variations in the climate led to the emergence of virulent infections from previously expressed weak
ones. Nigrospora oryzae infestation comes as a major biotic stress under this present investigation.
Methods: A study was conducted to examine the variability of Nigrospora oryzae by collecting isolates from various locations in
the south coastal region of Odisha. The level of virulence was assessed and analyzed between 2021 and 2023 to anticipate the
emergence and progression of disease. The pathogen was identified using molecular techniques through ITS-r DNA sequencing
method.
Result: Disease incidence was observed as a critical blast-like appearance, but greater in size, distinguishing it from blast. In the
experiment, incomplete filling of grains was highest in MTU-7029 (39.73 plant-1) followed by Niranjana and Gobindobhog; disease
incidence was recorded to be highest in Niranjana (60.03%) followed by MTU-7029 and Barsha; and grain yield plant-1 was
observed to be highly affected in Gobindobhog (14.58 g plant-1 followed by MTU-7029 and Niranjana. Molecular confirmation was
established by ITS-rDNA sequencing, resulted sequence NO 9 (528 bp)- OP592217 and NO 15 (519 bp)- OP592218, exactly
matches gene bank accession numbers- MH748173 (India) and ON514037 (India) of Nigrospora database, with 99% accuracy.
Key words: Biotic stress, Disease incidence, Nigrospora, Rice.

Biopriming of leguminous and non-leguminous seeds was used as an alternative technique to fungicidal treatments for controlling root infecting fungi and increasing growth of leguminous and non-leguminous plants. To investigate the effect of bio-priming on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.), seeds were treated with different microbial antagonists like Trichoderma harzianum, Rhizobium meliloti, Bacillus sp. and Paecilomyces variotii for different time periods (5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes) were sown in plastic pots under screen house conditions. Results showed that Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and Fusarium spp were significantly suppressed when seeds were bioprimed with R. meliloti, T. harzianum and Bacillus sp. conidial/cell suspensions at 5, 10 and 20 minutes. Growth parameters were maximum in magnitude when seeds were bio-primed with R. meliloti and T. harzianum for 10 minutes.

Our goals were to increase the coefficient of potato propagation by optimizing planting density, using different calibration classes of minitubers in early, mid early and semi-late cultivars (Ostara, Christian, Roclas and Desirée) and planting them in open field and “ ...

To implement a sustainable system of production of pre-basic potato seed, it is important to be familiar with every factor involved. This work was, therefore, carried out in two phases. The first was a production phase in a greenhouse, at the International Potato Center (CIP), in Lima, Peru, where two production methods were evaluated (Aeroponics, using rooted cuttings; and Conventional: beds with substrate and rooted cuttings), using two recently released varieties (Chucmarina and Serranita) in a Complete Randomized Design, with four repetitions. The second phase, to determine the sustainability of the production systems, was based on interviews conducted with producers of pre-basic seed who used either the aeroponics system or the conventional one. With the information gathered, the sustainability indicators were constructed in accordance with the methodology and the conceptual framework proposed by Sarandón and Flores (2009), making small modifications according to the methods ev...

A cow has high socio-cultural values, plays significant role in rural Economy, represent cattle wealth and biodiversity. Cow urine is the most effective substance of animal origin with innumerable therapeutic values. Various kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, and Mycoplasma causing diseases remain a major threat to public health. Despite tremendous progress in human medicine. Many researches have been done and have shown cow urine use for treatment of skin diseases, stomach diseases, diabetes, etc. It is also useful in agriculture for preparation of vermicompost, bio-fertilizers and bio pesticides. It plays a significant role in production of vegetables and control of plant diseases. Researches on cow urine are summarized in this article. However, more well-planned researches are required to prove its qualities and benefits in Agricultural production as well as medicinal importance in Botswana. Public awareness is also required to share knowledge and promote the importance and wide applications of cow urine.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is very important in international market as table fruit because of its medicinal uses and nutritive values. Its popular varieties viz. Bhagawa, Ganesh, Mrudula is reported from Pune district. Successful cultivation of pomegranate in recent years has met with bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae is a major disease. A survey has been conducted to check the incidence of disease in Pune District of (M.S.) India. The disease symptoms were recorded on leaves, flowers and fruits of the plant. The disease incidence was recorded from region viz.

species have been reported as causal agents of leaf spots of pepper and tomato: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri. Due to wide distribution and great damage at the global level, X. euvesicatoria is considered one of the most significant parasitic bacteria of pepper. Causal agent of the bacterial spot on tomato in Serbia is X. vesicatoria. Occurrence of of both species is observed every year under Serbian agroecological conditions, mainly due to the cultivation of susceptible assortment and conditions which are suitable for disease development. The disease is seed transmitted and it can cause defoliation and crop degradation if conditions suitable for its development occur. Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato cannot be combatted easily and application of several cultivation practices including conventional or microbial preparations-biopesticides is therefore required. The existence of natural antagonists (bacteriophage) isolated from soil has been confirmed, which could be used for biological control of pepper bacterial spot. In the absence of effective preventive measures, the solution should be sought within an integrated approach-the synthesis of knowledge about the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, crop production technology, as well as bactericidal effect of some natural agents.

Parastagonospora nodorum (teleomorph Leptosphaeria nodorum) is the causal agent of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). It was first discovered on wheat in 1845. and is common in regions with relatively high or periodically high rainfall. P. nodorum causes symptoms on all above-ground parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, glumes, and awns. The pathogen overwinters on wheat crop residues in the form of pseudothecia and pycnidia. Ascospores released from pseudothecia typically serve as the primary source of inoculum, but conidia released from pycnidia on crop residues can also infect seedlings. Additionally, the fungus is known to survive on seeds in the form of dormant mycelium, making infected seeds a potential source of primary infection. During the 2022/2023 growing season, precipitation totals in April (63.9 mm) and May (124.8 mm) exceeded seventeen-year averages, creating conditions conducive to occurence of SNB. Microscopic examination of lesions on leaves of wheat variety rev...

Endophytes are symptomless fungal and/or bacterial microorganisms found in almost all living plant species. The symbiotic association with their host plants by colonizing the internal tissues has endowed them as a valuable tool to suppress diseases, stimulate growth, and promote stress resistance. In this context, the study of culturable endophytes residing the sapwood of Apulian olives might be a promising control strategy for xylem colonizing pathogens as Xylella fastidiosa. To date, olive sapwood cultivable endophytes are still under exploration; therefore, this work pursues a study of cultivable endophytes occurrence variation in the sapwood of different olive varieties under the effect of seasonality, geographical coordinates, and X. fastidiosa infection status. Our study confirms the stability of sapwood endophytic culturable communities in the resistant olive variety and presents the seasonal and geographical fluctuation of olive trees’ sapwood endophytes. It also describes t...

3 Abstract: Colletotrichum is an important fungal genus infecting several crops including avocado, papaya and banana. The current study was conducted to i) assess the incidence and severity of anthracnose of in avocado and papaya fields of southern Ethiopia; ii) identify the Colletotrichum species infecting both crops. For this purpose, field surveys were carried out in Wolaita, Wondo Genet and Ziway fruits with and without visible symptoms of anthracnose were collected; isolates were identified to a species level and characterized based on their phenotypic features. Results of the field surveys revealed the prevalence of anthracnose in all the locations. However, both disease incidence and severity varied markedly across the locations. Both incidence and severity of avocado and papaya anthracnose were found to be highest in Wondo Genet (45 and 22% for avocado and 39.7 and 22% for papaya, respectively) followed by Wolaita (32.4 and 16.8% for avocado and 36 and 16.6% for papaya, resp...

Erwinia tracheiphila is one of the most economically important pathogens of cucumbers, melons, squashes, pumpkins, and gourds in the northeastern and midwestern United States, yet its molecular pathology remains uninvestigated. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of an E. tracheiphila strain isolated from an infected wild gourd (Cucurbita pepo subsp. texana) plant. The genome assembly consists of 7 contigs and includes a putative plasmid and at least 20 phage and prophage elements

Common scab caused by Streptomyces scabies (Thaxter) Waksman & Henrici is an important disease worldwide, and can cause significant reduction in the economic value of potato. The management of the disease can be done through conventional methods, biological chemical and cultivation of resistant variety. However, resistance against pathogen is not a permanent solution and fungicidal is not ecofriendly and economical. But new search, induce resistance has taken great attention for plant disease management in near future. Therefore, inquest for induce defense by certain inorganic chemicals like Salicylic acid (10mM), Calcium chloride (10 mM), Hydrogen peroxide (10 ppm), Boric acid (0.1%), Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate (0.2 %), Ferric chloride (5mM), Indole acetic acid (1 %), and Copper chloride (10 mM) as inducer were assessed during the course of present investigation. Tuber treatment with inducing agent provide good protection against common scab disease caused by S. scabies an...

Background: A series of field experiments were conducted at the Tapioca and Castor Research Station (TCRS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Yethapur, Salem from 2022 to 2023. The purpose was to investigate the growth dynamics and economics of shortduration cassava under different nutrient management practices including both integrated and organic approaches. Methods: Twelve treatments were carried out consisting of various combinations of organic manures, liquid organic foliar sprays, integrated nutrient management treatments and a control treatment (no manures/fertilizers/sprays). The experiments were carried out in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications at the same location. Result: The results revealed that the different nutrient management practices had a significant impact on the physiological response throughout the various stages of plant growth. Based on the average data from two experiments, the INM treatment (FYM@ 25 t ha-1 + 100% recommended dose of fertilizers andcassava booster spray) showed the highest physiological response during the final phase of growth. This treatment showed superior performance in terms of leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), tuber bulking rate (TBR) and mean TBR. The organic treatment (wood ash @2 t ha-1 and 3% panchagavya foliar spray) recorded comparable performance to the INM treatment in major parameters such as LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR. However, it followed the INM treatment in terms of mean TBR. Economic analysis revealed that the INM treatment yielded the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio (BCR), followed by the organic treatment. The control resulted in the least returns. In conclusion, the findings highlight the effectiveness of the INM treatment and the promising performance of the organic treatment which can contribute to sustainable and profitable cassava cultivation.

Background: A series of field experiments were conducted at the Tapioca and Castor Research Station (TCRS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Yethapur, Salem from 2022 to 2023. The purpose was to investigate the growth dynamics and economics of shortduration cassava under different nutrient management practices including both integrated and organic approaches. Methods: Twelve treatments were carried out consisting of various combinations of organic manures, liquid organic foliar sprays, integrated nutrient management treatments and a control treatment (no manures/fertilizers/sprays). The experiments were carried out in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications at the same location. Result: The results revealed that the different nutrient management practices had a significant impact on the physiological response throughout the various stages of plant growth. Based on the average data from two experiments, the INM treatment (FYM@ 25 t ha-1 + 100% recommended dose of fertilizers andcassava booster spray) showed the highest physiological response during the final phase of growth. This treatment showed superior performance in terms of leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), tuber bulking rate (TBR) and mean TBR. The organic treatment (wood ash @2 t ha-1 and 3% panchagavya foliar spray) recorded comparable performance to the INM treatment in major parameters such as LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR. However, it followed the INM treatment in terms of mean TBR. Economic analysis revealed that the INM treatment yielded the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio (BCR), followed by the organic treatment. The control resulted in the least returns. In conclusion, the findings highlight the effectiveness of the INM treatment and the promising performance of the organic treatment which can contribute to sustainable and profitable cassava cultivation.

The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is associated with the “olive quick decline syndrome” in the Apulia region of southern Italy. To investigate control of this phytopathogen, a compound containing zinc and copper complexed with citric-acid hydracids (Dentamet®) was evaluated for in vitro and in planta bactericidal activity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescent quantification and atomic emission spectroscopy were then used to determine if the compound reached the xylem networks of leaves, twigs and branches of olive, to release zinc and copper within the xylem. A 3-year field trial in an olive orchard containing mature Cellina di Nardo and Ogliarola salentina olive trees, and officially declared infected by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ,was also carried out o to determine if the compound affected severity of the disease. Each year, from early April to October (excluding July and August), six spray treatments of 0.5% (v:v) Dentamet® were applied on the olive tree c...

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is classified as a mesophilic bacterium particularly well adapted to areas with mild winters. The effects of temperature on Xf development have been addressed only for Xf subsp. fastidiosa strains. In this work, we have explored the effects of temperature on growth and biofilm formation in vitro for Xf strains representative of Xf subspecies prevalent in the European outbreaks. Growth, biofilm formation and cell viability of Xf strains from subsp. fastidiosa (7 strains), multiplex (18 strains), pauca (3 strains) and sandyi (2 strains) of different geographic and host origin have been determined in microplates with PD3 medium incubated at a constant temperature range of 6–32 °C at 4 °C intervals. Growth was determined daily by optical density at 600 nm, and biofilm was assessed at the end of the experiments by a crystal violet assay. Both parameters were modelled using a beta function to estimate the cardinal and optimal temperature values for each strain. Our...

The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is mainly transmitted by the spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, in Europe, where it has caused significant economic damage to olive and almond trees. Understanding the factors that determine disease dynamics in pathosystems that share similarities can help design control strategies focused on minimizing transmission chains. Here we introduce a compartmental model for Xf-caused diseases in Europe that accounts for the main relevant epidemiological processes, including the seasonal dynamics of P. spumarius. The model was confronted with epidemiological data from the two major outbreaks of Xf in Europe, the olive quick disease syndrome (OQDS) in Apulia, Italy, caused by the subspecies pauca, and the almond leaf scorch disease (ALSD) in Majorca, Spain, caused by subspecies multiplex and fastidiosa. Using a Bayesian inference framework, we show how the model successfully reproduces the general field data in both diseases. In a global sensitivity analysis, the vector-plant and plant-vector transmission rates, together with the vector removal rate, were the most influential parameters in determining the time of the infected host population peak, the incidence peak and the final number of dead hosts. We also used our model to check different vector-based control strategies, showing that a joint strategy focused on increasing the rate of vector removal while lowering the number of annual newborn vectors is optimal for disease control.

The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is mainly transmitted by the spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, in Europe, where it has caused significant economic damage to olive and almond trees. Understanding the factors that determine disease dynamics in pathosystems that share similarities can help design control strategies focused on minimizing transmission chains. Here we introduce a compartmental model for Xf-caused diseases in Europe that accounts for the main relevant epidemiological processes, including the seasonal dynamics of P. spumarius. The model was confronted with epidemiological data from the two major outbreaks of Xf in Europe, the olive quick disease syndrome (OQDS) in Apulia, Italy, caused by the subspecies pauca, and the almond leaf scorch disease (ALSD) in Majorca, Spain, caused by subspecies multiplex and fastidiosa. Using a Bayesian inference framework, we show how the model successfully reproduces the general field data in both diseases. In a global sensitivity analysis, the vector-plant and plant-vector transmission rates, together with the vector removal rate, were the most influential parameters in determining the time of the infected host population peak, the incidence peak and the final number of dead hosts. We also used our model to check different vector-based control strategies, showing that a joint strategy focused on increasing the rate of vector removal while lowering the number of annual newborn vectors is optimal for disease control.

Cashew is an extremely important source of income for thousands of people in the Brazilian NortheasternFin growing the plant, in harvesting the nuts, in processing the kernels and apples, and in marketing the products. Diseases have been reported to cause significant cashew yield loss in Brazil, a major cashew-producing country. Anthracnose is by far the most important disease. Other foliar infections, namely black mould, angular leaf spot and powdery mildew are considered of lesser importance. Gummosis of branches and trunk has increased its severity in all northeastern producing states. Nematode attack has so far not been detected in this crop. Fungal deterioration of kernels, a pre-and post-harvest problem, causes losses of million of dollars per annum. The spraying of pesticides in Brazilian cashew plantatations is seldom practiced by most farmers due to economic and social reasons. Some diseases are more severe on dwarf cashew clones than on common tall cashew plants.

Forty eight endophytic bacteria and 101 rhizobacteria were screened for their antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agents of eggplant wilt. Among 22 effective antagonistic isolates, 18 were Pseudomonas spp. forming three groups based on biochemical characterization. Talc formulation of the antagonistic bacteria and non-formulated 24 h old grown antagonistic bacterial cells was evaluated in the greenhouse condition for the suppression of eggplant wilt. Talc formulation of two species of Pseudomonas (RBh41 and RBh42) completely suppressed the incidence of wilt up to 36 days of inoculation. Treatment with bacterial cells of Pseudomonas mallei (RBG4, ET17) and one Bacillus spp. (RCh6) reduced wilt incidence of 83% compared to control. Talc formulations of seventeen isolates of antagonistic bacteria were prepared and used for treating the nursery and seedlings during transplanting. Biocontrol efficiency of 100% was recorded in Bacillus sp. (RP7) treatment and 80% was recorded by EB69, RCh6 and RBG4 treatments during 2007e08. During 2008e09, EB69 recorded 100% biocontrol efficiency followed by RP7 (96%), RCh6 (93%). Yield increase of over 80% was recorded in RP6 and EB69 treatments followed by RBG4 treatment. EB69, RBG4 (Pseudomonas sp.) and reduced wilt over 65% and increased the yield (75%) consistently over the two years and hence these isolates could be considered for developing potential biocontrol agents with plant growth promoting characteristics for management of R. solanacearum in eggplant.

A field experiment to assess the varietal susceptibility or resistance against the diseases was conducted under natural condition with seven treatments and three replications during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Per cent disease incidence and disease severity was recorded from the experimental plot based on different symptoms produced by different pathogens. It was found that sheath blight incidence (52.60%) and severity (24.19%) was highest in MTU-7029. Swarna Sub-1 (80.32%) recorded the highest blast incidence but the severity was highest in MTU-1079 (2.54%). Except all varieties under trial incidence (5.90%) and severity (1.04%) of false smut was recorded in BPT-5204.

Aim: To investigate patho-dyanamics of Erwinia tracheiphila on Cucurbita pepo with biochemical, molecular characterization and eco-friendly management approaches. Methodology: Variability study of Erwinia tracheiphila was done by collecting the isolates from different places in Odisha. Disease severity was calculated and analyzed from 2016-18 to predict trend of emergence and disease progress. Molecular detection of pathogen was done through 16S rRNA sequencing. Biochemical characterization and identification of pathogenic nature of Erwinia tracheiphila was performed through Ortho-Nitrophenyl β-Galactoside, Esculin hydrolysis, Citrate and Malonate utilization in the presence of different carbohydrate molecules. Efficacy of eight different plant oils were tested by in-vitro inhibition zone (IVIZ) assay against Erwinia tracheiphila as eco-friendly management approaches. Results: Analysis of disease severity data from 2016-18 ranged between 29% to 33%. Molecular detection of causal pat...

The experiment was conducted at the sick plot, Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh during two consecutive years of 2010-11 and 2011-12 to screen out the effective BARI Rhizobium Biofertilizers against foot and root rot of chickpea. Six BARI Rhizobium strains viz. BARI Rca 201, BARI Rca 220, BARI Rca 202, BARI chickpea Rajshahi, BARI Rca IC 59 and BARI Chickpea pulse 1 were used as treatments. In 2010-11, foot and root rot incidence ranged from 9.78-26.63%, while the lowest incidence was recorded in BARI Chickpea Rajshahi, but the highest incidence was recorded in untreated control. BARI Chickpea Rajshahi gave the highest plant survival (90.22%) and control treatment gave the lowest plant survival (72.55%). BARI Chickpea Rajshahi treated plots reduced maximum foot and root rot incidence (63.27%) over untreated control. Similar trends of the results were observed in 2011-12. The highest yield was obtained from BARI Chickpea Rajshahi with 2090 and 2040 kg/ha during 2010-...

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to find out the effect of Rhizobium strains and biofertilizers on foot and root rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and yield of Bush bean. Six Rhizobium strains and three biofertilizers were used for seed treatment. Rhizobium strains (BINAR P36 and BINAR P6) and BINA biofertilizer resulted maximum reduction of seed rot, and foot and root rot of Bush bean in pot. In addition, these treatments increased germination, plant stand, shoot length/plant, root length/plant, shoot weight/plant, root weight/plant, vigour index, plant height, number of green pods/plant, weight of green pods/plant, weight of seeds/plant and healthy looking seeds in pot trials. Among them Rhizobium strains (BINAR P36) showed best performance. Key words: Rhizobium, biofertilizer, foot and root rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, yield, Bush bean.   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3744 J. bio-sci. 16: 73-78, 2008

Beans are an important plant species that is grown in our agroecological conditions. One of the significant factors in the reduction and quality of yield are phytopathogenic bacteria that appear on leaves, stems, pods and seeds. Also, one of the reasons for the frequent incidence of the disease is the use of seeds that are not declared, and very often infected. In our conditions, depending on the environmental conditions, two species from the genus Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas predominantly appear. Species Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, the causal agent of common bacterial blight is affected by warmer and wet conditions, while the species Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola is affected by colder weather and humid conditions. Other bacteria that appear are of minor economic importance.

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2017 at Agronomy field unit, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga to study the effect of humic substances on nutrient uptake and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments replicated thrice was laid out in Complete Randomized Block Design. Soybean variety used in this experiment was JS-335. Application of vermicompost on FYM 'N' equivalent basis was found superior by recording significantly higher grain yield (1957 kg ha-1)and nutrients uptake (N, P and K) by grain, haulm, total plant uptake and less soil available nutrient status after harvest of the crop. Among humic substances treatments, soil application of humic substances @ 5 kg ha-1 at sowing + foliar application of humic substances extracted from vermicompost (0.2%) at 40 DAS resulted in significantly higher grain yield (1741 kg ha-1) and nutrient uptake of N, P, K by grain, haulm, total uptake and less available nutrient status after harvest of the crop when compared to control.

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs, the agent of tan spot, is an economically important pathogen of wheat. It causes grain quality distortion and yield losses up to 53%. Ptr is a necrotrophic pathogen and produces three types of necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB and Ptr ToxC) that induce necrosis and chlorosis. The genetic basis of the Ptr-host interaction also includes genes that provide race-nonspecific resistance. In 2022, the percentage of genotypes infected with Ptr in the collections of "disease nurseries" ranged from 11.4% to 94.3%. The lowest number of infected genotypes (11.4%) was recorded in breeding pro-grams for resistance to prevalent pathogens. A low number of genotypes infected with Ptr was also found in the collection of wild relatives (18.4%), while the highest percentage of genotypes susceptible to Ptr was found in varieties originating from Kazakhstan (94.4%). Disease index of Ptr ranged from a trace level up to 50% or more. The ...

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Osservazioni e rilievi di campo integrati da un programma di campionamenti e saggi diagnostici di laboratorio confermano in alcune delle varietà oggetto di studio una minore incidenza delle infezioni di Xylella fastidiosa, a cui sono associate sintomatologie di deperimento e manifestazioni di disseccamento più lievi e attenuate rispetto a quanto osservato in cultivar definite altamente suscettibili, ove la presenza di infezioni di X. fatidiosa compromette la sopravvivenza stessa delle piante. I risultati, oltre a confermare i fenomeni di resistenza già osservati in precedenti studi sulla cultivar Leccino, individuano nella selezione FS-17®, un ulteriore e potenziale fonte di resistenza al batterio. Al contrario, si rafforzano le evidenze sull'elevata suscettibilità delle cultivar Cellina di Nardo e Ogliarola salentina. Si presenta infine una rapida sintesi delle diverse attività in corso sulla ricerca di fonti di resistenza.