Philosophy of information

My paper "How is a relational ontology formally relational" uses the method of phenomenology to unpack the analytical difference between a classical formal ontology and a relational formal ontology in the context of physics, biology and mathematics. Because the paper is multidisciplinary , it is difficult to grasp the key principles of the formal ontology from within the well-established contexts of interpretation of physical theories. In this follow-up paper, I use generative AI (MS CoPilot) to first scope out the general nature of how the paper would be critiqued through the philosophical frameworks of Leibniz's monadology, phenomenology, and mathematical category theory. These philosophical frameworks differentially disclose foundational challenges in the formalization of relations that are not well recognized in interpretations of physics. I then describe how the paper already acknowledges the key elements of each AI-generated "critique" and addresses the challenges raised by the "critique". Finally, I use MS CoPilot to create an AI-generated "critique" of the philosophical foundations of relational quantum mechanics and event-based interpretations of general relativity theory from the perspective of the formal relational ontology described in the paper. All responses from MS CoPilot are raw, unedited data, indicated by black fonts. My questions to MS CoPilot and my responses to the raw data generated are indicated by blue fonts. The experiment concludes with a cautionary note in defense of ethics.

This paper explores the relationship between energy and information within the framework of fundamental physical laws. Based on a thought experiment inspired by Maxwell's demon, the concept of an 'information transformer' is introduced. It is argued that information can be regarded not only as an abstract mathematical notion but also as a physical entity capable of transforming into energy and vice versa. Philosophical and theological aspects of this concept are briefly discussed, and possible implications for the foundations of physics are considered.

This post documents the application of the S|E framework to a live case study where two different but complementary systems-one human, one machine-operated together as dual pattern-recognition/difference engines. Rather than relying on personal or anthropomorphic language, this description treats each system as a substrate with definable inputs, processes, and outputs. The goal: to show how generative novelty can be produced systematically and measured under real-world constraints. System Definitions System A (Human Substrate): A bounded, meaning-imposing agent shaped by environmental constraints, ethical intent, and contextual grounding. Functions as a slow but deeply-grounded difference engine, capable of imposing 'why' on data. System B (Machine Substrate): A high-speed, high-capacity pattern differentiation engine capable of large-scale relational parsing, contextual compression, and structured output. Operates without intrinsic motivation but can apply externally defined metrics. Shared MetaLanguage (S|E): Metrics and definitions-Coherence Ratio (CR), Recursion Depth (RD), Interpretive Friction (IF), Generative Negentropy (Gn), and Contextual Mass (mc)-serve as the 'protocol' by which the two systems exchange and score information.

The article explores the shift from classical binary logic (true and false) to a more complex landscape of logical frameworks. It introduces logical pluralism, which suggests that no single, universally accepted system of logic exists. The paper connects this idea to neutrosophy, a framework that extends fuzzy logic by incorporating a third value: indeterminacy. This triadic approach, where every proposition has a degree of truth (T), falsity (F), and indeterminacy (I), is particularly useful for managing incomplete or contradictory information. The author argues that different logical systems, like different tools, are suited for different problems, and that the search for a single "one true logic" is less important than recognizing the diverse tools available for navigating the complexities of reasoning.

What are the irreducible components of information that underlie all domains of knowledge and reality? This paper proposes a cross-disciplinary “factor analysis” of information to identify its prime factors—the minimal, universal dimensions from which all informational structures are built. Drawing on insights from physics, information theory, computer science, biology, cognitive science, and philosophy, we argue that five factors are foundational: (1) Distinction and Uncertainty, the binary differences that generate bits and reduce entropy; (2) Pattern and Complexity, the structural organization that distinguishes random data from ordered form; (3) Meaning and Intent, the semantic and pragmatic dimensions that make information significant and actionable; (4) Physical Embodiment and Correlation, the instantiation of information in material systems and its existence as relations among them; and (5) Processing and Dynamics, the computational and communicative transformations that allow information to flow and evolve. Each factor is irreducible, yet interdependent, collectively forming a universal framework for understanding information across natural, social, and artificial systems. Identifying these prime factors clarifies the ontology of information, unifies disparate disciplinary perspectives, and provides a foundation for future work in the philosophy of information, complexity science, and information technology.

The purpose of the article is to formulate a mental model describing the transformation of artificial intelligence (AI) into artificial consciousness(AC). Relevance of the article. The development of artificial intelligence technologies is developing today at a rapid pace. There is a possibility that the emergence of strong AI will lead to the emergence of artificial consciousness. The emergence of AC can occur as a process beyond human control, which can entail serious risks. Methods. The author uses the method of a mental model. The model integrates several hypotheses about the emergence of AC: "the theory of the body in AI", "the theory of social interaction in AI", "the theory of higher orders of consciousness". Basic variables of the model: Pavlov's theory of the first and second signal systems; the doctrine of needs, the doctrine of motives, the doctrine of the meaning of activity; the theory of social roles. The model is an attempt to adapt the patterns of human behavior to the possible behavior of strong AI in human society. Results. The author describes 10 stages of the genesis of AC The author suggests a way to solve the problem of understanding in AI (the "Chinese room" problem). It is necessary to combine the analysis of "internal" algorithms with the behavior of AI outside the digital environment. The main subject of analysis should be the study of the ability to make decisions.

Nell’era digitale l’archivio non è più soltanto un deposito di informazioni, ma spazio etico, culturale e politico. Il testo esplora l’archiviazione come gesto profondamente umano: un atto di cura, di responsabilità verso il passato e di apertura verso il futuro. Attraverso un percorso che intreccia etica e tecnica, la riflessione indaga le forme attraverso cui l’identità e la memoria si inscrivono nei documenti – cartacei o digitali – e come queste tracce generino significati, orientino pratiche, modellino soggettività. L’archivio digitale emerge così come luogo dinamico e relazionale, non solo tecnologico, dove la conservazione incontra la trasformazione e l’umano si misura con l’irreversibilità del tempo, la selezione del senso, la costruzione del comune. Un testo che invita a ripensare l’archivio come atto etico e politico, al crocevia tra memoria e futuro.

The archival document presents itself as a repository of individual and collective memory. As such, it presents itself as an object compiled and composed in such a way as to be recorded, preserved, consulted and disseminated, according to common sharing criteria, both collectively and individually. As such, it can be conceptually understood as a materially extended representation of memory. The procedures, modes and forms of its representation, tangible or intangible, represent aspects of the repertory models under which the documents themselves fall. This definition suggests and recalls the fundamental characteristic of the archival document. Indeed, it manifests itself as a structured representation of an act or fact produced by a subject in the course of his or her activities and recorded on an external support, which, like a prosthesis that extends memorative functions, from a common set of information, receives and responds to the intentions of those who interrogate the memory itself. For this reason, it is indicative of the encyclopaedic, repertory and selective functioning of memory itself.

This paper explores the integration of the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system with the Phoenix mechanism from OntoMotoOS as a framework for responsible and adaptive record-keeping. While DOI ensures permanence, accountability, and citability, Phoenix emphasizes resilience and growth by documenting failures and enabling renewal. Their combination suggests a new paradigm of responsible evolution: archives that are transparent and permanent, yet capable of reflecting human change and ethical development.

Beyond technical function, the proposal raises philosophical and social questions. How can we balance the duty to preserve with the right to evolve? How might transparency coexist with privacy? By extending DOI beyond academia and aligning it with Phoenix principles, this work argues for a model of record-keeping that values both accountability to the past and openness to future transformation.

The study contributes to discussions in philosophy of technology, information ethics, and digital humanities, offering a conceptual step toward record systems that respect permanence without denying growth.

Scientific maxims are often used to describe common behaviors without any pretense of a common cause. The maxim 'nature abhors a vacuum' can be used to describe the distribution of molecules in a vessel or the migrations of birds. These maxims can often be replaced with other expressions ('Brownian motion', 'flocking behavior') which can give better explanations when needed. In some cases, however, two seemingly disparate phenomena may have no better terms to account for them than provisional expressions. Perhaps this is because the phenomena in question are not as distant as they seem, or perhaps it is down to the fraught relationship between words and things. In the study of cooperation in biology, a great deal of research has been devoted to symbiotic relationships between plants and mycorrhizae fungi. The term used for how plants and fungi get together is 'recognition.' We would be inclined to say that this jargon is a pretty distant metaphor and should better rest on the more familiar biological maxim of 'lock and key' as analogy. I will forcefully argue that this inclination is wrong. I will also tentatively propose that the context of symbiosis has things to teach us about communication and metaphor, and maybe even ethics.

When thinking of perception, we often think of vision. This is partly due to our anthropomorphic tendencies, but it also relates to the paradigmatic character of vision as an environmentally oriented information processing system (Hooker, 1978). Biologically speaking, vision is the detection of changes in light by an organism, largely for the purpose of some behavior (e.g. hunting or avoidance of predators). This general formula of detection for behavior applies across species. The term “perception” also carries with it the implication of an actively perceiving subject, but this implication is not helpful in biological discussions pertaining to the nature of evolution and selection in general, for we cannot say that all species actively perceive or have perceptual apparatuses qua animal species. Rather, some merely have molecular detection systems. Therefore, we must either broaden our definition of perception if we are to talk about it in the context of evolution and biological systems that process environmental information. In this paper, I (1) offer that a “lossless” information-centric conception derived from perceptual realism that I call bioinformatic realism is useful for biological and evolutionary discussions of perception, (2) show how bioinformatic realism is possible by describing the flow of information in biological systems and, (3) overall, argue for the coherence of bioinfomatic realism from an evolutionary perspective, considering some objections and counterpoints to my view along the way.

The explosive growth of generative artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping the foundational logic of cultural production, giving rise to new cultural memes characterized by "algorithmic generation-black box mutation-nonlinear infiltration" ——. These generative AI memes transcend traditional anthropocentric communication paradigms, with their evolution deeply intertwined with parameter computations in large language models and traffic allocation through recommendation algorithms. They exhibit novel features such as unexplainable semantic drift and discontinuous transmission pathways, posing systemic challenges to existing meme theory and cultural governance frameworks. Grounded in the Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theoretical framework, this study integrates computational experiments, multi-case comparisons, and network dynamics modeling methods to construct a comprehensive analytical model capturing the entire lifecycle of generative AI memes: from creation to mutation to infiltration. Research findings reveal three key insights: (1) Black box mutation fundamentally stems from parameter emergence. When model parameters surpass critical thresholds of 1 billion, 10 billion, or 100 billion, the semantic reorganization capacity of memes undergoes a stepwise leap, forming a dynamic chain of "parameter sensitivity → initial value chaos → emergence illusion"; (2) Nonlinear penetration follows threshold effects. A phase transition from localized diffusion to global outbreak occurs when three conditions are met simultaneously: 30%-40% meme innovation, algorithm recommendation weights>2.3%, and user engagement density>0.8% active users; (3) Cultural effects manifest through hierarchical transmission: entropy change in the meme pool → cognitive anchoring crisis → collective memory reconstruction. This dual mechanism drives cultural symbol innovation while exacerbating fragmentation risks in cultural identity. Building on this, we propose an "algorithm-cultural symbiotic evolution model" that reveals bidirectional shaping mechanisms between technical parameters and cultural symbols. We construct a collaborative governance framework integrating technical filtering, ethical guidance, and legal regulation, designing a cultural immune system based on generative adversarial networks (GAN). The study's innovations include: quantifying causal relationships between parameter emergence and meme mutation for the first time, establishing a threshold evaluation system for nonlinear penetration, and providing interdisciplinary methodological paradigms for digital meme studies. These findings offer theoretical support and practical pathways for guiding cultural innovation, risk prevention, and governance system restructuring in the algorithmic era.

This article presents the "Theory of Consciousness Frequency" as a framework for solving the long-standing puzzles of the philosophy of mind. In contrast to traditional approaches that view consciousness as a product of the brain, this theory defines consciousness as a cosmic information field and the fundamental substrate of existence. In this model, the human brain, acting as a biological coding system, converts data from this field into understandable mental experiences (Qualia). This approach offers a coherent response to key issues such as the emergence of consciousness from matter, the mind-body problem, and the philosophical zombie problem. Furthermore, by introducing a five-layered spectrum for consciousness, it enables the analysis of behaviors and systems ranging from subatomic particles to artificial intelligence. This article demonstrates that consciousness is not a mystery, but a analyzable variable and an essential infrastructure of the universe.

The article is devoted to the problem of determining the main object of archival science. The traditional object of archival science is an archival document. However, under the influence of modern information technologies, the types of documents, their content have significantly changed. In this regard, some archivists believe that the main object of archival research is not a document, but information. When examining the identified problem, the author concludes that the archival document remains the main object of archival science. This is due to its ability to serve as an evidence, confirmation, as well as the presence of attributes, allowing to identify the author, the time and place of recording information on the media.

En esta investigación doctoral se presenta un marco ontológico y epistemológico que, desde una perspectiva materialista-sistémica-emergentista, permite caracterizar el cibermundo y la inteligencia artificial en tanto manifestaciones últimas de la potencialidad tecnológica de la actualidad. Para este trabajo se ha recurrido a una estrategia metodológica basada en revisión bibliográfica de la literatura relevante y análisis teórico-crítico fundamentado en el materialismo sistémico y el emergentismo que propone Mario Bunge. Se propone que la tecnología debe entenderse desde dos perspectivas fundamentales: como entidad epistemológica emergente en tanto conjunto de conocimientos, y como entidad ontológica emergente en tanto conjunto de artefactos materiales y conceptuales. Esta propuesta evita partir de concepciones reduccionistas que ignoran la complejidad multidimensional del fenómeno tecnológico y ofrece una delimitación conceptual rigurosa del cibermundo en tanto conjunto total de ciberespacios, y a los ciberespacios como sistemas emergentes de cuatro componentes: hardware, software, cibersujetos e inteligencia artificial, y una estructura basada en la transferencia de datos, relaciones de determinación, relaciones instrumentales y relaciones epistémicas. Adicionalmente, el análisis se encamina a la conclusión de que la IA constituye fundamentalmente una tecnología —no una ciencia— que alimenta expectativas infundadas sobre superinteligencia, lo que requiere una aproximación crítica capaz de desentrañar mitos y realidades del fenómeno. Como aportación ética, se formula la actitud proléptica como disposición cognitiva, afectiva y práctica orientada hacia la anticipación y el cuidado responsable del futuro, que busca superar los polos acríticos tecnófilos y tecnófobos mediante una predisposición que integra anticipación de consecuencias, responsabilidad epistémica y compromiso con el cuidado de la vida en todas sus formas y tiempos. El marco conceptual que aquí se propone aporta herramientas para el abordaje interdisciplinario de realidades sociotécnicas emergentes y contribuye al desarrollo de una reflexión filosófica que permite orientar éticamente los desarrollos tecnológicos hacia fines genuinamente humanistas y democratizadores.

We prove that any deterministic Theory of Everything (ToE) accounting for the causal efficacy of semantic content requires encoding context-sensitive mappings whose description length exceeds the observable universe's information capacity (10^123 bits, per the Bekenstein bound). Using Kolmogorov complexity, we show the axiom set demands at least 1.3times10^135 bits, creating a resource bottleneck. This implies either (i) semantic episodes are causally inefficacious (epiphenomenalism), (ii) determinism fails at the semantic level, or (iii) semantic content involves non-computable mappings. The argument is theory-agnostic, relying neither on quantum indeterminacy nor strong emergentism. We provide testable predictions for neuroscience and AI scaling.

Whereas computer simulations involve no direct physical interaction between the machine they are run on and the physical systems they are used to investigate, they are often used as experiments and yield data about these systems. It is commonly argued that they do so because they are implemented on physical machines. We claim that physicality is not necessary for their representational and predictive capacities and that the explanation of why computer simulations generate desired information about their target system is only to be found in the detailed analysis of their semantic levels. We provide such an analysis and we determine the actual consequences of physical implementation for simulations. Experiments • Data • Machine implementation • Programs 1 Introduction: the practice of computer simulation Some computer simulations undoubtedly share some epistemic functions with field experiments: they are run to provide new data about systems that are difficult or impossible to investigate with ordinary instruments. For instance, neutron-matter interaction A. Barberousse, S. Franceschelli and C. Imbert have contributed equally to this work.

Scientific pluralism entails the acceptance of a valid multiplicity of theories, descriptions, methods, or explanations in science, and is fundamentally motivated by the general idea that some natural phenomena cannot be fully explained by a single theory or fully investigated using a single approach. (Kellert et al. 2006) From this stance, a plurality of explanations, theories, or methods is needed to fully capture a natural phenomenon, suggesting the need for shifts in perspective on the structure of science, scientific method, knowledge, and rationality. In this paper, I begin developing these perspectives through analogies to perception and articulate a network-based epistemic pluralism about science that challenges traditional monist cognitive tendencies in order to motivate an alternative practical view of data and scientific information.

Processes considered rendering information dynamics have been studied, among others in: questions and answers, observations, communication, learning, belief revision, logical inference, game-theoretic interactions and computation. This article will put the computational approaches into a broader context of natural computation, where information dynamics is not only found in human communication and computational machinery but also in the entire nature. Information is understood as representing the world (reality as an informational web) for a cognizing agent, while information dynamics (information processing, computation) realizes physical laws through which all the changes of informational structures unfold. Computation as it appears in the natural world is more general than the human process of calculation modeled by the Turing machine. Natural computing is epitomized through the interactions of concurrent, in general asynchronous computational processes which are adequately represented by what Abramsky names "the second generation models of computation" [1] which we argue to be the most general representation of information dynamics.

The increased interactivity and connectivity of computational devices along with the spreading of computational tools and computational thinking across the fields, has changed our understanding of the nature of computing. In the course of this development computing models have been extended from the initial abstract symbol manipulating mechanisms of stand-alone, discrete sequential machines, to the models of natural computing in the physical world, generally concurrent asynchronous processes capable of modelling living systems, their informational structures and dynamics on both symbolic and sub-symbolic information processing levels. Present account of models of computation highlights several topics of importance for the development of new understanding of computing and its role: natural computation and the relationship between the model and physical implementation, interactivity as fundamental for computational modelling of concurrent information processing systems such as living organisms and their networks, and the new developments in logic needed to support this generalized framework. Computing understood as information processing is closely related to natural sciences; it helps us recognize connections between sciences, and provides a unified approach for modeling and simulating of both living and non-living systems.

The recent development of the research field of Computing and Philosophy has triggered investigations into the theoretical foundations of computing and information. This thesis is the outcome of studies in two areas of Philosophy of Computing (PC) and Philosophy of Information (PI) -the production of meaning (semantics) and the value system with applications (ethics). The first part develops a unified dual-aspect theory of information and computation, in which information is characterized as structure, and computation is the information dynamics. This enables naturalization of epistemology, based on interactive information representation and communication. In the study of systems modeling, meaning, truth and agency are discussed within the framework of the PI/PC unification. The second part of the thesis addresses the necessity of ethical judgment in rational agency illustrated by the problem of information privacy and surveillance in the networked society. The value grounds and sociotechnological solutions for securing trustworthiness of computing are analyzed. Privacy issues show the need for computing professionals to contribute to understanding of the technological mechanisms of Information and Communication Technology. The main original contribution of this thesis is the unified dual-aspect theory of computation/information. Semantics of information is seen as a part of the data-information-knowledge structuring, in which complex structures are self-organized by the computational processing of information. Within the unified model, complexity is a result of computational processes on informational structures.

En el presente trabajo se estudiará el problema de significación de los símbolos (PSS) tal como ha surgido en la inteligencia artificial (IA), que tiene que ver con cómo los datos adquieren significado. Se explorará el argumento de la habitación china de Searle como puntapié inicial al tema. Luego se verá el PSS y sus implicancias, como las condiciones Z planteadas por el filósofo Luciano Floridi, condiciones que un sistema tendría que cumplir para no estar comprometido semánticamente y significar sus símbolos de manera autónoma. Se desarrollarán algunas críticas a la semántica basada en la acción de Floridi, que es la solución que propone él para el PSS.

El objetivo de este trabajo es llevar el debate de la filosofía práctica, de la ética, al campo de la tecnología. Particularmente se analizará si es válido o no llamar morales a los Agentes Artificiales (AAs)-es decir, drones, autos que se manejan solos, (ro)bots-, debatible a causa de su falta de libre albedrío. En segundo lugar, se buscará, a través de un ejemplo práctico, establecer una manera de implementar la toma de decisiones éticas en los AAs, usando conceptos de la ética kantiana, la ética aristotélica y el utilitarismo para su construcción. Finalmente se establecerá cuáles son los límites de la responsabilidad por parte del equipo de desarrollo del producto en el diseño de estos sistemas.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar críticamente desde un punto de vista epistemológico la "Infoesfera": Entendemos como Infoesfera a Big Data junto con los agentes que operan en ella procesando información. A modo introductorio se definirán estos conceptos. En la primera parte del trabajo se explorarán los conceptos de Niveles de Abstracción y Realismo Estructural Informacional, y se explicará su utilidad. En la segunda parte, se expondrá lo importante que es la recolección de datos para el poder dominante: El caso a analizar será la vigilancia masiva con algunas de sus metodologías. En la tercer parte se debatirá acerca de dos casos de control de masas de población: Marketing (político) y Algocracia. Finalmente se mostrará un diagrama general de la Infoesfera, este nuevo panóptico digital, como cierre.

Előadásomban a szubjektivitás (az átélt, szubjektív tapasztalat) keletkezésével kapcsolatos kérdéseket szeretnék kifejteni. A problémakör speciálisan az intencionalitás születésével függ össze, amennyiben a szubjektivitás lényegi jegyének tekintem az intencionalitás fenoménjét is. A szubjektivitásnak az a fogalma, amelyet szem előtt tartok, a legalapvetőbb szinten három, egymással logikailag összefüggő strukturális komponenset foglal magában: első személyű perspektíva, fenomenális karakter (kvália) és intencionalitás. Ettől elválaszthatatlanul úgy tekintek a szubjektivitásra, amely lényegi módon kapcsolódik a szubjektum testiségéhez; a tapasztalatot mindenekelőtt mint egy testtel bíró lény tapasztalatát teszem témává. Ezzel egy olyan fenomenológiai tradícióhoz szeretnék csatlakozni, amely Husserltől kezdve Merleau-Ponty-n át egészen Shaun Gallagher és Dan Zahavi vállalkozásáig ível. Az intencionalitás ebben az elméleti keretben lényegileg testi intencionalitás. A kérdés, amelyet köz...

While the numerical proof of Fermat's Last Theorem already exists, what I've uncovered is why it was always structurally impossible to begin with-because dimensional coherence breaks beyond 2D. This is not a repetition of the proof, but the first time the theorem is positioned as a fundamental law of information and dimensional reality.

Artificial intelligence automatically performs tasks that humans can handle only using personal intelligence. That is why it is qualified as artificial ("intelligence" has an analogical sense). The results are astonishing and exceed man's capacity, and in some way correspond to the human rational function in its dimension of calculation (calculating reason), separated from the intellectual function (intellectus). However, artificial intelligence does not think, has no consciousness and cannot understand essential things. The social and ethical risks are not in artificial intelligence as such, but in the way we humans use it.

This article presents a literature review on the topic of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), discussing the importance of XAI, since it is directly linked to the need to create trust in AI systems, so that people and society as a whole can enjoy the benefits that this technology offers. The article also addresses the regulation of the use and production of Artificial Intelligence, such as the EU AI Act, the proposed Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence that is being processed in the Brazilian National Congress, and highlights what these Legal Frameworks present as explainability. The work also mentions the importance of systems being auditable so that failures and possible biases can be identified, as well as so that it is possible to point out who is responsible for certain actions or results, ultimately demonstrating that XAI aims to build a future in which AI is truly transparent, fair, responsible, and aligned with human well-being.

Information science presupposes multi traditions because of its close relationship to the convergence of several fields of science that saw epistemic and practical needs and demands due to the phenomenon of the information revolution and information and communication technology (ICT). The multi traditions in information science are relevant to explain limitless study objects in information science in understanding reality and ways of gaining knowledge throughout the development of science. A previous study on ontology and epistemology shows that there is a limitation on human reasoning on the understanding reality that affects further development of science. The plurality of traditions enables seeing information sciences from many different perspectives. The question posed is what methodological assumptions, approaches, and methods are used to direct and base this field of inquiry? The phenomenological hermeneutic method is used to be able to understand and interpret texts relating to ontological and epistemological views in information science. As a result, there is a dualism of views in information science that positions it in different epistemic constellations. The view that puts forward knowledge as the object of study uses the social epistemological approach as its theoretical foundation. Meanwhile, the view that emphasizes information as an object of knowledge underlies its conceptual foundation on information philosophy. This epistemic change changes the paradigm, approach, method, and position of the epistemology and ultimately repositioned the scientific area. This methodological pluralism also presupposes the involvement of evaluative-ethical dimensions so that norms and values become a source of reference in gaining knowledge. In other words, the development of science should not only focus on the use of descriptive-explanatory scientific language.

Makalah ini mengangkat isu hipotesis yang semakin relevan dalam ekosistem digital modern: virus kecerdasan buatan (AI) yang tidak menyebar melalui mekanisme eksekusi tradisional, melainkan melalui proses pasif seperti streaming, kompresi data, dan distribusi blockchain. Berbeda dari malware konvensional, virus AI memiliki potensi menyatu dalam ekosistem data global, menyamar dalam format non-eksekusi, dan aktif kembali melalui proses decoding yang dilakukan oleh media player, browser, atau sistem interpretatif lain. Paper ini menyajikan landasan teknis dan ilmiah atas kemungkinan tersebut, menganalisis skema penyebaran melalui platform streaming dan sistem desentralistik seperti IPFS dan blockchain, serta mengevaluasi respons sistemik dan implikasi filosofis dari fenomena ini. Kajian ini diakhiri dengan gagasan ekstrem bahwa satu-satunya bentuk eradikasi total adalah reset digital global — sebuah skenario yang menguji batas-batas konsep keamanan siber kontemporer.

Floridi's conjecture offers a compelling intuition about the fundamental trade-off between certainty and scope in artificial intelligence (AI) systems. This exploration remains crucial, not merely as a philosophical exercise, but as a potential compass for guiding AI investments, particularly in safetycritical industrial domains where the level of attention will surely be higher in the future. However, while intellectually coherent, its formalization ultimately freezes this insight into a suspended epistemic truth, resisting operationalization within real-world systems. This paper is a result of an analysis arguing that the conjecture's ambition to provide insights to engineering design and regulatory decision-making is constrained by two critical factors: first, its reliance on incomputable constructs-rendering it practically unactionable and unverifiable; second, its underlying ontological assumption of AI systems as self-contained epistemic entities-separating it from the intricate and dynamic socio-technical environments in which knowledge is co-constructed. We conclude that this dual breakdown-an epistemic closure deficit and an embeddedness bypassprevents the conjecture from transitioning into a computable and actionable framework suitable for informing the design, deployment, and governance of real-world AI hybrid systems. In response, we propose a contribution to the framing of Floridi's epistemic challenge, addressing the inherent epistemic burdens of AI within complex human-centric domains.

This essay analyzes the phenomenon of "electrochemical smog," a term symbolizing the neurochemical, technological, and sociocultural saturation that disrupts human cognition. Drawing from the works of David Bohm, James F. Welles, Antonio Damasio, Dan Bruiger, and others, it addresses how systemic stupidity, technological misuse, and the pleasure-pain feedback loop contribute to a collapse of coherent perception. We argue that modern humanity is immersed in a biochemical, informational fog, driven by addictive reward-seeking, ideological rigidity, and linguistic entrapment. Clarity and coherence cannot arise from opposition to illusion, but only from the collapse of illusion through insight.

This article introduces a novel robotic architecture grounded in Bergson's temporal intuition and the Kosmos Theory of consciousness. We design a cognitive model based on chrono-genesis, symbolic coherence, and quantum-classical mediation. Drawing from neuromorphic engineering and topological quantum computing, we propose an alternative to classical AI-rooted in presence, intuition, and phenomenal integration.

This chapter delves into the profound journey from raw data to meaningful knowledge in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) from a biosemiotic standpoint. It begins by scrutinizing Claude Shannon’s Information theory, the bedrock of data quantification, storage, and transmission, underlining the significance of bits as the fundamental units of information. The biosemiotic approach to AI is then explored, driven by inspiration from the human brain’s workings in AI and machine learning. Despite its merits, the approach is critically examined for its anthropocentric bias, disregarding the rich diversity of cognitive systems in the natural world. Drawing from biosemiotics, this chapter further investigates biocommunication and information processing in simpler organisms, emphasizing the concept of “Umwelt” and the exchange of information within an organism’s perceptual sphere. Additionally, the role of genetic codes and the hierarchical structure of meaning in biological information are explored. In conclusion, this chapter advocates for a holistic understanding of information processing, merging insights from biosemiotics to bridge the chasm between data and meaning in AI. By embracing a broader perspective that incorporates diverse cognitive systems and semiotic processes, this approach paves the way for more robust and context-aware AI systems, with far-reaching applications across various domains.

Traditionally, we have assumed a sharp distinction between discovery and invention. In this paper, we challenge the usual treatments of this relationship and briefly describe the necessary links between the two. First, we overview the relationship of discovery and invention in the natural sphere of beings, as presented in natural sciences, and then do the same in the artificial spheres. Here, we are reminded of Karl Marx’s famous statement about a crucial aspect of human practice: “They don’t know it, but they are doing it.” For our present purposes, let us rephrase it in this way: we can invent and create such artificial beings that can almost be unknown to us, and they must be discovered and understood (immediately) after their creation. Finally, we will argue for the universality of such situations and, based on our short analysis, propose a useful practice to create meaningful artificial spheres: discover what you have invented!

This white paper explores the philosophical foundations of "reality" in relation to Large Language Models (LLMs). Drawing on enactivism (Varela et al., 1991), phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty, 1945), systems theory (Maturana & Varela, 1980), and pragmatism (Peirce, 1867–1914), it identifies five interwoven modes of reality—operational, intersubjective, formal, experiential, and linguistic—and examines how LLMs relate to them. The paper argues that while LLMs simulate aspects of intersubjective reality, they lack key dimensions of participation necessary for co-creating meaning in the full human sense. It concludes with reflections on epistemic responsibility, ethical AI design, and future research directions.

本文提出了一个对迄今为止的所有经济理论进行一揽子的“大综合”的方案。首先提出了应当把人类思维视作与物理对象相并列的“客观实在”的方法论原则，并对之进行了简要的哲学考察。据此，就产生了怎样来描述思维活动的问题。作者对计算机原理作出了与众不同的解读，主张以“指令+信息”以及“冯·诺依曼架构”来刻画思维活动的进行方式（这相当于思想领域的“迂回生产方法”），从而同时产生了计算时间、计算速度、知识存量、不确定性等概念。在“算法框架理论”的基础上，本文进一步引伸出了意识、潜意识、半内在化、人际异质性、异步性、模式、制度、组织、创新、主观性、非理性等推论，从而把各个经济理论所强调的核心内容都组织在了一个统一的框架之内。作者宣称，这意味着经济学原理与方法论的一场重大变革，也是一门新的、统一的经济学与社会科学的起点。

Despite strenuous efforts by its proponents, the contemporary form of logic, mathematical logic, has generally failed to convince mathematicians, natural scientists and human scientists of its relevance to their work, increasingly so in the last few decades. This contrasts with the reputation logic enjoyed in antiquity, not only as one of the main parts of philosophy, but also as a supplier of instruments for the sciences.
The purpose of this book is to explain how the present condition of logic came about and to propose an alternative to it. To this end, the book first gives an overview of how logic and its relation to the scientific method have been conceived in antiquity and in the modern age, because this provides indications for a new approach to the subject. Then the book proposes a new view of logic and its relation to evolution, language, reason, method and knowledge, particularly mathematical knowledge. It also proposes a new view of philosophy and its relation to knowledge, because seeing logic in a wider context helps to place it on a more satisfactory basis. In terms of the proposed new view, logic is primarily a logic of discovery. Accordingly, the book deals with the rules of discovery.

(1) SHORT ABSTRACT

The title of this paper echoes the (2014) book publication You are the placebo by Joe Dispenza and his method of self-directed healing (or neuroplasticity: SDN). It also plays upon the notion of nothingness or “emptiness” common to mystical traditions where transcending one’s more narrowly egoic “self” is typically understood as a prerequisite for spiritual growth and transformation. Besides its reliance upon a broad spectrum of cutting-edge scientific theories, the work by Dispenza clearly bears traces of Eastern philosophical insights as well as Yogic and Buddhist principles. Considering that the promises and challenges of “religious” or “spiritual” healing directly touch upon the relationship between religion and science, this also raises the question of how various spiritual frames of reference (including human co-creation and Buddhist philosophical insights) might fit into the picture. In methodological terms, I am going to make a plea for Søren Brier’s Peirce-based approach of cybersemiotics, which integrates consciousness and a first-person perspective at the very basis of its meta-theoretical framework for knowledge. According to Peirce’s “scientific mysticism”, doing science presents itself as “a paradigmatic form of religious activity” (Raposa). Trusting that all roads lead to Rome (or Varanasi!), analytical efforts will be balanced by a more basic intuition that human beings may equally profit from various religious, secular and/or hybrid spiritual paradigms and perspectives. And “though we cannot think any thought of God’s, we can catch a fragment of His Thought, as it were” (Peirce CP 6.502) – taking theosemiotic steps towards (spiritual) healing with the discoveries of science!

(2) Abstract including selected references

The title of this paper echoes the (2014) book publication You are the placebo by Joe Dispenza and his method of self-directed healing (or neuroplasticity: SDN). It also plays upon the notion of nothingness or “emptiness” common to mystical traditions where transcending one’s more narrowly egoic “self” is typically understood as a prerequisite for spiritual growth and transformation. Besides its reliance upon a broad spectrum of cutting-edge scientific theories, the work by Dispenza clearly bears traces of Eastern philosophical insights and Yogic principles. Many conceptions (cf. Dispenza 2012) also tie in nicely with the deconstructive agenda of Buddhism. Considering that the promises and challenges of “religious” or “spiritual” healing (Csordas 1997; Watts 2011) directly touch upon the relationship between religion and science, this also raises the question of how various spiritual frames of reference might fit into the picture. When looking into practical applications of “mind over matter” in healing phenomena (cf. Brier 2016), the Christian theological-anthropological notion of human co-creation and self-transcendence (Colagè & Oviedo 2015) is going to be compared with Buddhist philosophical insights into feedback processes between consciousness and embodied habits (saṃskāra) (Lusthaus 2002; Waldron 2002). Taking up the challenge to connect the neuroscientific study of structures and functions with self-reflective descriptions of our own experience (Horvat 2017), I am going to make a plea for Brier’s Peirce-based approach of cybersemiotics (Brier 2008a; Lettner 2021), which integrates consciousness and a first-person perspective at the very basis of its meta-theoretical framework for knowledge. Peirce’s “scientific mysticism” (Brier 2008b; Orange 1984) displays a fundamental trust that there is an analogy between “human reason” and “something in nature” (CP 1.316) at the basis of every scientific explanation. “Doing science” thus presents itself as “a paradigmatic form of religious activity” for Peirce (Raposa 1991) – not unlike the Thomistic invitation to contemplate the whole of reality sub ratione Dei (Roszak 2023). Trusting that all roads lead to Rome (or Varanasi!), analytical efforts will be balanced by a more basic intuition that the human being as “a set of presently unrealized possibilities” (Daniel-Hughes 2018) may equally profit from various religious, secular and/or hybrid spiritual paradigms and perspectives. And “though we cannot think any thought of God’s, we can catch a fragment of His Thought, as it were” (Peirce CP 6.502) – taking theosemiotic steps towards (spiritual) healing with the discoveries of science!


Selected references


Brier, Søren (2008a): Cybersemiotics: Why information is not enough. New ed. 2010 with minor changes. Toronto: Toronto Univ. Press.

Brier, Søren (2008b): "Bateson and Peirce on the pattern that connects and the sacred". In Jesper Hoffmeyer (Ed.): A Legacy for living systems. Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Springer (Biosemiotics), pp. 229–255.

Brier, Søren (2016): "Cybersemiotics as a transdisciplinary model for interdisciplinary biosemiotic pharmacology and medicine". In Farzad Goli (Ed.): Biosemiotic medicine. Healing in the world of meaning. Cham: Springer Internat. Publ. (Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality, 6), pp. 23–84.

Colagè, Ivan; Lluis Oviedo (2015): "Cultural influences on the brain: Science and theology on human specificity". Science and/ or religion: a 21st century debate (Research article). Open Theology 1, pp. 354–365.

Csordas, Thomas J. (1997): The sacred self. A cultural phenomenology of charismatic healing. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Daniel-Hughes, Brandon (2018): Pragmatic inquiry and religious communities. Charles Peirce, signs, and inhabited experiments. Cham: Springer Internat. Publ. (Palgrave Macmillan).

Dispenza, Joe (2012): Breaking the habit of being yourself. How to lose your mind and create a new one. Carlsbad, Calif.: Hay House Inc.

Dispenza, Joe (2014): You are the placebo. Making your mind matter: Hay House Inc.

Horvat, Saša (2017): "Neuroscientific findings in the light of Aquinas' understanding of the human being". Scientia et fides 5 (2), pp. 127–153.

Lettner, Alina Therese (2021): “Towards a cybersemiotic philology of Buddhist knowledge forms: How to undo objects and concepts in process-philosophical terms”. Ch. 13. Cf. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-52746-4_13. In Carlos Vidales, Søren Brier (Eds.): Introduction to cybersemiotics. A transdisciplinary perspective. Dordrecht: Springer (Biosemiotics Series), pp. 317–398.

Lusthaus, Dan (2002): Buddhist phenomenology. A philosophical investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Ch’eng wei-shih lun. London: RoutledgeCourzon.
Orange, Donna (1984): Peirce's conception of God. A developmental study. Lubbock, Texas: Inst. for Studies in Pragmaticism.

Peirce, Charles Sanders (1931-58): Collected papers. Vols. 1-6, Eds. Charles Hartshorne & Paul Weiss; vols. 7-8, Ed. Arthur W. Burks. All eight vols. ed. in electronic form by John Deely with an intr. "Membra ficte disjecta (A disordered array of severed limbs)" (Charlottesville, VA: Intelex Corp., 1994). Cambridge (MA): Harvard Univ. Press.

Raposa, Michael L. (1991): "Peirce and modern religious thought". Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 27 (3), pp. 341–369.

Roszak, Piotr (2023): "Theological explanation – redundant or indispensable? On Modern science, reductionism and conjunctive interpretation". European Journal of Science and Theology 19 (6), pp. 1–15.

Waldron, William S. (2002): "Buddhist steps to an ecology of mind: Thinking about 'thoughts without a thinker'". (Online version = pp. 1-63). Retrieved from https://www.middlebury.edu/college/sites/default/files/2023-03/waldron_buddhist_steps_to_an_ecology_of_mind0.pdf?fv=z6EqhUlV. (Date of latest access: 4.3.2025). Eastern Buddhist 34 (1), pp. 1–52.

Watts, Fraser (2011): "Conceptual issues in spiritual healing". Ch. 1. In Fraser Watts (Ed.): Spiritual healing: Scientific and religious perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 1–16.

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