Pensions and retirement income

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The Main objective of the study was to explore the determinants of Retirement Planning in Kenya a survey of registered pension schemes in Nairobi. The population of the study comprised of members of registered pension schemes in Nairobi. Stratified sampling was used to select respondents from each of the sampled schemes. T test was used to examine the data with the objective determining whether there is a significant relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the results of this study that show the relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning and various social economic characteristics. The findings indicate that financial literacy, income and a respondent's education level are a significant determinant of retirement planning. On the other hand, age and years a respondent has been married are not significant determinants of retirement planning. Overall however, the financially literacy was a major determinant for members of pension schemes largely because financial literacy has an effect on both savings and portfolio choice. We can therefore conclude that financial literacy is a significant determinant of retirement planning for pension scheme members and there exists a relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning.

Over the last thirty years there has been a remarkable functional convergence in the way companies are run. Behind directors, asset managers and banks usually participate the most in setting the ultimate direction of corporations, as they have assumed the role of stewardship over shareholder voting rights. At the same time, an increasing number of people’s livelihoods and old age now depend on the stock market, but these ultimate contributors to equity have barely any voice. Why has there been such a separation of contribution and participation?

Two positive theses explain this convergence in corporate governance, one political, one economic. The first positive thesis is that laws which guarantee participation rights in investment chains (either for shareholders against directors, or for the ultimate contributors against institutional shareholders) were driven by a progressive democratic movement, but very incompletely compared to its social ideals. The second positive thesis is that when there have been no specific rights in law, the relative bargaining power of different groups determined the patterns of participation, whether the outcomes were reasonable or entirely arbitrary. In practice, the separation has grown between those who contribute to equity capital and those who participate in governance. These theses are preferable to existing narratives in political literature, and law and economics, which entail predictions of different forms of rational interest-driven institutional evolution. On the contrary, participation in corporate governance is largely unprincipled. The evidence is found in the historical development of participation rights in the UK, Germany and the US.

Does the separation of contribution and participation matter? One normative thesis is derived from the historical evidence. It proposes that the separation of contribution and participation is a pressing concern, precisely because participation in corporate governance, as it stands, manifests no coherent principles. Asset managers and banks have gathered shareholder voting rights through no better reason than their peculiar market position as investment intermediaries. They have significant conflicts of interest when they exercise voting rights with other people’s money. They are able to use votes like any other self- perpetuating interest group would, because they are not effectively accountable to their natural beneficiaries: the ultimate investors. To ensure that the successes of modern corporate law are not unravelled, corporate governance should protect the principle of a symmetry between contribution and participation. This will mean that in the future, corporate governance becomes more economically efficient, sustainable, and just.

"Pension and its reforms have become worldwide debatable today because of its magnifying effects on economic and social growth of a nation, trying to find an answer for ‘Aging population’ Crisis. It is quite surprising to note that, in recent decade  pension reforms around the world has focused mainly on organized sector; leaving a major portion of the unorganized sector workers without any effective structured pension arrangements-particularly in a developing country like India. The serious problems faced by these groups are often poverty, illiteracy, low income earnings, vulnerable to economic volatility and social changes. The present study is an attempt in addressing the old age support issues in a micro perspective on reaching the unreached.
The present study is focused towards understanding the awareness level of unorganized workers about the various old age pension schemes provided by the Government of India, and their willingness to participate for voluntary contribution for old age. This in turn will project plausible resolutions from the grass root level to touch the untouched segment of population through micro pension schemes and financial literacy. This paper will comprehensively analyze the problem and highlight the appropriate gaps in the system through an empirical study in Bangalore city.
"

This study aims to (i) Conduct studies and issue civil servants pension fund in
Indonesia. (ii) Getting a great value of pension benefits and the present value of
pension benefits, (iii) Obtain a plan termination liability and the value of actuarial
liabilities. (iv) Obtain normal tuition fees in the defined benefit pension plan and to
explain and illustrate the surcharge on funding defined benefit pension plan. Based on
this analysis it can be concluded that the calculation of pension funds based on the age
of employees is currently appointed as civil servants (y), Age of employees (x), limits
the retirement age of employees (r), full-time of employee (t), The remaining period of
the employment (rx), and a starting salary of employees can be using the concept
Accrued Benefit Cost. The government needs to do a review of employee pension
payment system should be given attention to the value of the interest rate, large
pension benefits, the value of pension benefits, the value of liabilities termination plan
and to consider interest rates that do not burden the state budget (APBN)

In The Space of Boredom Bruce O'Neill explores how those people cast aside by globalism deal with an intractable symptom of downward mobility: an unshakeable and immense boredom. Focusing on Bucharest, Romania, where the 2008 financial crisis compounded the failures of the postsocialist state to deliver on the promises of liberalism, O'Neill shows how the city's homeless are unable to fully participate in a society that is increasingly organized around practices of consumption. Without a job to work, a home to make, or money to spend, the homeless—who include pensioners abandoned by their families and the state—struggle daily with the slow deterioration of their lives. O'Neill moves between homeless shelters and squatter camps, black labor markets and transit stations, detailing the lives of men and women who manage boredom by seeking stimulation, from conversation and coffee to sex in public restrooms or going to the mall or IKEA. Showing how boredom correlates with the downward mobility of Bucharest's homeless, O'Neill theorizes boredom as an enduring affect of globalization to provide a foundation from which to rethink the politics of alienation and displacement.

This study assesses the determinants of demand for pension scheme and the case of the three tier pension scheme in Ghana with the help of Social Security and National Pension Scheme (SSNIT). SSNIT is a statutory and public trust charged with the administration of Ghana's National Pension Scheme.

The hyperinflation era in Zimbabwe (2003-2008) eroded pensioners’ capital values and has seen pre-dollarisation retirees receiving paltry pension payouts from year 2009. We review global trends on foreign investments for pension funds in order to add input to the local debate pitting the Zimbabwe Association of Pension Funds (ZAPF) members against the Insurance and Pensions Commission (IPEC) on whether the Pension and Provident Fund Act [Chapter 24:6] of Zimbabwe should permit foreign/offshore investment.  We interview ZAPF members & partners and carry out secondary analysis of data on pension payouts, asset management and life & pensions asset allocations and returns post-dollarisation. Findings reveal that meeting liquidity and diversification goals require allowances for foreign investments. ZAPF members and partners would welcome any level of foreign investments allowance, despite Zimbabwe offering weighted returns that are above those currently obtainable from foreign assets. We conclude that there is lack of confidence in the long-term sustainability of the capital values and returns given that the tenure of the prevailing Multi-Currency System (Dollarisation) is uncertain and hence the need to allow limited foreign investment by pension funds.
Keywords: Dollarisation, Foreign Investments, Pension Funds, Asset allocation.

Recent research in economic geography and management studies has scrutinised financialization and its permeation into 'everyday' life. In particular, studies have highlighted how government policy is transferring the responsibility of pension planning to individuals, where retirement income is funded from financial market returns. However, research has also suggested that a financialized model of retirement is not fully viable. Our study seeks to contribute to research on the geographies of retirement planning by examining an emerging model of retirement: older entrepreneurship. In doing so, we examine how households and individuals are attempting to manage the inadequacies of finance-centric retirement plans through the development of enterprises in 'retirement'. Specifically, we explore how people are running businesses from home at an 'older' age, displacing the notion of 'retirement' with a work-retirement balance.

39 Emozioni e corpo mutilato. Soldati e disabilità nella prima guerra mondiale, di Vanda Wilcox 57 I ciechi di guerra nella Firenze del primo conflitto mondiale. Storie, iniziative e traguardi, di Martina Salvante 75 Esistenze mutilate. La storia senza riscatto dei folli di guerra, di Andrea Scartabellati 95 I primi anni dell'ANMIG e il suo primo manifesto (1918), di Ugo Pavan Dalla Torre Parte seconda. LO STATO PER I MUTILATI 119 Cure e protesi per i mutilati. Esempi di riabilitazione, di Fabio Montella p. 169 La strana malattia. Guerra e psichiatria tra primo e secondo conflitto mondiale, di Paolo Francesco Peloso 211 L'evoluzione delle pensioni di guerra italiane dalle origini fino all'avvento del fascismo, di Pierluigi Pironti 233 Assistenza post-bellica e pensioni di guerra nella Repubblica, di Filippo Masina 261 Indice dei nomi 271 Il Centro Interuniversitario di Studi e Ricerche Storico-Militari

influencing the participation decision. The survey found a high (87.75%) willingness to participate among the urban informal workers. The empirical results of the Binary Logit model reveal that socioeconomic variables including age, years of schooling, marital status, household size and health status, other income sources, assets, investments, and taxes/levies were important in explaining the decision of an urban informal worker to participate. At the individual economic activity level, having a driving license or being a private mini-bus transport driver or taxi driver has a negative influence on willingness of drivers to participate. In the case of vegetable farmers, location of production as well as rearing livestock alongside crop production also has a negative influence on participation. Further, the results indicate that the woodworker producing for the local market has a positive influence on a woodworkers' willingness to participate in the scheme. These results have policy implications for the development and the design of Micro Pension Schemes for the informal sectors in developing countries

Online-Dokumentation eines Workshops an der LMU München im Oktober 2013.

Mit Beiträgen von Andrea Bayer, Hannelore Buls, Esther Gajek, Maren Glander, Irene Götz, Anna Hokema, Franz Kalde, Katrin Lehnert, Winfried Leisgang, Stephan Lessenich, Brigitte L. Loose, Gisela Notz, Alexandra Rau, Heike Skok, Margit Weber.

A preocupação com a invalidez e a idade avançada levou os cidadãos a criarem Caixas de Assistência de Aposentadorias. Atualmente a Previdência Pública está sendo apontada como insuficiente para responder aos anseios do povo, e a idéia de uma Previdência Complementar cresceu no imaginário daqueles que temem o abandono em tempos mais difíceis e nascendo assim para os empregados a figura dos Fundos de Pensão. O produto financiado a partir de recursos dos próprios trabalhadores, e apontado como a solução para todos os problemas, tem também um outro objetivo: obter fundos para que a empresa possa participar mais ativamente da vida financeira globalizada. Esses fundos sofrem forte pressão no sentido de ter liquidez suficiente para arcar com o pagamento dos benefícios dos empregados e ainda prover rendimentos para o empregador e o investidor. Deste modo, os fundos de pensão têm obrigações para com seus segurados, como liquidez e de tolerância ao risco do investimento. Ocorre que a forma encontrada pelos investidores para dar liquidez a tais fundos reflete diretamente nos valores que os beneficiários receberão em casos de invalidez ou aposentadoria.
O estudo dos fundos de pensão e sua repercussão na vida dos trabalhadores diz respeito não só no aspecto previdenciário, mas principalmente na análise sob a perspectiva da utilização deste na acumulação de capitais e na financeirização das empresas e este é o tema deste trabalho, que, inicialmente, analisa o sistema previdenciário brasileiro e o chileno da atualidade para então, fazer uma análise de como os fundos de pensão estão sendo tratados no Brasil na perspectiva da fiscalização, transparência para os participantes, e atuação no mercado econômico.

This study examines the potential consequences of early withdrawals
from the Malaysian Employees Provident Fund in patterns of savings
adequacy by studying the impact of house purchase on household
lifecycle consumption. The authors develop an overlapping generations
model of a small open economy where investment is available to capital,
housing, and financial instruments. Housing is modelled as an asset
subject of transaction costs. In equilibrium setting, the empirical
estimation of exogenous system parameters sets the optimal levels
of consumption and savings. The authors perform empirical analysis
by taking into consideration four different scenarios: different
employment periods (18-55 vs. 25-55), different retirement periods (55-
65 vs. 55-75 vs. 55-85), housing vs. non-housing consumption, and
theoretical vs actual contribution rates. Actuarial evaluation shows that
low-income employees can have sufficient income to meet their
retirement needs in the absence of housing consumption. Policy
directions are also discussed.

The turn into the year 2009 brought dollarisation of the Zimbabwean economy which saw pension funds assets and liabilities being converted into the United States dollar (USD). The derived pension values fall short of ‘pensioner/policyholder reasonable expectations’ (PRE). This research defines PRE and explores the specific factors that led to the demise of pension values over the years 1997- 2008. SPSS analysis of questionnaire responses and Microsoft Excel analysis of annual asset returns and exchange rates reveal; the hyperinflationary economy, prescribed asset regulations, use of the Old Mutual Implied Rate (OMIR), pension products design and the contagion effects of the 2003/04 banking crisis as the lead factors against pension build up. The researchers recommend some regulatory amendments, improved client communication and advisory, PRE guidelines, pensioner compensation, accurate benefit projections and voluntary contributions by pensioners to regulators and pension funds.

Key words: dollarisation, hyperinflation, prescribed assets, policyholder reasonable expectations

Like much of the industrialised world, Australia’s population is ageing, the implications of which are twofold: increasing demand for publicly funded services and a decline in the supply of prime working‑age people. In grappling with the challenges of a diminishing workforce, the Australian Government is currently relying on its migration programs to provide both the much‑needed labour and skills for the resource boom and also to stimulate the economy through population growth. However, there may be another, not yet fully considered solution to the upcoming demographic problem. This paper investigates how the grandchildren of the baby boomers, termed here the Thank God You’re Here generation (Gen TGYH), might impact on Australia’s predicted workforce shortage. This generation of workers will enter the labour force as the last of the baby boomers reach retirement age, and will not only be bigger in size than preceding generations (Y, X and Baby Boomers), but also potentially be better educated than the retiring generation. This paper will also canvas the opportunities for both Gen TGYH and employers as well as the challenges for policymakers and governments in maximising the opportunity provided by this generation in the Australian economy. Youth surge.

Chile pioneered in Latin America not only the introduction of social security pensions, but the structural reform that privatized them and a process of “re-reform” implementing key improvements. A Presidential Commission in Chile, appointed in 2014 to evaluate reform progress and remaining problems in the pension system, released its report in September 2015. In light of the Commission’s findings, the article assesses Chile’s compliance with International Labour Organization social security guiding principles: social dialogue, universal coverage, equal treatment, social solidarity, gender equity, adequacy of benefits, efficiency and affordable administrative cost, social participation in management, state role and supervision, and financial sustainability. The exercise follows three stages: the structural reform (1981–2008), the re-reform (2008–2015), and the Presidential Commission proposals (2015).

This article studies public welfare preferences in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Generalised ordered logistic regression models and predicted probabilities are employed to analyse comparable attitudinal survey data. The results vary considerably among the countries, but age is the most important covariate of welfare preferences, followed by individuals’ socio-economic characteristics. The findings also indicate that popular perceptions of transition, notably in Ukraine and Moldova, are most strongly linked to preferences concerning the state’s involvement in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor rather than to preferences regarding the main welfare state programmes such as pensions and healthcare.

In this paper, we examined the role of financial literacy in retirement security for low-income minorities in Illinois. This paper also discusses extend of success among adults, couples, and elderly individuals, specifically, we develop a literature background on retirement savings and how it has been used to promote retirement security in Illinois. As one variable towards achieving retirement security, to increase the chances of a more successful outcome for minority persons faced with impending retirement issues? These are the questions this research attempts to answer. Towards understanding these issues properly, we investigate into financial literacy in Illinois. This study seeks to study how workers gain financial education required make financial decisions towards retirement also for retirement wellbeing we also review the predominant method of savings by evaluating whether people tried to achieve success through these methods, family, and place of work or financial advisors. To figure how much they need to save for retirement. Also, what are the factors that are detrimental to retirement planning in Illinois? Finally, we will find out what financial education are interrelated to others, that rely on formal methods such as retirement calculators, retirement seminars as oppose to others that Page 21 of 30 rely on family / relatives or co-workers. Are those that have a higher financial literacy exposure are more likely to save more and out of debt, invest in bonds, stocks more as compared to others with lower financial education?

ESS – Working Paper
This paper documents the reversal of pension privatization and the reforms that took place in the 1990s and 2000s in Argentina. The report analyses the political economy of different reform proposals, and the characteristics of the new pension system, including laws enacted, coverage, benefit adequacy, financing and contribution rates, governance and social security administration, social dialogue, positive impacts and other key issues of Argentina’s pension system.

JEL Classification: I3, H53, H55, J14, J26

Keywords: pension privatization, pension reform, social security policy

This paper explores the concept of pensionomics as a prospective tool of pension evaluation. The paper suggests a paradigm shift: a multidisciplinary synthesis of differing perspectives in evaluating pension overall performance based on past work on pension evaluation, incorporating non-economic variables with significant impact on economic growth and social development. The paper suggests a new analytical tool called “Pensions Consistency (PC) Index” that identifies the level of consistency as well as the strengths and weaknesses within any pension system. The new conceptual framework focuses on building intersectoral and holistic policies able to respond to the new multidimensional dynamic environment.

This paper reviews the pension systems of Portugal and explores comparative analysis with other Southern
European (SE) countries and tries to show responses to the new political and economic realities in recent years.
According to a review of pension systems in SE countries, this paper summarizes and highlights the main
features and trajectories of the development of social security systems in four countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece,
and Spain) that are dealing with the challenges of these systems. It also examines the deeper challenges for the
future that are posed by demographics and suggests some emerging proposals with respect to the architecture of
reformed systems. Comparative analysis of this region the challenges still remain unchangeable last decades.
According to crucial issues raised in the pension system of SE, to the respond of these challenges the author is
forming several approaches with recommendations and proposals for solving the problem in pension system.This
paper reviews the pension systems of the region and explores comparative analysis based on historical brief
background and tries to show responses to the new political and economic realities in recent years. It summarizes
and highlights the main features and trajectories of the development of social security systems in four countries
(Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain) that are dealing with the challenges of these systems. It also examines the
deeper challenges for the future that are posed by demographics and suggests some emerging proposals with
respect to the architecture of reformed systems. In the future as for the next research we are planning to work
on the individual pension models based on PROST program (The World bank ) as options simulation toolkit for
each countries separately in Southern Europe. This study will reflect a developing process of the fully funding
pension scheme and its implication on social-economic factors. The structure of the paper is the following-
Section 2 discusses the common socio-economic indicators of the SE countries, focused in particular on the
aging process. Section 3 details the pension systems of these four SE countries: Greece, Italy, Portugal, and
Spain. This section also highlights the major reforms carried out by their governments over the last decade.

The last two decades have been characterised by significant changes in national pension arrangements. While at first, a consensus seemed to be evolving around a one-size-fits-all reform, more recently the trend has been towards a better customisation of reforms. This paper reviews this process, focusing on five pension policy design issues. These are how policymakers have sought to optimise poverty alleviation effectiveness; the redefinition of the state’s role in smoothing incomes over the life-course; the balancing of contributions to benefits; adjusting the system to be more responsive to demographic, economic and social changes; and ensuring that reforms will be long-lasting. While the role of state pensions still appears to be on a diminishing path, there has been a growing realisation of the need to ensure that they remain adequate. This has led to the setting up of innovative minimum pension schemes and credits for periods of childcare and unemployment. The expanding role of private pensions has also led governments to intervene more in their operation. Policymakers have shown strong interest in automatic adjustment mechanisms, to try to bring about required economic changes. However there is greater understanding that for the latter to happen, the state has to engage more with its citizens. While changes in pension systems can help societies respond to the ageing transition, for instance by removing incentives to retire too early or by aligning better the generosity of benefits to contributions made, there will need to be a much broader policy response.

W niniejszym raporcie podjęto temat działania systemu emerytalnego z 1999 roku wraz z późniejszymi zmianami, dokonano próby urealnienia prognoz dotyczących kondycji finansowej Funduszu Ubezpieczeń Społecznych w perspektywie do 2026 i 2060 roku oraz przedstawiono rekomendacje poprawy funkcjonowania systemu.

W pierwszej części raportu zaprezentowany zostanie skrót charakterystyki obecnego systemu prawnego oraz jego ewolucji po 1999 roku. Rozdział drugi poświęcony został diagnozie problemów oraz prognozom funkcjonowania obecnego systemu w perspektywie średnio- i długookresowej. Część trzecia zawiera rekomendacje Fundacji Kaleckiego w zakresie zmian obecnych rozwiązań systemowych oraz podsumowanie obecnego stanu dyskusji w kontekście proponowanego systemu o charakterze zaopatrzeniowym.

El sistema previsional en Argentina ha sufrido importantes cambios en las últimas décadas, desde la reforma estructural en los años noventa hasta su posterior reestatización y ampliación de la cobertura en los años 2000. A pesar de su madurez, el sistema no ha logrado alinear claramente sus objetivos con el diseño de los distintos esquemas de prestaciones que lo componen y su financiamiento. Este artículo busca revisitar algunos de los temas críticos que se vinculan con la organización del sistema, la persistencia en la fragmentación y estratificación en sus distintos componentes contributivos y no contributivos, y la sostenibilidad en su financiamiento. Finalmente, se proponen algunas orientaciones para posibles reformas.

Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie na ile zaprojektowany pod koniec lat 90. ubiegłego stulecia system emerytalny w Polsce, a także dokonane zmiany w jego kapitałowym filarze zapewniają bezpieczeństwo finansowe przyszłych emerytów. Przeprowadzona analiza dowiodła, iż tzw. stopa zastąpienia w zreformowanym systemie emerytalnym w Polsce będzie ok. 50% niższa w porównaniu do tej obowiązującej w starym systemie emerytalnym (tzw. systemie zdefiniowanego świadczenie) i tym samym nie zapewnia bezpieczeństwa finansowego przyszłym emerytom. W ocenie autorów zmiany dokonane w latach 2011-2013 w kapitałowym filarze systemu emerytalnego dotyczące OFE dodatkowo przyczyniają się do zmniejszenia tego bezpieczeństwa. W drugiej części artykułu autorzy dokonali analizy dotychczasowych efektów funkcjonowania tzw. III filaru systemu emerytalnego. Przeprowadzona analiza pokazała, iż efekty te mierzone zarówno ilością osób, które gromadzą dodatkowe środki na emeryturę, jak i wielkością zgromadzonego kapitału emerytalnego są niezadawalające i potrzebne są dalsze działania zmierzające do upowszechnienia wśród Polaków dobrowolnego gromadzenia środków na przyszłą emeryturę.

Does UK corporate governance exclude the ultimate investor? Over the late 20th century, most shareholding shifted from individuals to institutions. 'Soft law' indicates these institutional intermediaries must act in the interests of the ultimate client and follow instructions on how to vote shares. But case law and legislation is complex. This article explores the relations of ultimate investors, and their representatives, to asset managers in four main contexts: pensions, mutuals, life insurance, and retail shareholding. Properly understood, institutionalised shareholding has not displaced basic principles of accountability that soft law suggests: financial intermediaries should follow instructions on how to cast shareholder votes, unless this default rule is 'pre-empted' by a representative voting structure. This does not mean the law is in a satisfactory state. The law requires more clarification, to guard against the classic dangers of 'negligence and profusion' when intermediaries are in charge of 'other people's money'.

RECOMMENDED CITATION:
ESEN, B. (2013), ‘Türkiye Sosyal Güvenlik Hukukunda Basın Çalışanlarının Emeklilikte Fiili Hizmet Süresi Zammından Yararlanması İçin 3600 Gün Şartının Uygulanması’, Legal İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi (LİSGHD), 10(40), 69-82.

ÖZ:
Türkiye sosyal güvenlik hukukunda, 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu kapsamındaki “fiili hizmet süresi zammı”, 506 sayılı Kanun kapsamındaki “itibari hizmet süresi” ve 5434 sayılı Kanun kapsamındaki “fiili hizmet müddeti zammı” uygulamaları özellik arz eden sosyal sigortalar düzenlemeleridir. Bu uygulamalar, fiili olarak çalışılan hizmet sürelerine yapılacak çeşitli eklemeler ve emeklilik yaş hadlerinden yapılacak indirimler yoluyla emsal çalışanlara göre daha fazla yıpranan kapsamdaki sigortalılara emeklilikte avantaj sağlamaktadır. Basın çalışanları da çeşitli dönemlerde bu uygulamalardan yararlanagelen çalışan gruplarından biri olmuştur.
Bu çalışmada basın çalışanlarına uygulanan fiili hizmet süresi zammı uygulanması ve geçmiş dönemlerde uygulanan itibari hizmet süresi düzenlemesinin kapsamı ele alınmış; basın çalışanlarının bu düzenlemelerden yararlanmaları için kapsamdaki iş ve işyerlerinde asgari 3600 çalışma şartı bulunup bulunmadığı kronolojik olarak irdelenmiş ve sonuç olarak Türkiye sosyal güvenlik hukukunda emeklilik hükümlerinin uygulanması açısından önem arz eden özellikli bir konu açıklığa kavuşturulmuştur.

ANAHTAR KELİMELER:
Fiili hizmet süresi zammı, itibari hizmet süresi, fiili hizmet müddeti zammı, emeklilik, basın çalışanları

ABSTRACT:
“Actual service term increment” according to The Social Insurance and General Health Insurance Act No. 5510, “nominal service period” according to The Act No. 506 and “actual service period increment” according to The Act No. 5434 are social insurance arrangements in Turkey’s social security law that show speciality. These arrangements, through several additions to actually worked service periods and reductions from the retirement age limits, obtain advantages in the stage of retirement for the insured person who is within the scope. Press employees has been one of the employee groups that are utilized from these applications at various periods.
In this study, the scope of the actual service term increment and nominal service period arrangements for press employees is being discussed; the issue on whether press employees should complete 3600 working days for benefiting from these arrangements is being examined chronologically, and in conclusion, a special feature that shows importance for the implementation of the provisions of retirement according to Turkey’s social security law is being clarified.

KEYWORDS:
Actual service term increment, nominal service period, actual service period increment, retirement, press employees

After decades of recurrent improvements in the generosity of public pension programs, since the early 1980s many pension reforms aimed to decelerate pension spending growth and strengthen the finances of these programs by reducing the duration and/or value of pension entitlements. To understand this historical reversal in public pension policy, this paper examines the forces affecting the enactment of contemporary pension retrenchments in 19 OECD countries. Based on a synthetic review of the pension policy literature, it identifies 90 pension retrenchments passed in these countries between 1981 and 2004. In this regard, a growing literature on pension policy reform suggests that these policy events occur only when policymakers can devise mechanisms to reduce their political blame. Building on this research, this paper argues that the strategic consideration of economic and electoral cycles also constitute blame avoidance strategies. First, by passing a pension retrenchment early in the electoral cycle, policymakers can expect to face less electoral retaliation. Second, due to uncertainty in demographic projections, the demographic transition constitutes a weak discursive strategy to legitimate pension retrenchments. For this reason, population aging only affects the likelihood of reform by increasing the impact of economic crises. The paper presents results from conditional frailty models for recurrent and sequential events that support this argument.

Established in 2009, the Centre for Sustainable Organisations and Work promotes theoretically informed analyses across a number of disciplines. Unified by common enquiries into Work, Sustainability and Organisations, and Globalisation, Centre staff develop highly relevant evidenced-based theories and applied analyses of the contemporary social world. The aim is to inform and promote effective policy, practice and debate. A distinctive feature of the Centre's work is its use of historical and comparative reference. Thus, the work of the Centre is focussed on developing an understanding of people in the context of significant social, economic and organisational change.

This document analyzes how the relationship between pensions and poverty among the elderly is after the recent expansion of non-contributory pension programs in the Latin American region. The analysis is focused in a set of 18 countries around the year 2012. On the one hand, based on data published by management and executive agencies the document revisits the strategies adopted by the countries in relation to program design, implementation and compares performance indicators such as coverage, benefits’ adequacy and fiscal cost. On the other hand, it evaluates the socio-demographic and socio-economic situation of the
elderly in these countries. The results indicate that the adopted scheme in each country varies according to its own
characteristics. The expansion of non-contributory pensions is associated to the reduction in the poverty among the elderly in the region, especially in those countries with extensive coverage and generous benefits. Despite these improvements, the gaps in coverage and poverty among the elderly are still considered an issue in the region.

El sistema de pensiones español se encuentra, en la actualidad, cuestionado en cuanto a su equidad y a su sostenibilidad en el largo plazo. Los retos demográficos, que han supuesto un incremento de la tasa de dependencia, junto con las dificultades planteadas por el paradigma económico, han puesto en riesgo la viabilidad del sistema de pensiones en el futuro. En este contexto, se llevó a cabo la reforma introducida por la Ley 27/2011, sobre la actualización adecuación y modernización del sistema de Seguridad Social. La reforma ha cambiado aspectos muy relevantes del funcionamiento del sistema, como lo es la edad de jubilación. Sin embargo, a pesar de las modificaciones introducidas por la Ley 27/2011, la sostenibilidad financiera del sistema de pensiones no está garantizada. Por esta razón, es preciso hacer propuestas de reformas adicionales, para que los jóvenes de hoy puedan gozar de una vejez digna.

This article reviews two rounds of pension reform in ten Latin American countries to determine whether they are moving away from individual retirement accounts (IRAs). Although the idea is provocative, we conclude that the notion of 'moving away from IRAs' is insufficient to characterise the new politics of pension reform. As opposed to the politics of enactment of IRAs of the late twentieth century, pension reform in Latin America in recent years has combined significant revival of public components in old-age income maintenance with improvement of IRAs. Clearly, the policy prescriptions that were most influential during the first round of reforms in Latin America have been re-evaluated. The World Bank and other organisations that promoted IRAs have recognised that pension reform should pay more attention to poverty reduction, coverage and equity, and to protect participants from market risks. The experience and challenges faced by countries that introduced IRAs, the changes in policies by international financing institutions, and the recent financial volatility and heavy losses experienced in financial markets may have tempered the enthusiasm of other countries from applying the same type of reforms. Scholars and policy-makers around the globe could benefit from looking closely at these changes in pension policy.

This chapter explores different empirical sites where techniques dedicated to quantify public debts are deployed and contribute to control states: accounting techniques and rules discussed and negotiated by national or European fiscal administrations and statistical offices; long-term fiscal sustainability scenarios constructed by the European Commission; and sovereign ratings, issued by private companies (Standard and Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch), communicated to shed light on sovereign debt issuers’ creditworthiness. This range of actors and organizations is concerned with the projection of the most accurate representation of the state balance sheet, solvency, and financial value. Actors interested in state measurements—private creditors (insurance companies, investment banks, etc.), central banks, but also international organizations (such as the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), or the European commission)—not only aim at getting information about present state records and fiscal capaci- ties, but are also trying to anticipate the future in order to demand the ‘correct’ premium risk, the correct price (materialized by the interest rate), to sovereign debt issuers. Quantification devices that are the object of inquiry are therefore also predicting the risk of default probabilities.

Le rôle social des personnes âgées est largement reconnu en Afrique, mais leur importance économique davantage méconnue ou sous estimée. Dans les ménages où une personne âgée est présente, elle est considérée et présentée, la plupart du temps, comme le chef de ménage. Est-ce un artifice statistique ou cela correspond-il à la réalité de l'organisation du ménage ? La situation des personnes âgées ne soulève guère d'intérêt, en raison de leur faible poids numérique. Pourtant leur sort mérite qu'on s'y arrête un instant et que l'on essaie au moins de dresser un début d'état de la question. Une part importante des ménages ont à leur tête des personnes âgées qui doivent trouver des ressources pour assurer les dépenses, et parmi les revenus possibles il y a ceux tirés d'une activité. Or pour les salariés, l'âge d'arrêt de l'activité fixé à 55 ans est perçu comme trop précoce car il implique une baisse trop importante des revenus. Au début des années 2000, la demande pressante d'un passage plus tardif à la retraite, de 55 à 60 ans, est une des revendications majeures des syndicats en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cet âge de la retraite marque la borne que nous retiendrons arbitrairement pour définir les personnes âgées, celles qui ont 55 ans et plus. Pour procéder à l'analyse de leur situation, nous avons retenu une enquête, réalisée dans sept capitales ouest-africaines, qui apporte des données originales permettant de mieux comprendre la situation économique de ces personnes âgées de 55 ans et plus et, en particulier, leur place sur le marché de l'emploi.

Recent research in economic geography and management studies has scrutinised financialization and its permeation into 'everyday' life. In particular, studies have highlighted how government policy is transferring the responsibility of pension planning to individuals, where retirement income is funded from financial market returns. However, research has also suggested that a financialized model of retirement is not fully viable. Our study seeks to contribute to research on the geographies of retirement planning by examining an emerging model of retirement: older entrepreneurship. In doing so, we examine how households and individuals are attempting to manage the inadequacies of finance-centric retirement plans through the development of enterprises in 'retirement'. Specifically, we explore how people are running businesses from home at an 'older' age, displacing the notion of 'retirement' with a work-retirement balance.

Il presente lavoro s’interroga sui risultati finanziari ottenuti dalle Linee Etiche nei Fondi Pensione italiani. Sempre più, infatti, sta aumentando il peso degl’Investimenti Socialmente Responsabili (ISR) nelle realtà quotidiane. Quindi spesso ci si domanda in cosa consista il ruolo della finanza Etica e quali possano essere i suoi limiti, sia in termini di convenienza che in termini di scopo. Nel presente scritto si cerca di dare una risposta a queste domande basandosi sull’analisi sia dei rendimenti ottenuti che dei costi sostenuti, presentando poi i risultati conseguiti assieme alle conclusioni tratte. La comune percezione che le Linee Etiche rendano meno e costino di più, risultando quindi non convenienti, viene sfatata dai dati empirici. Si giunge infatti alla conclusione di come i fondi Etici possano essere in determinati casi più convenienti sia in termini di rendimento che di costo. Il cuore dell’ISR resta soprattutto la finalità, che raggiunge l’obiettivo di un punto d’incontro tra esigenze Etiche, sempre più impellenti nelle società sensibili a questi valori, e le necessità di remunerazione, ricercate da qualsiasi tipo d’investitore. Ne consegue che al giorno d’oggi gl’investitori non debbano più sopportare un sacrificio finanziario in nome di uno scopo Etico. In tutto questo il quadro d’insieme resta quello della previdenza complementare italiana, sicuramente suscettibile di enormi margini di crescita di cui beneficeranno anche i fondi Etici sia in termini relativi che in termini assoluti. Gl’ISR possono essere quindi una possibile strategia win-win, in cui le finalità Etiche si conciliano con le finalità previdenziali.

11th Annual Green Economics Institute Conference and Seminar 29th 30th 31st July 2016 Extraordinary Line Up, BBC filming, unique world class waves of change! Oxford Book Now !

    The Green Economics Institute’s 11th Annual Green Economics Conference to be held at Oxford University on 29th - 31st July 2016, is looking extraordinary!  (see attached). Dont miss this important event of the year!

    Noble Prize Winning Speakers, Knights of the Garter, famous economists, Expert Keynote Speakers and attendees from all over the world.


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Sir Crispin Tickell, Chancellor of the University of Kent and top diplomat, Professor Graciela Chichilnisky A lister, IPCC leader, Professor from Columbia, Professor Barbara Harris White, Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, Professor John Weeks Development Studies SOAS, University of London, Professor Litty Denis, Gujerat,  India, Professor Marie Louise Seeberg, Migration, Norway, Natalie Bennet, Leader of the Greens, Professor Tonia Warnecke Labour Economics, Dr Enrico Tezza Labour Economist ILO, Dr Kennet, Red El Mahdi, Dr Sam Porter, Dr Gianetta Rands, Dr Daniel Maughan, Nuala Ahern Former Green MEP, and Chair The Green Foundation of Ireland,  Susanne Rieger Chair of the Green European Foundation, Dr Grimot Nane, specialist in economic corruption and many many more wonderful experts and speakers, Dr Cathy Baldwin, Anthropologist, University of Oxford and Oliver Tickell, Editor of The Ecologist, Sushila Dhall, Councillor David Williams and many others!

Democracy, Development and Demography
In search of Social, Economic and Environmental Justice and Economic Reform and Innovation
The Post Oil Economy. ‘Descent into the sewers.’ Why is London and its property and financial markets the Dirty Laundry Basket of the world?
Neo Feudalism descends and corruption of Property, the Uberisation of Finance and Economics-What happened to the 99% of us? Other species, the planet and its systems.

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Highlights include:

A day of Contemporary Economics

    Contemporary Dilemmas in the Global Economic System of Finance and Banking
    Ground breaking theories linking the Economics of Conflict to Climate Change
    Networking Conference Summer Evening Garden party in typical English ancient walled garden


A day of Social, Economic and Environmental Justice

    Climate Change report back from our ground breaking interventions at The United Nations Climate Conference COP21 and our plans for Marrakesh COP22.
    Official Launch of our 3 books on climate change
    An Expert Panel discussing Health, Sustainability and Mental Health.
    Well Being with a panel of expert doctors and NHS funding issues
    A reception launching a book on religion, green values and secularity in partnership with the Green Institute of Ireland and the European Union
    Innovative research regarding the Post Oil Economy – Energy, renewables and anecdotal climate change.
    Conference Reception
   


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A day of Migration and its implications and green solutions

    Framing the Migration Debate, with the support of the European Union and Green European Foundation




For the full agenda and details for the call for Papers, Speakers and Workshops,


For Bookings and Registration, please email greeneconomicsinstitute@yahoo.com


Or book by simply emailing:  greeneconomicsinstitute@yahoo.com and we will provide information on fees, last minute reductions info about the conference etc

Please do not hesitate to contact us with any queries you may have and let us know how we can assist you.


We look very forward to welcoming you at our 11th Annual Green Economics Institute Conference.

Jasmeet Phagoora and Miriam Kennet
The Green Economics Institute Conferences Team 2016
004487990590463 and 07990590463
greeneconomicsinstitute@yahoo.com
www.greeneconomicsinstitutetrust.org

Este documento revisa la relación entre las pensiones y la pobreza en la vejez en América Latina luego de la reciente expansión de la cobertura a través de pensiones no contributivas, focalizándose en dieciocho países alrededor del año 2012. A partir de datos administrativos y encuestas de hogares se repasan las estrategias adoptadas y se evalúa la situación actual de los adultos mayores. Los resultados indican que los esquemas elegidos reflejan las distintas realidades. El avance de las pensiones no contributivas está asociado a la reducción de la pobreza en la vejez pero aún quedan brechas por cerrar.

En 1981, Chile inició una ronda de reformas a los sistemas de pensiones que introdujo cuentas individuales de pensión de tipo obligatorio, alejándose así de los sistemas públicos. A principios de los 1990s, otros diez países Latinoamericanos siguieron el ejemplo de Chile. En años recientes, incluso antes del comienzo de la crisis financiera, una segunda ronda de reformas de pensiones fue iniciada para fortalecer el componente público del sistema y enfrentar los problemas creados por las cuentas individuales. El caso más extremo de contracción es Argentina, donde las cotizaciones obligatorias a las cuentas individuales fueron eliminadas a finales de 2008, volviendo así a un plan tradicional de beneficios definidos bajo un esquema de reparto. Este nota de investigación analiza las dos rondas de reformas de pensiones en Latinoamérica para determinar si la región esta alejándose de las pensiones basadas en cuentas individuales. Aunque Latinoamérica es bastante heterogénea, sus mercados ...

This case study is based on research conducted at the University of Manchester which considers how individuals make financial decisions following the introduction of automatic enrollment into workplace pensions in the United Kingdom from 2012. This research used qualitative research based on interviews with employees who had gone through auto-enrolment
to investigate the various social and cultural factors that influenced pension decision-making.
Employees were recruited through two private-sector organizations. This case study aims to illustrate some of the challenges faced regarding recruiting and sampling participants for qualitative research when working with private-sector organizations, which has not been dealt with in detail by qualitative sociological literature. The case study also seeks to reflect on the use of theoretical or purposive sampling, a method which combines the aims of theoretical and purposive sampling in an interpretive and inductive manner.