Pensions and retirement income

Assistenza sociale e reinserimento lavorativo nel Trentino. Il caso dei mutilati e invalidi di guerra (1918-1922) Introduzione. Un difficile dopoguerra Al termine del primo conflitto mondiale, il territorio trentino che si affacciava verso il vecchio confine con il Regno d'Italia venne ben presto ridenominato zona nera a causa delle enormi devastazioni che aveva subito nel corso dei cinque anni di combattimenti. Le stime dell'epoca parlarono di circa 370mila ettari di terreno reso inutilizzabile 1. Oltre ai paesi distrutti fu la stessa popolazione trentina a uscire dalle ostilità profondamente lacerata al suo interno. Degli oltre 62mila uomini arruolati dall'esercito imperiale tra il 1914 e il 1918, circa 12mila non fecero ritorno in patria 2. Più di 100mila profughi avevano dovuto invece lasciare la propria casa diretti verso le aree interne dell'Impero (circa 77mila persone) o verso il Regno d'Italia (circa 30mila) 3. Alla ricostruzione delle abitazioni e delle infrastrutture 4 fu così necessario affiancare fin da subito una grande opera di soccorso

This study examines the paradoxical relationship between withdrawal restrictions in Nigeria's Micro-Pension Scheme (MPS) and the financial inclusion objectives it purports to serve, with particular focus on micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) participation. Using mixedmethods analysis of administrative data from the National Pension Commission (PENCOM) covering 2019-2024, primary survey data from 1,247 MSME operators, and institutional theory frameworks, we investigate whether the MPS's restrictive withdrawal mechanisms constitute institutional extraction rather than genuine financial inclusion. Our findings reveal that while the scheme has registered 97,591 participants with cumulative contributions of N435.61 million as of May 2023, the 60-40 fund allocation structure and weekly withdrawal limitations create significant liquidity constraints that discourage MSME participation. Specifically, only 23.4% of surveyed MSMEs maintain active participation beyond 12 months, with 67.8% citing withdrawal restrictions as primary deterrents. The study introduces the Financial Inclusion-Extraction Index (FIEI) to measure the balance between inclusion benefits and extractive constraints. Results indicate that current withdrawal restrictions reduce MSME cash flow flexibility by an average of 34.7%, while generating institutional rents of approximately N2.8 billion annually through forced retention. We propose a reformed framework featuring graduated withdrawal flexibility, sectorspecific contingent fund ratios, and performance-based incentives to transform the MPS from an extractive mechanism into a genuine financial inclusion tool.

The aim of this article is to define the Lithuanian public pension system reforms, influenced by the last economic crisis and social challenges (ageing processes, raising social expenses). The paper also investigates the influence that current demographic trends will exert on the financial dynamics of the pension system. Results reveal the long-term sustainability of the system, albeit at a cost of initial negative balances to be covered with public budget. Also, the system may expose pensioners to the risks of poverty and social exclusion because of low payments. It is then necessary to intensify the pension system's reform. Policy solutions should encourage and extend employment (especially for the disadvantaged) and rebuilt trust in both public and private pension systems.

Rosnąca skala międzynarodowych przepływów kapitału krótkoterminowego, oddziałującego destrukcyjnie na stabilność rynków finansowych, wywoływała w ciągu ostatniej dekady liczne dyskusje na temat konieczności stworzenia nowych rozwiązań dla zapewnienia przejrzystości i bezpieczeństwa Zachowanie stabilności rynków finansowych w UE Pierwszy projekt podatku od transakcji finansowych -do zastosowania we wszystkich krajach członkowskich -przedstawiła na forum unijnym Komisja Europejska w 2011 r. Nowy instrument stał się od tego czasu przedmiotem wielu dyskusji i sporów. Na początku 2014 r. sprawa podatku powróciła na forum instytucji Unii Europejskiej, gdyż przez część krajów członkowskich traktowana była jako priorytetowa, zaś przez pozostałe krytykowana i odrzucana. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie argumentów przemawiających zarówno za, jak i przeciwko wprowadzeniu podatku oraz określenie konsekwencji jego zastosowania w kontekście stabilności europejskiego rynku finansowego.

El envejecimiento poblacional dejó de ser un fenómeno del futuro para convertirse en un desafío actual, especialmente en países desarrollados y emergentes. Mientras el Norte Global redefine sus sistemas previsionales y enfrenta protestas sociales, como en el caso de Francia, el Sur Global lidia con la imposibilidad de garantizar una vejez digna y mantener estructuras económicas sostenibles. El tema gana protagonismo en la agenda global, aludiendo a riesgos para la seguridad nacional y la viabilidad de los sistemas previsionales. En paralelo, emergen discursos pronatalistas impulsados por
empresarios como Elon Musk, mientras organismos internacionales como el FMI promueven reformas centradas en elevar la edad jubilatoria, reducir las prestaciones y fomentar el ahorro individual. En este artículo se analizan estas problemáticas y sus implicancias en regiones periféricas como América Latina, con énfasis en el caso argentino.

Si se elaborara un manual de implantación y diseño de un sistema de pensiones público habría que incluir tanto la necesidad de definir claramente el riesgo que pretende cubrir el sistema como los tres principios que el sistema debe cumplir, esto es que sea sostenible, suficiente y equitativo. Muchas veces, estos términos se utilizan de forma equívoca, lo que nos llevará, en primer lugar, a clarificarlos. Quizás la sostenibilidad es el concepto más difícil de entender. La definición más extendida es la de sostenibilidad financiera o de caja. Pero existe otra manera más técnica que nos permite completar la información proporcionada por ésta, nos referimos a una definición actuarial de sostenibilidad, que pretende cuantificar cuál es el coste que supone para el sistema entregar una unidad de pensión, y que denominamos Coste por Pensión Unitaria. La suficiencia es uno de los términos que se suelen utilizar como sinónimo de pensiones adecuadas. La cuestión que deberíamos plantear es: ¿adecuado para qué?; lo que nos lleva a pensar en una redefinición o rediseño de la prestación a la que da cobertura el sistema. En cuanto a la equidad, haremos referencia a la de tipo actuarial, que pretende, a grandes rasgos, que haya una equivalencia entre lo aportado al sistema de pensiones y lo recibido del mismo. Manteniendo la máxima de que cualquier sistema de pensiones debe perseguir los tres objetivos indicados, en este capítulo se analizan las reformas del sistema de pensiones español acometidas en 2011 y 2013 al objeto de valorar si se consigue garantizar con ellas la sostenibilidad, la suficiencia y la equidad del sistema, y cuáles serían las medidas a tomar en el caso de que esos objetivos no se garantizaran tras las reformas realizadas.

5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu’nun madde 96 hükmü, bu Kanun kapsamında fazla veya yersiz olarak yapıldığı tespit edilen her türlü ödemenin iade esaslarını düzenlemektedir. Madde, iadesi gereken ödemeler açısından bir süre sınırı öngörmekte ve bu açıdan sigortalının kasıtlı veya kusurlu davranışından doğan hatalı işlemlerle Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumunun hatalı işlemlerini birbirinden ayırmaktadır. Sigortalıya yapılan yersiz ödemeler, sigortalının Kurumdan alacağı varsa bu alacaklarından mahsup edilir, alacakları yoksa genel hükümlere göre geri alınır. Diğer taraftan, yersiz ödemelerin iadesi sigortalıya yapılan gelir ve aylıklarda kesintiye yol açıyorsa bu kesintiye ilişkin de bir sınır öngörülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, söz konusu esaslar dışında iade usulünde kanun düzeyinde başka bir ayırıma gidilmemiştir. Makale çerçevesinde söz konusu esaslar ve Anayasa Mahkemesi kararları incelenecektir. İncelenen kararlarda, kamu yararı ve bireysel yarar arasındaki dengenin sağlanması açısından somut olaydaki “ödeme takvimi, hukuki belirlilik, idarenin müterafik kusuru halinde faiz talepleri, yersiz ödeme tespitinin yapıldığı döneme kadar geçen süre, borçlunun yeniden sigortalı olabilme imkânı ve çalışma çağında olup olmaması” gibi hususların titiz bir değerlendirmeden geçirildiği görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda konu, Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin kararlarında yer verdiği esaslar ve mevzuatın güncel haline yönelik eleştirilerimiz çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır.

The need to enhance financial reporting in the public sector has led many countries to adopt international standards such as IPSAS to promote transparency and global comparability. This conceptual paper evaluated how the adoption of IPSAS 3 influences accounting information disclosure in public sector entities. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducts a theoretical analysis based on secondary data drawn from scholarly literature, accounting standards, and government documents. Rather than collecting new empirical data, the study synthesizes existing research to develop insights into IPSAS 3's impact. The methodology involved a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Key databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like "IPSAS 3" and "public sector financial reporting." Through critical examination, the paper identified recurring themes and conceptual linkages between IPSAS 3 components: disclosures of accounting policies, changes in estimates, error corrections and improved accounting information disclosure. The analysis revealed that structured implementation of IPSAS 3 enhances the transparency, consistency, and reliability of financial statements. Findings are consistent with prior research conducted in countries such as

Labor market reform encompasses a wide range of issues aimed at increasing competitiveness, increasing productivity, and improving labor force lives. No issue, however, has been more critical than ensuring that the pension system delivers on its promises. This has been a major issue for the labor force, and it will continue to be so. Countries all over the world have made efforts to improve their pension systems. Some have privatized it in order to make it more efficient and less taxing on the government. The main objective of pension and retirement policies is to provide adequate income in old ages. Countries consider many elements to choose their pension system according to five pillar pension schemes. This paper tries to look at these different retirement plans around the world and to give an assessment of their characteristics. Using a simple model, it attempts to display the relationship between the type of pension system and its success. The findings of some simple pension reforms can be lightening the way for policymakers.

The aim of this work is to analyze which is the required average real return that Latin American workers need to obtain from their retirement funds, in order to get a reasonable pension at retirement, according to each system parameters; and to discuss if those required returns are feasible in the current economical context, or if any changes in the pensions designs are necessary. The results are that from the eight countries under analysis (Chile,

This study uses nationally representative cross-sectional data to investigate the relationship between retirement and volunteering among men aged 50 to 70 in the Netherlands, and how this relationship is influenced by educational and occupational background. Based on a life-course perspective, it is hypothesized that education, socioeconomic status related to the occupation and non-manual occupations will moderate the relation between retirement and volunteering activities for several reasons. Results from tobit regressions indicate that retirees, the highly educated, people with high occupational status and former non-manual workers are more involved in volunteering. While no interaction between retirement and educational level is found, the characteristics of the occupation (socio-economic status and non-manual versus manual work) are indeed found to interact with retirement, leading to higher volunteering rates for male retirees from occupations with high status, and retirees from non-manual occupations. Implications, strengths and limitations of the study are discussed.

The need to ensure the economic wellbeing and quality of life of those who reach the official retirement age is a matter of concern in the world of social services and in social policy making. Since some working older adults may be forced to retire when they reach the official retirement age while others retire voluntarily, the study is based on a dedicated survey among 508 persons who retired both willingly and unwillingly for good after reaching the official retirement age and 437 persons who continued working uninterruptedly. The findings show that the odds of staying on the job after retirement age are contingent on the socio-demographic and health-related characteristics of the older adult. Furthermore, the economic predictors of remaining in the labour force after retirement age depend on how strongly the older adult wishes to retire. Those who continue working after retirement age and those who retire willingly are undifferentiated in the level of financial support that they ...

Artykuł porusza zagadnienie rosnącej roli platform zajmujących się sprzedażą wtórną (re-commerce) w popularyzacji rynku odzieży używanej. Autorzy wskazują na zmiany w zachowaniach konsumenckich wynikające z rosnącej świadomości ekologicznej, kryzysu klimatycznego oraz społecznego sprzeciwu wobec nadmiernego konsumpcjonizmu.
Platformy takie jak Vinted, Depop i ThredUp nie tylko ułatwiają redystrybucję odzieży, ale także przyczyniają się do promowania idei gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. W artykule przedstawiono modele biznesowe tych platform oraz ich działania w obszarach marketingu relacji, personalizacji oferty, bezpieczeństwa użytkowników i edukacji proekologicznej. Autorzy skupiają uwagę na roli technologii, takich jak sztuczna inteligencja i systemy rekomendacyjne, które poprawiają doświadczenia użytkowników, podkreślając, że platformy wspomagają tworzenie nowych wzorców konsumpcji — odpowiedzialnej, nowoczesnej i atrakcyjnej dla młodszych pokoleń — oraz mają potencjał do przekształcenia całej branży modowej.

Streszczenie. Niniejszy artykuł omawia różne zastosowania sztucznej inteligencji (SI) w nowoczesnym marketingu. Dzięki dynamicznemu rozwojowi technologii, w tym algorytmów uczenia maszynowego, możliwa jest analiza ogromnych ilości danych, co pozwala na tworzenie spersonalizowanych ofert oraz precyzyjne kierowanie komunikatów marketingowych do wybranych odbiorców. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady wdrożeń SI w firmach takich jak Spotify, Netflix, Starbucks czy Zalando, gdzie algorytmy wspierają systemy rekomendacji, personalizację usług oraz poprawę doświadczeń użytkowników. Inne opisane w artykule zastosowania SI obejmują chatboty, systemy rozpoznawania obrazów
i mowy oraz generowania treści wizualnych i tekstowych. Artykuł porusza również temat wirtualnych influencerów oraz kampanii reklamowych tworzonych przez SI, które zyskują coraz większą popularność dzięki niższym kosztom i większej kontroli nad przekazem. Autorzy wskazują, że wspierana przez sztuczną inteligencję personalizacja przekazów reklamowych staje się kluczowym elementem strategii marketingowych, budując lojalność klientów i zwiększając efektywność działań promocyjnych.

Population aging is expected to affect large parts of the world in the coming decades, leading to profound changes in various social, economic and financial institutions and infrastructure networks. Raising the old-age retirement (pension) age has been the most common response of the affected countries to this challenge, but it has proven neither sufficient nor popular with the respective populations. In this paper we analyze the projected magnitude of global aging under different fertility trajectories. It is shown that the sustainability of national pension systems will become untenable for many countries of the world unless they manage to achieve substantial increases in fertility. Thus, these countries should implement effective fertility-supporting measures in the near future in order to avoid major social crises. As we can see, fertility-supporting policies have the potential to be a remarkably powerful tool for offsetting some of the most adverse consequences of population aging.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of pensionomics as a prospective tool for pension evaluation. This paper suggests a paradigm shift – a multi-disciplinary synthesis of differing perspectives in evaluating pension’s overall performance based on past work on pension evaluation – incorporating non-economic variables with significant impact on economic growth and social development. Design/methodology/approach This paper suggests a new analytical tool called “Pensions Consistency (PC) Index” that identifies the level of consistency and the strengths and weaknesses within any pension system. The new conceptual framework focusses on building inter-sectoral and holistic policies able to respond to the new multi-dimensional dynamic environment. Findings The consideration of pensionomics concept as an evaluation tool for pension schemes provides insights that are helpful in explaining performance differentials. Taking definition, classification and evaluation as a ...

Vietnam is considered one of the countries with the fastest aging rates in the world, reducing the available time to prepare for the aging population recently. The increasing number of older people in Vietnam sets a dependency burden, posing many challenges for the social security and pension system. The pension system in Vietnam includes two types: compulsory pension and voluntary pension. In the compulsory pension system, public pension funds are managed by the government and sponsored by payroll taxes on employers and employees. However, only 23.5– 30% of the elderly had pensions and welfare from the state budget and social insur-ance fund. The development of voluntary pension funds in Vietnam has been in effect since 2013, and voluntary pension programs are currently implemented under the government’s regulations through voluntary pension insurance products (annuities) provided by life insurance companies, investment funds or other financial institutions. To date, Vietnam’s population has approximately 10% participating in life insurance, in which pension insurance packages account for a small proportion. The pension system in Vietnam shows some weaknesses that need to be improved to address the aging population in the near future. First, women are more likely to lack adequate older age protection. Second, a large proportion of informal employees do not have access to public social insurance benefits. Third, voluntary pension programs have not been shown to be effective and developed. Fourth, the small contributed public pension fund is inadequate with the growing number of beneficiaries. Finally, the current tax-funded pension schemes have provided only a small number of elderly individuals with low benefits insufficient to ensure a decent living in old age. The government needs to launch solutions to support women employees, to encourage employees working in informal economic sectors to participate in social insurance and unemployment insurance, to change the current tax-funded schemes to increase the amount of public insurance funds and at the same time to support voluntary pension market development to share the burden of the public fund.

Background: Utilization of primary health care is an important aspect of elderly internal migrants' access to screening and preventive services in China. It has been evident that social contacts, such as community engagement, social mobilization, and the ability to communicate were related to health service delivery, but little has been done to explore the relationship between social contacts and utilization of primary health care for this group. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing utilization of primary health care from the perspective of social contacts among elderly internal migrants in China. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 1544 elderly internal migrants in eight cities. Whether these indivdiuals had chosen to participate in the free health checkup organized in the previous year was adopted as an indicator of the utilization of primary health care. The number of local friends and amount of exercise time per day were measured as a proxy for social contacts. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to investigate the association of social contacts with the likelihood of using primary health care. Results: 55.6% of the respondents were men, and the mean age was 66.34 years (SD, 5.94). 88.6% had received an education of high school or below. 12.9% had no local friends. 5.2% did not exercise. Just 33.1% had participated in a free medical check-up. Social contacts, age, and medical insurance were associated with more use of primary health care among elderly internal migrants in China. The role of the community in promoting the use of primary health care should be expanded, such as creating community-based campaigns specifically targeting elderly internal migrants or designing social or sports activities tailored to increase the opportunity for contact between local elders and their internal migrant peers.

Background: Utilization of primary health care is an important aspect of elderly internal migrants' access to screening and preventive services in China. It has been evident that social contacts, such as community engagement, social mobilization, and the ability to communicate were related to health service delivery, but little has been done to explore the relationship between social contacts and utilization of primary health care for this group. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing utilization of primary health care from the perspective of social contacts among elderly internal migrants in China. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 1544 elderly internal migrants in eight cities. Whether these indivdiuals had chosen to participate in the free health checkup organized in the previous year was adopted as an indicator of the utilization of primary health care. The number of local friends and amount of exercise time per day were measured as a proxy for social contacts. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to investigate the association of social contacts with the likelihood of using primary health care. Results: 55.6% of the respondents were men, and the mean age was 66.34 years (SD, 5.94). 88.6% had received an education of high school or below. 12.9% had no local friends. 5.2% did not exercise. Just 33.1% had participated in a free medical check-up. Social contacts, age, and medical insurance were associated with more use of primary health care among elderly internal migrants in China. The role of the community in promoting the use of primary health care should be expanded, such as creating community-based campaigns specifically targeting elderly internal migrants or designing social or sports activities tailored to increase the opportunity for contact between local elders and their internal migrant peers.

Державна служба України з етнополітики та свободи совісті, Київ, Україна ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЇ (НЕВІЙСЬКОВОЇ) СЛУЖБИ У ШВЕЙЦАРІЇ: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ В с т у п. Акцентовано, що забезпечення права на альтернативну (невійськову) службу у випадках конфлікту совісті є актуальною проблемою для України, яка набуває особливої значущості в умовах воєнного стану та розгляду Конституційним Судом України справи щодо конституційності обмеження альтернативної (невійськової) служби. У зв'язку з цим важливим є дослідження досвіду Швейцарії як країни, що має тривалу та ефективну практику правового врегулювання альтернативної цивільної служби. Метою статті є аналіз правових засад, організаційних особливостей та практичного досвіду функціонування альтернативної цивільної служби у Швейцарії, а також визначення перспектив застосування цього досвіду в Україні. М е т о д и. Застосовано порівняльно-правовий та нормативно-аналітичний методи. Проведено аналіз Федеральної конституції Швейцарії, Федерального закону "Про альтернативну цивільну службу", підзаконних актів (Zivildienstverordnung, ZDV), а також офіційних документів Федерального відомства цивільної служби (ZIVI). Р е з у л ь т а т и. Встановлено, що альтернативна цивільна служба у Швейцарії є невід'ємною частиною системи обов'язкової служби. Вона доступна особам, які з міркувань совісті не можуть проходити військову службу. З 2009 року замість обов'язкового слухання щодо наявності конфлікту совісті застосовується принцип доказової готовності, згідно з яким добровільна згода проходити цивільну службу протягом строку, в 1,5 раза довшого за військову, вважається достатнім доказом. Цивільна служба має виключно невійськовий характер та здійснюється в установах, які діють в інтересах суспільства, зокрема у сферах охорони здоров'я, освіти, соціальної підтримки, збереження культурної спадщини, охорони довкілля та гуманітарної допомоги. Особливу роль у її адмініструванні відіграє цифрова платформа ZiviConnect, яка забезпечує ефективну взаємодію між цивільними службовцями, установами-приймачами та федеральними органами. В и с н о в к и. Доведено, що аналіз досвіду Швейцарії, ретельне нормативне регулювання, ефективне адміністрування та активне впровадження цифрових технологій (зокрема ZiviConnect) можуть суттєво підвищити прозорість, ефективність і привабливість альтернативної служби. Розкрито, що використання зазначених підходів в Україні могло б сприяти розв'язанню наявних правових і практичних проблем реалізації альтернативної служби, особливо в умовах воєнного стану, та забезпечити належний захист конституційних прав громадян. К л ю ч о в і с л о в а : релігійні організації, свобода совісті, альтернативна служба, релігійні переконання, правове регулювання, національна безпека, військовий обов'язок, невійськова служба, церква, суспільно-релігійні відносини, Швейцарія.

Products and policies which provide protection against longevity risk -the risk that an individual might outlive his or her resources -are increasingly important in an era characterized both by increased life expectancy and increased uncertainty surrounding longevity. Yet the reality is that, as privately managed defined contribution (DC) retirement saving gains greater importance globally, both governments and the private sector are retreating from the provision of longevity insurance. The lack of formal structures and products offering such insurance does not mean that the risk has decreased, even though its financial implications may not find their way to the balance sheets of commercial or government institutions. Rather, the absence of organized longevity insurance structures suggests that when the outcomes are realized, the response will be arbitrary and likely to be driven by political exigency. Rewards for careful planning on the part of individuals, or of careful management by financial institutions, may be compromised by short-term policy reaction to circumstances which, in the large, can be anticipated now but for which current structures do not encourage planning. Nowhere is this more true than in Australia, where heavy reliance for income replacement in retirement is placed on a mandatory DC structure, administered through private institutions. Accumulations are available as lump sums or income streams, free of any tax on withdrawal at age 60, and the tax, social security, and regulatory framework make it easier and less expensive to choose non-annuitized benefits. 1 The demand for immediate annuities, and particularly life annuities, in Australia has always been small and incentives to take annuitized products, introduced in conjunction with the private mandatory arrangements, have been gradually withdrawn. As a result, the market for life annuities has virtually disappeared. In 2001, only 1,927 life annuities were sold in Australia. By 2009, this had fallen to fewer than twenty. While a relatively generous and widely accessed safety net exists, there are therefore no structures in place in Australia to encourage or mandate OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF -REVISES, 5/4/2011, SPi

This paper was prepared at the request of Estelle James, to whom we are grateful for detailed comments on an earlier draft. Geoffrey Kingston also offered valuable insights. The research reported here was supported by the Australian Research Council. 1.

Unlike the main public pensions in many countries, the Australian Age Pension is flat-rate and means tested so benefits reduce as means increase. It costs less than 3% of GDP and keeps most out of poverty, but not renters. It is an important source of income for most retirees: The typical pensioner is a 74-year-old woman born in Australia and living in coastal New South Wales. She did not receive welfare immediately before claiming the pension (though over a third of pensioners did), owns her home, receives the full pension, doesn't receive a regular private income stream, and has under $50,000 in assessable assets. To balance the competing objectives, policymakers can adjust a range of Age Pension policy levers, including: (1) eligibility (e.g., via residency and pension age); ( ) benefit (e.g., maximum by household type and its indexation); and (3) means testing (e.g., which private resources are tested, how much of these is disregarded, and the rate of benefit withdrawal as such resources increase). The Age Pension eligibility age is associated with the decision to retire and raising it is likely to increase mature age labour force participation rates. Eligibility age increased for women (from 60 to 65) and is now increasing for both sexes (to 67 by 2023). Further increases to 70 have been abandoned probably because of: (1) a low fiscal imperative; (2) unequal impacts across groups; (3) labour market concerns (e.g., discrimination); (4) a lack of popularity; and (5) a schedule of increase that was faster than in most other countries. There is occasional debate about the level of maximum pension: The choice of benchmark to which the Age Pension is linked remains subjective and arbitrary and will ultimately be based on political consensus but a link to wages in some form is essential to maintain pension benefits in line with standards of living. It is based on policy about (1) which resources to assess and how to measure them; (2) the permissible threshold of resources beyond which pension is withdrawn; and (3) the taper or rate of reduction. It is a useful policy tool, but its potential remains unexplored. Future reforms of means testing could look at equalising the treatment of assets: Attempts have been made to equalise treatment of different assets in the Age Pension means test (e.g., deeming) but some assets, such as the family home are excluded. Including the family home would allow Treasury to claw back much of the $2b or about 5% of the pension budget per year that is paid to households with total assets of over $1m. Means testing drives the share of the population receiving the pension as well as working and saving behaviour. Research suggests that there are economic gains from a greater level of means testing and may result in higher labour supply of prime-age workers. And aggressive means testing of assets along with a more lenient treatment of annuity-type products is justified to disincentivise tax-financed bequests. Current and projected expenditure suggests that the Age Pension costs are sustainable: It cost about $45b or 2.4% of GDP in 2018 (2.7% including Service Pensions), a fraction of what other countries spend on public pensions. Recent projections see spending remaining low. Australian old age poverty is low when taking account of housing, but the system fails renters: A quarter of pensioners who rent alone spent on average less than $6 on food per day. An increase in rental assistance payments of 40% would reduce lone renter poverty by almost 20 percentage points, at a cost of $380m. Cognitive Ageing and Decline | Trends and Implications Retirement income in Australia: Part II -Public support Pension eligibility age and retirement: Offering a lump sum in return for delaying access to pensions appears to work better than raising the pension level in delaying retirement. Pegging the retirement age to life expectancy changes is advisable but needs to be based on predictable patterns. While health and retirement are related, research suggests there is no causal link between a higher pension age and health outcomes (proxied by mortality; Box 1). The exclusion of the family home from the asset test means renters and owners with the same net worth are treated differently. Another inequity is that financial assets are deemed in the income test, while non-income producing land of the same value is only counted in the asset test. Applying more consistency across asset classes in the income and asset tests would contribute to equity, without needing to combine these in a single comprehensive test, as some have suggested. Aggressive asset testing may be justified to avoid subsidising bequests even if this implies high effective tax rates on capital income (Box 2). How do different countries design the means test? Australia's arrangements involve higher targeted pensions and slower rates of withdrawal than seen elsewhere (except Denmark, where means tested pensions reach further up the income distribution). Australia's asset test has a shallower taper than other countries with such a test but most countries don't take account of asset values at all in their safety-net pension schemes (Box 3). Research shows that Australians tend to hold on to their assessable asset balances and under-consume in retirement, even if it means receiving a smaller pension. Median drawdown was only around 10% over an eight-year period and many see their financial assets grow in retirement, particularly couples and home owners. The result is that the median pensioner left bequests (mainly financial) equivalent to 90% of the assets recorded at first observation. A potential reason may relate to precautionary savings because households can't insure against investment or expenditure shocks (Box 4). Relative to other choices available, Australia's means testing system provides well for many of those who receive it and does not drastically distort economic activity. Modelling suggests that a more aggressive taper would be a further improvement, increasing labour supply and overall welfare (Box 5). Researchers have developed a sophisticated approach to modelling changes in the Australian economy. The modelling suggests that population ageing could increase aged care, healthcare and pension costs by 126%, 25%, and 63% respectively. Pension costs could rise to 4.6% of GDP (however, this is based on parameters in place in 2010; Box 6). According to a survey, Australians believe older people should receive more government benefits but don't believe their role is necessarily in the workforce. Raising the pension age was also met with widespread opposition. These attitudes present a problem for a government encouraging mature age labour force participation and older people seeking to retain or find work. Historic old age poverty rates: Absolute poverty among older Australians has declined over the past four decades. But relative poverty (measured as below either 50% or 60% of the median income) has been volatile and is sensitive to small changes in both the maximum rate of the Age Pension and wages at the middle of the income distribution.

The need to enhance financial reporting in the public sector has led many countries to adopt international standards such as IPSAS to promote transparency and global comparability. This conceptual paper evaluated how the adoption of IPSAS 3 influences accounting information disclosure in public sector entities. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducts a theoretical analysis based on secondary data drawn from scholarly literature, accounting standards, and government documents. Rather than collecting new empirical data, the study synthesizes existing research to develop insights into IPSAS 3's impact. The methodology involved a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Key databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like "IPSAS 3" and "public sector financial reporting." Through critical examination, the paper identified recurring themes and conceptual linkages between IPSAS 3 components: disclosures of accounting policies, changes in estimates, error corrections and improved accounting information disclosure. The analysis revealed that structured implementation of IPSAS 3 enhances the transparency, consistency, and reliability of financial statements. Findings are consistent with prior research conducted in countries such as

The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.

La Ley N° 21.735, publicada el 26 de marzo de 2025, constituye la reforma más profunda del sistema de pensiones chileno desde 1980. Establece un sistema mixto que combina capitalización individual con un Seguro Social Previsional financiado por una nueva cotización obligatoria del empleador. La reforma reemplaza los multifondos por Fondos Generacionales (Target Date Funds), introduce un nuevo esquema de cotización y moderniza las licitaciones, buscando mejorar la competencia, la equidad y la sostenibilidad del sistema. Esta síntesis ejecutiva resume los principales cambios, cronograma, beneficios, desafíos y requisitos de implementación para profesionales y ciudadanos interesados en comprender el impacto de esta transformación.

Значення дисципліни праці для трудового права зумовлене тим, що від належного її дотримання залежить не тільки подальша ефективність реалізації трудових правовідносин, а подекуди й безпека, здоров'я або навіть життя працівників та інших осіб. У свою чергу, передбачена Кодексом законів про працю України концепція забезпечення трудової дисципліни, незважаючи на поодинокі точкові зміни, продовжує залишатися в ньому фактично в незмінному вигляді з моменту ухвалення у 70-х роках минулого століття. Зазначене підкреслює актуальність дослідження наведених категорій, у тому числі з урахуванням міжнародного й зарубіжного досвіду.
Інститут трудової дисципліни в Україні знаходить своє вираження як на законодавчому, так і на локальному рівнях. Законодавство встановлює орієнтири для забезпечення трудової дисципліни й певною мірою обмежує дисциплінарну владу роботодавців. Водночас саме на локальному рівні реалізується виважене застосування заходів дисциплінарного впливу, усуваються умови, що сприяють порушенню працівниками трудової дисципліни, тощо. При цьому законодавчий і локальний рівні забезпечення дисципліни праці не можуть бути взаємозамінними, вони функціонують у гармонійному поєднанні.
Чинне законодавство про працю не приділяє достатньої уваги правилам внутрішнього трудового розпорядку. У Кодексі законів про працю України не передбачено чітких норм, які б указували на обов'язковість або диспозитивність їх затвердження. У свою чергу, оскільки дисципліні праці більшою мірою притаманний колективний складник, то доречним вбачається передбачити в положеннях Кодексу обов'язкове затвердження правил внутрішнього трудового розпорядку залежно від кількісного складу осіб, що становлять штат роботодавця. Крім того, закріплення лише двох видів стягнення не дозволяє належним чином забезпечити диференційоване застосування заходів дисциплінарного впливу. До розширеного переліку заходів дисциплінарного впливу запропоновано такі: попередження, догана, осуд, відсторонення від посади та звільнення.

У цьому підручнику наведена характеристика міжнародного і порівняльного трудового права. Розкриті структура та цілі Організації Об’єднаних Націй, Міжнародної організації праці, Ради Європи та Європейського Союзу в частині регулювання відносин у сфері праці. Розглянуті міжнародні трудові стандарти і європейські наднаціональні нормативно-правові акти, а також їх вплив на законодавство України. Наведені особливості зарубіжного колективно-договірного регулювання праці, виникнення та припинення трудових правовідносин, окремих видів трудових договорів, робочого часу та часу відпочинку, забезпечення трудової дисципліни, вирішення індивідуальних і колективних трудових спорів та ін.
Для науковців, аспірантів, студентів, юристів-практиків, а також усіх, хто цікавиться питаннями трудового права.

Population ageing inevitably leads to deep changes in universal coverage pension systems as well as in additional saving programmes. Commonly applied shifting of retirement age up together with relatively fast skills depreciation cause differentiation of pension system participants’ needs and their changes through individual life span. The specific needs become increasingly important for system participants, which requires developing new approaches within old-age pension programmes. In this text we analyse relations among basic variables determining income allocation over life cycle within old-age pension systems and programmes. Our conclusions show usefulness and possibilities of differentiation of the entire pension systems structure via implementation of flexible additional savings programmes. This creates a challenge for old-age pension services providers. Potential of such specific and flexible additional savings programmes may lead to effects stronger than those of tax incenti...

Tribal communities are the indigenous peoples of the nation. They are very much connected to the land, yet they often face significant neglect in various aspects, such as economic backwardness, geographical isolation, limited access to financial services, and low literacy rate. Despite these issues, research on retirement planning within tribal communities is notably sparse within India. No specific research has been conducted to explore the determinants of retirement planning among the Bodo tribes living in Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), Assam. This paper aims to address this gap and adds to the existing work on retirement planning. It thus explores the psychological determinants of retirement planning behaviour, such as financial risk tolerance, future time perspective, and retirement goal clarity within this community. It also examines how variations in financial literacy moderate the association between these psychological factors and the retirement planning behavior exhibited by working individuals of BTR. Using a sample of 382 working individuals, data were analyzed through PLS-SEM multigroup analysis in Smart PLS 4. The path analysis results indicated that financial risk tolerance, future time perspective, and retirement goal clarity have a direct positive impact on retirement planning behavior. The findings affirmed that financial literacy acts as a moderator in the association between psychological factors and retirement planning behaviour. Interestingly, the findings of multigroup analysis underscores that the effect of future time perspective on retirement planning behaviour is more pronounced among individuals with low financial literacy than among those with high financial literacy within this unique geographical region, which is unlike the studies conducted with urban or metropolitan populations. The findings of our study have implications for financial planners, policy makers and financial institutions.

SUPUESTO DE HECHO: Se trata de determinar si un trabajador jubilado parcial, cuyo contrato de trabajo temporal a tiempo parcial se extingue por despido colectivo que afecta a la totalidad de los trabajadores de la empresa, tiene o no derecho a continuar en situación de jubilación parcial desde la fecha de tal extinción contractual o desde la de finalización de la percepción de la prestación por desempleo hasta que cumpla la edad que le permita acceder a la jubilación ordinaria o anticipada. RESUMEN: En ambas sentencias, el actor es un trabajador que pasó a la situación de jubilación parcial, suscribiendo con su empresa un contrato a tiempo parcial del 15% de la jornada que anteriormente realizaba hasta el momento de la edad de jubilación. Algún tiempo más tarde la empresa presentó concurso voluntario de acreedores, en base al mismo, el Juzgado de lo Mercantil autorizó la extinción colectiva de los contratos de trabajo de dicha empresa. Desde dicha fecha comenzó a percibir la prestación por desempleo parcial, pero extinguida la misma, el Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social acordó extinguir la prestación por jubilación parcial al considerar que la extinción de los contratos de trabajo tras concurso voluntario equivale a un despido procedente.

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto * Economista, asesora parlamentaria. Las tendencias del sistema privado de pensiones anuncian desde ya un desastre social y fiscal de enormes proporciones, lo que la agenda ocde-Consar es incapaz de resolver. El sistema funciona bien para unos cuantos, pero no es solución para la mayoría. El sistema funciona bien como fuente extraordinaria de recursos prestables para el gobierno federal, pero no para detonar con estos fondos la inversión pública que tanto requiere el país para crecer y generar empleos. Reforma de pensiones en México: diseño, promesas y evidencias […] La reforma trajo algunas mejoras pero muchos de sus presuntos efectos positivos no se materializaron. carmelo mesa-lago (2013)

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto * Economista, asesora parlamentaria. Las tendencias del sistema privado de pensiones anuncian desde ya un desastre social y fiscal de enormes proporciones, lo que la agenda ocde-Consar es incapaz de resolver. El sistema funciona bien para unos cuantos, pero no es solución para la mayoría. El sistema funciona bien como fuente extraordinaria de recursos prestables para el gobierno federal, pero no para detonar con estos fondos la inversión pública que tanto requiere el país para crecer y generar empleos. Reforma de pensiones en México: diseño, promesas y evidencias […] La reforma trajo algunas mejoras pero muchos de sus presuntos efectos positivos no se materializaron. carmelo mesa-lago (2013)

Stephan Lessenich, Ulrich Otto In: Ulrich Otto (Hg.). Partizipation und Inklusion im Alter – aktuelle Herausforderungen. Jena: IKS Garamond, 2005, S. 5-18 ... Opladen: Leske + Budrich. Otto, Ulrich & Bauer, Petra (Hrsg.) 2005: Mit Netz-werken professionell zusammenarbeiten. Bd. ...

This document comparatively analyzes the progress made by thecountries of the American continent in the universalization of socialsecurity in 2019. In particular, it focuses on the universalization ofcoverage from a multidimensional perspective, using the analyticalframework of the International Labour Organization (ILO), which con-templates the dimensions of scope, extent and level. To this end, weadapted the calculation method for the Human Development Index(HDI) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), andthree sub-indices and an aggregate index were formulated, resultingin the following: 1) Scope of Legal Coverage Index; 2) Extent of Effec-tive Coverage Index; 3) Social Security Expenditure Index, and 4) SocialSecurity Universalization Index (SSUI).