Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Early Paleogene 'hyperthermals', including the well studied Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM; ∼56 Ma) and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2; ∼54 Ma), were transient global warming phases, associated with massive injection of 13C-depleted carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system. We identified the PETM in marginal marine sediment sequences from the Southwest Pacific and the US margin of the Gulf Coastal Plain, at ∼65 °S and ∼30 ºN. We reconstruct a 6-8 °C PETM warming for these sites using the biomarker-based paleothermometer TEX86. Southern ocean temperatures were surprisingly high. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages indicate synchronous sea level rise and salinity changes across the event. Similar to New Jersey and the North Sea records, the inception of dominant subtropical dinocysts (Apectodinium) preceded the onset of the carbon isotope excursion in the Southern Ocean. This indicates that anomalous environmental changes preceded the massive input of 13C-depleted carbon. Finally, we compare paleotemperature estimates across the PETM based on foraminifer oxygen isotope values and Mg/Ca ratios with TEX86 at several sites. Consistency of these proxies is assessed and evaluated, at the same time putting better constraints on the 18O and Mg/Ca ratio of the seawater as well as extending the TEX86 calibration. These proxies perform relatively consistently at the studied locations, this way putting new constraints on early Paleogene seawater composition.

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is an extensively studied global warming event occurring approximately 56 Ma and lasting around 200 kyr. Marked by a negative 13C excursion from a massive influx of CO2 to the atmosphere, the PETM caused environmental alterations including increases in global temperature, changes in hydrology and ocean chemistry, and floral and faunal overturns. Evidence of these alterations during the PETM is found within both marine and continental basins. During the early Paleogene, the Laramide Orogeny formed a series of nonmarine basins within the Western Interior of the United States. Three of these basins, the Bighorn and Hanna Basins in Wyoming and the Piceance Basin in Colorado, are known to hold continuous depositional records spanning the PETM. In each of these three basins, coincident with the main body of the PETM, there occurs at least one unusually large, amalgamated fluvial sand body that is distinct from sand bodies in the underlying and o...

The Golfo San Jorge Basin (GSJB) preserves the thickest Cenozoic stratigraphic record in extra-Andean Patagonia (Argentina), reaching approximately 1500 meters. This record was subdivided into three major second-order transgressiveregressive (TST-RST) sedimentary sequences: (1) The early Paleogene T-R cycle (~ 600 m thick; early Paleocene-late Eocene), comprising the Salamanca Formation (marine), Río Chico Group (fluvial), and part of Sarmiento Formation (pyroclastic loess). This sequence reflects a marine-to-continental transition, with an early marine stage marked by tidally-influenced, shallow-marine and inner-shelf sedimentation, followed by fluvial systems and long-lived accumulation and reworking of fine ash in a low-gradient continental setting. (2) The late Paleogene-early Neogene T-R cycle (~ 200 m thick, late Eocene-early Miocene), composed of the El Huemul Formation (marine) and the upper part of Sarmiento Formation (pyroclastic deposits). (3) The Neogene T-R cycle (~ 700 m thick; early-middle Miocene), includes the Chenque Formation (marine) and the Santa Cruz or Escalante Formation (fluvial-eolian). The three marine secondorder TSTs share similar temporal duration (<5 million years) and sedimentation patterns are strongly influenced by continental slope inheritance. However, the continental second-order RSTs differ significantly: (i) the early Paleogene RST lasted ~ 22 million years, compared with the ~ 10 million years of the late Paleogene-early Neogene cycle and the ~ 5 million years of the Neogene; (ii) the Paleogene records extensive global climatic fluctuations, whereas the Neogene is characterized by a single wet to dry cycle; (iii) pyroclastic deposits dominate the early Paleogene and late Paleogene-early Neogene sequences, but they are nearly absent in the Neogene; (iv) the first two second order continental cycles preserves an exceptional assemblage of continental mammal faunas, serving as a biostratigraphic reference for South America. Although the GSJB's macrostratigraphy correlates strongly with regional sea-level fluctuations, additional controlling factors have been proposed, including extensional tectonic reactivations, Andean orogenic uplift, intrusion-related tectonic loading, sustained pyroclastic input, climatic variability, and dynamic topography.

Sedimentological and geochemical records are presented for an upper Paleocene to middle Eocene deep-water pelagic succession of the Pabdeh Formation in the Paryab section, Zagros Mountains, NW, Iran. In this study, grain-size statistical parameters, cumulative curves, and bivariate analysis on twenty-five sediment samples were used to decipher depositional processes and paleoenvironments. XRD analysis of the fine-grained silt to clay sediments indicates that quartz, calcite, ankerite/dolomite, and clay minerals such as illite, chlorite, and kaolinite constitute the main minerals within these sediments. Elemental and isotopic chemostratigraphies are used to infer depositional conditions and sea level trends through time. TOC-CaCO3 trends of the samples are used to interpret the type of deposition and sediment accumulation rates, rhythmic bedding, and identification of regressional and transgressional phases. In the studied section, the manganese contents exhibit a declining trend alo...

Изучение верхнеюрско-нижнемеловых отложений паромесской свиты в бассейне р. Печора (обнажения на реках Ижма и Кедва, Республика Коми) проводилось для уточнения мезозойского блока легенды Мезенской серии листов государственной геологической карты масштаба 1 : 1 000 000. В ходе полевых работ собрана разнообразная коллекция макрофауны, в которой преобладают двустворчатые моллюски, а в меньших количествах присутствуют аммоноидеи и белемниты. В рамках исследования собранной макрофауны найден и описан новый вид аммоноидей-Epivirgatites mesezhnikovi sp. nov., характерный для зоны Epivirgatites nikitini волжского региояруса. Совместно с новым видом аммоноидей были встречены богатые комплексы двустворчатых моллюсков Buchia fischeriana (d'Orbigny), B. russiensis (Pavlow), B. mosquensis (Buch), B. spp., Pinna sp. indet., Liostrea sp. indet. и белемниты Cylindroteuthis (Cy lindroteuthis) ex gr. lepida Sachs et Nalnjaeva, Lagonibelus (Holcobeloides) volgensis (d'Orbigny), Lagonibelus sp. Проведенные работы позволили сущест венно дополнить комплексную палеонтологическую характеристику паромесской свиты и особенно зоны Epivirgatites nikitini волжского региояруса. (The authors studied the Upper Jurassic — Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Paromes Formation in the Pechora River basin found in the Izhma and Kedva rivers outcrops (Komi Republic). These works contributed to clarifying the Mesozoic block of the Mezen series sheets legend of the State Geological Map (scale of 1 : 1,000,000). Field work aided in collecting a diverse collection of macrofauna, with bivalves dominating, as well as fewer ammonoids and belemnites included. Exploring the gathered macrofauna led to find and describe a new species of ammonoids Epivirgatites mesezhnikovi sp. nov., which is characteristic of the Epivirgatites nikitini zone in the Volgian Regional Stage. The new species of ammonoids accompanied rich assemblages of bivalves Buchia fischeriana (d’Orbigny), B. russiensis (Pavlow), B. mosquensis (Buch), B. spp., Pinna sp. indet., Liostrea sp. indet., and belemnites Cylindroteuthis (Cylindroteuthis) ex gr. lepida Sachs et Nalnjaeva, Lagonibelus (Holcobeloides) volgensis (d’Orbigny), Lagonibelus sp. The work resulted in collecting an extensive collection of macrofauna, which updated the complex paleontological characteristics  of the Paromes Formation and especially the Epivirgatites nikitini zone of the Volgian Regional Stage.)

A climatic, geological and biological global event resulted in sedimentation of black shales at the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary, coinciding with the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) or Bonarelli Event. We present an interdisciplinary analysis of the C/T transition at the Spanish El Chorro section (Betic Cordillera), and show the results of studies on planktic and benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, radiolaria and environmental magnetic properties. The planktic foraminiferal biozones Rotalipora cushmani, Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica and the calcareous nannoplankton biozones NC11, NC12 and NC13 have been recognized. Diversity of the radiolarian assemblages gradually decreases from the upper Cenomanian towards the middle part of the OAE2 interval, where it reaches the lowest values, recovering above the OAE2. Oxygenation of the sea-bottom waters decreased towards the late Cenomanian, as inferred from a decrease in species size of benthic foraminifera 40 cm below the OAE2. Assemblages from the upper part of the section contain abundant and tiny epifaunal, trochospiral species and representatives of Tappanina, Pleurostomella and small buliminids. These data indicate that low oxygen conditions persisted towards the top of the section, 370 cm above the top of the OAE2 black shales.

Dissolution experiments were carried out on a foraminiferal assemblage from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at Dababiya, Egypt, in order to: 1) reveal the effects of differential dissolution on the composition of the foraminiferal assemblage and 2) develop objective criteria for the evaluation of dissolution in foraminiferal assemblages used in early Paleogene paleoenvironmental reconstructions, particularly with respect to neritic Midway-type assemblages from the Paleocene/Eocene transition. Our results confirm two general observations on modern foraminifera: 1) planktic foraminifera are much more vulnerable to dissolution than benthic foraminifera, leading to depressed P/B ratios and 2) dissolution susceptibility differs between size fractions, with the smaller specimens dissolving more rapidly than the bigger ones, leading to a larger average size of the remaining assemblage. Within a size fraction, wall structure and thickness are considered to be the main factors controlling differential dissolution susceptibility. We propose a ranking scheme for taxa with respect to dissolution resistance. Among the benthic taxa, Lenticulina is most resistant, followed by the agglutinated Gaudryina cf. ellisorae and Alabamina midwayensis. Biserial and triserial hyaline taxa and the porcelaneous Spiroloculina sp. are most susceptible to dissolution, whereas rotaliines, such as Cibicidoides and Anomalinoides have an intermediate susceptibility. This implies that mild dissolution of a Midway-type benthic assemblage leads to a relative enrichment in Lenticulina, Gaudryina and rotaliines. Amongst planktic foraminifera, the muricate taxa Acarinina and Morozovella are most resistant, followed by the cancellate Subbotina. The smooth and generally small Globanomalina and Zeauvigerina are least resistant to dissolution. Our data enable to objectively evaluate various degrees of dissolution in benthic and planktic foraminiferal assemblages retrieved from the lower Paleogene Tethyan outcrops. In this way taphonomic artifacts can be readily distinguished from paleoenvironmental signals affecting the primary composition of the assemblages. More generally, we propose that the combined use of foraminiferal numbers, P/B ratio and relative abundances of non-calcareous agglutinated taxa and Lenticulina may provide a powerful proxy for assessing dissolution in hemipelagic assemblages from Cenozoic and upper Cretaceous continental margins. In order to achieve more robust pre-Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on quantitative foraminiferal data, application of dissolution proxies, like proposed here, or in slightly modified form, should become a more widely used micropaleontologic procedure. Particularly continental margin studies dealing with major biotic events (e.g. PETM) or employing P/B ratios for sea-level reconstructions should benefit from such an approach.

Operations at Site U1515 consisted of coring a single hole (U1515A) with the rotary core barrel (RCB) system to 517.1 m drilling depth below seafloor (DSF) (Table ). The original plan for this site included coring in three holes and a full suite of wireline logging runs. However, hole conditions were generally poor, precluding logging, and core recovery was low, thus shortening the time spent at this site. Overall, 55 RCB cores were recovered, with 93.62 m recovered of the 517.1 m cored (18.1%). The total time at Site U1515 was

Bioloogical Trait Analysis (BTA) is proven to be a useful technique in understanding environmental disturbance in foraminiferal paleoecology. BTA integrates three statistical techniques namely; fuzzy correspondence analysis (FCA), non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nmMDS) and Similarity Percentage analysis (SIMPER). Variations in foraminiferal fauna and trait compositions were analysed using the technique and it provided a clearer understanding of ecological perturbations in foraminiferal ecology and the ecosystem functions they provided in the community when compared to existing techniques. This innovative technique was applied on foraminiferal population data in the Central pacific Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean and the vestigial Tethys ocean during the extreme climatic warming event of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal maximum (PETM). The outcome of our investigation showed a clear separation of foraminiferal traits and fauna compositions from different depths across three intervals of the warming namely; Pre-CIE, CIE and Recovery section. Samples from each group tend to cluster together with the warmest interval, the CIE showing highest level of separation. These separations are interpreted to correlate with extreme environmental conditions. BTA also has the capability of integrating and bringing out important variables from a large data sets and organizing them in a well-structured and more understandable manner.

Lignite is the lowest rank of coal; its deposits found within the Paleogene Anambra Basin are Tertiary in age. They occur within the uppermost stratum of the Eocene Ameki Group, the Oligocene Ogwashi-Asaba Formation and the basal part of the Miocene Benin Formation. Energy is considered as one of the fundamental resources for industrialization. The current situation in Anambra State is that energy demand is greater than energy supply; this forms the basis of this research. Lignite can play an important role for power generation in Anambra State as a domestic resource that will be proximally available. Anambra State is enriched with substantial lignite deposits, but these deposits are currently under fire attack, which if not tackled will result in total loss of the deposits and unimaginable geologic hazards. The lignite seam fires were examined; the causes and possible solutions were documented. Strategies for sustainable exploitation and harnessment of this resource were also enumerated, which when properly implemented will solve the energy problem facing the State, thereby enhancing its socioeconomic status and also create opportunities for investments, employment and national development.

This paper focuses on the nautiloid fauna of the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) Midawara Formation in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Four species belonging to four genera were identified: Euciphoceras regale, Eutrephoceras (Simplicioceras) centrale, Aturoidea parkinsoni, and Deltoidonautilus sowerbyi. Two species of them (E. regale and D. sowerbyi) are recorded for the first time in Egypt. Paleoecologic analysis reveals that these nautiloids were deposited in a shallow-marine environment and experienced various diagenetic processes. Evidence of abrasion, bioerosion, and encrustations suggests limited post-mortem transportation. Paleoecological reconstruction indicates a nektonbenthic lifestyle for these nautiloids. Furthermore, the presence of rhyncholites (calcic jaws of cephalopods) indicated that these nautiloids inhabited shallow-water areas, and most likely died during nocturnal migrations. Paleogeography of the studied nautiloid in the Lutetian Stage shows a widespread distribution, adaptability and resilience in diverse marine environments across the Tethys Sea, Africa, Asia and Europe. The co-occurrences of predators (such as whales, sharks, gastropods and cephalopods) and scavengers (e.g., crabs) indicate a complex food web and the prosperity of marine life. The significant turnover of the abundance and diversity of nautiloid assemblage from Lutetian to Bartonian ages may be corresponded to severe environmental conditions that dominate during brief warming event of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO).

This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Contents 1 Background and objectives 2 Operations 5 Lithostratigraphy 10 Biostratigraphy and micropaleontology 17 Paleomagnetism 24 Petrophysics 29 Geochemistry 33 Stratigraphic correlation 35 References

The central part of the Piave River valley in the Venetian pre-Alps of NE Italy exposes an expanded and continuous marine sediment succession that encompasses the Paleocene series and the Paleocene to Eocene transition. The Paleocene through lowermost Eocene succession is >100 m thick and was deposited at middle to lower bathyal depths in a hemipelagic, near-continental setting in the central western Tethys. In the Forada section, the Paleocene succession of limestone-marl couplets is sharply interrupted by an ~3.30m-thick unit of clays and marls (clay marl unit). The very base of this unit represents the biostratigraphic Paleocene-Eocene boundary, and the entire unit coincides with the main carbon isotope excursion of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum event. Concentrations of hematite and biogenic carbonate, δ 13 C measurements, and abundance of radiolarians, all oscillate in a cyclical fashion and are interpreted to represent precession cycles. The main excursion interval spans fi ve complete cycles, that is, 105 ± 10 k.y. The overlying carbon isotope recovery interval, which is composed of six distinct limestone-marl couplets, is interpreted to represent six precessional cycles with a duration of 126 ± 12 k.y. The entire carbon isotope excursion interval in Forada has a total duration of ~231 ± 22 k.y., which is 5%-10% longer than previous estimates derived from open ocean sites (210-220 k.y.). Geochemical proxies for redox conditions indicate oxygenated conditions before, during, and after the carbon isotope excursion event. The Forada section exhibits a nonstepped sharp decrease in δ 13 C (−2.35‰) at the base of the clay marl unit. The hemipelagic, near-continental depositional setting of Forada and the sharply elevated sedimentation rates throughout the clay marl unit argue for continuous rather than interrupted deposition and show that the initial nonstepped carbon isotope shift was not caused by a hiatus. A single sample at the base of the unit lacks biogenic carbonate. Preservation of carbonate thereafter improves progressively up-section in the clay marl unit, which is consistent with a prodigiously abrupt and rapid acidifi cation of the oceans followed by a slower, successive deepening of the carbonate compensation depth. Increased sedimentation rates through the clay marl unit (approximately the main interval of the carbon isotope excursion) are consistent with an intensifi ed hydrological cycle driven by supergreenhouse conditions and enhanced weathering and transport of terrigenous material to this near-continental, hemipelagic environment in the central western Tethys. The sharp transition in lithology from the clay marl unit to the overlying limestonemarl couplets in the recovery interval and the coincident shift toward heavier δ 13 C values suggest that the silicate pump and continental weathering, the cause of the enhanced terrigenous fl ux to Forada, stopped abruptly. This implies that the source of the light CO 2 ceased to be added to the ocean-atmosphere system at the top of the clay marl unit.

The Global Standard Stratotype-section (GSSP) for the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundary has been selected in the Dababiya Quarry, near Luxor, at the base of a lithostratigraphic unit where the base of the so-called Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE) is recorded. The Dababiya Quarry offers remarkable three-dimensional exposures of the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene succession in the Nile Valley which comprises the Tarawan Chalk, the Esna Shale and the Thebes Limestone. The horizon that constitutes the P/E GSSP is located in the lower part of the Esna Shale Formation. This formation, remarkably thick (~130m) at Dababiya, is largely of homogenous gray shales. Its lower part includes, however, a thin lithostratigraphic unit in a typical succession of five characteristic beds that can be followed throughout Upper Egypt, and at the base of which the GSSP is defined. We formally describe this unit as the Dababiya Quarry Beds at the same time as we subdivide the Esna Shale Formation into three formal lithostratigraphic units. The Dababiya Quarry Beds constitute the lower part of Unit Esna 2. While we place emphasis on the description of the lithology, mineralogy, carbon isotope stratigraphy and paleontology of the Dababiya Beds, we provide a mineralogic and biostratigraphic framework for the whole exposure of Esna Shale at Dababiya that constitutes essentially a complete record from the base of calcareous nannofossil Zone NP9 to Zone NP11 and planktonic foraminiferal Zone P4 to P8. The carbon isotopic excursion, measured on organic matter is ~3m thick and has an amplitude of ~4‰. The planktonic foraminiferal excursion taxa are sporadic and the distinct Discoaster araneus-Rhomboaster spp. association is persistent throughout the CIE-interval. The symbol § identifies illustrations that are shown in full color in the electronic edition. See inside cover for details.

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ca. 55 Ma, was a period of extreme global warming caused by rapid emission of greenhouse gases. It is unknown what ended this episode of greenhouse warming, but high oceanic export productivity over thousands of years (as indicated by high accumulation rates of barium, Ba) may have been a factor in ending this warm period by carbon sequestration. However, Ba has a short oceanic residence time (~10 k.y.), so a prolonged global increase in Ba accumulation rates requires an increase in input of Ba to the ocean, increasing barite saturation. We use a novel proxy for barite saturation (Sr/Ba in marine barite) to demonstrate that the seawater saturation state with respect to barite did not change across the PETM. The observations of increased barite burial, no change in saturation, and the short residence time can be reconciled if Ba burial decreased at continental margin and shelf sites due to widespread occurrence of suboxic conditions, leading to Ba release into the water column, combined with increased biological export production at some pelagic sites, resulting in Ba sink reorganization.

The ability to distinguish between terminal taxa and those that form a continuous lincta~e i c i~1~0rt2P-t fnr z ~s + r ;3!2~Lui~l~gi~a: c i i i c ~~~i s e s , i ~~~i u a i n g documentation of patterns of diversity, extinction, and morphological change through time. Especially in cases with a dense fossil record containing closely related species, conventional cladistic analysis is not adequate for this task because a priori judgments about the monophyly or paraphyly of operational taxonomic units are impossible. Even when a fossil taxon contains an autapomorphy, it is impossible to test its monophyly using cladistic analysis without resorting to assumptions about the irreversibility of evolution. Stratocladistics offers solutions to these problems because it operates in the universe of phylogenetic trees rather than cladograms-the monophyly and paraphyly of taxa are determined as a result of analysis rather than included as assumptions. This is possible because the basic units of analysis are lineage segments rather then lineages and because Fisher's totalparsimony debt allows the evaluation of hypotheses that alternatively place a taxon in a terminal position or as part of a continuous lineage. This, in turn, allows species definitions such as Simpson's evolutionary species to be operationalized in a cladistic framework. The definition of a species-level taxon can be separated from its morphological diagnosis using a formula like the following: a species is the set of ancestor-descendant populations that occurred between speciation (cladogenic) events. Typological problems associated with many morphological species definitions, including those relying on autapomorphies, are thus avoided. This method is applied to a revision of Clarkforkian and Wasatchian viverravid carnivorans from the Bighorn and Clarks Fork basins, Wyoming. It is concluded that seven species, one new, were present: Viverravus laytoni, V. acutus, V. rosei (sp. nov.), V. politus, Didymictis proteus, D. leptomylus, and D. protenus. The species Protictis laytoni is referred to the genus Viverravus and synonymized with V. bowni. Furthermore, P. dellensis is found to be conspecific with D. proteus and the two are synonymized under the latter name. For the same reason, P. schafi is synonymized with V. politus. The taxon Didymictida is rejected. The species V. acutus is concluded to be sexually dimorphic with high variability in linear measurements of its dentition.

Benthic foraminiferal biofacies were delimited for the upper Maastichtian through upper Eocene of Brazilian marginal basins (Sergipe-Alagoas, Mucuri, Campos, Santos and Pelotas) and two DSDP Sites and 20C of the western South Atlantic. The biofacies were determined based on the benthic assemblages and associated parameters, including percentage of planktic foraminifera (% lithology, and percentage of radiolarians (% rads). The biofacies show basin-to-basin differences, and primarily distinguished by the taxon percentage and the dominant three or species. Biofacies A is composed of 100% calcareous taxa and dominates in the Eocene. Biofacies B up to 10% agglutinated taxa and occurs from the middle Paleocene through the upper Eocene. Biofacies has 11% to 25% agglutinated taxa and is present from the upper Maastrichtian through the upper Biofacies D contains a balanced percentage of calcareous and agglutinated taxa (~50% each), and is associated with Biofacies E in the marginal basins. ...

Sedimentological and geochemical records are presented for an upper Paleocene to middle Eocene deep-water pelagic succession of the Pabdeh Formation in the Paryab section, Zagros Mountains, NW, Iran. In this study, grain-size statistical parameters, cumulative curves, and bivariate analysis on twenty-five sediment samples were used to decipher depositional processes and paleoenvironments. XRD analysis of the fine-grained silt to clay sediments indicates that quartz, calcite, ankerite/dolomite, and clay minerals such as illite, chlorite, and kaolinite constitute the main minerals within these sediments. Elemental and isotopic chemostratigraphies are used to infer depositional conditions and sea level trends through time. TOC-CaCO3 trends of the samples are used to interpret the type of deposition and sediment accumulation rates, rhythmic bedding, and identification of regressional and transgressional phases. In the studied section, the manganese contents exhibit a declining trend alo...

This document (D2.1) states the Geothermal Information Delivery Manual (IDM) for drilling processes involved in the GEOFIT project. The IDM for drilling processes specifies an integrated reference tool to collect the information and data from the different processes involved during drilling operations performance required by the GEOBIM model proposed in the project. The specification of an IDM for GEOFIT project and the need of providing an integrated model for drilling processes is one of the main outcomes of this deliverable as it is a very complex environment. The data acquisition processes and data workflows are produced in real time conditions and different data formats may be found. Within the GEOBIM project context, the IDM is aimed at providing the unified reference for the processes and data required by BIM by identifying the discrete processes that must be undertaken during drilling operations, the information required for their execution and the results obtained from thes...

During the late Paleocene to early Eocene, clastic fluvial sediments and coals were deposited in northern high latitudes as part of the Margaret Formation at Stenkul Fiord (Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada). Syn-sedimentary tectonic movements of the Eurekan deformation continuously affected these terrestrial sediments. Different volcanic ash layers occur, and unconformities subdivide the deposits into four sedimentary units. Rare vertebrate fossils indicate an early Eocene (Graybullian) age for the upper part of the Stenkul Fiord outcrop. Here, we present carbon isotope data of bulk coal, related organic-rich mud and siltstones, a plant leaf wax-derived alkane, and additional plant remains. These data provide a complete carbon isotope record of one stratigraphic section with defined unconformity positions and in relation to other Eurekan deformation features. A previously dated ash layer MA-1 provided a U-Pb zircon age of 53.7 Ma and is used as a stratigraphic tie point, together w...

Introduction, background, and operations 6 Lithostratigraphy 11 Biostratigraphy 24 Stratigraphic correlation 26 Igneous petrology 31 Geochemistry 33 Microbiology 34 Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism 40 Physical properties 46 Downhole measurements 51 References Orientation-alignable retrieving cup Shear pins Inner seals Outer seals Quick release Rod Vents Honed ID drill collar Clear plastic liner Piston head and seal Shoe 3.80 inch bit (ID) 9.5 m stroke Seafloor Core Before stroke to take core After stroke to take core Advanced piston corer Figure F2. Schematic of the XCB system used during Expedition 355. Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6-14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port-size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge Extended core barrel Pulling neck Latch finger Spacer adapter Check valve Core liner Landing support Float valve Core catchers Adjustable latch sleeve Swivel Quick release Nonrotating inner barrel Core size 2.312 inch (6.20 cm) diameter x 31.2 ft (9.5 m) long Bit seals

The Paleocene–Eocene geologic record suggest a complex interplay between rising temperatures, sea-level fluctuations, plankton taxa extinction and diversification, and changes in the trophic resource regime for the PETM (Paleoecene–Eocene Thermal Maximum) interval. To investigate changing conditions during the PETM interval in a deepwater marine paleoenvironment of the Zagros Basin (W-Iran), a total of 394 samples has been taken from the predominantly 171 m thick shaly lower part of the Pabdeh Formation in a section at the village of Paryab. The cyclic limestone-marl successions of the Paleocene– lower Eocene Pabdeh Formation were deposited in a deeper-water marine environment in the (closing) oceanic area of the Neo-Tethys, and consist of deep-water pelagic to hemipelagic shale, marl(stone) and limestone. This project aims to identify and evaluate facies changes in this offshore environment, in particular around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary and the PETM interval.

Supplemental material, Online_supplement for A Dynamic Model of the Effects of Feedback-Seeking Behavior and Organizational Commitment on Newcomer Turnover by Christian Vandenberghe, Guylaine Landry, Kathleen Bentein, Frederik Anseel, Karim Mignonac and Patrice Roussel in Journal of Management

Integrated biostratigraphical and sedimentological studies on the Early Paleogene rocks (Thebes Formation) at four localities along the western shoulder of the Gulf of Suez, have provided an opportunity to evaluate the stratigraphy and the geological evolution of the sedimentary basins. The carbonate succession of the Thebes Formation represents a general regressive trend, which rests conformably to unconformably on the shales and marls of the Dakhla and Esna formations. The vertical facies change records a transition from deep-to mid-shelf to shoal, to lagoon, into a peritidal zone forming southwest gently-dipping slope to basin transect. Based on the study of the planktonic foraminiferal fossils; four zones have been defined according to the important planktonic foraminiferal taxa: Morozovella aragonensis/Morozovella subbotinae, Acarinina pentacamerata, Acarinina cuneicamerata of Ypresian age and Globigerinatheka kugleri/M. aragonensis of Early Lutetian age. The stratigraphy of the studied rocks is punctuated by three regional syn-depositional tectonic phases. The ages of these phases, have been determined chrono-stratigraphically as: Danian/Early Ypresian, Middle-Late Ypresian and Early Lutetian. Globally, these phases are three pronounced tectonic episodes in the tectonic history of the Syrian Arc Orogeny. The results suggest that the sedimentation regime was mainly controlled by external as well as internal parameters, which formulated the sedimentary basins.

Integrated sedimentological studies, sequential analysis and clay mineralogy on the lower Eocene rocks in the Western Desert provided important information on the reconstruction of the depositional basin, cyclicity, and paleoclimatic conditions. Two formations are recognized; the Esna and Farafra formations, with a gradational contact in-between. The studied sequence exhibits lateral facies changes as revealed from field and microfacies investigations. Eight facies were recognized and summarized in a carbonate ramp model. It represents also a general regressive trend, which records a transition from an outer ramp into a peritidal zone. The facies stacking patterns constitute several kinds of meter-scale, shallowingupward cycles. Two different types of depositional cycles are here defined. The stratigraphic sections show a hierarchical organization of many cycles defined by five depositional sequences. It is suggested that composite eustatic sea level oscillations caused by cyclic perturbations of the Earth's orbit played a fundamental role in determining the formation of the observed hierarchical cyclic organization. Summing up, it is believed that the paleotopography had resulted from the impact of the Syrian Arc Folding System. A confusing additional complication is introduced by syndepositional sedimentary structures, especially during the late Cretaceous/Eocene times, coupled by several tensional forces. Clay mineralogy has revealed the presence of smectite, kaolinite and illite. Their origin may be attributed to the gradual increase in the amount of erosion of the newly elevated crystalline source rocks to the south of Egypt, in areas of moderate rainfall and rapid weathering and/or to reworking processes of soils which presumably developed on basement rocks. Changes in source rocks or climatic influence during the early Eocene may account for the observed differences in clay mineral abundances.

Topic: Paleocene/Eocene-boundary in a deep-water turbidite setting Tectonic unit: Northern Calcareous Alps Lithostratigraphic unit: Gosau Group, Zwieselalm Formation Chronostratigraphic units: Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene Biostratigraphic units: Calcareous Nannoplankton Zones NP9 and NP10 Location: Southern tributary of the Gamsbach (Krautgraben) to the west of Haid (Gams, Styria) Coordinates: 014° 50′ 26′′ E, 47° 39′ 49′′ N References: Egger et al., 2009; Wagreich et al., 2011.

Tertiary sediments exposed in the central Oregon Coast Range were examined for calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic Foraminifera. Twenty-one samples were obtained from the Tyee, Yamhill and Nestucca Formations, the unnamed siltstone at Alsea Bay, the Yaquina Formation, and the Nye Mudstone. These formations previously have been correlated with the Ulatisian through Saucesian microfaunal stages recognized in California. Plankton were recovered from samples of the Tyee Formation, the "siltstone of Alsea" and the Nye Mudstone. The Tyee plankton, including Clavigerinella colombiana, Subbotina bolivariana, Truncorotaloides collactea, and Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis, have been reported from the Middle Eocene elsewhere. Common planktonic f:oraminifera of the "siltstone of Alsea" are Globigerina minima, G. senilis, and Chiloguembelina eubensis. Calcareous nannoplankton include Reticulofenestra scissura, Chiasmolithus cf. C. oamaruensis. :rod Isthmolithus recurvus. This assemblage suggests correlation of this siltstone with Late Eocene or basal Oligocene of the standard tropical plankton zonation. Planktonic Foraminifera from the upper Nye Mudstone include Globigerina euapertura, G. juvenilis, G. praebulloides, and GlobigerinoMes primordius, which suggest an Early Miocene age. Characteristically, the plankton specimens show much morphological variation. Generally, the plankton are sparse with lower species diversity than tropical assemblages of similar age. These observations suggest that the site of deposition was perhaps in nearshore areas, isolated from lower-latitude plankton provinces by southward-flowing currents.

During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma), a large, negative carbon-isotope excursion (CIE) testifies to a massive perturbation of the global carbon cycle. Shallow-marine settings are crucial to understand the environmental and ecological changes associated with the PETM and the connection between continental and open-marine environments. Detailed sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical analysis of a quasi-continuous succession of shallow-marine carbonates in the Tethys Himalaya of southern Tibet indicates that a relative rise in sea level coincided with PETM onset, continued through PETM core, and terminated with a regression at PETM recovery. At PETM onset, corresponding to the SBZ4/SBZ5 boundary, no obvious impact on biota and specifically on larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) is observed. The major biotic change occurs later on at PETM recovery, corresponding to the SBZ5/SBZ6 boundary. Our data suggest that relative sea level, rather than temperature, exerted the main control on benthic biota during the PETM. Although the δ 13 Corg values of organic matter are similar in the deep sea and shallow-marine continental margins, the δ 13 Ccarb value of bulk carbonates are significantly 13 C-depleted, which we attribute to environmental change driven by relative sea-level fluctuations.

Sudden global warming f 55 Ma is associated with remarkable biotic events among both terrestrial and marine organisms. The marine microplankton were especially affected, with a rapid diversification among tropical planktonic foraminifera, a global acme of the dinoflagellate Apectodinium complex, and sudden changes in abundance patterns among the calcareous nannoplankton. Additionally, and in contrast with the former two groups, the latter group showed marked provincialism, with the distinctive Rhomboaster spp.-Discoaster araneus association (RD) restricted to a broadly crescent-shaped area extending through the Tethys seaway and the North and South Atlantic Oceans. We show here that this geographically restricted association was also temporally restricted. The stratigraphic occurrence of the Rhomboaster spp.-D. araneus association is correlative with the earliest Eocene Carbon Isotope Excursion. The relative abundance of this association is highest in the interval of minimum y 13 C values, and sharply decreases as the y 13 C increases toward preexcursion values. We propose that the Rhomboaster spp.-D. araneus association constitutes a stratigraphic proxy for the Carbon Isotope Excursion and represents an unique response to the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), with a temporal span on the order of 175 kyr.

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is characterized by a massive perturbation of the global carbon cycle reflected in a large, negative carbon isotope excursion associated with rapid global warming and changes in the hydrologic system. The magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion from terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon is generally larger relative to marine carbonates. However, high-resolution marine and terrestrial isotopic records from the same locality for direct comparison are limited. Here we present coupled carbon isotope records from terrestrial biomarkers (δ 13 C n-alkane ), marine bulk carbonates (δ 13 C carbonate ), and bulk organic carbon (δ 13 C organic ) from the continuous sedimentary record of the Forada section in northern Italy in order to evaluate the magnitude and phase relationships between terrestrial and marine environments. Consistent with previous reports, we find that the carbon isotope excursion established from δ 13 C n-alkane values is more negative than those established from δ 13 C carbonate and δ 13 C organic values. In contrast to the majority of PETM records, all Forada δ 13 C records show a sharp 13 C-enrichment immediately following the onset of the carbon isotope excursion. Further, the terrestrial δ 13 C n-alkane record lags δ 13 C carbonate /δ 13 C organic trends by ~4-5 kyr-offsets that reflect the long residence time of soil organic carbon. Hydrogen isotope records from higher-plant leaf waxes (δD n-alkane ) and sea-surface temperatures (TEX 86 ) were established to assess hydrologic and ocean temperature trends. We find δD n-alkane values trend more positive, associated with higher temperatures prior to the onset of the carbon isotope excursion, and conclude that regional changes in the hydrologic cycle likely occurred before the onset of the carbon isotope anomaly.

The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series (uppermost series of the Cambrian System) and the Paibian Stage (lowermost stage of the Furongian Series), has been recently de®ned and rati®ed by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The boundary stratotype is 369 metres above the base of the Huaqiao Formation in the Paibi section, northwestern Hunan Province, China. This point coincides with the ®rst appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus, and occurs near the base of a large positive carbon isotopic excursion (SPICE excursion). & Cambrian, China, GSSP, Furongian, Paibian, trilobite.

Supplemental Material Supplemental Text S1. Further discussion of topics in main paper, rationale for refining ages of depositional surfaces, and additional documentation sources. Figure S1. Composite Cenozoic depositional sequences and eustatic sea-level variations.

The molasse deposits in the Indus Basin of India-Asia collision zone (Indus Suture Zone) of Ladakh, NW Himalaya, preserve a record of orogenic sedimentation associated with uplift and erosion of the southern margin of Asia in the course of ongoing India-Eurasia collision. Fossils from these continental deposits are scarce but hold important clues to the early history of India-Asia collision. Here we describe a small collection of dental remains of cyprinids, a family of freshwater fishes, from the Late Eocene Liyan Formation exposed in a high altitude (>5000 m) locality in the Indus Suture Zone of Eastern Ladakh. The find assumes significance since, unlike the Liyan Formation, most other molassic deposits of Ladakh rest unconformably over the Ladakh Batholith and are much younger (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene). The Liyan cyprinids, which represent the oldest record of Cyprinidae in India, suggest fluvial connections with contemporary Eocene ecosystems in Mainland Asia where this family originated in the middle Eocene or earlier. Dispersal of cyprinids from the Mainland Asia into the Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh took place from Tibet via alluvial drainage of the paleo-Indus river during floods or high runoff following the India-Asia collision.

A climatic, geological and biological global event resulted in sedimentation of black shales at the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary, coinciding with the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) or Bonarelli Event. We present an interdisciplinary analysis of the C/T transition at the Spanish El Chorro section (Betic Cordillera), and show the results of studies on planktic and benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, radiolaria and environmental magnetic properties. The planktic foraminiferal biozones Rotalipora cushmani, Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica and the calcareous nannoplankton biozones NC11, NC12 and NC13 have been recognized. Diversity of the radiolarian assemblages gradually decreases from the upper Cenomanian towards the middle part of the OAE2 interval, where it reaches the lowest values, recovering above the OAE2. Oxygenation of the sea-bottom waters decreased towards the late Cenomanian, as inferred from a decrease in species size of benthic foraminifera 40 cm below the OAE2. Assemblages from the upper part of the section contain abundant and tiny epifaunal, trochospiral species and representatives of Tappanina, Pleurostomella and small buliminids. These data indicate that low oxygen conditions persisted towards the top of the section, 370 cm above the top of the OAE2 black shales.

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) shows an extraordinary drop in the δ 13 C of carbonate and organic matter across the globe, suggesting massive release of 13 C-depleted carbon dioxide into the ocean and atmosphere over a very short time interval (probably b 20ky). We report a geochemical and mineralogical study of 106 samples spanning the most expanded PETM at the Dababiya Global Stratotype Standard section and Point (GSSP) near Luxor, Egypt. The field and laboratory observations reveal that the deposition occurred in a submarine channel extended laterally about 200 m with the deepest part (~0.88 m) at the designated GSSP, although all bio-zones are present. Stable isotope records of both carbonate and organic carbon show decreases starting 0.6 m below the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (PEB) and culminating at the erosion surface. A persistent shift in δ 15 N org values to near zero reflects a gradual increase in bacterial activity. High Ti, K and Zr and low Si contents at the PEB coincide with increased kaolinite contents, which suggests intense chemical weathering under more humid conditions at the PETM onset. Two negative Ce-anomalies indicate intervals of anoxic conditions during the lower and middle PETM (base and top of zone E1). The first anoxic event is represented by a negative Ce-anomaly, high V/C rand V/V + Ni ratios, negative Mn* and an abundance of idiomorphic pyrite crystals that indicate anoxic to euxinic conditions. The anoxic event (middle PETM) is marked by high U, Mo, V, Fe and abundant small sized (2-5 μm) pyrite framboids, increased Cu, Ni, and Cd at the same level suggesting anoxic conditions linked to high surface water productivity. Above this interval, oxic conditions returned as indicated by the precipitation of phosphorus and barium. These data reveal an expanded PETM interval marked by intense weathering as a crucial parameter during the recovery phase.