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Title
Abstract
Key Takeaways
Core Handling and Analysis
Section Summary
Methods
Overall Background Alteration
Carbonate and Elemental Analysis
Analysis for Fungal Population
Measurement Protocols
Data Processing
Data Interpretation
Log Data Quality
Logging Data Flow and Log Depth Scales
References
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Earth Sciences
Geology

Expedition 355 methods

Profile image of Arun Deo SinghArun Deo Singh

2016, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program

https://doi.org/10.14379/IODP.PROC.355.102.2016
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Abstract

Introduction, background, and operations 6 Lithostratigraphy 11 Biostratigraphy 24 Stratigraphic correlation 26 Igneous petrology 31 Geochemistry 33 Microbiology 34 Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism 40 Physical properties 46 Downhole measurements 51 References Orientation-alignable retrieving cup Shear pins Inner seals Outer seals Quick release Rod Vents Honed ID drill collar Clear plastic liner Piston head and seal Shoe 3.80 inch bit (ID) 9.5 m stroke Seafloor Core Before stroke to take core After stroke to take core Advanced piston corer Figure F2. Schematic of the XCB system used during Expedition 355. Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6-14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port-size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge Extended core barrel Pulling neck Latch finger Spacer adapter Check valve Core liner Landing support Float valve Core catchers Adjustable latch sleeve Swivel Quick release Nonrotating inner barrel Core size 2.312 inch (6.20 cm) diameter x 31.2 ft (9.5 m) long Bit seals

Key takeaways
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  1. Expedition 355 utilized four coring systems, including the advanced piston corer (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB).
  2. High-quality core recovery aimed for ~100% nominal recovery despite coring-induced disturbances.
  3. Depth measurements used multiple scales; core composite depth (CCSF) mitigates core overlap issues.
  4. Microbiological sampling focused on aseptic techniques to preserve subsurface microbial communities.
  5. Magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma radiation logs provided critical data for stratigraphic correlations and geological interpretations.

Related papers

Expedition 359 methods
Montserrat Alonso-Garcia

Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program

This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Contents 1 Introduction, background, and operations 4 Lithostratigraphy and sedimentology 12 Biostratigraphy 17 Geochemistry 21 Paleomagnetism 23 Physical properties 27 Downhole measurements 33 Stratigraphic correlation and sedimentation rates 35 Seismic stratigraphy 35 References Introduction, background, and operations This chapter documents the procedures and methods employed in the various shipboard laboratories on the research vessel (R/V) JOIDES Resolution during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 359. This information applies only to shipboard work described in the expedition reports section of the Expedition 359 Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program volume. Methods used by investigators for shore-based analyses of Expedition 359 data will be described in separate individual publications. This introductory section provides an overview of operations, curatorial conventions, depth scale terminology, and general core handling and analyses. C. Betzler et al.. Expedition 359 methods IODP Proceedings 2 V o l u m e 3 5 9 APC system. Use of this new technology allowed for significantly greater continuous APC sampling depths to be attained than would have otherwise been possible. Nonmagnetic core barrels were used during all APC deployments to a pull force of ~40,000 lb. APC cores were oriented using the FlexIT tool (see Paleomagnetism). Formation temperature measurements were made with the advanced piston corer temperature tool (APCT-3). The APCT-3 was used to obtain temperature gradients and heat flow estimates (see Downhole measurements) for APC holes. A newly designed Motion Decoupled Hydraulic Delivery System (MDHDS) used to deploy the Sediment Temperature Tool (SET2) was tested at Sites U1467 and U1471. The MDHDS is designed to decouple the SET2 from the ship heave and thereby give more accurate readings because of reduced movement in sediment (see Operations in the Site U1467 and Site U1471 chapters [Betzler et al., 2017c, 2017e]). The XCB coring system was used to advance the hole when APC refusal occurred before the target depth was reached or when either the formation became too stiff for APC coring or hard substrate was encountered. The XCB system is a rotary system with a small cutting shoe (bit) that extends below the large APC/XCB bit. The smaller bit can cut a semi-indurated core with less torque and fluid circulation than the main bit, optimizing recovery. The XCB cutting shoe extends ~30.5 cm ahead of the main bit in soft sediment but retracts into the main bit when hard formations are encountered. XCB core barrels are 9.5 m long. The bottom-hole assembly (BHA) is the lowermost part of the drill string. The exact configuration of the BHA is reported in the Operations section of each site chapter. A typical APC/XCB BHA consisted of a drill bit (outer diameter = 11 7 ⁄ 16 inch), a bit sub, a seal bore drill collar, a landing saver sub, a modified top sub, a modified head sub, a nonmagnetic drill collar (for APC/XCB), a number of 8 inch (~20.32 cm) drill collars, a tapered drill collar, six joints (two stands) of 5½ inch (~13.97 cm) drill pipe, and one crossover sub. A lockable float valve was used when downhole logging was planned so that downhole logs could be collected through the bit. The RCB coring system was deployed when the formation became too hard for XCB coring. The RCB system is the most conventional rotary drilling system and was used during Expedition 359 to drill and core into lithified carbonate rocks. The RCB system requires a dedicated RCB BHA and a dedicated RCB drilling bit. The BHA used for RCB coring included a 9⅞ inch RCB drill bit, a mechanical bit release (if logging was considered), a modified head sub, an outer core barrel, a modified top sub, a modified head sub, and seven to ten control-length drill collars followed by a tapered drill collar to the two stands of 5½ inch drill pipe. Most cored intervals are ~9.7 m long, which is the length of a standard rotary core and approximately the length of a joint of drill pipe. In some cases, the drill string is drilled or "washed" ahead without recovering sediment to advance the drill bit to a target depth to resume core recovery. Such intervals are typically drilled using a center bit installed within the RCB bit. During RCB coring, half cores were sometimes collected to improve recovery. Core handling and analysis Cores recovered during Expedition 359 were extracted from the core barrel in 67 mm diameter plastic liners. These liners were carried from the rig floor to the core processing area on the catwalk outside the core laboratory, where they were split into ~1.5 m sections. The exact section length was noted and later entered into the database as "created length" using the SampleMaster application.

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Expedition 379 methods
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Introduction 5 Lithostratigraphy 14 Biostratigraphy 23 Paleomagnetism 27 Geochemistry and microbiology 30 Physical properties 37 References IODP Expedition 379 Site U1532 Section 1 Section 2 JOIDES Resolution Global Positioning System Section 379-U1532A-2H-5 Seafloor Water depth Penetration Bottom of hole Hole U1532A Beacon* Core 379-U1532A-1H 100% recovery Core 379-U1532A-2H 90% recovery Core 379-U1532A-3H 50% recovery Numbering of sites, holes, cores, and samples followed standard IODP procedures (Figure F1). A full curatorial identifier for a sample consists of the following information: expedition, site, hole, core number, core type, section number, section half, piece number (hard rocks only), and interval in centimeters measured from the Figure F4. RCB system used during Expedition 379 (Graber et al., 2002). Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6 to 14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge

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Expedition 372B/375 methods
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Introduction 5 Lithostratigraphy 14 Biostratigraphy 33 Paleomagnetism 37 Structural geology 40 Geochemistry 44 Physical properties 48 Downhole measurements 51 Logging while drilling 55 Core-log-seismic integration 57 References During Expedition 372, we conducted logging-while-drilling (LWD) operations (see LWD safety monitoring and Logging while drilling). The typical LWD/measurement-while-drilling (MWD) bottom-hole assembly (BHA) used during Expedition 372 consisted of an 8½ inch tungsten carbide insert tricone bit, an 8¼ inch near-bit stabilizer/bit sub, various LWD/MWD tools, an 8¼ inch string stabilizer, a 6¾ inch float sub, a crossover sub, twelve 6¾ inch drill collars, a 6½ inch drilling jar, three 6¾ inch drill collars, and a crossover to 5 inch drill pipe. During Expedition 375, we conducted coring, wireline logging, and observatory operations. For detailed observatory operations, see Observatory in the Site U1518 chapter and Observatory in the Site U1519 chapter

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Expedition 352 methods
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Introduction 4 Sedimentology 8 Biostratigraphy 8 Fluid geochemistry 10 Petrology 16 Sediment and rock geochemistry 28 Structural geology 31 Physical properties 36 Paleomagnetism 38 Downhole logging 42 References

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Expedition 357 methods 1
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Lisa C Herbert

Volume 383: Dynamics of the Pacific Antarctic Circumpolar Current (DYNAPACC), 2021

Introduction 5 Sedimentology 11 Biostratigraphy 20 Paleomagnetism 22 Geochemistry 25 Physical properties 31 Downhole measurements 32 Stratigraphic correlation 34 References Orientation alignable retrieving cup Shear pins Inner seals Outer seals Quick release Rod Vents Honed ID drill collar Clear plastic liner Piston head and seal Shoe 3.80 inch bit ID 9.5 m stroke Seafloor Core Before stroke to take core After stroke to take core Figure F3. XCB system used during Expedition 383 (see Graber et al., 2002). Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6 to 14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge

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Expedition 363 methods
Bradley Opdyke

Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 2018

Introduction 5 Core description 10 Biostratigraphy 18 Paleomagnetism 21 Physical properties 29 Stratigraphic correlation 31 Geochemistry 37 Downhole measurements 41 References Figure F2. Schematic of the XCB system used during Expedition 363. Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6-14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port-size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge

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Expedition 367/368 methods
Mike Dorais

Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 2018

Introduction 5 Lithostratigraphy 11 Igneous and metamorphic petrology 22 Structural geology 26 Biostratigraphy 39 Paleomagnetism 48 Geochemistry 52 Physical properties 57 Downhole measurements 62 Correlation to seismic data 63 References Orientation alignable retrieving cup Shear pins Inner seals Outer seals Quick release Rod Vents Honed ID drill collar Clear plastic liner Piston head and seal Shoe 3.80 inch bit ID 9.5 m stroke Seafloor Core Before stroke to take core After stroke to take core A Z. Sun et al. Expedition 367/368 methods IODP Proceedings 3 Volume 367/368 modified head sub, five 8¼ inch control length drill collars, a tapered drill collar, two stands of 5½ inch transition drill pipe, and a crossover sub to the drill pipe that extends to the surface. The RCB system is a rotary system designed to recover firm to hard sediments and igneous basement. The BHA, including the bit and outer core barrel, is rotated with the drill string while bearings allow the inner core barrel to remain stationary (Figure F2C). A typical RCB BHA includes a 9⅞ inch drill bit, a bit sub, an outer core barrel, a modified top sub, a modified head sub, a variable number of 8¼ inch control length drill collars, a tapered drill collar, two stands of 5½ inch drill pipe, and a crossover sub to the drill pipe that extends to the surface. Cores collected with the RCB system are denoted by the letter "R. " Nonmagnetic core barrels were used for all APC, HLAPC, and RCB deployments. APC cores were oriented with the Icefield MI-5 core orientation tool when coring conditions allowed. Formation temperature measurements were taken with the advanced piston corer temperature tool (APCT-3; see Downhole measurements). Information on recovered cores, drilled intervals, downhole tool deployments, and related information are provided in the Operations, Paleomagnetism, and Downhole measurements sections of each site chapter. Figure F2 (continued). B. XCB system. C. RCB system. OD = outside diameter. Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6 to 14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port-size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge B Pulling neck Latch finger Spacer adapter Check valve Core liner Landing support Float valve Core catchers Adjustable latch sleeve Swivel Quick release Nonrotating inner barrel Core size 2.312 inch (6.20 cm) diameter × 31.2 ft (9.5 m) long Bit seals

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Expedition 374 methods
Amelia Shevenell

Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History

Introduction 6 Lithostratigraphy 13 Biostratigraphy and paleontology 25 Paleomagnetism 32 Physical properties 38 Geochemistry and microbiology 41 Downhole measurements 47 References Pulling neck Latch finger Spacer adapter Check valve Core liner Landing support Float valve Core catchers Adjustable latch sleeve Swivel Quick release Nonrotating inner barrel Core size 2.312 inch (6.20 cm) diameter x 31.2 ft (9.5 m) long Bit seals Core bit (9-7/8 inch OD × 2-5/16 inch ID) Support bearing Seafloor Cuttings mound Cuttings Rotary core barrel Figure F2. XCB system used during Expedition 374. Coring soft sediment Coring hard sediment Outer barrel Latch Coil spring Landing shoulder Spring shaft Quick release Circulating fluid Venturi vent system Liner bearings Nonrotating core liner 7 inch stroke/retraction Cutting shoe Circulation jets Core catchers Max. extension (variable) 6-14 inch Roller cone bit Bit seal Flow to cutting shoe Variable port size inlet sub Cutting shoe retracted, hard sediment Cutting shoe extended, soft sediment Cutting discharge Cutting discharge Extended core barrel IODP Expedition 374 Site U1524 Section 1 Section 2

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Expedition 362 methods
Nisha Nair

Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 2017

Introduction 5 Sedimentology and petrology 13 Structural geology 23 Biostratigraphy 38 Paleomagnetism 43 Geochemistry 46 Physical properties 51 Downhole measurements 54 Core-log-seismic integration 55 References F2). The smaller bit can cut a semi-indurated core with less torque and fluid circulation than the main bit, potentially improving recovery. The XCB cutting shoe extends ~30.5 cm ahead of the main bit in soft sediments but is allowed to retract into the main bit when hard formations are encountered. XCB core barrels are 9.5 m long. The bottom-hole assembly (BHA) used for APC and XCB coring was composed of an 11 7 ⁄ 16 inch (~29.05 cm) drill bit, a bit sub, a seal bore drill collar, a landing saver sub, a modified top sub, a modified head sub, five 8¼ inch control length drill collars, a tapered drill collar, two stands of 5½ inch transition drill pipe, and a crossover sub to the drill pipe that extended to the surface. The RCB system is a rotary system designed to recover firm to hard sediments and igneous basement. The BHA, including the bit and outer core barrel, is rotated with the drill string while bearings allow the inner core barrel to remain stationary (Figure F3). RCB core barrels are 9.5 m long. The RCB BHA included a 9⅞ inch drill bit, a bit sub, an outer core barrel, a modified top sub, a modified head sub, a variable number of 8¼ inch control length drill collars, a tapered drill collar, two stands of 5½ inch drill pipe, and a crossover sub to the drill pipe that extended to the surface. Nonmagnetic core barrels were used in APC, HLAPC, and RCB deployments. APC cores were oriented with the Icefield MI-5 and FlexIT core orientation tools when coring conditions allowed. Formation temperature measurements were taken with the advanced piston corer temperature tool (APCT-3), and one deployment was attempted with the temperature dual-pressure (T2P) tool (see Downhole measurements). Information on recovered cores, drilled intervals, tool deployments, and related information are provided in the Operations section of each site chapter. Figure F1. APC system used during Expedition 362. ID = inner diameter. Orientation alignable retrieving cup Shear pins Inner seals Outer seals Quick release Rod Vents Honed ID drill collar Clear plastic liner Piston head and seal Shoe 3.80 inch bit ID 9.5 m stroke Seafloor Core Before stroke to take core After stroke to take core Figure F2. XCB system used during Expedition 362.

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