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Figure F8. Sediment classification summary used during Expedition 369. Refer to Sediment classification for more details Table T5. Sediment and rock classification scheme, Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format.

Figure 6 F8. Sediment classification summary used during Expedition 369. Refer to Sediment classification for more details Table T5. Sediment and rock classification scheme, Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format.

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Figure F1. IODP conventions for naming sites, holes, cores, and samples, Expedition 369. CSF-A = core depth below seafloor, Method A, DSF = drilling depth below seafloor.
Figure F1. IODP conventions for naming sites, holes, cores, and samples, Expedition 369. CSF-A = core depth below seafloor, Method A, DSF = drilling depth below seafloor.
Sedimentary structures using a modified version of the principal lithology pattern. Litho- logic abundances are rounded to the nearest 5%; minor lithologies that constitute <5% of the core are generally not shown but are listed in the Core summary at the top of the VCDs. Relative abun- dances of lithologic constituents reported in this way are useful for general characterization of the sediment but do not constitute pre- cise quantitative observations. The locations and types of stratification and sedimentary struc- tures visible on the prepared surfaces of the split cores are shown in the Sedimentary structures and lithologic accessories column of the VCD. Symbols in this column indicate the locations of interstratification, bedding structures, and any other sedimentary features, such as mottled bedding and parallel lamination (Figure Figure F3. Example VCD for sediment and sedimentary rock, Expedition 369.
Sedimentary structures using a modified version of the principal lithology pattern. Litho- logic abundances are rounded to the nearest 5%; minor lithologies that constitute <5% of the core are generally not shown but are listed in the Core summary at the top of the VCDs. Relative abun- dances of lithologic constituents reported in this way are useful for general characterization of the sediment but do not constitute pre- cise quantitative observations. The locations and types of stratification and sedimentary struc- tures visible on the prepared surfaces of the split cores are shown in the Sedimentary structures and lithologic accessories column of the VCD. Symbols in this column indicate the locations of interstratification, bedding structures, and any other sedimentary features, such as mottled bedding and parallel lamination (Figure Figure F3. Example VCD for sediment and sedimentary rock, Expedition 369.
Figure F4, Example VCD for igneous rock, Expedition 369. F6). Terminology outlined in Stow (2005) was used to describe stratification thickness (Table T1). Descriptive terms for bed boundaries, such as sharp, erosive, gradational, and bioturbated, were noted in DESClogik. are indicated in the Sedimentary structures and Lithologic accesso- ries columns on the VCDs and are also noted in the General interval comments column in DESClogik. Lithologic accessory abundances are outlined in Table T2. Descriptions are based on the archive halves, but if holes or depressions caused by clasts or core splitting were present, the working half was also examined. The symbols used to designate these features are shown in Figure F6.
Figure F4, Example VCD for igneous rock, Expedition 369. F6). Terminology outlined in Stow (2005) was used to describe stratification thickness (Table T1). Descriptive terms for bed boundaries, such as sharp, erosive, gradational, and bioturbated, were noted in DESClogik. are indicated in the Sedimentary structures and Lithologic accesso- ries columns on the VCDs and are also noted in the General interval comments column in DESClogik. Lithologic accessory abundances are outlined in Table T2. Descriptions are based on the archive halves, but if holes or depressions caused by clasts or core splitting were present, the working half was also examined. The symbols used to designate these features are shown in Figure F6.
Bioturbation intensity phy and micropaleontology) and magnetostratigraphy (see Paleo- magnetism) and is listed in the Age column. Calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifer biozones and paleodepth estimates based on benthic foraminifers are also included in columns on the VCDs. Figure F5. Graphic patterns used for VCDs during Expedition 369. Description and intensity of bioturbation were classified using the scheme of Stow (2005) and are denoted with a color scale in the Bioturbation intensity column (Table T3; Figure F6). Any identifi- able ichnofossils were described in the core summary on the VCDs.
Bioturbation intensity phy and micropaleontology) and magnetostratigraphy (see Paleo- magnetism) and is listed in the Age column. Calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifer biozones and paleodepth estimates based on benthic foraminifers are also included in columns on the VCDs. Figure F5. Graphic patterns used for VCDs during Expedition 369. Description and intensity of bioturbation were classified using the scheme of Stow (2005) and are denoted with a color scale in the Bioturbation intensity column (Table T3; Figure F6). Any identifi- able ichnofossils were described in the core summary on the VCDs.
Figure F6. Symbols and nomenclature used for VCDs during Expedition 369.
Figure F6. Symbols and nomenclature used for VCDs during Expedition 369.
Table T3. Index of bioturbation intensity (Stow, 2005), Expedition 369. (Li et al., 2015) and Stow (2005), DSDP Leg 26 in the Indian Ocean, which covered part of the Naturaliste Plateau, and ODP Leg 182 in the Great Australian Bight. The biogenic component includes open- marine calcareous and siliceous microfossils (e.g., foraminifers, cal- careous nannofossils, diatoms, and radiolarians) and macrofossils (e.g., shell fragments). The siliciclastic component consists of min- eral and rock fragments derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The relative proportion of these two compo- nents are used to define the major classes of sediment in this scheme.
Table T3. Index of bioturbation intensity (Stow, 2005), Expedition 369. (Li et al., 2015) and Stow (2005), DSDP Leg 26 in the Indian Ocean, which covered part of the Naturaliste Plateau, and ODP Leg 182 in the Great Australian Bight. The biogenic component includes open- marine calcareous and siliceous microfossils (e.g., foraminifers, cal- careous nannofossils, diatoms, and radiolarians) and macrofossils (e.g., shell fragments). The siliciclastic component consists of min- eral and rock fragments derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The relative proportion of these two compo- nents are used to define the major classes of sediment in this scheme.
Table T1. Terminology used to describe stratification thickness (based on Stow, 2005), Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format. Table T2. Classifications used to describe the abundance of lithologic acces- sories, Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format.
Table T1. Terminology used to describe stratification thickness (based on Stow, 2005), Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format. Table T2. Classifications used to describe the abundance of lithologic acces- sories, Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format.
Figure F7. Siliciclastic-calcareous-biosiliceous ternary diagram used during Expedition 369 for sediment names of different compositions (Li et al., 2015). Dunham (1962), and Stow (2005) for the detailed classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks (Table T5). Sediment grain size divisions for both biogenic and siliciclastic components are based on the nine major textural categories of Wentworth (1922) (Figure F9). These categories are defined using the relative proportions of sand-, silt-, and clay-sized particles (Figure F10, modified after Shepard, 1954), which can be difficult (e.g., silty clay versus sandy clay) without quantitative grain size measurements. The term “clay” is only used to describe particle size and is applied to both clay min- erals and all other grains <4 um in size.
Figure F7. Siliciclastic-calcareous-biosiliceous ternary diagram used during Expedition 369 for sediment names of different compositions (Li et al., 2015). Dunham (1962), and Stow (2005) for the detailed classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks (Table T5). Sediment grain size divisions for both biogenic and siliciclastic components are based on the nine major textural categories of Wentworth (1922) (Figure F9). These categories are defined using the relative proportions of sand-, silt-, and clay-sized particles (Figure F10, modified after Shepard, 1954), which can be difficult (e.g., silty clay versus sandy clay) without quantitative grain size measurements. The term “clay” is only used to describe particle size and is applied to both clay min- erals and all other grains <4 um in size.
Table T4. Drilling disturbance classifications, Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format.
Table T4. Drilling disturbance classifications, Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format.
Figure F10. Lithologic textural name classification used during Expedition 369. A. Shepard ternary classification diagram (Shepard, 1954). B. Biogenic classification.
Figure F10. Lithologic textural name classification used during Expedition 369. A. Shepard ternary classification diagram (Shepard, 1954). B. Biogenic classification.
Figure F11. Limestone classification based on depositional texture (after Dunham, 1962, with modifications by Embry and Klovan, 1971), Expedition 369
Figure F11. Limestone classification based on depositional texture (after Dunham, 1962, with modifications by Embry and Klovan, 1971), Expedition 369
igure F13. Paleogene timescale. Planktonic foraminifers and calcareous nannofossil events, datums, and age assignments follow Gradstein et al. (2012) and clude additional Cenozoic datums recognized by Wade et al. (2011). The zonal scheme of Okada and Bukry (1980; CN-CP codes) was used for Paleogene alcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy. LCO = last common occurrence.
igure F13. Paleogene timescale. Planktonic foraminifers and calcareous nannofossil events, datums, and age assignments follow Gradstein et al. (2012) and clude additional Cenozoic datums recognized by Wade et al. (2011). The zonal scheme of Okada and Bukry (1980; CN-CP codes) was used for Paleogene alcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy. LCO = last common occurrence.
APC core orientation was achieved with one of two core orien- tation tools (FlexIT and Icefield MI-5) mounted on the core barrel. These tools use t hree mutually perpendicular fluxgate magnetic sensors and three orthogonally mounted accelerometers to monitor the movement of t most stable and t he drill assembly and to help determine when the hus useful core orientation data were gathered. The information from both sets of sensors allows the azimuth and dip of the hole to be measured, as well as the azimuth of the APC core orientation. The orientation information contributed to paleo- magnetic polarity pretations. determinations and magnetostratigraphic inter- Figure F16. Coordinate systems used for (A) pass-through SRM measure- ments of the archive section halves and (B) the JR-6A spinner magnetometer measurements of discrete samples taken from the working section halves.
APC core orientation was achieved with one of two core orien- tation tools (FlexIT and Icefield MI-5) mounted on the core barrel. These tools use t hree mutually perpendicular fluxgate magnetic sensors and three orthogonally mounted accelerometers to monitor the movement of t most stable and t he drill assembly and to help determine when the hus useful core orientation data were gathered. The information from both sets of sensors allows the azimuth and dip of the hole to be measured, as well as the azimuth of the APC core orientation. The orientation information contributed to paleo- magnetic polarity pretations. determinations and magnetostratigraphic inter- Figure F16. Coordinate systems used for (A) pass-through SRM measure- ments of the archive section halves and (B) the JR-6A spinner magnetometer measurements of discrete samples taken from the working section halves.
Table T10. Geomagnetic polarity timescale (Ogg, 2012) used during Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format. younger part of the timescale (Pliocene to Pleistocene), we also use traditional names to refer to the various chrons and subchrons (e.g., Brunhes, Jaramillo, Olduvai, etc.). In general, polarity reversals oc- curring at core section ends have been treated with extreme cau- tion. enough to allow the sign of the inclination to be used to indicate geomagnetic polarity.
Table T10. Geomagnetic polarity timescale (Ogg, 2012) used during Expedition 369. Download table in CSV format. younger part of the timescale (Pliocene to Pleistocene), we also use traditional names to refer to the various chrons and subchrons (e.g., Brunhes, Jaramillo, Olduvai, etc.). In general, polarity reversals oc- curring at core section ends have been treated with extreme cau- tion. enough to allow the sign of the inclination to be used to indicate geomagnetic polarity.
Figure F19. Main elements of the NGRL (Vasiliev et al., 2011). strength of the signal at characteristic energies (Blum, 1997; Gilmore, 2008). In sediments and sedimentary rocks, Th and K are usually associated with particular clay minerals, whereas U is often encountered in either clay minerals or organic-rich material. Be- cause minor changes in the abundance of clay minerals produce a relatively large variation in gamma radiation, NGR data are useful as a lithologic indicator, aiding in core-to-core correlation. These spectral data were then processed to estimate U, Th, and K abun- dance (e.g., De Vleeschouwer et al., 2017).
Figure F19. Main elements of the NGRL (Vasiliev et al., 2011). strength of the signal at characteristic energies (Blum, 1997; Gilmore, 2008). In sediments and sedimentary rocks, Th and K are usually associated with particular clay minerals, whereas U is often encountered in either clay minerals or organic-rich material. Be- cause minor changes in the abundance of clay minerals produce a relatively large variation in gamma radiation, NGR data are useful as a lithologic indicator, aiding in core-to-core correlation. These spectral data were then processed to estimate U, Th, and K abun- dance (e.g., De Vleeschouwer et al., 2017).
Figure F20. Thermal conductivity TK04 (Teka Bolin) system largely showing the insulated case where the thermal conductivity measurements were obtained.
Figure F20. Thermal conductivity TK04 (Teka Bolin) system largely showing the insulated case where the thermal conductivity measurements were obtained.
Figure F21. SHMSL for color reflectance and point magnetic susceptibility on archive section halves. Section Half Multisensor Logger measurements
Figure F21. SHMSL for color reflectance and point magnetic susceptibility on archive section halves. Section Half Multisensor Logger measurements
Figure F23. Pycnometer cells for MAD measurements. Pycnometer volume measurement Dry sample volume was determined using a six-celled, custom- configured Micrometrics AccuPyc 1330TC helium-displacement pycnometer (Figure F23). The precision of each cell is 1% of the full- scale volume. Volume measurement was preceded by three purges of the sample chamber with helium warmed to ~28°C. Three mea- surement cycles were run for each sample. A reference volume (set of two calibration spheres) was placed in one of the chambers during each set of measurements to check for instrument drift and systematic error. The reference volume was moved sequentially be- tween chambers such that each chamber was calibrated in turn ev- ery five sets of measurements. The volumes occupied by the Wheaton vials used for soft-sediment samples were calculated be- fore the expedition by dividing each vial’s weight by the average density of the vial glass. Dry mass and volume were measured after samples were heated in an oven at 105°C + 5°C for 24h and allowed to cool in a desiccator. The procedures for the determination of these physical properties comply with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) designation (D) 2216 (ASTM Inter- national, 1990). The fundamental relation and assumptions for the calculations of all physical property parameters are discussed by Blum (1997) and summarized below.
Figure F23. Pycnometer cells for MAD measurements. Pycnometer volume measurement Dry sample volume was determined using a six-celled, custom- configured Micrometrics AccuPyc 1330TC helium-displacement pycnometer (Figure F23). The precision of each cell is 1% of the full- scale volume. Volume measurement was preceded by three purges of the sample chamber with helium warmed to ~28°C. Three mea- surement cycles were run for each sample. A reference volume (set of two calibration spheres) was placed in one of the chambers during each set of measurements to check for instrument drift and systematic error. The reference volume was moved sequentially be- tween chambers such that each chamber was calibrated in turn ev- ery five sets of measurements. The volumes occupied by the Wheaton vials used for soft-sediment samples were calculated be- fore the expedition by dividing each vial’s weight by the average density of the vial glass. Dry mass and volume were measured after samples were heated in an oven at 105°C + 5°C for 24h and allowed to cool in a desiccator. The procedures for the determination of these physical properties comply with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) designation (D) 2216 (ASTM Inter- national, 1990). The fundamental relation and assumptions for the calculations of all physical property parameters are discussed by Blum (1997) and summarized below.
Figure F25. VSI source deployment plan, Expedition 369.
Figure F25. VSI source deployment plan, Expedition 369.
The carbon-normalized hydrogen index (HI) (mg HC/g TOC) and the oxygen index (OI) (mg CO,/g TOC) were calculated from pyrolysis values: Table T11. Wavelengths used for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectroscopy analyses of selected major and minor elements and inter- nal standards, Expedition 369. A = axial view, R = radial view, IS = internal standard. Download table in CSV format.
The carbon-normalized hydrogen index (HI) (mg HC/g TOC) and the oxygen index (OI) (mg CO,/g TOC) were calculated from pyrolysis values: Table T11. Wavelengths used for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectroscopy analyses of selected major and minor elements and inter- nal standards, Expedition 369. A = axial view, R = radial view, IS = internal standard. Download table in CSV format.
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GeologyOceanic Anoxic EventsPaleocene-Eocene Thermal MaximumGreat Australian Bight
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