Natural antioxidants

Stellaria media L. has traditionally been used to treat inflammatory and gastrointestinal ailments. This study aimed to phytochemically characterize the S. media extract and explore its anti-ulcer efficacy against piroxicam-induced stomach lesions in Wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis was performed and antioxidant capacity of extract was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In vivo, piroxicam (30mg/kg) was administered to induce gastric ulceration. Gastroprotective effect of S. media extract was observed at 150, 300 and 450mg/kg, respectively. While omeprazole (20mg/kg) was used as a conventional anti-ulcer drug. After oral treatment for 14 days, stomach acidic secretions, ulcerogenic indices, hematological markers and oxidative stress parameters were assessed along with histological examination. The existence of polyphenol contents in S. media extract was confirmed in correlation to a marked DPPH inhibition (IC50 27.94µg/mL). S. media extract resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in gastric pH while a decrease in acid volume, acidity and ulceration. Also, S. media extract administration restored the impaired hematological markers (RBCs, Hb, WBCs and PLTs) and decreased oxidative stress by reducing oxidants (TOS and MDA) while raising antioxidants (TAC and CAT). Furthermore, gastric histological results corroborated the aforementioned findings. Conclusively, S. media could provide a promising protective effect against drug-induced gastric ulceration.

Herein, we evaluated the in vivo effects of meloxicam and curcumin co-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles in experimental acute models of pyrexia, nociception, and inflammation. Seven groups (n = 6) were designed for each investigation and pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.): the control group, meloxicam (4 mg/kg b.w.), curcumin (15 mg/kg b.w.), and equivalent content containing PLGA capped nanoparticles of meloxicam (Mlx-NP) and curcumin (Cur-NP) alone and in combination (Mlx-Cur-NP; at two doses). The results showed that PLGA encapsulation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the in vivo activities of each compound. Furthermore, co-encapsulation of meloxicam and curcumin potentiated the anti-pyretic effect on yeast-induced pyretic rats, anti-nociceptive effect on nociception induced in rats by formalin and heat, and anti-edematogenic activity in xylene-induced ear edema in rats in a dose-dependent manner. In carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in rats, meloxicam and curcumin co-loading (Mlx-Cur-NP) resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) inhibition of paw inflammation, reduction in TNF-α and PGE2 levels, downregulation of expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), as well as a decrease in histopathological changes and TNF-α immunoexpression in paw tissues. Moreover, Mlx-Cur-NP demonstrated noteworthy potentiation in pharmacological effects compared to free compounds and mono-compound-loaded nanoparticles. Thus, the association of meloxicam with curcumin in a biodegradable nanocarrier system could provide a promising anti-pyretic, anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach for acute conditions.

Ricinus communis L. and Withania somnifera L. have traditionally been used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedies. The current study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of R. communis leaves (RCE) and W. somnifera roots (WSE) in Wistar rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified, and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts was determined through DPPH* scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, and reducing power activities, while anti-inflammatory activity was observed by xylene-induced ear edema and paw edema induced by egg albumin and carrageenan. RCE and WSE demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity in DPPH* scavenging (IC50: 250.10 and 309.42 μg/mL), superoxide anion scavenging (IC50: 193.42 and 206.81 μg/mL), and reducing power (maximum absorbance: 1.47±0.01 O.D. and 1.28±0.01 O.D. at 500 μg/mL) activities, respectively, with high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Both extracts showed dose-dependent edema inhibition in inflammation models. A maximum ear edema inhibition by RCE (51.49±2.54%) and WSE (49.28±1.90%) at 500 mg/kg was observed when compared to indomethacin (56.42±13.17%) in xylene-induced ear edema. RCE and WSE showed a maximum percentage of paw edema inhibitions of 46.62±8.98% and 43.00±12.44%, respectively, as compared to chlorpheniramine (62.02±12.21%) after 4 h in the egg albumin model. In carrageenan-induced paw edema, RCE (72.88±13.79%) significantly inhibited paw edema in comparison to WSE (57.81±17.43%) against diclofenac (89.93±18.53%). Conclusively, both plants have shown plausible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that might be due to high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moreover, RCE demonstrated more promising effects than WSE.

The present study was aimed to assess the nephroprotective effect of Cressa cretica hydroalcoholic extract (CCE) on VANtriggered renal toxicity in rabbits. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents found in CCE were 30.92 ± 2.93 mg GAE/g extract and 11.87 ± 1.70 mg CE/g extract, respectively. The CCE demonstrated a significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) scavenging ability with an IC 50 value of 24.99 µg/mL. To evaluate the nephroprotective potential of CCE, thirty-six rabbits were divided into six groups (n = 6) and treated for consecutive 14 days as G-I: normal control, G-II: vehicle control (VAN 200 mg/kg, i.p.), G-III: SIL (silymarin 150 mg/kg, i.g. + VAN-treated), and G-IV to VI: CCE at 200, 400, and 600 mg/ kg, i.g. + VAN-treaded groups. Blood samples were withdrawn at the 0th, 7th, and 14th days of the experiment for biochemical analysis, and renal tissues were collected at the end of experiment for antioxidant/oxidant markers and histopathological assessments. VAN significantly (P < 0.05) elevated serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urea. The CCE co-administration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the renal function markers elevated by VAN. A significantly (P < 0.05) decreased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and raised malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum and kidney tissues were normalized in CCE-treated groups. Histopathological examination showed that CCE (600 mg/kg, i.g.) caused a mark reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration, glomerular damage, and tubular vacuolization in renal tissues of VAN-treated groups, comparable to SIL. Furthermore, CCE at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg ameliorated VAN-induced nephrotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates the protective effect of CCE on VAN-induced nephrotoxicity by ameliorating renal function markers and suppressing oxidative stress.

Ricinus communis has been used as a traditional remedy for inflammation, rheumatism, liver disorders, headache, backache, abscesses, warts, dropsy, microbial infections and other ailments. The current study was mainly focused on its anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities against aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in albino rabbits. R. communis leaves ethanolic extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and elemental analysis. For the evaluation of antiulcer and antioxidant activities, rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6) as normal control, aspirin (150 mg kg-1 day-1) alone treated group, aspirin receiving groups treated with standard anti-ulcer drug ranitidine (20 mg kg-1 day-1), and R. communis extract at 150, 300 and 450 mg kg-1 day-1, respectively via oral route. Blood and organ samples were collected for assessment of gastroprotective and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical analysis detected various phytoconstituents and significant concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese and cobalt plant extract. Aspirin administration showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in gastric acidic pH, acid volume, total acid output, ulcer score and ulcer index. Treatment with R. communis extract significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the ulcerogenic effects of aspirin. Also, R. communis treated groups showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant biomarkers (TAC, CAT) and reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers (TOS, MDA). Histopathological examination showed normalization of gastric mucosa in R. communis treated animals. Moreover, R. communis showed 69.25% gastric ulcer protection against aspirin as compared to ranitidine (72.17%). Collectively, it can be concluded that R. communis leaves extract could provide gastroprotection in NSAIDs receiving patients.

Excessive free radicals in human bodies are a leading cause of skin ageing and serious illnesses. To combat this issue, there is an increased interest in investigating dietary sources that are rich in antioxidants. The traditional Malaysian salad, known as ulam, has been used for decades by the locals for its potentials healing properties. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the antioxidant properties and carotenoid content of these ulam species, despite their high availability and economic feasibility. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of 40 different ulam species as sources of carotenoids and antioxidants. Our findings revealed that ulam is a rich, halal source of carotenoids and possesses significant antioxidant properties. Carotenoid levels differ among ulam species, with some exhibiting higher levels than others. The results showed that ulam can be recognised as a halal natural source of carotenoids for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Ulam availability and economic feasibility make it a sustainable option for halal antioxidant supplementation. The findings of this study will benefit manufacturers, scientists, consumers, and others, with the potential to unlock the antioxidant potential of ulam and draw further attention to its nutritional and therapeutic benefits.

The present study examines the in vitro anti inflammatory potential of ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Mitracarpus villosus by HRBC stabilization method. In addition to that invitro anti cancer potential of ethanol extract of the M.villosus was evaluated by MTT assay. The results revealed that the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts has significant anti inflammatory activities compared to the standard. The petroleum ether extract showed the percentage of lysis of about 25.64 for 20µl followed by 36.25, 47.21 for 40 µl and 60 µl respectively. The ethanol extract showed % of lysis of 54.24, 66.17 and 78.71 for 20µl, 40 µl and 60 µl respectively. The ethanol extract showed very good percentage of membrane lysis in all the concentrations employed. The ethanol extract was tested for its anticancer potential against MCF-7-Human breast cancer cell line and HEK- 293-Human embryonic kidney cell line by MTT assay. The ethanol extract showed significant cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 a...

Acorn, a traditional component of the human diet, is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols and tannins, which possess antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. These compounds have extensive applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, their yield and purity depend highly on extraction conditions, including solvent type and polarity, temperature, extraction time, particle size, and solid-to-solvent ratio. Solvent extraction is the most widely used among various extraction techniques due to its simplicity and efficiency. Given the limited data on tannins from native acorns in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, this study aims to evaluate the effect of solvents with varying polarity and pH on tannin extraction. The purity of extracted tannins was also determined using HPLC. The findings of this research could serve as a basis for optimizing the extraction of valuable compounds from acorn and facilitating the industrial utilization of these native resources.

Potentilla fulgens Wall. (Rosaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat
diabetes, ulcers, diarrhea, and cancer. Since the genus Potentilla bears numerous closely related species;
hence, standardization of the specific species is of great importance. The present study aims to evaluate the
aerial parts of P. fulgens (APPF) based on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, an in vitro study (antioxidant and
antimicrobial) aspects. Pharmacognostical study of the APPF was done as per the standard guidelines of
WHO. The study of in vitro antioxidant assays includes the total antioxidant capacity, reducing power assay,
radical scavenging activity for DPPH, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. Antimicrobial
assays of the successive extracts (PFSEs) were screened on six bacterial strains viz. B. subtilis, B. pumilus, E.
coli, M. luteus, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The results of the present investigation depicted that various
diagnostic characters can be drawn from the pharmacognostic aspects of APPF. Phytochemical screening
concurrent with TLC showed the presence of polyphenolics, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates. Total
phenolic and tannin content was estimated which was found to be as high as up to 170.9 mg/g and 63.50 mg/
g respectively. PFSEs showed significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity when compared to a reference standard
(ascorbic acid); thus generating a strong linear co-relationship (R2
=0.984) between total phenolic content
responsible for antioxidative effects. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract (MPF) showed significant
inhibitory activity against B. pumilus, E. coli, and M. leuteus. In conclusion, the present study revealed the
pharmacognostical standardization of the aerial parts of P. fulgens with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial
efficacy.

The role of spices to enhance flavor, aroma, color, and taste in the food is acknowledged since ancient times. Globally, over 100 varieties of spices are available, and the consumption of spices in the food has a plethora of health benefits, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and antifungal properties besides boosting the immune system. Nowadays, many cultures are known in the world. Part of these cultures is the lifestyle, in which nutrition plays a prominent role. Healthy nutrition contributes to the ideal provision of physical and mental development, as well as to the preservation and improvement of health. In different cultures, eating habits also differ, and special foods characteristic of the cultures appear. Spices are used willingly within most cultures, which are known to have numerous beneficial effects. Therefore, our publication presents the most important spices, which are commonly used during preparation of food. Due to their useful components, they are good for health by helping digestion, and give food a distinctive flavor and aroma. These spices include for example basil, cinnamon, turmeric, oregano, clove, mustard seeds, coriander, ginger, and ground paprika.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and metabolic disturbances. The KiSS-1 gene, which encodes the kisspeptin neuropeptide, is crucial for regulating reproductive hormones through the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis. Genetic polymorphisms in KiSS1 diminish kisspeptin activity and exacerbate PCOS symptoms. This study investigates the potential of bioactive compounds from Lepidium sativum (garden cress) to modulate KiSS-1 gene function and address PCOS-related dysfunctions. A set of eight bioactive compounds from Lepidium sativum was screened using molecular docking with Virtual Screening software for Computational Drug Discovery to assess their interactions with wild-type and polymorphic forms of the KiSS-1 gene. The chemical structures of the compounds were designed using ChemSketch and are visualized for molecular interactions using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. Sequence data for the wild-type and polymorphic variants of the KiSS-1 gene were obtained from the Protein Data Bank and the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness of the selected compounds were evaluated using SwissADME, with particular reference to Lipinski's Rule of Five criteria. Alpha-linolenic acid, oleic acid methyl ester, stigmasterol, and α-Dglucopyranoside exhibited strong binding affinities and established stable interactions with the wild-type and polymorphic forms of the KiSS-1 gene. Among them, alpha-linolenic acid and stigmasterol showed the most favorable binding profiles, characterized by stable hydrogen bonding and high binding energy values, indicating strong potential as modulators of KiSS-1 activity. Notably, the binding affinity of alpha-linolenic acid was reduced in the polymorphic variant compared to the wild-type, supporting the hypothesis of diminished gene function associated with PCOS-related polymorphisms. SwissADME analysis confirmed that these top candidates possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties and comply with Lipinski's Rule of Five, suggesting good oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. This computational study suggests that bioactive compounds from Lepidium sativum have the potential to interact effectively with both wild-type and polymorphic forms of the KiSS-1 gene. Their strong binding affinities indicate a possible role in restoring gene function, which may contribute to alleviate symptoms of POCS. The study considers epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification through which these compounds may enhance KiSS-1 gene expression. This dual mechanism positions Lepidium sativum as a promising plant-based therapeutic candidate for PCOS.

Three important strains of Mucorcircinelloides grown in complete and minimal media for specified period (72 h, 120 h and 168 h) under submerged fermentation conditions were investigated for their potential antioxidants/secondary metabolite production. All mycelial extracts demonstrated effective antioxidant activities in terms of β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, radical scavenging, reduction of metal ions and chelating abilities against ferrous ions. Different extraction methods and solvent systems affected the recovery yield and antioxidant activities of the extracts significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Ethanolic extracts were found to be rich source of antioxidant components and subsequently more effective in antioxidant properties. Fermentation period and media used also significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) the antioxidant production and the resulting antioxidant properties. The (ethanolic) extracts of all the strains from late exponential growth phase (120 h) showed highest antioxidant pro...

Alkaloids were extracted and estimated from three medicinal plants of Mansehra. Three medicinal plants Mentha arvensis, Parthemium hysterium and Colchina spp were collected from different locations of Mansehra. The plant parts were dried and stored in powder form for extraction of different alkaloids. The extraction of alkaloids was done by Soxhlet method and Reflux method. It was found that maximum quantity of alkaloids was present in Colchina spp (251mg) followed by Mentha arvensis (213mg), Parthemium hysterium (195mg) by Soxhlet method while by Reflux method maximum alkaloids were present in Mentha arvensis (197mg) followed by Colchina spp (109mg) , Parthemium hysterium (67mg). The variations in total alkaloids present in different parts of selected plants were also obvious as in case of Mentha arvensis stem contained more alkaloids than leaves and roots, while in Parthemium hysterium roots showed more alkaloids than stem and leaves. It was also observed that different methods in...

The ability of host plants to influence the incidence and severity of diseases in insects has been known for more than 20 yrs and may play a critical role in the efficacy of insect pathogens, including viruses. In this study, we investigated the effects of 35 spices from 15 plant families, on the activity of the gypsy moth nucleo- polyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) infecting the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). The activity of LdMNPV was not affected in 29 different virus/spice combinations, whereas six virus/spice combinations (NPV/cayenne, NPV/curry, NPV/dill, NPV/nutmeg, NPV/paprika and NPV/tarragon) enhanced activity of the virus against gypsy moth larvae. These findings indicate that several of these spices may be useful as viral enhancers and should be further investigated to obtain more efficacious formulations for the control of agriculturally important insect pests.

Traditional medicinal plants are efficacious for many ailments, but most of them still lacked the supportive scientific information for their therapeutic properties. We collected 31 medicinal plant species from 19 families commonly used as traditional medicine in northeast Thailand and classified into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive and anti-inflammation groups. Their total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents were determined. The results showed that these biological parameters were highly variable among plants examined. Stronger total antioxidant activity and higher amount of total phenolics and ascorbic acid were shown in anti-tussive than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants, but digestive tonic group possessed strong free radical scavenging activity. When the top three plants with relatively high phenolics were selected from each group, alkaloids contents were found at high level in digestive tonic and anti-tussive plants, whereas tannins were high in digestive tonic and diarrheal relief plants. Our data provided significant scientific data on biological activities and phytochemical compositions of Thai medicinal plants consumed by local people in relation to their therapeutic activities.

Influenza virus infections represent a big issue for public health since effective treatments are still lacking. In particular, the emergence of strains resistant to drugs limits the effectiveness of anti-influenza agents. For this reason, many efforts have been dedicated to the identification of new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the virus-host cell interactions. Oxidative stress is a characteristic of some viral infections including influenza. Because antioxidants defend cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species induced by different stimuli including pathogens, they represent interesting molecules to fight infectious diseases. However, most of the available studies have found that these would-be panaceas could actually exacerbate the diseases they claim to prevent, and have thus revealed "the dark side" of these molecules. This review article discusses the latest opportunities and drawbacks of the antioxidants used in anti-influenza therapy and new perspectives.

The objectives of this research were to study antio xidant activities from various fruit extracts of th ree organs of S. edule using two methods of antioxidant assays which were DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and CUPR AC (Cupric ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) and corr elation of their total flavonoid, phenolic and caro tenoid content with IC50 of DPPH antioxidant activities and EC 50 of CUPRAC capacities. Extraction was performed by reflux apparatus using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporat or. Antioxidant capacities were tested using DPPH and C UPRAC assays. Determination of total phenolic, flav onoid and carotenoid content was performed by spectropho tometer UV-visible and their correlation with IC 50 of DPPH scavenging capacities and EC 50 of CUPRAC capacities were analyzed by Pearson’s me thod. Ethyl acetate pedicel extract of S. edule (PD2) had the lowest IC 50 of DPPH scavenging activity 1.3 μg/ml, while ethyl acetate fruit...

The present work aims to study the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of leaves and oil of three olive cultivars: Manzanillo, Picual and Koronieki. Against six cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7 and MDA (breast cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), PC3 (prostate cancer), Caco-2 (colon cancer), and A549 (lung cancer) using the MTT method. The results obtained showed that Manzanillo leaf methanolic extract (LMME) and Manzanillo oil (OMME) gave the highest cytotoxicity with the lowest IC50 against Caco2 and A549 cell lines. To explain this result, the mechanism of action was studied at the chemical, cellular and molecular levels. The chemical composition analysis of LMME and OMME was performed by GC-MAS. Furthermore, phytochemical analysis was performed. In addition to cell cycle analysis and apoptosis induction, the gene expression of three apoptotic genes was measured. The total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of (LMME) were greater than that of (OMME). Both LMME and OMME had arrested cell cycle at G1 phase for each of Caco2 and A549 cells. LMME and OMME induce up regulation of Casp3 and BAX genes and down regulation of Bcl-2 gene. These results indicated that, LMME and OMME had anti-proliferation effect against Caco2 and A549 cells through induction of apoptosis pathway. Further detailed studies are needed to examine the effect of each fraction of whole extract.

O umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.), umbu-caja (Spondias sp.) e a cajarana do Sertao (Spondias sp.) sao especies frutiferas ainda em estagio de domesticacao, pertencentes a familia Anacardeaceae, cujos frutos sao muito apreciados pela excelente qualidade sensorial, alem de constituirem fonte de renda alternativa, em decorrencia do extrativismo de seus frutos, em epoca de safra. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar frutos de genotipos nativos de tres especies do genero Spondias, umbu, umbu-caja e cajarana do Sertao (Spondias sp.), em dois estadios de maturacao, provenientes de diferentes areas de ocorrencia dos Estados da Paraiba e Rio Grande do Norte. Apos a colheita os frutos foram transportados ao Laboratorio de Biologia e Tecnologia Pos-Colheita – CCA – UFPB, onde se realizou a caracterizacao fisica e fisico-quimica dos frutos. O conteudo de compostos bioativos, qualificacao dos carotenoides e atividade antioxidante total (AAT) pelos metodos ABTS e ORAC foram realizados no Cent...

Electrolytes, urea and creatinine are major factor in the determining a healthy kidney performance. Renal impairment is one of the kidney stages that can alter the concentration of these electrolytes. This study was carried out in order to access the biochemical concentrations of urea, electrolytes and creatinine in patients with renal impairment attending Yobe state specialist hospital Damaturu. One hundred (100) blood samples were collected randomly from the patients. Automated chemistry analyzer (Selectra proS) was used for determination of urea and creatinine. For the determination of concentration of electrolytes in blood samples, electrolytes analyzer known as Ion selective electrolyte (ISE) was used. Electrolytes determined and compare with normal values includes: bicarbonate (HCO3-) 20-30 mmol/l, potassium (K+) 2.5-5.0 mmol/l, chloride (Cl-) 95-110 mmol/l, and sodium (Na+) 135-145 mmol/l. The results obtained was distributed into three (3) groups depending on the age categor...

Context: Doxorubicin (DXR) is a common anticancer drug known to produce several complications. Terminalia chebula popularly known as 'King of medicine' is found to possess wound healing, antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Aims: To evaluate the effects of Terminalia chebula extract on doxorubicin-induced renal damages in rats. Methods: Coadministration of Terminalia chebula extract (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) was tested against DXR (2.5 mg/kg) induced renal damages in rats. Additional two groups were evaluated by administering 0.5 g/kg of the extract to animals either before or after DXR treatment. Kidney function tests were performed by measuring the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and total protein. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro methods. Histopathology of kidney tissues was performed to assess the morphological changes. The significance of results obtained were statistically analyzed. The data obtained indicated that co-administration of the extract at higher doses (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) significantly (p<0.01) reduces the serum levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, and total proteins compared to DXR group. The extract also decreases the structural damages induced by DXR and exhibited antioxidant property. However, the preand post-treatments of Terminalia extract neither alter significantly the biomarker levels nor ameliorated the histopathological changes induced by DXR in rats.

This article aimed to study the antimicrobial activity, chemical composition, and acute oral toxicity of essential oils (EOs) of Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis, two aromatic and medicinal plants widely used in the traditional Moroccan pharmacopeia. The average content of EOs was 3.2 and 2.5% for M. pulegium and R. officinalis, respectively. The chemical characterization showed a richness in some compounds identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS): R(+)-Pulegone (45.48%), Menthone (14.2%), Piperitone (8.15%), and Isomenthone (7.18%) in M. pulegium and 1,8-Cineole (46.32%), Camphene (13.4%), and α-Pinene (9.52%) in R. officinalis. These metabolites showed a significant antimicrobial effect against the tested strains (bacteria and yeasts isolated from the hospital environment) compared to synthetic antibiotics that seem to be ineffective against resistant microorganisms. Based on lethal concentration LD 50 >5,000 mg/kg (body weight), the oil was found to be marginally safe according to OECD guidelines and can be further explored (bio-product with low risk).

This dossier presents a comprehensive botanical, pharmacological, and historical study of Astragalus creticus (Cretan Astragalus). Drawing upon texts by ancient medical philosophers such as Dioscorides, Galen, Paulus Aegineta, and Oribasius, it documents the plant’s traditional applications for gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and immune-related disorders. The study further explores the historical usage of the plant from antiquity through the Byzantine era, along with its botanical morphology, ecology, and cultivation techniques. The file integrates recent pharmacological insights and includes citations from contemporary scientific journals (PubMed, IJMS, Frontiers), thereby validating the therapeutic profile of Astragalus with modern research.

Anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extract of callus and intact plant part of Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC (Bignoniaceae) was studied. Acute inflammation model, carrageenan induced rat hind paw edema model was employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity. The methanolic extract from fresh callus cultures of Kigelia pinnata cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with α-NAA (1.0 mg/l) and BAP (0.05 mg/l) for 2 -12 weeks was studied and compared with intact plant extract. Results from the anti-inflammatory activity testing indicated that the callus extract showed a less significant inhibition in the edema as compared to extract of intact plant. It was also revealed that there is an increase in the accumulation of secondary metabolites in callus cultures of sixth week of incubation. The methanolic extract of callus culture and intact plant part exhibited significant, dose-dependent activity on the tested experimental animal models and produced a significant inhibition of carrageenaninduced paw edema in rat. The study suggests the plant Kigelia pinnata is a potent source for phytomedicine development in future.

This study explores the informally taught music learning practices of primary school students and identifies the potential applications of this approach in music education. In order to accomplish this objective, the case studies design was employed, which involved the collection of data from a sample of primary school students who engage in informal music learning. The study reveals the potential benefits of informally taught music learning in primary school music education, such as increased engagement, creativity, and self-expression. Furthermore, the research provides theoretical and practical support for designing innovative teaching models that cater to the needs of students. The findings of this study have the potential to contribute to the development of music education that is more engaging, creative, and effective. In addition, It has the potential to promote reform and development in primary school music education, and to help shape the future of music education.

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation which usually producing free radicals that leads to degradation of organic compounds. In a world where an eco-friendlier approach is becoming more necessary, it is essential to lessen waste production and reuse residues of the industry’s supply chain. Coffee is a rich source of dietary antioxidants, and this properties, coupled with the fact that coffee is one of the world’s most popular beverages, has led to the understanding that coffee is a major contributor to dietary antioxidant intake. The conventional antioxidants usually applied in food industry or other products but they need complex manufacturing process and problematic in synthetic antioxidant. This project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidants properties of vegetable oil added with spent coffee ground extract (SCG-O) while comparing the antioxidant activity of oil added with conventional antioxidant (CA-O). For the methodology of the project, spent coffee ground were soaked in a solution of hexane and ethanol to extract the oil and compound content in it. Thus, the separation of solvent proceeds by using rotary evaporator to recover the solvent and gain the spent coffee extract. The extract was added in poly-unsaturated vegetable oil for evaluation and were compared with the oil added with conventional antioxidants, BHA. The sample were then evaluated through peroxide value experiment and oxidative stability using Rancimat method. Under the experimental conditions used in this study, the SCG-O show significantly higher antioxidant activity than CA-O. The peroxide value of SCG-O was lower than peroxide value of CA-O. Meanwhile, analyzing the oil under extreme oxidation conditions, through this analysis, the induction period given to the sample was 90 minutes, SCG-O had lower conductivity number compared to CA-O, indicating more effective antioxidant compared to conventional antioxidant BHA. As a conclusion, the spent coffee ground extract shows a positive effect on oxidative stability and efficiently control vegetable oil under extreme oxidation conditions. This presented data could be reliable guidelines for establishing sustainable cost-effective and resource-effective of antioxidants.

A comparative research was performed on two medicinal leaves: Jatropha tanjorensis and Bryophyllum pinnatum collected from Angalabiri community, Nigeria, to ascertain the proximate content, mineral composition, and secondary metabolite profiling in the leaves. The proximate Original Research Article

The overproduction of free radicals and oxidative stress are involved in the progression of degenerative diseases. Natural antioxidant substances and unsaturated fatty acids like ω-3 and ω-6 play a key role in interfering with the oxidation process by inhibiting free radicals. Spent coffee and grape seeds are waste by-products from daily coffee consumption and wine production. Coffee oil contains wax, triglycerides and unsaponifiable matter, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Grape seeds contain (8-20) % of oil, which is used as a functional food product because of its high levels of hydrophilic constituents, such as phenolic compounds, and lipophilic constituents (vitamin E, unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols). The purpose of this work is twofold: Firstly, to obtain grape seed and coffee oils from the waste biomasses examined, applying conventional extraction with n-hexane and extraction with supercritical CO2. Secondly, to study the antioxidant activity of the oils, and ...

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the body's antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to serious health hazards. Aging and several age-related illnesses, including cancer, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, are linked to oxidative stress. It causes harm to macromolecular structures like lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, compromising cellular integrity and impairing cell function. b-cryptoxanthin is a carotenoid mostly present in citrus fruits, such as oranges. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer qualities. b-cryptoxanthin efficiently controls and reduces oxidative stress due to its strong antioxidant qualities. Using many processes such as quenching singlet oxygen, scavenging free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and modifying signaling pathways linked to oxidative stress, b-cryptoxanthin fights oxidative stress. This review discusses the effect of oxidative stress on cellular components and how oxidative stress originates. It also provides a clear concise vision on the mechanisms of b-Cryptoxanthin as a potential antioxidant in mitigating oxidative stress and how this antioxidant ability helps in controlling a wide variety of diseases linked to oxidative stress.

Both rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and marjoram (Origanum majorana) are abundant in phenolic compounds, exhibiting exceptional antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the impact of rosemary and marjoram extracts on the stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating. Sunflower oil supplemented with herbal extracts or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA) at a concentration of 200 ppm was stored for six months under light and dark conditions at room temperature. Peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (An-V), and total oxidation (TOTOX) value were measured to monitor lipid oxidation progression. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between light and dark storage for all studied samples regarding oxidation parameters. The ethanolic extract of rosemary exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to BHA and other extracts. Furthermore, sunflower oil supplemented with the ethanolic extract of rosemary underwent weekly treatment at 100 C for 30 min over four consecutive weeks. Although all oxidation indicators increased during repeated heating, the addition of rosemary and marjoram extracts as well as BHA significantly reduced these indicators. These findings demonstrate that both rosemary extracts and marjoram extracts can serve as natural antioxidants in edible oils.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con aceite esencial de orégano en la dieta de codornices sobre el rendimiento y la estabilidad oxidativa del huevo. Se utilizaron 300 codornices de 110 días de edad, distribuidas en cinco grupos: Control (dieta sin suplementación), E&C (dieta más 0.01% de enramicina y 0.025% de sulfato de colistina) y tratamientos A, B y C (dietas suplementadas con 100, 150 y 200 mg/kg de aceite esencial de orégano, respectivamente). La administración de los tratamientos se realizó durante 12 semanas. La estabilidad oxidativa de la yema de huevo se evaluó en los días 0, 7 y 15 de almacenamiento. Los resultados mostraron que la suplementación dietética con aceite esencial de orégano mejoró los parámetros productivos en comparación al control (p&lt;0.05), aunque fue superado por E&C. El grupo A (100 mg/kg) disminuyó la peroxidación lipídica en la yema de huevo en los días 0 (p&lt; 0.0001), 7 (p&lt; 0.01) y 15 (p&lt;0.0001), respect...

Context: Scientific verification of the anti-hyperglycemic potential of Kayu sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis), which is popularly used for diabetic medication in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, is strongly important to conduct to avoid inappropriate medication that might cause worse conditions. Aims: To investigate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of X. moluccensis stem bark ethyl acetate extract and isolated compounds through the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant capacity determination. The active compound was isolated from ethyl acetate extract of X. moluccensis stem bark. The structures of those compounds were elucidated by infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. To discover the anti-hyperglycemic potency, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay, antioxidant assay (DPPH and FRAP), and in silico study were performed. Results: Three isolated compounds were obtained and characterized as two tetrahydroxyterpenoids compounds, namely xyloccensin E (1) and ruageanin D (2), and one flavonoid compound, namely 3,5,7,3ʹ,4ʹ-pentahidroxyflavan (catechin) (3). Compounds 1 and 3 inhibited the α-glucosidase enzyme with IC50 values of 118.60 and 55.19 µg/mL, respectively, with a competitive inhibition mechanism. This is also in line with in silico findings, and both compounds showed good binding affinity of α-glucosidase protein, which indicated their anti-hyperglycemic activity potential by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme. Moreover, compounds 1 and 3 showed antioxidant capacity through the DPPH method with an IC50 value of 54.69 and 2.87 µg/mL. In addition, 100 µg/mL of compounds 1 and 3 also exhibited antioxidant capacity through the FRAP method with values of 66.35 and 213.82 µmol Fe 2+ /g, respectively. Conclusions: The X. moluccensis stem bark ethyl acetate extract, and isolated compounds exhibit α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity, which confirms its potency as an alternative medication for hyperglycemia issues.

Context: Tetracera macrophylla Hook. f. & Thoms is used empirically in traditional medicine, specifically the twig, to treat dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, and tuberculosis symptoms. The plant contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds that offer potential as antioxidants. Aims: To evaluate the pharmacognostic characteristics of T. macrophylla, phytochemical, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant capacity twig of T. macrophylla from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation was carried out by macroscopic-microscopic observation leaf and twig of the Tetracera macrophylla, and phytochemical analysis was carried out using several chemical reagents. The chromatographic profile was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and qualitative identification of compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) were determined colorimetrically. The antioxidant capacity was determined in vitro by the FRAP and DPPH methods. The microscopic analysis of leaf powder showed the presence of raphide crystals, uniseriate trichomes, and parasitic stomata, while the twig powder showed the presence of raphide crystals. The primary phenolic compounds in the active extracts were identified as 6-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone, dcatechin, isorhamnetin, and epicatechin gallate. The highest TPC and TFC were found in the ethyl acetate extract. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed a higher antioxidant capacity than the hexane extract. The correlation matrix between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity showed a robust correlation. The pharmacognostic evaluation of T. macrophylla revealed the presence of characteristic morphological features of the plant. A microscopic study of the leaf showed the presence of uniseriate trichomes and paracytic stomata on the abaxial epidermis. Powder analysis of twigs showed the presence of irregular starch grains, raphide crystals, and stone cells. The TPC and TFC in twigs of T. macrophylla were robustly correlated to antioxidant capacity with the FRAP method. Meanwhile, the TPC and TFC gave a moderate correlation with DPPH methods. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of T. macrophylla twigs showed a higher antioxidant capacity than the n-hexane extract.

Diabetes (DMT 2) is one of the most common free radicals-incited conditions, and its treatment calls for natural antioxidants fit for daily administration with minimum burden to the bodily system. Traditionally used to treat eye disease in Indonesia, kitolod [Isotoma longiflora (L) Presl.] was studied for its antidiabetic prospect. Hexane extracts from the leaves and fruit were analyzed for their non-polar chemical compounds, antioxidant properties, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activities. Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) identified 29 compounds out of the leaf and 36 compounds out of the fruit. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 values of (90.586 ± 0.663) μg mL -1 and (92.832 ± 1.042) μg mL -1 . Their inhibitory against α-amylase was very strong, with IC50 values of (38.511 ± 0.068) mL -1 and (39.790 ± 0.233) mL -1 , while ones against α-glucosidase were strong to moderate with IC50 value of leaf extract (40.833 ± 0.571) μg mL -1 and of fruit extract (65.383 ± 0.511) μg mL -1 . Seeing the high potential in kitolod extracts to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, they should correspond with functional food for people with diabetes.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) production is influenced by various abiotic stresses, including salt stress. Salinity can induce oxidative stress, which in turn damages biomolecules and cellular structures. However, such damage can be avoided or minimized by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems of plants. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of exogenous proline on Na + and K + content and on the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase in two sugarcane genotypes (RB931011 and RB872552) grown in vitro under salt stress. The plants were grown for 20 days with or without 100 mM NaCl and exposed to 20 mM proline for varying period of time. The data were subjected to ANOVA factorial (two genotypes and five treatments), and the mean values were compared by Tukey test at a 5 % probability. Under salinity stress, both genotypes exhibited membrane integrity reduction, reduced total soluble protein content and unaltered or increased endogenous proline content. Exogenous proline reduced Na + accumulation in a manner proportional to the exposition period at the amino acid. In both genotypes, antioxidant enzymes activity increased with the addition of NaCl. In conclusion, RB931011 genotype showed higher proline accumulation and increased in activity of the antioxidant enzymes, indicating better salt stress tolerance than in RB872552 genotype.

Pisco is an emblematic spirit in Peru and Chile, made from fermented grapes, gaining growing scientific interest over the last two decades. This study aimed to map 20 years of research on Pisco through a systematic bibliometric review. A search was conducted in the Scopus database covering the period from 2004 to 2024, applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology for the transparent selection of scientific articles. The search strategy considered titles, abstracts, and keywords, using the terms “Pisco” and “schnapps”, excluding unrelated fields such as geology (basin, seismic, fossil). The initial search yielded 360 records. After removing non-original articles (books, book chapters, conference papers, and reviews), 101 articles remained. A further screening excluded irrelevant studies (e.g., those referring to the city of Pisco rather than the beverage), resulting in 78 articles included for final analysis. It was observed that 19% of the studies focus on the history, culture, and appellation of origin; 14% on environmental sustainability; 10% on innovation and quality; and 9% on the bioactive properties of by-products. Other areas include extraction technologies (9%), distillation process modeling (8%), and marketing and economics (8%), among others. Recent trends are related to clean production practices. Thus, Pisco by-products and their components can be exploited by applying technologies such as supercritical fluids, drying, and biofilms, while, for waste management, the processes of composting, solar photo-Fenton, and ozonation can be applied. Moreover, it is important to highlight that the valorization of Pisco by-products opens opportunities for translation into the market, particularly in developing cosmetics, nutritional supplements, and bio-packaging materials, contributing to sustainability and innovation in new industries. However, a more holistic view is still needed in Pisco research. These findings suggest that future research should prioritize the integration of consumer-based sensory evaluations and sustainable production innovations to optimize Pisco’s quality, enhance market acceptance, and promote environmentally responsible industry practices.

Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but less attention has been paid to investigating stability of such products to assign shelf-life. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the accelerated stability of methanolic extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini. The extract was kept at three different storage conditions (30oC/60% RH, 40oC/75% RH and 60oC/85% RH) for a period of 6 months. The samples withdrawn at 0 (before starting the study), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months were analyzed to get UV-Visible metabolomics fingerprints and determine caffeic acid contents using RP-HPLC. The comparison of metabolomics fingerprints indicated that the extract was stable for 1 month at all the three storage conditions. However, caffeic acid contents were found to be intact for a longer period of time. Following the zero order degradation, caffeic acid was predicted to be stable for more than 3 years, if kept at 25oC. The results of the present study...

The objectives of this work were to study the combined effects of seed moisture content and pressing temperature on oil recovery and quality parameters of almond oil (AO) and to evaluate the effectiveness of natural (rosemary extract and ascorbyl palmitate) and synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ) on the oxidative stability of AO analyzing chemical changes during an accelerated thermo-oxidation assay. A factorial arrangement was conducted, in pressing experiments, in order to study the combined effects of seed moisture content (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12% (w/w)) and pressing temperature (20, 40 and 60 °C) on oil recovery and quality parameters. Oil recovery increased significantly as moisture content raised. The highest oil recovery (79.3%) was obtained at 8% (w/w) seed moisture content and 40 °C pressing temperature. All extraction conditions employed were compatible with an acceptable chemical oil quality. Although in the accelerated assay of thermo-oxidation, the TBHQ became the most effective antioxidant, considering natural alternatives, rosemary extract and ascorbyl palmitate combination showed additional protective effect on the AO preservation.

Context: Uncaria sclerophylla (W.Hunter) Roxb., a traditional antidiabetic drug for Kalimantan people, has never been scientifically reported as an antidiabetic agent, especially in dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition and as an antioxidant. Aims: To identify the leaf's extract most active chromatographic fraction in DPP-4 inhibition and as an antioxidant and determine the compounds contained. Methods: Extraction was carried out using the four-grade maceration method, fractionation used column chromatography techniques, and bioassay used spectrofluorometric principles. Compound profiling was performed using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS), and molecular docking was used to investigate interactions between major compounds and DPP-4. Results: This study highlights the potential of methanol leaf extract as an antidiabetic agent with a DPP-4 inhibition mechanism (IC50: 79.67 ± 2.95 µg/mL) and antioxidant mechanism with EC50 value of 9.50 ± 0.319 µg/mL (FRAP method) and 9.94 ± 0.1572 µg/mL (DPPH method). The methanol extract of the leaves has been proven to produce the best chromatographic fraction (FMet5) as a DPP-4 enzyme inhibitor agent, with an IC50 value of 50.71 ± 1.22 µg/mL, and as an antioxidant, with an EC50 value of 8.89 ± 0.1701 µg/mL (FRAP method) and 6.07 ± 0.125 µg/mL (DPPH method). UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS profiling of the compounds in FMet5 revealed the presence of various alkaloid and flavonoid compounds like dehydrosilybin, 19-epi-3-isoajmalicine, procyanidin A2, cinchonain I b, maokonine, and cuscohygrine. Conclusions: Extracts and chromatographic fractions derived from the leaves of U. sclerophylla have potent antioxidant and DPP-4 inhibitory properties, indicating their potential as an antidiabetic agent with DPP-4 inhibition and antioxidant mechanisms.

Background: Lycopene is a phytochemical exhibiting a wide range of health benefits and bioactivities. The present study focuses on lycopene's in vivo antioxidant properties and evaluates the efficiency of dietary lycopene supplements in alleviating cadmiuminduced oxidative stress. Methods: The experimental rats were divided randomly into four groups (n=20): untreated control, lycopene-treated, cadmiumexposed and cadmium-lycopene groups. Result: The cadmium-exposed and Lycopene-accessed rats revealed improvements in both haematological and biochemical profiles. It was concluded that the efficient antioxidant properties of lycopene significantly help alleviate the alterations of the cadmiuminduced oxidative stress.

In recent years, great interest has been focused on using natural antioxidants in food products, due to studies indicating possible adverse effects that may be related to the consumption of synthetic antioxidants. A variety of plant materials are known to be natural sources of antioxidants, such as herbs, spices, seeds, fruits and vegetables. The interest in these natural components is not only due to their biological value, but also to their economic impact, as most of them may be extracted from food by-products and under-exploited plant species. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on natural antioxidants: their sources, extraction methods and stabilization processes. In addition, recent studies on their applications in the food industry are also addressed; namely, as preservatives in different food products and in active films for packaging purposes and edible coatings.

In recent years, great interest has been focused on using natural antioxidants in food products, due to studies indicating possible adverse effects that may be related to the consumption of synthetic antioxidants. A variety of plant materials are known to be natural sources of antioxidants, such as herbs, spices, seeds, fruits and vegetables. The interest in these natural components is not only due to their biological value, but also to their economic impact, as most of them may be extracted from food by-products and under-exploited plant species. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on natural antioxidants: their sources, extraction methods and stabilization processes. In addition, recent studies on their applications in the food industry are also addressed; namely, as preservatives in different food products and in active films for packaging purposes and edible coatings.

A B S T R A C T The study is aimed to isolate and analyse the lipids of citrus seeds. The fat (%), total fatty acid (%) and energy (kJ/100 g) had range values of 21.6-26.2, 17.3-20.9 and 639-775 respectively. Saturated fatty acids ranged from 33.3 -36.7 %. Total unsaturated acids values ranged from 63.4-67.0 %. Phospholipids level was high at total value of 491-590 mg/100 g. Among the phytosterols, sitosterol was highly concentrated (283-381 mg/100 g) within a total of 360 -485 mg/100 g. K e y w o r d s Nigeria, citrus seeds, lipids composition

The presence of "plaques" and "tangles" in the brain is considered as the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The major constituent of the plaques is a protein ("A-beta") which is split off from a much larger parent protein called Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), and that of tangles is the protein tau, which normally functions to stabilize microtubules within neuronal axons. There are several possibilities that elaborate the change in amyloid formation and its consequences on the neuronal death to bring AD; the first is the amyloid cascade hypothesis that describes how early-onset AD is induced by mutations in APP, the presenilins and apoE4. The second possibility is the calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease, which argues the calcium-induced memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Mapping of the gene that encodes the precursor protein (APP) of the β-amyloid (Aβ) present in the Aβ plaques in both AD and DS to chromosome 21 was strong evidence that the chromosome 21 gene product was a principal neuropathogenic culprit in the AD as well as DS. The main objective of this review was elucidate the possible hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and to pinpoint the chromosome 21 gene product as principal neuropathogenic culprit in the pathogenesis of AD and DS. Different articles on pathogenesis of AD and its link to DS were revised. As conclusion, different hypothesis on AD pathogenesis discussed on this review illustrated well about the pathogenesis of AD, its link to DS and potential target for certain therapeutic agents to act on the treatment of AD and DS.

В настоящее время болезнь Альцгеймера (БА) является чрезвычайно коварным нейродегенеративным заболеванием, характерным, в основном, для людей старшего поколения (старше 80 лет). В данное время во всем мире таких пациентов насчитывается более 40 млн. человек. По данным ВОЗ, БА составляет более 70% всех случаев проявления деменции. Болезнь относится к тяжелым формам нарушения когнитивных механизмов и характеризуется катастрофическими изменениями целостности пирамидных и промежуточных нейронов, нарушением функции амигдалы, гиппокампа и обонятельных луковиц, образованием бета – амилоидов и нарушением структуры тау – белка. БА может вызывать дегенерацию сетчатки и зрительного нерва либо непосредственно, в результате отложения бета-амилоида, либо вторично, в результате нарушения структуры зрительной коры. Эти эффекты повышают вероятность того, что отслеживание офтальмологических изменений в сетчатке может быть использовано для оценки нейродегенерации при БА. В формировании пространственной памяти непосредственно участвует девятый слой сетчатки, представленный аксонами ганглиозных клеток, которые по пути к зрительной области коры головного мозга, сплетаются и образуют зрительный нерв. Визуальные сигналы, которые воспринимаются зрительным анализатором при запоминании пространственных ориентиров (источник света, окна, дверь, картины на стенах, передвигающиеся объекты и другие) дифференцируются посредством фоторецепторов, фиксируются, затем конвертируются в нервные импульсы, и по зрительному нерву, поступают в соответствующие центральные структуры мозга. При БА наблюдаются серьезные нарушения когнитивных процессов, в том числе и нарушения зрительной системы. По этим и многим другим причинам раскрытие нейрофизиологических механизмов развития БА является одной из самых актуальных проблем во всем научном мире. Впервые в Азербайджане в 2016 году в лаборатории «Физиология зрения и нейродегенеративных процессов» института физиологии имени акад. А.Гараева были начаты исследования нейрофизиологических механизмов БА на экспериментальных моделях. Целью наших экспериментов послужило выявление протективной роли природного антиоксиданта - шафрана (Crocus sativus) - при создании экспериментальной модели БА на животных. Для того, чтобы выявить и доказать протективную роль шафрана, главным условием эксперимента являлось создание аналога БА на крысах - альбиносах. С целью исследования экспериментального аналога БА был использован всемирно известный метод формирования визуально контролируемой пространственной памяти у крыс – альбиносов – метод водного лабиринта Морриса. Используемый водный лабиринт Морриса представлял собой бассейн диаметром 102 см. Бассейн был наполнен водой, закрашенной молоком. В лабиринте была зафиксирована невидимая (скрытая) платформа диаметром 12 см, которая располагалась на 1,5 см ниже поверхности воды. Невидимая платформа была зафиксирована по середине одного из четырех равных квадрантов, на которые бассейн был условно разделен двумя плоскостями. В качестве объекта эксперимента были использованы крысы-альбиносы, возраста 2 – 2,5 лет. При проведении всех этапов эксперимента в сравнении рассматривались 3 группы животных: I – контрольная группа (чистые животные), которые не получали экстракт шафрана; II - группа животных, которые получали экстракт шафрана в течение 14 дней; III - группа животных, которые получали экстракт шафрана в течение 21 дня. Во время экспериментов был измерен латентный период поиска животными скрытой платформы. Обучение в водном лабиринте проводилось в течение 7 дней. В начале обучения латентный период поиска скрытой платформы составлял 60-120 секунд. С каждым днем наблюдалось сокращение длительности латентного периода поиска скрытой платформы и длины траектории плавания животных в водном лабиринте. В конце обучения наблюдалось значительное сокращение латентного периода поиска скрытой платформы до 5-10 секунд. Это свидетельствовало о том, что у крыс - альбиносов сформировались пространственная память и зрительно контролируемое пространственное поведение. После формирования у крыс-альбиносов пространственной памяти, с целью создания экспериментальной модели БА нами была проведена хирургическая операция по двусторонней тотальной бульбэктомии. Операция заключалась во вскрытии поверхности черепа и полном разрушении обонятельных луковиц путем внедрения иглы в соответствующие участки, где согласно стереотаксическому атласу мозга крысы, были расположены обонятельные луковицы, подвергшиеся деструкции. Спустя 3 месяца после операции проводилось тестирование бульбэктомированных животных в водном лабиринте Морриса. Результаты тестирования бульбэктомированных крыс контрольной группы показали значительное увеличение длительности латентного периода поиска скрытой платформы и длины траектории плавания крыс в водном лабиринте. Это являлось доказательством того, что у крыс контрольной группы удалось создать экспериментальную модель БА. У групп животных, получавших экстракт шафрана в течение 14 и 21 дня до обучения и операции, наоборот, наблюдалось значительное сокращение латентного периода поиска скрытой платформы и длины траектории плавания. У них не наблюдалось выделения болюсов и отсутствовал груминг и реаринг, в отличие от крыс контрольной группы. Отсюда следует, что экспериментальную модель БА на крысах – альбиносах, получавших экстракт шафрана в течение 14 и 21 дня до обучения и операции, создать не удалось, что является прямым доказательством наличия протективных свойств экстракта шафрана (Crocus sativus). Было установлено, что под действием активного вещества экстракта шафрана – кроцина - несмотря на оперативное удаление обонятельных луковиц, пространственная память крыс – альбиносов не нарушилась и крысы до сих пор помнят местонахождение скрытой платформы в водном лабиринте Морриса. Всвязи с аналогией генома крысы с геномом человека, указанные сведения служат основанием для экстраполирования полученных результатов о влиянии шафрана на течение БА на человека и получения широкого применения в нейрологической клинике.

Visually controlled spatial memory is one of the most important cognitive processes studied by physiology and neuropsychology. An important role in the formation of spatial memory is played by the visual system, exactly, the retina (its ninth layer, represented by axons of ganglion cells). Evaluation of spatial memory in laboratories is carried out through the use of special tests. In our laboratory, experiments were carried out on two groups of animals. I – control group (naive rats); II group – rats that have saffron administration before training. The first stage of the experiment consisted in the formation of visually controlled spatial memory in albino rats using the method of the Morris water maze (1982). During the experiment, we measured the latent period of searching for a hidden platform for each trained animal. The duration of the search for the hidden platform was shortened every day (in parallel with the trajectory of movement of the trained animals in the water space). At the second stage of the experiment, in order to create an experimental analogue of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a surgical operation was performed on bilateral total bulbectomy. 1.5-2 months after the operation, the rats were tested for the preservation of cognitive
functions and visually controlled spatial memory (the third stage). The test results showed that the rats of the control group searched for the platform for a longer time than even at the initial stage of training. During the search for the platform, the rats of the control group did not perform sectoral or diagonal movements. They only swam around the perimeter of the pool. In the behavior of the control animals, the same motor reactions (grooming, rearing, bolus release) were observed, the manifestation of which was characteristic of the initial stage of the trained rats. A conclusion is made about the violation of spatial memory in rats of the control group, in which it was possible to form a model of AD. At the same time, testing a group of rats that had saffron administration before train ing and bulbectomy surgery showed a significant reduction in the duration of the latent period of searching for a hidden platform and the swimming trajectory of these animals in the water maze. In rats of this group, there was no manifestation of behavioral anxiety reactions – grooming and rearing. There was also no allocation of boluses for memorizing the location of the platform. These observations confirm the fact that despite the surgical removal of the olfactory bulbs, spatial memory in rats that have saffron administration was not disturbed. On the basis of the generalization carried out, the following conclusion was made: it was not possible to create an experimental model of AD on albino rats that received saffron before training and surgery. On the basis of the generalization carried out, the following conclusion was made: it was not possible to create an experimental model of AD on albino rats that received saffron before training and surgery. It has been proven that under the influence of saffron, despite the operation of bilateral total bulbectomy (usually leading to the creation of an experimental model of AD), the spatial memory of albino rats was not disturbed. This is a direct confirmation of the presence of a protective role of saffron in the formation of an experimental model of AD in animals.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is now known as an extremely insidious neurodegenerative disease. Recently, cases have begun to appear when this disease affects even representatives of the younger generation. 
The characteristic symptoms of AD are: violation of spatial orientation, sudden changes in the mood of patients, memory loss, poor discrimination of smells, and sometimes even loss of smell, as well as other cognitive impairments in the body. At the moment, scientists around the world are conducting research on the mechanisms of action of natural antioxidants - saffron (Crocus Sativus) and curcuma (Curcuma Longa) on the course of AD.