BackgroundThe elevated risk of serious complications like myocarditis and pericarditis after COVI... more BackgroundThe elevated risk of serious complications like myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination, especially in adolescent has been reported in some instances that need to be tested in regional populations and different ethnicity groups. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the side effects, hesitancy, and effectiveness outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination among children in Pakistan.MethodsThe study was planned using a cross-sectional design and data from Children and Adolescents (CA) was collected through a convenient sampling method using a validated questionnaire between February to July 2022. A total of 1,108 CA between the age of 12–18 years who received one or two doses of vaccine were selected and data were collected through direct interviews with respondents.ResultsThe results showed that among 99.8% of respondents who received the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, 72.3% of respondents were partially vaccinated (with one dose) while 27.7% were fully vaccinated...
Purpose The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid have been evaluated in a variety of populations how... more Purpose The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid have been evaluated in a variety of populations however, the comparison in two different populations was yet to be reported. This study is aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in Pakistani and South Korean patients. Method The therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data of valproic acid from 92 Pakistani patients with 218 samples was combined with the data of 99 South Korean patients with 335 samples in order to form a pooled dataset of 191 patients with 553 samples. Population pharmacokinetic model was developed on NONMEM® software by using first order conditional estimation method for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The influence of different covariates including ethnicity was evaluated the stepwise covariate modelling. The final model was evaluated for predictive performance and robustness by using goodness of fit plots and bootstrap analysis respectively. Results The data was better described by one compartment...
Received: Revised: Accepted: October 25, 2013 April 25, 2014 April 26, 2014 The efficacy of medet... more Received: Revised: Accepted: October 25, 2013 April 25, 2014 April 26, 2014 The efficacy of medetomidine HCl as epidural anesthetic was experimentally assessed in 24 healthy buffalo calves of either sex and body weights ranging from 65-85 kg. The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups A1, A2, A3, A4, B and C (n=4). Medetomidine HCl was used at four different doses 15, 30, 45 and 60 μg/kg BW, respectively in first four groups. Group B animals were administered with lignocaine HCl 2% and normal saline (3mL) was administered epidurally in Group C (control). The onset and duration of analgesia were evaluated after every 15 min, using the pin prick and pinch tests. The onset of skin analgesia was dose dependent, higher and rapid with increase in dose and was earlier in animals of group A than B. Significant change in the duration of analgesia was observed till 40 min post injection (P<0.05). The recovery pattern showed a similar trend. The sedation score showed a significant dose...
Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but... more Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but less attention has been paid to investigating stability of such products to assign shelf-life. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the accelerated stability of methanolic extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini. The extract was kept at three different storage conditions (30oC/60% RH, 40oC/75% RH and 60oC/85% RH) for a period of 6 months. The samples withdrawn at 0 (before starting the study), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months were analyzed to get UV-Visible metabolomics fingerprints and determine caffeic acid contents using RP-HPLC. The comparison of metabolomics fingerprints indicated that the extract was stable for 1 month at all the three storage conditions. However, caffeic acid contents were found to be intact for a longer period of time. Following the zero order degradation, caffeic acid was predicted to be stable for more than 3 years, if kept at 25oC. The results of the present study...
Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Sep 1, 2016
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) and glucosamine sulphate (GS), building blocks of Glycosaminoglycans ar... more Chondroitin sulphate (CS) and glucosamine sulphate (GS), building blocks of Glycosaminoglycans are effectively used in the treatment of Osteoarthritis in human beings. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Glycosaminoglycans, extracted from chicken keel cartilage and fish, on clinical signs of Osteoarthritis and C-terminal telopeptides of type II collagen (CTX-II). The clinical signs scored from 28 th day of induced Osteoarthritis till 60 th day of treatment were pain threshold, degree of lameness and swelling. Serum concentrations of CTX-II were determined s by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Highest mean pain score was recorded in OA un-treated followed by treated rats with GS, standard CS, extracted CS, extracted CS plus GS and standard CS plus GS. Respective pattern was observed among treated and un-treated groups in relation to lameness. There was non-significant difference among swelling scores of induced un-treated and treated groups with extracted and standard CS. No clinical sign was observed in control group. Highest serum concentration of CTX II (pg/ml) was recorded in un-treated OA group (36.70±3.57), followed by groups treated with GS alone (6.12±0.13), standard CS (4.48±0.44), sample CS (4.40±0.50), GS plus sample CS (2.74±0.62), GS plus standard CS (2.62±0.66) and normal group (2.55±0.10). Results of CS extracted from poultry were comparable in efficacy with standard CS from fish source (shark) alone and in combination with GS.
Epilepsy is an abnormality of nervous system showing seizures. Despite, the known antiepileptic a... more Epilepsy is an abnormality of nervous system showing seizures. Despite, the known antiepileptic activity of plants possessing anti-oxidant properties, Silybum marianum has not been studied yet. Therefore, present experiment was planned to evaluate antiepileptic potential of S. marianum (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) seeds ethanol extract in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindled mice (n = 30). S. marianum seed extract (300 mg/kg) provided significant protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions (seizure intensity, latency and lethality) comparable with reference drug (valproic acid). Furthermore, 300 mg/kg/day dose was effective to prevent oxidative stress causing significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation (1.4 ± 0.4 nmol/mg protein) and increased superoxide dismutase (0.4 ± 0.1 μmol/mg protein) and catalase activity (4.7 ± 0.8 U/mL) of mice brain as compared to induced untreated group (p<0.05). It was concluded that antiepileptic activity of S. marianum seeds was due to its anti-oxidant property.
This study is aimed to investigate the nootropic potential of different doses (400, 500 and 600 m... more This study is aimed to investigate the nootropic potential of different doses (400, 500 and 600 mg/kg) of methanolic bark extract of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. in healthy or amnesic mice induced by scopolamine and diazepam. The passive avoidance paradigm (PAP) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used as behavioral models for memory assessment. Mice were subjected to scopolamine and diazepam induced amnesic models. Different concentrations of methanolic bark extracts of M. koenigii were administered orally for 15 days. Post behavioral analysis acetylcholine content was determined in brain extract. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical study of methanolic bark extract of M. koenigii expressed the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, glycosides and tannins. There were significantly decrease in transfer latencies on EPM and increase in step down latencies on PAP. Additionally, 600 mg/kg dose significantly (p<0.001) attenuated the amnesic effect induced by scopolamine and diazepam. The 500 and 600 mg/kg concentrations of methanolic bark extract significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the role of acetylcholine in memory improvement. The carbazole alkaloids present in M. koenigii crude bark extract have significant nootropic effect as it increases acetylcholine content in brain at a dose of 500 and 600 mg/kg concentrations. Thus, the methanolic extract of M. koenigii bark may prove to be an effective nootropic agent in management of Alzheimer's disease having its underlying mechanisms that involves increasing cholinergic transmission.
Alcea rosea L. (Malvaceae) has various medicinal uses including anticancer, anti-inflammatory and... more Alcea rosea L. (Malvaceae) has various medicinal uses including anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. However, there is no report on its antidiabetic activity. Alcea rosea seed extracts were evaluated for antihyperglycaemic and antioxidative potential in diabetic rats. Single intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan (130 mg/kg b.w.) was used for induction of diabetes in Albino Wistar rats. Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Alcea rosea seed (100 and 300 mg/kg b.w.), administered orally on daily basis for 15 days, were assessed in vivo for fasting blood glucose level and antioxidant status of liver and pancreas. Metformin was used as a positive control. Aqueous and methanol extracts (300 mg/kg b.w.) decreased blood glucose level in diabetic rats by 24% and 46%, respectively. Administration of aqueous and methanol extracts at 300 mg/kg b.w. significantly (p < 0.01) modulated the antioxidant status of liver in diabetic ra...
Amikacin sulphate is devoid of any chromophore and/or conjugated system prerequisite for UV and f... more Amikacin sulphate is devoid of any chromophore and/or conjugated system prerequisite for UV and florescent light detection (FLD). Hence, there is a need of simple and reliable methods for introducing chromophore in the structure of amikacin sulphate for its determination using UV and FLD. Therefore, the present study describes the development and validation of a simple, economical and fast colorimetric method for estimation of the drug. The analyte and aqueous ninhydrin solution upon heating for 2-5 min produced the Ruhemann purple colored drug-derivative which was detected at two wavelengths, 400 nm and 567 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration ranges from 0.417 mg/ml to 2.500 mg/ml. The method was found to be reliable (95.07 – 100.52 % recovery at 400 nm and 96.04 – 99.89 % at 567 nm), repeatable intraday accuracy (95.07 – 100.52 % at 400 nm and 96.04 – 99.84 % at 567 nm) and reproducible -inter day accuracy (95.25– 99.91 % at 400 nm 96.52 – 99.89 % at 567 nm) with rela...
Purpose: To describe caffeic acid-based pharmacokinetics of methanol extract of seed of Syzygium ... more Purpose: To describe caffeic acid-based pharmacokinetics of methanol extract of seed of Syzygium cumini L. in rats. Methods: A dose of the extract (500 mg, equivalent to 37.135 mg caffeic acid) was administered orally to 6 male Wister rats, weighing 200 ± 10 g. Blood samples (0.5 mL), collected from the tail vein at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 720 min, were processed and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography and detected with florescent light detector (FLD). Results: Following the administration of the extract, caffeic acid achieved maximum plasma concentration (5.96 ± 0.49 µg/mL) in 1.0 h which was also the time to achieve maximum concentration (Tmax). Mean resident time (MRT) and half-life (t1/2) were 4.092 ± 0.94 h and 0.14 ± 0.01 h, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that absorption of caffeic acid from the oral route is fast, but lower amounts are absorbed. The method developed for the extraction of caffeic acid from the plasma and HPLC determination may be useful in establishing phyto-bioequivalence between Syzygium cumini seed products.
Berberis lycium Royle (Berberidaceae) is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitu... more Berberis lycium Royle (Berberidaceae) is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Present study was conducted to determine the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous and methanolic whole plant extracts. Total phenolic contents were determined by Folin-ciocalteu method whereas antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method. In vitro anti-diabetic activity was determined using alpha amylase assay. Acute hypoglycemic activity was investigated on normoglycemic rats. Sub-acute anti-diabetic effects were investigated in alloxan induced diabetic rats for 14 days. Methanolic extract exhibited 183.5±1 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) phenolic contents. The methanolic extract exhibited an IC50 of 242µg/mL and 37.26 mg/mL in antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory assays respectively. Administration of methanolic extract in normoglycemic rats exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic effect at 90 and 120 min. M...
The aim of study was to evaluate efficacy of extracted Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) from chick en kee... more The aim of study was to evaluate efficacy of extracted Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) from chick en keel cartilages, its comparison with standard CS from shark origin alone and in co mbination with Glucosamine Sulfate (GS) in developed and standardized papain induced Osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. Control group (normal) received sterile normal saline solution while experimental group's papain intra-articularly. Induction of OA in relation to time was assessed on the basis of histological lesions scores. Statistical mean histological lesion s score on 28 th day of post papain injection in OA rats was 12.82±1.64. On the basis of data obtained, 29 th day of post papain injection was decided as cut off point for starting the therapy for OA. Efficacy of treatments among control and OA groups (un -treated and treated) was assessed on the basis of histological le sions scores. Treatments started from 29 th day were continued till 60 th day of post papain injection. Histological lesion s scor...
Context: Kanji, a liquid preparation of roots of Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. v... more Context: Kanji, a liquid preparation of roots of Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. var. vavilovii Mazk. (Apiaceae), may inhibit glutathione sulfotransferase (GST) activity due to ferulic acid content. Objectives: GST inhibition activity and characterization of Kanji and methanol extract of D. carota roots, and oral absorption pattern of ferulic acid from Kanji in rats. Materials and methods: GST inhibition activity of Kanji and methanol extract of D. carota roots in concentration range 0.001-100.00 mg/mL was determined using Sprague Dawley rat liver cytosolic fraction. Methanol extract upon column chromatography gave ferulic acid, which was used to characterize Kanji and determine its oral absorption pattern in Wistar rats. Results: The GST inhibition activity of Kanji (100.00 lg/mL), methanol extract of D. carota roots (100.00 lg/mL) and tannic acid (10.00 lg/mL, positive control) was found to be 0.162 ± 0.016, 0.106 ± 0.013 and 0.073 ± 0.004 lM/min/mg, respectively. Different Kanji samples and methanol extract contained ferulic acid (0.222-0.316 mg/g) and 0.77 mg/g, respectively. Ferulic acid did not appear in plasma after oral administration of Kanji. Discussion: Kanji having solid contents 80.0 lg/mL, equivalent to 0.0025 lg/mL ferulic acid, does not inhibit the activity of GST. The oral administration of Kanji, in human equivalent dose (528 mg/kg, 16.67 lg ferulic acid), to rats indicated poor absorption of ferulic acid. Conclusion: Kanji having solid contents 14-36 mg/mL does not inhibit GST activity, hence may not interfere with drugs that are the substrates of GST, if taken concomitantly.
Objective: To provide information and recommendations to women with a previous diagnosis of breas... more Objective: To provide information and recommendations to women with a previous diagnosis of breast cancer and their physicians regarding hormone replacement therapy (HRT). ... Outcomes: Control of menopausal symptoms, quality of life, prevention of osteoporosis, ...
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