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Natural antioxidants–properties and possible applications

Profile image of Małgorzata RodakMałgorzata Rodak

2018, Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering

https://doi.org/10.15406/JABB.2018.05.00146
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Abstract

There is an interest in the use of compounds able to prevent organism damages. Antioxidants are such compounds that can protect from cells damages caused by free radicals and may be used in the treatment and prevention on many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, brain stroke, skin diseases as well as they delay the aging process. There are many sources of antioxidants. They can be synthetic or natural and especially those derived from natural sources, demand special attention. Phenolic compounds are substances which mainly possess such activity, but also vitamins and minerals. There are a lot of antioxidants, but in that review, the chosen compounds with outstanding antioxidant activity, mainly used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics were described. The review shows the activity of phenolic acids (ferulic acid and caffeic acid) and polyphenols (ellagic acid, curcumin, genistein, hydroxytyrosol, resveratrol) and vitamins (C and E).

Figures (10)
Phenolic acids have very good antioxidant potential. Ferulic acid, one of the hydroxycinnamic acids, naturally occurs in many plants. It is commonly found in tomatoes, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, cereal grains (Figure 1).°* Ferulic acid may act as antioxidant by different mechanisms such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, metal chelation and inhibition lipid peroxidation.*'® Moreover, ferulic acid absorbs UV and inhibits inflammatory reactions induced by UV such as erythema, sunburn.
Phenolic acids have very good antioxidant potential. Ferulic acid, one of the hydroxycinnamic acids, naturally occurs in many plants. It is commonly found in tomatoes, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, cereal grains (Figure 1).°* Ferulic acid may act as antioxidant by different mechanisms such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, metal chelation and inhibition lipid peroxidation.*'® Moreover, ferulic acid absorbs UV and inhibits inflammatory reactions induced by UV such as erythema, sunburn.
Caffeic acid exerts a very good radical scavenging effect, which was confirmed in different in vitro antioxidant assays.°?!? The Another hydroxycinnamic acid possessing an antioxidant activity is caffeic acid, presents in fruits, wine, coffee and olive oil (Figure 2),7122
Caffeic acid exerts a very good radical scavenging effect, which was confirmed in different in vitro antioxidant assays.°?!? The Another hydroxycinnamic acid possessing an antioxidant activity is caffeic acid, presents in fruits, wine, coffee and olive oil (Figure 2),7122
Polyphenols have extraordinary antioxidant potential. Ellagic acid, one of the polyphenolic compounds, naturally occurs in various fruits and seeds, such as strawberries, raspberries, grapes, pomegranates. That potential antioxidant can be introduced by diet, pharmaceutical preparations or used as anti-aging agent to external application on the skin (Figure 3).”° Ellagic acid demonstrates a great radical scavenging activity. Its antioxidant properties were measured by using the in vitro methods such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC and lipid peroxidation assays. Results indicated that ellagic acid may be useful in prevention of many diseases which are induced by the formation of free radicals.?”"*
Polyphenols have extraordinary antioxidant potential. Ellagic acid, one of the polyphenolic compounds, naturally occurs in various fruits and seeds, such as strawberries, raspberries, grapes, pomegranates. That potential antioxidant can be introduced by diet, pharmaceutical preparations or used as anti-aging agent to external application on the skin (Figure 3).”° Ellagic acid demonstrates a great radical scavenging activity. Its antioxidant properties were measured by using the in vitro methods such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC and lipid peroxidation assays. Results indicated that ellagic acid may be useful in prevention of many diseases which are induced by the formation of free radicals.?”"*
Hydroxytyrosol Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), which is very often used as a food additive (Figure 4)."! Curcumin showed anti-photoaging effect by inhibiting UVB- induced matrix metalloproteinases expression in human dermal fibroblasts, which are responsible for collagen degradation in skin. Moreover, curcumin suppressed the reactive oxygen species formation in fibroblast cells.4!?
Hydroxytyrosol Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), which is very often used as a food additive (Figure 4)."! Curcumin showed anti-photoaging effect by inhibiting UVB- induced matrix metalloproteinases expression in human dermal fibroblasts, which are responsible for collagen degradation in skin. Moreover, curcumin suppressed the reactive oxygen species formation in fibroblast cells.4!?
Genistein is a flavonoid known for modulating activity of estrogens but also characterizes antioxidant and photoprotective activity. Genistein occurs in many leguminous plants but especially in soybeans (Figure 5).4°*8 Genistein showed the inhibition of the processes inducted by UV such as photo-aging and photodamages. In human fibroblasts irradiated with UVB, genistein suppressed activity of senescence- associated beta-galactosidase (SA-B-gal), which is a biomarker of aging. Moreover, genistein reduced the activity of proteins p66Shc and FKHRL1, which are involved in the production of free radicals and consequently oxidative stress.”
Genistein is a flavonoid known for modulating activity of estrogens but also characterizes antioxidant and photoprotective activity. Genistein occurs in many leguminous plants but especially in soybeans (Figure 5).4°*8 Genistein showed the inhibition of the processes inducted by UV such as photo-aging and photodamages. In human fibroblasts irradiated with UVB, genistein suppressed activity of senescence- associated beta-galactosidase (SA-B-gal), which is a biomarker of aging. Moreover, genistein reduced the activity of proteins p66Shc and FKHRL1, which are involved in the production of free radicals and consequently oxidative stress.”
Hydroxytyrosol is one of the major phenolic compounds that occurs in olive oil (Figure 6).*4°> The main olive component- hydroxytyrosol is an efficient scavenger of several free radicals species such as hydroxyl radicals,
Hydroxytyrosol is one of the major phenolic compounds that occurs in olive oil (Figure 6).*4°> The main olive component- hydroxytyrosol is an efficient scavenger of several free radicals species such as hydroxyl radicals,
Resveratrol, a natural plant polyphenol, commonly occurs in dark grapes, red wine, grapefruits, having strong antioxidant activity as well as inhibits carcinogenesis (Figure 7).” Resveratrol indicates the scavenging DPPH activity and is effective
Resveratrol, a natural plant polyphenol, commonly occurs in dark grapes, red wine, grapefruits, having strong antioxidant activity as well as inhibits carcinogenesis (Figure 7).” Resveratrol indicates the scavenging DPPH activity and is effective
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), mainly occurs in citrus, but also in wild rose, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blueberries. The main activity of vitamin C is to donate electrons and neutralize free radicals. Moreover vitamin C regenerates another antioxidant- vitamin E (Figure 8).***’ Vitamin C indicates an antioxidant activity which was confirmed by antioxidants assays (TEAC, FRAP, HOCI).**
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), mainly occurs in citrus, but also in wild rose, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blueberries. The main activity of vitamin C is to donate electrons and neutralize free radicals. Moreover vitamin C regenerates another antioxidant- vitamin E (Figure 8).***’ Vitamin C indicates an antioxidant activity which was confirmed by antioxidants assays (TEAC, FRAP, HOCI).**
References Vitamin E is the form of tocopherols and tocotrienols. a-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E (Figure 9).***
References Vitamin E is the form of tocopherols and tocotrienols. a-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E (Figure 9).***

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