Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System

Nausea can occur immediately or with a very short warning. Thus, the patient requires not only fast onset of action, but also a product that can be taken anywhere without too much difficulty. A Medicated Chewing gum formulation addresses these concerns perfectly.Water soluble drugs are released rapidly from gum base,various methodologies are available to slow the release and to provide extended release profile.Use of medicated chewing gum for smoking cessation and oral candidiasis have been studied and reported.Satisfactory texture profile analysis are obtained which indicate uniformity, flexibility for medicated chewing gum.Patients values those benefits that are easily understood. Patients will favor products that are convenient and will help them carry on with their daily lives without betraying outward signs of illness or disease. Consequently, a Medicated Chewing gum formulation is ideal.

Objective: Favipiravir (FVP), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with low solubility and bioavailability, was encapsulated and optimized into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) to improve solubility and control its release profile.

Methods: The FVP-NLC formulation was screened using a 26-2 fractional factorial design with 6 critical parameters at 2 levels, which were solid lipid combination (Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) and combination with Cetyl Alcohol (CA) (1:1)), liquid lipid combination (Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCT) oils and combination with Ethyl Oleate (EO) (1:1)), solid to liquid lipid ratio (70:30 to 90:10), concentrations of total lipid (2-5% w/v), surfactant (Tween® 80, 2-5% w/v), and co-surfactant (Labrasol®, 1-2% w/v). Sixteen formulas were obtained. FVP-NLC was fabricated using high-shear homogenization (12,000 rpm for 10 min), tandem ultrasonication (amplitude 40% for 5 min), followed by characterization of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimum formula was further evaluated for in vitro release and kinetics study, as well as short-term stability study under refrigerator (5±3 °C), room temperature (25±2 °C, 60±5% RH), and climatic chamber (40±2 °C, 75±5% RH) for 15 d.

Results: The major contributions of parameters were total lipid (32%), co-surfactant concentration (30%), and solid lipid combination (15%). The best formulation was F3 with total lipid 2% w/v, co-surfactant 2% w/v, and GMS showing small particle size (124.1±1.8 nm), polydispersity index (0.1387±0.0043), and zeta potential (-39.06±2.00 mV), with high entrapment efficiency (85.97±0.06% w/v). In vitro release from F3 demonstrated controlled release with diffusion mechanisms for up to 24 h at pH 7.4, following Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics (R² = 0.9171, n = 0.231). In addition, the short-term stability study revealed that F3 has consistent physicochemical properties for 15 d in all conditions.

Conclusion: The 26-2 fractional factorial design has been successfully utilized in screening FVP-NLC formulation to incorporate FVP into the NLC matrix system.

Nanoparticles are spherical, polymeric particles composed of natural or artificial polymers. the most fundamental component in the fabrication of a nanostructure. Their size is ranges between 1 500 nm. As these particles have spherical in a wide range and have potential application nanomaterials, their properties, different method of their preparation and hoe they are used as a of drugs or therapeutic molecules.

The AYUSH Portal is designed to promote the incorporation of India's traditional medicinal systems Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy into the nation's healthcare ecosystem. Recognizing the increasing global acceptance of AYUSH practices, the Government of India has initiated Centers of Excellence to support prominent institutions involved in research and education and drug development. Notable initiatives include collaborations with premier institutions such as AIIMS and IIT Jodhpur to explore integrative health research and address key public health challenges. Programs like the Ayurgyan and Ayurswasthya Schemes prioritize research in the AYUSH sector, promoting innovations in preventive and integrative health care. The establishment of the AYUSH-ICMR Advanced Center for Integrative Research seeks to create a vibrant ecosystem for scientific validation of traditional practices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of AYUSH demonstrated the efficacy of traditional medicine by releasing clinical management protocols and guidelines based on Ayurveda and Yoga, highlighting their role in public health emergencies. This paper discusses the methodology adopted in the AYUSH Portal, emphasizing collaborative research efforts, intellectual property rights, and the integration of AYUSH therapies in mainstream healthcare to achieve the goal of "One Nation, One Health.

Now-a-days, vehicle parking has become a major problem in urban areas with the shortage of parking spaces. It is very difficult and frustrating to find a parking space in most metropolitan areas, especially during the rush hours to solve this problem. The project entitled smart parking system using android application, the major motivation of this project is to reduce the traffic congestion in roads, multi storied buildings and malls due to unavailability of parking spaces. The proposed application provides an easy way for reservation of parking slot. In this application user can view various parking areas and also view whether space is available or not. The project displays the nearest empty slot if present with respect to user location. This system gives a further feature of cancelling the bookings. Users may even make price online primarily based totally at the time taken for the reserved area the quantity might be calculated and the person can make charge. This project provides a good insight into the guidance, monitoring and reservations components of the smart parking and directions to the future development.

Shopping and buying is an integral part of our daily lives. Big mega markets have a wide variety of items and different stores can have different deliveries of goods. It is difficult for many consumers to stand in the long queue for the billing of goods purchased. This causes wastage of money and a poor bill for the wrong customer. Trolleys are used in supermarkets or grocery stores to make shopping simpler. However, it is difficult for customers to control the trolley while shopping. An automated customer following trolley was implemented which calculates the total sum of grocery items carried in the trolley by the customers. This reduces the customer's effort to pull the trolley and keep the line for the payment of the grocery products. The customer who has a specific tag and a web camera installed in front of the trolley will recognize the tag and move the trolley to the customer. Using the RFID tag and the Raspberry Pi receiver, the item bill inserted has been obtained in the trolley. This results in an ideal solution to all these problems.

Lead qualification is a critical process in sales and marketing, determining which leads have the highest potential for conversion into customers. This paper explores the integration of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) with Salesforce Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to automate lead qualification processes. By leveraging the capabilities of RPA bots to extract, process, and analyze data from Salesforce, businesses can achieve faster and more accurate lead qualification, leading to increased sales efficiency and revenue generation. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and implementation considerations of this integration, supported by real-world examples from companies that have successfully implemented automated lead qualification using RPA and Salesforce.

The rapid digitizati exchange. Safe guarding the confidentiality and integrity of these sensitive E patient privacy. This project proposes a r encryption model. Advanced cryptographic techniques ensure that only authorized personnel can access and decrypt images, minimizing the risk of unauthorized data breaches. The project aim sharing, facilitating improved collaboration among providers while prioritizing patient privacy and data integrity. Keywords-AES The contemporary healthcare landscape is undergoing a significant transformation with the digitization of medical records and the widespread adoption of advanced technologies, particularly evident in the prolific generation and exchange of E Healthcare images. While this digital revolution offers numerous benefits, it also presents substantial challenges, notably concerning the security and confidentiality of sensitive patient data. Healthcare institutions are increasingly transitioning electronic health records and digital imaging modalities, yet this shift raises concerns about unauthorized access and breaches that jeopardize patient privacy and trust. Compliance with regulatory frameworks like HIPAA and GDPR underscores the need for robust This sets the stage by addressing the growing concern over maintaining privacy and confidentiality in healthcare amidst the increasing digitization of medical records and information, especially medical images, from unauthorized access and breaches. The introduction might emphasize the challenges posed by traditional encryption methods in efficientl maintaining their diagnostic quality. This paper presents a novel image encryption solution tailored to the unique requirements of digital healthcare, aiming to enhance privacy and confidentiality without co diagnostic accuracy.

In the modern landscape of digital work environments, staying focused on tasks amidst a plethora of distractions has become a significant challenge. To address this issue, the "Focus Flow," a desktop application meticulously crafted to optimize productivity by minimizing interruptions from social media, games, and other potential distractions. The core feature, "Focus Mode," empowers users to isolate and prevent access to distracting applications, fostering an environment conducive to concentration. Technical implementation involves the strategic use of file permissions or firewall rules, ensuring a seamless and secure process running in the background. Beyond distraction control, Focus Flow integrates an array of functionalities. From straightforward to-do lists, local task management, and a documents viewer for seamless file accessibility to a unique Test Mode that transforms the system into a secure environment for standardized test-taking, the application aims to provide a holistic solution to enhance productivity. Moreover, the inclusion of an in-app chat feature enables communication within the application, fostering collaboration without external distractions. A central dashboard serves as a command center, offering quick access to Focus Mode, statistics, task management, and other essential features. The application also incorporates progress tracking, allowing users to visualize trends over time and set and monitor productivity goals. In summary, Focus Flow aspires to redefine the way users approach works, providing a comprehensive toolkit to create a distraction-free and productive work environment.

Face recognition is a personal identification system that uses individual characteristics of a person to recognize the person's identity. The software which is used for face recognition is MATLAB. The project area is image processing. Different types of ordinal measures are derived from magnitude and phase components of Gabor images. Two orientations and two wavelengths are used. Gabor filters are used in the pre-processing step. Array of Gabor filters is called as filter bank. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for face recognition, which outperforms the traditional techniques. It has three layers in which Convolution Layer is used for feature extraction. Pooling Layer is used, which crops the particular part of the image containing the object and then resizes it, because classification requires fixed size of an image. SoftMax Layer is used to normalize the un-normalized vectors and make the predictions into the probabilistic forms. Loss function is used to figure out the error. Finally, the face of a student is recognized by using CNN.

Effective siRNA delivery in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is limited by preferential hepatic accumulation. To address this, a lipopolymer (PEI-C) is developed by conjugating lipid to polyethylenimine and formulated lipopolymer nanoparticles (LPNPs) via complexation with siRNA. The siRNA delivery efficiency of LPNPs is evaluated in vitro in t(4;11)-positive ALL cells (RS4;11 and SEM) as well as “normal” peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human donors and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from mice. Molecular effects are assessed by quantifying target mRNA silencing and downstream apoptosis. In vivo biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy are examined in mouse models. LPNPs demonstrated significantly higher siRNA uptake than commercial reagents in PBMCs and BMSCs, reaching siRNA uptakes of 87.2% and 93.0% in RS4;11 and SEM cells, respectively. Molecular analyses revealed effective silencing of KMT2A::AFF1 mRNA (≈80% in RS4;11), accompanied by BCL2 downregulation and increased apoptosis. In vivo, LPNPs showed efficient siRNA biodistribution to leukemia-associated organs (spleen and bone marrow) and significantly reduced leukemia burden in a systemic RS4;11 xenograft mouse model and improved survival. These findings suggest that PEI-C-formulated LPNPs present a promising avenue for therapeutic siRNA delivery in ALL, effectively targeting leukemia-associated organs, and warrant further exploration in clinical studies.

A literature review on pharmaceutical nanotechnology for the oral delivery of anticancer drugs was conducted as part of this project. Oral chemotherapy is a vital aspect of 21st-century medicine, offering potential improvements to traditional chemotherapy regimens and enhancing patients' quality of life. This study collected information on nanotechnology applications, advantages, methods, materials, and challenges from various online resources, including articles published from 2002 to 2023. The molecular mechanisms that form the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier are primarily related to efflux proteins such as P-glycoproteins (P-gp) located in epithelial membranes. While P-gp inhibitors like cyclosporine A can aid in oral chemotherapy, they may also weaken the immune system, leading to complications. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology seeks to address these drug delivery challenges and could transform how drugs are developed and administered. This review focuses on the issues associated with oral chemotherapy and presents nanotechnology-based solutions, including prodrugs, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and biodegradable polymer nanoparticles. Additionally, it provides evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the use of various nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Overall, the review aims to discuss essential aspects of nanotechnology's role in the oral delivery of anticancer medications, highlighting both the potential benefits and the challenges that remain in this field.

Aggressive solid tumors are associated with rapid growth, early hypoxia, a lack of targeted therapies, and a poor prognosis. The hypoxic niches within the rapidly growing solid tumors give rise to a stem-cell-like phenotype with higher metastasis and drug resistance. To overcome the drug resistance of these regions, we used hypoxia-responsive polymersomes with an encapsulated anticancer drug (doxorubicin, Dox) and a stemness modulator (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA). Reductase enzymes overexpressed in hypoxia reduce the azobenzene linker of the polymers, disrupt the bilayer structure of the polymersomes, and release the encapsulated drugs. We used triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) as a representative of aggressive and hypoxic solid tumors. We observed that ATRA synergistically enhanced the efficacy of Dox in killing cancer cells. A synergistic combination of the two drug-encapsulated polymersomes reduced the volumes of patient-derived TNBC spheroids by 90%. In contrast, Dox alone decreased the spheroid volumes by 70% and encapsulated ATRA by 19%. Mechanistic studies revealed that ATRA inhibited efflux pumps, leading to a higher concentration of doxorubicin within TNBC cells. In addition, the combination of encapsulated Dox and ATRA significantly decreased stemness expression of the TNBC cells in hypoxia compared to that of Dox alone.

In the recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of oral drug delivery systems. The reasons that the oral route achieved such popularity may be primarily due to its ease of administration. Chewing gum is one of the very popular oral confectionary products. It is a potentially useful means of administering drugs either locally or systematically via, the oral cavity. The medicated chewing gum has through the recent years gained increasing acceptance as a drug delivery system. Chewing gum known as gum base (insoluble gum base resin) contains elastomers, emulsifiers, fillers, waxes, antioxidants, softners, sweeteners, food colorings, flavoring agents, and in case of medical chewing gum, active substances. It offers various advantages over conventional drug delivery systems. Unlike chewable tablets, medicated chewing gums are not supposed to be swallowed and may be removed from the site of application without resorting to invasive means. Moreover medicated chewing gums require the active and continuous masticatory activities for activation and continuation of drug release. An In-vitro apparatus was specially designed and constructed for release testing of medicated chewing gums. Medicated chewing gums are excellent mobile drug delivery systems for self-medication as it is convenient and can be administered discretely without water.

We report in vivo evaluation of a thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan based magnetic nanohydrogel (MNHG) incorporated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in mice models with expandible scope for use in localized delivery of chemotherapeutics. Biocompatibility and biodistribution of the MNHG are studied in normal Swiss mice while efficacy in tumor growth inhibition is studied in a sub-
cutaneous fibrosarcoma tumor. The ex vivo time-dependent pattern of accumulated MNHG into vital organs; lung, liver, spleen, kidney and brain collected at 1 h, 48 h, 7 d and 14 d post intravenous administration are investigated using both a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method. The doses of MNHG (dose I ∼650 and dose II ∼ 325 μg g−1 body wt) used in the study are determined based on induced thermal activation of MNHG under an AC magnetic field (AMF). Fibrosarcoma tumor bearing mice are subjected to hyperthermia with a field of 325 Oe and 265 kHz for 30 min following intratumoral administration of dose I. Tumor size measured at an interval of 72 h for a period of 2 weeks reveals that the NPs mediated therapy decelerated the growth of the transplanted tumor by about three-fold (size, 1545 ± 720 mm3) as compared to the exponential growth of the tumor (size, 4510 ± 735 mm3) in control mice. These results suggest the feasibility of using poly(NIPAAm)-chitosan hydrogels loaded with NPs for combined thermo-chemotherapy where the efficacy may further be improved by temperature dependent release of the drugs from the magneto hydrogels.

Air pollution has become an environmental problem since it poses a serious effect on human health. In addition, circulation of air containing airborne particles including pathogens in an enclosed building like a hospital may lead to more severe health effects. Therefore, an air purifier is needed to prevent the spreading of those particles through air circulation. To address the issue, an antimicrobial membrane was prepared by embedding ZnO nanoparticles onto hollow fiber polypropylene (PP) membrane. Results showed that the prepared PP/ZnO membrane had a high air filtration performance as well as antibacterial properties. The membrane also showed a high filtration capacity or permeability with a relatively low-pressure drop. With those interesting features, the newly developed PP/ZnO membrane can be applied in air filtration, in particular for indoor spaces and other medical applications.

The present objective for the study was to prepare prednisolone liposomal gel intended for topical application. Various liposome formulations were prepared using Vortexing Sonication technique using vacuum rotator evaporator by varying the lipid phase composition (lecithin/cholesterol). Liposome formulations were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, surface charge, and stability studies. Topical liposomal gels were prepared by incorporation of liposome dispersion into structured vehicle carbopol (2 %). Alternatively, hydrogels containing prednisolone were prepared and their drug release properties were investigated. The percentage entrapment of drug was increased with increase in phospholipid composition in the range of 85-98 %. Liposomal gel showed prolonged release of prednisolone than the hydrogels. Results of all the studies suggested that Prednisolone liposomal gel formulation was therapeutically effective drug delivery system for treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

This paper presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCBMCC) as a promising material for drug delivery systems. Cellulose, a major component of plant cell walls, is abundant and renewable, making it an ideal source for nanomaterial production. The synthesis process involves extracting CNC from sugarcane bagasse through acid hydrolysis, which is followed by washing, neutralization, and dialysis. The characterization of CNC is carried out using various techniques, including ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These methods reveal the structural and morphological properties of the CNC, which demonstrate high crystallinity and potential for drug delivery applications. The study highlights the controlled release of anticancer drugs and pain relievers through CNC-based systems, emphasizing their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. The results show that CNC from sugarcane bagasse is a promising material for developing efficient and sustainable drug delivery systems.

For at least half a century intensive effort has been dedicated to the design and development of inorganic materials functioning as implants to repair damages due to traumas or degenerative pathologies. Particularly, ceramic materials and bio-glasses have been intensively explored for their applicative potential not only with the aim to repair tissues and organs but, ultimately, to regenerate missing tissue regions. In this respect, pushed by ever raising clinical needs with great socio-economic impact, along the recent decades the main focus of scientific research moved from the study of bio-inert materials, designed to function as tissue substitutes but without any relevant bio-functionality, to the development of bioactive materials and devices. Such constructs are designed to exhibit low chemical stability and suitable nanostructure, thus being able to exchange information with cells and activate the natural physiological processes that can lead to the formation of new healthy and mechanically functional tissue. Moreover, recently the focus of research is increasingly directed towards the development of solutions capable of contrasting the insurgence of infections, which is among the most serious concerns in medicine and a major hindrance to a positive clinical outcome, also due to the ever-increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. As far as ceramic and hybrid materials (these obtained by nucleation of inorganic nanophases on templating organic biomolecules) are concerned, their main application has always targeted the regeneration of hard connective tissues such as bone and teeth, due to their compositional affinity with compounds such as calcium phosphates and bio-glasses. In this regard, the development of novel synthesis methods, processes and additive manufacturing technologies are directed towards the creation of bioactive, nanostructured 3D constructs able to self-consolidate and/or with customized architecture and geometry, targeting application to different anatomical districts such as long bones, spine, maxilla and the skull. In recent years however, bioactive ceramics and hybrids are increasingly being investigated for new applications to soft tissues such as the skin, thanks to their bio-resorption and ion exchange ability which allows for the creation of a local microenvironment favorable to regenerative processes and aiding to prevent the insurgence of infections (Figure ). In this scenario, the present Article Research Topic includes contribution from participants to the Bioceramics 32 conference, the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Ceramics in Medicine, bringing together interdisciplinary contributions on recent

Hybrid superparamagnetic microspheres with bone-like composition, previously developed by a bio-inspired assembling/mineralization process, are evaluated for their ability to uptake and deliver recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in therapeutically-relevant doses along with prolonged release profiles. The comparison with hybrid non-magnetic and with non-mineralized microspheres highlights the role of nanocrystalline, nanosize mineral phases when they exhibit surface charged groups enabling the chemical linking with the growth factor and thus moderating the release kinetics. All the microspheres show excellent osteogenic ability with human mesenchymal stem cells whereas the hybrid mineralized ones show a slow and sustained release of rhBMP-2 along 14 days of soaking into cell culture medium with substantially bioactive effect, as reported by assay with C2C12 BRE-Luc cell line. It is also shown that the release extent can be modulated by the application of pulsed electromagnetic field, thus showing the potential of remote controlling the bioactivity of the new micro-devices which is promising for future application of hybrid biomimetic microspheres in precisely designed and personalized therapies.

Material scientists are increasingly looking to natural structures as inspiration for new-generation functional devices. Particularly in the medical field, the need to regenerate tissue defects claims, since decades, biomaterials with the ability to instruct cells toward formation and organization of new tissue. It is today increasingly accepted that biomimetics is a leading concept for biomaterials development. In fact, there is increasing evidence that the use of biomedical devices showing substantial mimicry of the composition and multi-scale structure of target native tissues have enhanced regenerative ability. As a relevant example, biomimetic materials have high potential to solve degenerative diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system, namely, bone, cartilage and articular tissues, which is of pivotal importance for most of human abilities, such as walking, running, manipulating, and chewing. In this respect, the adoption of nature-inspired processes and structures is an emerging fabrication concept, uniquely able to provide biomaterials with superior biological performance. The chapter will give an overview of the most recent results obtained in the field of hard tissue regeneration by using 3D biomaterials obtained by nature-inspired approaches. The main focus is given to porous hydroxyapatitebased ceramic or hybrid scaffolds for regeneration of bone and osteochondral tissues in neurosurgery and orthopedics.

Biological activities of alkali extracted (Barium hydroxide: BE-480 kDa, Potassium hydroxide: KE1-1080 and KE2-40 kDa), purified arabinoxylans (AX) from the finger millet bran varying in their molecular weight, phenolic acid content, arabinose to xylose ratios were evaluated for their immune-stimulatory activities using murine lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate macrophages. All three purified AX displayed significant (p<0.001) mitogenic activity and activation of macrophages including phagocytosis. Among these BE has shown higher enhancing lymphocyte proliferation (>2 fold) and macrophage phagocytosis than KE1 and KE2. The above results clearly documented that the immunostimulatory activity of arabinoxylans is directly proportional to the amount of ferulic acid content (0.11 mg/ 100 g), whereas molecular weight as well as arabinose/ xylose ratio, did not have any bearing. Purified AX from the finger millet bran can be explored as a potent natural immunomodulator.

Biological activities of alkali extracted (Barium hydroxide: BE-480 kDa, Potassium hydroxide: KE1-1080 and KE2-40 kDa), purified arabinoxylans (AX) from the finger millet bran varying in their molecular weight, phenolic acid content, arabinose to xylose ratios were evaluated for their immune-stimulatory activities using murine lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate macrophages. All three purified AX displayed significant (p<0.001) mitogenic activity and activation of macrophages including phagocytosis. Among these BE has shown higher enhancing lymphocyte proliferation (>2 fold) and macrophage phagocytosis than KE1 and KE2. The above results clearly documented that the immunostimulatory activity of arabinoxylans is directly proportional to the amount of ferulic acid content (0.11 mg/ 100 g), whereas molecular weight as well as arabinose/ xylose ratio, did not have any bearing. Purified AX from the finger millet bran can be explored as a potent natural immunomodulator.

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the site-specific drug delivery of 5-FU with chitosan (CS) as a carrier and quercetin (Qu) against induced colon cancer in Wistar rats. Methods: Cross-linked CS-Qu nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. Physicochemical characterization of NPs was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), in vitro drug release, and drug loading efficiency (LE). 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were applied to induce adenocarcinoma tumors on inbred male Wistar rats’ colon. The treatment group of rats was administered through enema with NPs dispersion. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to the histopathological examination of tumors. Results: Zeta potential and particle size for NPs were +53.5 ± 5 mV and 179 ± 28 nm, respectively. About 96% Qu LE was obtained with a maximum release of 5.63 ±1.59% and 4.62 ± 1.33% after 24 hours in PB solution wit...

This work focuses on the development and evaluation of a dual nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)/Carbopol®-based hydrogel system as a potential transporter for the topical delivery of curcumin to the skin. Two populations of different sized negatively charged NLCs (P1, 70–90 nm and P2, 300–350 nm) were prepared and characterized by means of dynamic light scattering. NLCs presented an ovoid platelet shape confirmed by transmission electron microscopy techniques. Curcumin NLC entrapment efficiency and release profiles were assessed by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) and spectrophotometric methods. Preservation and enhancement of curcumin (CUR) antioxidant activity in NLCs (up to 7-fold) was established and cell viability assays on fibroblasts and keratinocytes indicated that CUR-NLCs are non-cytotoxic for concentrations up to 10 μM and exhibited a moderate anti-migration/proliferation effect (20% gap reduction). CUR-NLCs were then embedded in a Carbopol®-based hydrogel with...

98.304 12/1869 Semple .................................... 426/3 3,282,706 1 1/1966 Muller et al. ....................... 426/548 3,851,073 11/1974 Cook ....................................... 426/3 4,159,347 6/1979 Yoshida .................................. 426/3 4,176,201 11/1979 Cook ..... . 426/548 4.252,829 2/1981 Terrevazzi .............................. 426/3 4,277,511 7/1981 Bliznak et al. ......... 426/548 4,374,123 2/1983 Luccarelli, Jr. et al. ... 424/49 4.384,005 5/1983 McSweeney .............. 426/250 4.726,953 2/1988 Carroll et al. .......................... 426/5 4,889,726 12/1989 Dave et al. ............................. 426/3 4,938,971 7/1990 Chapdelaine et al. .................. 426/3 |||||||||||||| US005156865A

Background and Aims: Repaglinide is an orally administred anti-diabetic drug with rapid gastrointestinal absorption and 3-4 times-a-day schedule. These pharmacokinetic parameters in addition to the practical water insolubility property, presented it as a good candidate for prolonged release formulations. With this object, repaglinide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been developed and optimised. Methods: SLNs were prepared using solvent diffusion method, where stearic acid, surfactant and repaglinide were dissolved in Ethyl alcohol and this solution was added in a drop-wise manner and under stirring condition onto aqueous phase. The SLNs were subjected to various tests for characterization including photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) to determine size and zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study their morphology, chemistry and physicochemical properties. In addition drug release behavior from SLNs was studied. The results showed that the mean particle size of SLNs was 210±16 nm and the mean zeta potential was -17±3 mv. Nanoparticles had spherical morphology and no chemical interaction was detected between the drug and carrier. In-vitro release data revealed at least 24h release time with mild burst release. Conclusions: Regarding the findings, this system can be applied efficiently for prolonged release of repaglinide and can improve the patient compliance in this drug consumption.

to optimize the CNS action of drugs. Among the three main approaches to drug delivery to the CNS -systemic administration, injection into CSF pathways, and direct injection into the brain, the greatest developments is anticipated to occur in the area of targeted delivery by systemic administration. Cell and gene therapies will play an important role in the treatment of neurological disorders in the future. Besides development of new products, these include application of innovative methods of delivery to older drugs to improve their action and extend their patent life. The brain is probably one of the least accessible organs for the delivery of active pharmacological compounds. The same mechanisms that protect the brain from foreign substances also restrict the entry of many potential therapeutic agents. Despite its relatively high blood flow, there are two physiological barriers separating the brain from its blood supply and they control the entry and exit of endogenous and exogenous compounds. One is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the other is the bloodcerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). The BBB is the major barrier to the passage of active molecules from the blood compartment to the brain. The BBB, which segregates the brain interstitial fluid (ISF) from the circulating blood, is located at the level of the brain capillaries, where there is a convergence of different cell types: endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and microglias (perivascular macrophages). The brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC) that form the BBB, display important morphological characteristics such as the presence of tight

Background: Thymoquinone (TQ) is found in the seeds of Nigella sativa. It has immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, antifungal, and antihistaminic properties, making it a highly valuable compound of interest. However, the use of it as a therapeutic drug is highly challenging because of its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and short-term stability. Aim: The present study focused on a nanosized ethosome formulation of thymoquinone with potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This study aimed to develop nanosized TQ-loaded ethosome-based hydrogels and evaluate their antimicrobial effects. The methods included UV-VIS spectrophotometer analysis, solubility studies, preparation of TQ-loaded ethosomes, thermodynamic stability, in vitro drug release, characterization, preparation of ethosome-based hydrogels, ex vivo skin permeation, skin drug retention, and antimicrobial studies against S. aureus.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system, one of the body's most fragile microenvironments, by controlling its homeostasis. The BBB is a very complex system that strictly restricts the transport of ions from the blood to the brain of a confined amount of tiny molecules and a much lower number of large molecules, defending the brain from diseases and injuries. However, the BBB severely inhibits drug transport to the brain, hindering the treatment of various neurological problems. As a result, numerous techniques are under development to improve drug delivery across the BBB. This review summarizes the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the barriers and the current drug delivery strategies for the brain. Although these methods provide many fascinating possibilities for targeting and brain delivery, only a few have progressed to the point where they can be used safely and effectively in humans. In addition, concerted efforts using a variety of other methodologies will enable the translation of preclinical findings into tangible clinical applications in the targeted delivery of drugs.

Since its discovery, there has been ongoing discourse regarding the physiological significance and therapeutic potential of vitamin E, particularly in combating cell damage caused by free radicals. As a prominent antioxidant in the body, vitamin E plays a crucial role in reducing lipid peroxidation within cell membranes, making it a focal point for researchers in dermatology. The unique cellular functions of vitamin E have been linked to its antitumorigenic and photoprotective properties, garnering attention for its potential efficacy in addressing UV-related skin conditions. This literature review aims to illuminate the efficacy of vitamin E, spanning its topical applications to oral supplementation for the protection against photodamage, through an examination of past research in dermatology. A comprehensive analysis of 44 studies from the PubMed database and ScienceDirect, spanning from 1990 to 2022 and references up to 2024, was conducted to gather insights from clinical trials and investigations focusing on potential therapeutic uses of vitamin E in managing UV-induced skin disorders. This review article includes a diverse range of studiessuch as experimental research, randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, and double-blind trials-to comprehensively examine the wide-ranging effects of Vitamin E in protecting against UVinduced photodamage. This includes photodamage, nonmelanoma skin cancer, radiodermatitis, and age-related skin changes.

Some of the most well-engineered and produced biomaterials are polyesters based on polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), and their copolymers, polylactic acid co-glycolic acid (PLGA). In controlled release systems, PLGA is the most extensively used and popular polymer. Because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and favorable release kinetics, but also because of the reliability of protein delivery issues, this synthetic polymer has been found to be very successful. PLGA is approved in various human drug delivery systems by EMA and FDA. In this review, first, PLGA and historical development, usage, physico-chemical structure, drug release properties, degredation specifications, solubility, crystallinity, thermal stability, release properties, types of PLGA will be mentioned. In the last stage of the review, studies conducted in Türkiye are included. In conclusion, we believe that this review is a resource for researchers doing research with PLGA.

 Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are produced from pure xylan and pretreated hardwood  The yield of XOS is 504-572 mg/g from mango and mahogany xylan  Thermal-mild alkali pretreatment of sawdust leads to the highest yield of XOS (DP2-3)  The yield of XOS is 67-89 mg/g from pretreated mahogany and mango sawdust  The produced XOS shows strong prebiotic effects on probiotic microbes

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Objective: The solubility of drug substances in water is one of the major factors taken into account in the formulation of oral solutions and parenteral forms. The present study aims to evaluate the utility of a mixture design in improving water solubility of celecoxib through a micellar system by the use of organic co solvent and nonionic surfactants that are well tolerated by the parenteral route. Methods: In our study, a design of experiments approach was tested using a mixture design of nonionic surfactants (Tween ® 80 and Solutol ® HS 15), an organic cosolvent (ethanol) and celecoxib. Solubility determination was based on the analysis of samples absorbance at 215 nm. A particles size measurement was conducted using a Dynamic Light Scattering at the point showing the maximum of solubility. Results: The results showed a significant solubility increase in most of tested mixtures. The analysis of the design space showed that the solubility of celecoxib varies very closely with the ...

This work deals with the preparation of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. The results show that the mechanical properties of nanocomposites depend on their compatibility, the epoxy resin used and the purity of the nanoclay. The used bentonite was purified and the effects of the organoclay synthesis and various additives on its characteristics were evaluated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the microstructure and the phase composition of the nanoclay. The XRD results revealed that when the modifier addition was increased from 10 wt.% to 40 wt.%, the interlayer spacing of the nanoclay increased from 12.43 Å being incompatible with the resin to 20.43 Å making possible to prepare required nanocomposite.

Late diagnosis and systemic toxicity associated with conventional treatments make oncological therapy significantly difficult. In this context, nanomedicine emerges as a new approach in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this work, pH-sensitive solid magnetoliposomes (SMLs) were developed for controlled release of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). Shape anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles of magnesium ferrite with partial substitution by calcium (Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4) were synthesized, with and without calcination, and their structural, morphological and magnetic properties were investigated. Their superparamagnetic properties were evaluated and heating capabilities proven, either by exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) (magnetic hyperthermia) or by irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light (photothermia). The Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4 calcined nanoparticles were selected to integrate the SMLs, surrounded by a lipid bilayer of DOPE:Ch:CHEMS (45:45:10). ...

Quercetin, a flavonoid with diverse health benefits, has anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties. Found in fruits and vegetables like onions, apples, and berries, Quercetin has shown potential in combating cancer growth, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Various studies suggest Quercetin may effectively manage type 2 diabetes and its complications, offering a safer alternative to conventional treatments. Conventional treatments for type 2 diabetes often involve costly medications with adverse side effects. In contrast, Quercetin offers a natural, cost-effective solution with minimal risks. It has been identified as a potential anti-diabetic agent due to its ability to modulate glucose metabolism, improve insulin sensitivity, and mitigate oxidative stress. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the anti-diabetic effects of quercetin, its underlying mechanisms, and its potential as a therapeutic agent for the management of type 2 diabetes. Overall, quercetin appears to be a promising anti-diabetic agent, warranting further investigation for its potential use in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Late diagnosis and systemic toxicity associated with conventional treatments make oncological therapy significantly difficult. In this context, nanomedicine emerges as a new approach in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this work, pH-sensitive solid magnetoliposomes (SMLs) were developed for controlled release of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). Shape anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles of magnesium ferrite with partial substitution by calcium (Mg 0.75 Ca 0.25 Fe 2 O 4) were synthesized, with and without calcination, and their structural, morphological and magnetic properties were investigated. Their superparamagnetic properties were evaluated and heating capabilities proven, either by exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) (magnetic hyperthermia) or by irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light (photothermia). The Mg 0.75 Ca 0.25 Fe 2 O 4 calcined nanoparticles were selected to integrate the SMLs, surrounded by a lipid bilayer of DOPE:Ch:CHEMS (45:45:10). DOX was encapsulated in the nanosystems with an efficiency above 98%. DOX release assays showed a much more efficient release of the drug at pH = 5 compared to the release kinetics at physiological pH. By subjecting tumor cells to DOX-loaded SMLs, cell viability was significantly reduced, confirming that they can release the encapsulated drug. These results point to the development of efficient pH-sensitive nanocarriers, suitable for a synergistic action in cancer therapy with magnetic targeting, stimulus-controlled drug delivery and dual hyperthermia (magnetic and plasmonic) therapy.

According to the American Society for Testing and Materials, nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized by having two or more dimensions at the nanometer scale and distinctive improved physical/chemical properties compared with their bulk counterpart. Considering their composition, NPs are usually divided into three principal categories: inorganic (metals, metal oxide, ceramic and quantum dots), organic (polymers and lipid-based assembles) and carbon-based NPs . Nano-sized particles exhibit distinctive, chemical and physical properties that denote them as unique nanodevices usable in a wide range of pharmaceutical/therapeutic applications for their capability to affect directly cell vitality or for their drug delivery attitude . They are playing a strategic role in the implementation of new therapeutic solutions against Parkinson's, Alzheimer and infectious diseases, as well as against cancer and many other disorders . Usually, the main challenge is to achieve well-dispersed NPs, even in a colloidal manner, in order to facilitate their use both in in vitro and in vivo tests, in other words, for internalization, vitality, differentiation assays and so on. It is therefore required to oversee their size and shape and hence avoid aggregation and agglomeration in body fluids or in cell culture media, both containing proteins, electrolytes, lipids and other biomolecules. As soon as the NPs come into contact with biological fluids, their surface adsorbs a wide range of biomolecules, forming a protein corona which is assumed to comprise a hard layer and a soft one. The former is closely associated with the NP, while the soft layer consists of loosely bound proteins. Many parameters affect NPs' protein corona composition and subsequently their aggregation state and, ultimately, their therapeutic applicability. The presence of a protein corona on NPs dispersed in a biological fluid is unanimously recognized, as well as the fact that it can hugely affect their size, shape and charge . By controlling and measuring the NPs' colloidal stability and aggregation, researchers can have a clear idea of how these factors affect biodistribution, toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Until now different solutions have been implemented to escape the agglomerates' formation in physiological solutions and media. Nanoparticle dispersion in aqueous media can be described by using the Deryagin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek (DLVO) theory which takes into account the Van der Waals attractive forces and the electrostatic interactions, allowing assessment of the potential barrier between particles. In this commentary, we will analyze the role of various dispersant enhancers, including chemical, biological and physical approaches. Actually, dispersion stabilizers as a chemical modification of the NP surfaces are routinely applied at the preparation step of the nanomaterials. Such chemical functionalization includes the use of organic coatings, such as various natural and synthetic polymeric layers. Biologically relevant approaches rely on the use of proteins and lipid bilayers, both from synthetic or natural origins, to shield NPs against aggregation in a biologically relevant environment. For physical methods, the application of ultrasound as a pretreatment to improve NP dispersion is applied regularly for deagglomeration of NPs into biological media.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers diverse therapeutic compounds but faces challenges like poor bioavailability and instability. Recent innovations in drug delivery systems, including nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have shown potential to enhance solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. This review examines these advancements, focusing on their mechanisms and applications in improving TCM formulations. Cutting-edge techniques, such as microneedles, iontophoretic patches, and self-orienting applicators, are also discussed for their potential to revolutionize TCM delivery. By bridging traditional wisdom with modern innovations, this review emphasizes the transformative role of these strategies in advancing TCM's integration into contemporary medicine.

Typhoid fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi highlights the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. Medicinal plants represent a promising avenue for addressing this crisis, as their bioactive compounds exhibit potent antibacterial properties. According to the World Health Organization, over 20,000 medicinal plant species have been identified as valuable resources for drug discovery, with more than 1,340 demonstrating antimicrobial activity and over 30,000 antimicrobial compounds isolated. Through an extensive review, key phytochemicals with anti-typhoid properties were identified, along with their mechanisms of action and supporting evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. This review compiles data on plants with demonstrated anti-typhoid activity, highlights challenges such as standardization, regulatory frameworks, and integration into modern healthcare, and explores the role of omics technologies in advancing the discovery of novel plant-based antimicrobial agents. By discussing potential medicinal plant targets and intervention strategies, this work lays the groundwork for future research into plant-derived anti-infective therapies and contributes to the global effort to combat the growing threat of typhoid fever, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Nanocarriers are heavily researched as drug delivery vehicles capable of sequestering antineoplastic agents and then releasing their contents at the desired location. The feasibility of using such carriers stems from their ability to produce a multimodel delivery system whereby passive, ligand and triggered targeting can be applied in the fight against cancer. Passive targeting capitalizes on the leaky nature of tumor tissue which allows for the extravasation of particles with a size smaller than 0.5 m into the tumors. Ligand targeting utilizes the concept of receptor-mediated endocytosis and involves the conjugation of ligands onto the surface of nanoparticles, while triggered targeting involves the use of external and internal stimuli to release the carriers contents upon reaching the diseased location. In this review, micelles and liposomes have been considered due to the promising results they have shown in vivo and in vitro and their potential for advancements into clinical trials. Thus, this review focuses on the most recent advancements in the field of micellar and liposomal drug delivery and considers the synergistic effect of passive-and ligand-targeting strategies, and the use of ultrasound in triggering drug release at the tumor site.

The current study aimed to add to this of knowledge by examining the effect of chewing gum on smoking withdrawal severity over a long period, as well as identifying the specific characteristics of chewing gum that may be responsible for the reported reductions in withdrawal. Chewing, flavour, and the combination of the two were all investigated separately. The study is based on quantitative research. The data has been classified on basis of smoker and non-smoker. Participants reported a significant difference in withdrawal severity across conditions using repeated measures Chi square, F(3, 69)=2.89, p.05. The flavoured gum condition had considerably lower withdrawal scores than the flavourless gum base and no product control conditions, according to follow-up analyses. These data suggest that chewing gum is effective in reducing the severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms over a 24-hour period of nicotine abstinence, and that the impact is due to a combination of flavour and chewing. These findings, together with findings from previous laboratory studies, show that chewing gum could be a useful coping mechanism for those who are trying to quit smoking. Identification of appropriate behavioural alternatives to cigarette smoking can help smokers learn more effective ways of coping in the absence of smoking and minimise the number of smokers who relapse. Chewing gum and other potential re-enforcers should be considered in future research.

Vaginal drug delivery is regarded as a promising route against women-related health issues such as unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. However, only a very few studies have been reported on the use of hydrogel rings with low cytotoxicity for vaginal drug delivery applications. Moreover, the effect of nanoparticles on hydrogel vaginal rings has not been clearly evaluated. To overcome these challenges, we hereby developed nanocomposite hydrogel rings based on polyacrylamide-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-montmorillonite nanoparticles in the ring-shaped aluminum mold for controlled drug delivery. The hydrogel rings were synthesized by using N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl ethylene diamine, and ammonium persulfate, as a crosslinker, accelerator, and initiator, respectively. The obtained rings were 5.5 cm in diameters and 0.5 cm in rims. Chemical structures of the nanocomposite rings were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopies. Additionally, the swelling ratio of hydrogels was appeared to be adjusted by the introduction of nanoparticles. In vitro release experiment of methylene blue, as a hydrophilic model drug, revealed that the nanocomposite rings could not only reduce burst effect (almost more than twice), but also achieve prolonged release for 15 days in the vaginal fluid simulant which mimic the vaginal conditions at pH of almost 4.2, and a temperature of 37 °C. Importantly, the resultant hydrogel rings with or without various concentrations of montmorillonite showed low cytotoxicity toward human skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, different antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli were observed for various concentrations of montmorillonite in hydrogels. These results suggest the great potential of montmorillonite-based hydrogel rings for vaginal drug delivery.