Novel drug delivery systems

Objectives In this study, our main objective was to estimate the therapeutic effectiveness of the formulated solid dispersion of glibenclamide (GSD) with improved dissolution profiles in comparison with pure glibenclamide (GLB) by means of a fructose-fed diabetic rat model. Methods To evaluate the pharmacological effectiveness of the formulated GSD, a fructose-fed diabetic rat model evolved and the obtained consequences were compared with the conventional GLB treatment. Key findings GSD exhibited improved glucose and lipid-lowering efficacy of GSD in contrast to pure GLB after 15 days of treatment. Low dose (0.5 mg/kg) and high dose (5 mg/kg) of GSD showed significant lowering of blood glucose which is 6 ± 0.2 mmol/L and 5.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L respectively after 15 days of treatment is much better than that of pure GLB (6.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L). Furthermore, low dose of GSD presented approximately comparable beneficiary effects in regard to triglycerides (72.00 ± 7.23 mg/dL), total cholesterol (110.33 ± 5.78 mg/ dL), low-density lipoprotein (67.60 ± 5.21 mg/dL) and high-density lipoprotein (28.33 ± 1.53 mg/dL) as pure GLB after 15 days. Additionally, histological studies as well confirmed no fatty infiltration from the liver by GSD as compared with GLB which was consistent with the biochemical parameters. Conclusions For treating diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, the formulated GSD might be a potential substitute for traditional GLB.

Azithromycin possesses low aqueous solubility leading to inadequate absorption and poor bioavailability after oral administration. Solid dispersion of azithromycin represented a formulation with enhanced dissolution and antibacterial activity. The study designed to evaluate the in-vivo potential of azithromycin-loaded solid dispersion in Escherichia coli-induced diarrheagenic (DEC) mice. Diarrhea was induced in Swiss Albino mice by the oral administration of bacterial culture (100 μl of 10 10 CFU/ml) in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). The E. coli-infected diarrheal mice received oral administration of azithromycin-loaded solid dispersion, equivalent doses of pure azithromycin and/or vehicle (DMEM in high glucose) for 3 days; and their effects on diarrheal score, inflammatory markers, and histology of intestinal tissues were observed. Azithromycin-loaded solid dispersion treatment prevented diarrhea and retardation of growth in infected mice more efficiently than the equivalent doses of pure azithromycin. The E. coli-infected mice demonstrated soft feces with irregular intervals; however, the nature and frequency of feces were improved with azithromycin-loaded solid dispersion. The increased level of total white blood cells and % of neutrophil was also significantly decreased with solid dispersion of azithromycin. In contrast, pure azithromycin did not alter the counts compared to disease control mice. Furthermore, the colonic tissues of E. coli-infected mice showed loss of epithelial integrity with sub-mucosal edema and also associated with increased serum amylase and Creactive protein levels. However, solid dispersion of azithromycin-treated mice exhibited restoration of colonic tissue structure with a significant attenuation in serum amylase and C-reactive protein levels compared to pure azithromycin and/or vehicle-treated mice. Solid dispersion of azithromycin was more effective against E. coli-infected diarrheagenic mice than the equivalent doses of pure azithromycin; and the effect was dose-dependent.

The concept of Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System emerged from the desire to provide patient with conventional mean of taking their medication. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are solid unit dosage form, which disintegrate or dissolve rapidly without chewing or water. FDTs provide an advantage particularily for pediatric, geriatric, and bedridden or mentally disabled patients. Nimesulide is a crystalline and poor bioavailable drug because of its high hydrophobicity and poor aqueous solubility. Spherical micropelletization technique is a possible approach which provides maximum dissolution with enhanced wettability as well as uniform and spherical pellet size to achieve the smooth gastric transit of drug. The purpose of this research was to formulate uncoated micropellet of Nimesulide to improve its bioavailability and micromeritic properties, which would be beneficial during development of fast dissolving tablets. The formulated Nimesulide micropellets were used for the development of FDTs. All the formulations were evaluated for their general physical characteristics and in vitro dissolution study. The disintegration time and dissolution profile of the FDTs of Nimesulide micropellets were compared with the FDTs containing plain Nimesulide was concluded that FDTs prepared with Nimesulide micropellets are fast disintegrating and have improved dissolution profile than FDTs prepared with plain Nimesulide.

Nausea can occur immediately or with a very short warning. Thus, the patient requires not only fast onset of action, but also a product that can be taken anywhere without too much difficulty. A Medicated Chewing gum formulation addresses these concerns perfectly.Water soluble drugs are released rapidly from gum base,various methodologies are available to slow the release and to provide extended release profile.Use of medicated chewing gum for smoking cessation and oral candidiasis have been studied and reported.Satisfactory texture profile analysis are obtained which indicate uniformity, flexibility for medicated chewing gum.Patients values those benefits that are easily understood. Patients will favor products that are convenient and will help them carry on with their daily lives without betraying outward signs of illness or disease. Consequently, a Medicated Chewing gum formulation is ideal.

Nanocomposite hydrogel as an onychomycosis treatment provides a barrier that effectively prevents the fungal infection of the nail as well as the nail bed and further progression of infection to deeper tissues and cuticles. The two different drugs encapsulated within the nanoparticle and also hydrogel increases the drug concentration locally and decreases systemic drug concentration and hydrogel combine the feature of moist onychomycosis with good fluid absorption. And act as a barrier against fungal cell growth, it is easy to handle, so it improves clinical efficacy and also justifies patient compliance. In addition, by nature of transparency, hydrogels promote monitoring of onychomycosis treatment. This review highlights the current status of nanocomposite hydrogels and will focus on novel strategies for the treatment of onychomycosis.

SLNs are hopeful carriers for the topical delivery of antifungal drugs. This research aimed to develop a topical gel combining Efinaconazole-loaded SLNs with fluconazole to enhance the treatment of onychomycosis. The objective was to formulate a nail gel that capitalizes on the localized action and improved adherence of efinaconazole, a crucial agent in treating nail disorders like onychomycosis. The formulation utilized an alcohol-based system with specialized ingredients to ensure low surface tension and optimal wetting properties. Fluconazole, a broad-spectrum third-generation triazole antifungal, was included for its systemic and superficial antifungal activity. It works by inhibiting the formation of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the fungal cytochrome P-450 enzyme. The SLN-based delivery system allows for the slower release of Efinaconazole, while fluconazole diffuses more rapidly. The optimized gel formulation showed sustained drug release, with Efinaconazole releasing 32.85% of the drug by the 8 th hour, compared to 74.05% for fluconazole during the same period. A stability study on the F4 formulation, which utilized Carbopol 934, was conducted according to ICH guidelines and demonstrated that the gel maintained its quality attributes, such as color, odor, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity over 6 months of testing. These results indicate that the F4 topical gel formulation is stable and suitable for long-term use.

Objective: Favipiravir (FVP), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with low solubility and bioavailability, was encapsulated and optimized into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) to improve solubility and control its release profile.

Methods: The FVP-NLC formulation was screened using a 26-2 fractional factorial design with 6 critical parameters at 2 levels, which were solid lipid combination (Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) and combination with Cetyl Alcohol (CA) (1:1)), liquid lipid combination (Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCT) oils and combination with Ethyl Oleate (EO) (1:1)), solid to liquid lipid ratio (70:30 to 90:10), concentrations of total lipid (2-5% w/v), surfactant (Tween® 80, 2-5% w/v), and co-surfactant (Labrasol®, 1-2% w/v). Sixteen formulas were obtained. FVP-NLC was fabricated using high-shear homogenization (12,000 rpm for 10 min), tandem ultrasonication (amplitude 40% for 5 min), followed by characterization of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimum formula was further evaluated for in vitro release and kinetics study, as well as short-term stability study under refrigerator (5±3 °C), room temperature (25±2 °C, 60±5% RH), and climatic chamber (40±2 °C, 75±5% RH) for 15 d.

Results: The major contributions of parameters were total lipid (32%), co-surfactant concentration (30%), and solid lipid combination (15%). The best formulation was F3 with total lipid 2% w/v, co-surfactant 2% w/v, and GMS showing small particle size (124.1±1.8 nm), polydispersity index (0.1387±0.0043), and zeta potential (-39.06±2.00 mV), with high entrapment efficiency (85.97±0.06% w/v). In vitro release from F3 demonstrated controlled release with diffusion mechanisms for up to 24 h at pH 7.4, following Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics (R² = 0.9171, n = 0.231). In addition, the short-term stability study revealed that F3 has consistent physicochemical properties for 15 d in all conditions.

Conclusion: The 26-2 fractional factorial design has been successfully utilized in screening FVP-NLC formulation to incorporate FVP into the NLC matrix system.

Montelukast+ Bilastine orodispersible tablets are prepared to manifest once daily oral combinations are given to patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, mild to moderate asthma and Rhinoconjuctivitis. The recent research work was aimed to formulate the orodispersible tablet of montelukast (10mg) and Bilastine (20mg) by using super disintegrants i.e Cross povidone and Crosscarmellose. These two super disintegrants were used to formulate Montelukast and Bilastine orodispersible tablets by direct compression method in different ratios. The formulation of tablet was evaluated by physical parameters like hardness, friablility, weight variation, drug content, thickness, disintegration, wetting time and in-vitro drug release. Among the formulations tablets of batch F4 and F8 containing crospovidone and crosscarmellose, respectively showed superior organoleptic properties along with excellent invitro disintegration time and drug release as compare to other formulations. Based on dissolution rate the disintegrants can be rated as crospovidone>crosscarmellose. Hence crospovidone is recommended as suitable disintegrant for the preparation of direct compression orodispersible tablets of Montelukast sodium & Bilastine. It was concluded that the presence of a super disintegrant is desirable for orodispersion of tablets by direct compression method.

Hydrochlorothiazide is a common blood pressure medicine. To analysis of it as pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations we used isocratic HPLC techniques supplied with a Octadecyl silane (ODS or C18) column (4.5mm x 250 mm, 5µm) as stationary phase and (Methanol/Acetonitrile/Water) in the ratio of [75: 15:10 v/v/v/] as mobile phase at (25 Cº). The Hydrochlorothiazide was detected at 270 nanometer and a flow rate was at 1.0 ml.min-1. This method was validated (Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, LOD and LOQ) and all results that obtained refer to accepted within ICH Guidelines.

The standardization parameters, including organoleptic evaluation, average weight, weight variation, disintegration time, and moisture content, for the formulated capsules were determined. These results show that the polyherbal formulation ArthoCalm capsules is more effective for the treatment of Arthritis.

The Aim of current study was to design an oral sustained release matrix tablet of Famotidine and to optimize the drug release profile using responce surface methodology.Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using HPMCK100M and Xanthan gum as matrix forming polymer.A central composite design for 2 factor at 3 levels each was employed to systematically optimize drug release profile.HPMCK100M (X1)and Xanthan gum(X2) were taken as the indepndent variables.The dependent variables selected were % of drug release in 2 hr (Q2),% drug release in 8 hr (Q 8) and time to 50% drug release (t 50%).plots were drawn,and optimum formulation were selected by feasibility and grid searches. The granules was evaluated for the bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The values indicate good flow and compression properties. The compressed tablets were evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics, in vitro release, swelling property. All the...

Medically refractory epilepsy is estimated to occur in about 500,000 individuals of the nearly 3 million in the United States with epilepsy. Medication resistance in epilepsy is due, in part, to tolerance related to molecular mechanisms that eliminate, or minimize the persistence of antiepileptic drug (AED) molecules in the brain. Currently, drug discovery for CNS disorders is almost exclusively limited to small molecular weight lipophilic molecules that can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), and blood-cerebral spinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). This simple prerequisite eliminates a majority of potential AED molecule candidates early in the drug discovery process. The recent review by Haque et al. offers a comprehensive up-to-date understanding of the strategies that facilitate drug efficacy by focusing on creative drug delivery mechanisms rather than drug discovery. This article reviews the challenges of overcoming the array of active and passive transporter systems at the BBB and BCSFB that shuttle drug molecules toward and away from neural tissue. The authors compare drug molecule transport across the BBB and neural cell membranes in a number of disorder-based platforms including epilepsy. These transporters play the role of "gatekeepers" limiting ac-

The main objective of the present study was to the preformulation studies were performed to know the development of formulation and evaluation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Fast Dissolving Tablets to improve the bioavailability of Amoxicillin Trihydrate which shows 60%, Amoxicillin Trihydrate is classified as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) Class-I, Class-II and Class-IV Drug according to the dose. Amoxicillin is a hydrophilic drug, increase the solubility and permeability improve the bioavailability and onset of action of Amoxicillin Trihydrate has been done. In API development process, a detailed characterization of the API and other formulation components is usually carried out during the preformulation stage. The drug-excipient compatibility studies were conducted to characterize the drug Amoxicillin Trihydrate present in Fast Dissolving Tablets Delivery System FDTs. Preformulation, formulation and evaluation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate to avoid problems associated with conventional delivery system such as limited permeation, low dissolution and bioavailability and also to improve bioavailability and one of the most used antibiotics. In the present study that the compatibility was assessed by, FTIR spectroscopy, and melting point apparatus, precompression parameters and powder flow properties. Results showed that physical mixtures of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and various excipients as mannitol, and MCC as diluents, and sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone as superdisintegrants were evaluated for preformulation studies parameters. It was concluded that the drug Amoxicillin Trihydrate was found to be compatible with various excipients which were selected for the formulation development of the Amoxicillin Trihydrate FDTs. Formulation scientist from his experience and knowledge have to significantly in the preformulation study stage and is an important factor in the ADDS (Advanced Drug Delivery Systems) product development process.

The main objective of the present study was to the preformulation studies were performed to know the development of formulation and evaluation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Fast Dissolving Tablets to improve the bioavailability of Amoxicillin Trihydrate which shows 60%, Amoxicillin Trihydrate is classified as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) Class-I, Class-II and Class-IV Drug according to the dose. Amoxicillin is a hydrophilic drug, increase the solubility and permeability improve the bioavailability and onset of action of Amoxicillin Trihydrate has been done. In API development process, a detailed characterization of the API and other formulation components is usually carried out during the preformulation stage. The drug-excipient compatibility studies were conducted to characterize the drug Amoxicillin Trihydrate present in Fast Dissolving Tablets Delivery System FDTs. Preformulation, formulation and evaluation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate to avoid problems associated with conventional delivery system such as limited permeation, low dissolution and bioavailability and also to improve bioavailability and one of the most used antibiotics. In the present study that the compatibility was assessed by, FTIR spectroscopy, and melting point apparatus, precompression parameters and powder flow properties. Results showed that physical mixtures of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and various excipients as mannitol, and MCC as diluents, and sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone as superdisintegrants were evaluated for preformulation studies parameters. It was concluded that the drug Amoxicillin Trihydrate was found to be compatible with various excipients which were selected for the formulation development of the Amoxicillin Trihydrate FDTs. Formulation scientist from his experience and knowledge have to significantly in the preformulation study stage and is an important factor in the ADDS (Advanced Drug Delivery Systems) product development process.

Clopidogrel is a medication orally administered drug used as to reduce the risk of heart disease. The most of the companies seek to achieve high quality of drug, but often it is very difficult to achieve. The aim of this study is to investigate quality parameters of some marketed Clopidogrel tablets at Sana'a City Market, Yemen. Six different marketed brands of Clopidogrel 75mg tablets available in Sana'a City Yemen, were collected from different pharmacies. Quality parameters, like weight variation, hardness, thickness and loss on drying test were determined according to established protocols. with the in-vitro dissolution test, potency, disintegration time were also carried out. The percentage of dissolution and assay were carried out used UV-spectrophotometer. All the brands comply the Pharmacopoeia requirements as they offer acceptable weight variation range, the hardness of all tested brands was within range and no significant differences in disintegration times as they disintegrated within 10minutes. In case of dissolution rate, all brands showed acceptable dissolution time as they released more than 80% of drug within 45 minutes. The most of selected brands also meet the assay specifications. This study suggested that the most of commercially tested brands of Clopidogrel tablets marketed in Sana'a City, Yemen comply with the pharmacopeia specifications and quality control specification, as the following: Plavix > Cloval > Plaviscot > Plavilate > Plavicare > Plavised.
KEYWORDS: Clopidogrel, Drug Stability, Evaluation, Sana'a City Market, Yemen

Capsicum, commonly known as Chili peppers, has a long history of Medicinal properties, primarily as a digestive, thermogenic, carminative, stimulant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, serdorific, rubefacient & sialagogue. Capsicum annuum is the most widely cultivated and distributed species in Yemen. Paprika, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) is one of the oldest, most important and widely used carotenoid food colorants. Capsicum is a remarkable whole-body stimulant that can boost blood flow, tone the nervous system, relieve indigestion, promote sweating, help to cauterize and heal ulcers, ease persistent pain and fight off infection. Because Capsicum boosts peripheral circulation and stimulates organ secretion, it expedites the therapeutic delivery and action of other herbs. Capsicum stimulates everything from blood flow to peristaltic action in the stomach, to intestinal transit time. The remarkable ability of Capsicum to stimulate organ secretion and even heart action makes it one of the strongest natural stimulants known. Several different kinds of herbal blends targeting various body systems will utilize Capsicum to boost the formulations efficacy. A Capsicum was formulated as capsules and evaluated for organoleptic properties and other evaluation parameters. It was concluded that among the all formulations of Capsicum extract capsules the F1 was found to be as an optimized capsules according to drug release percentage 90% within 60 minutes, so the F1 was the best formulation of Capsicum extract capsules delivery system as an advanced phytotherapy approach for tonic and stimulant actions.

The development of formulation and evaluation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Fast Dissolving Tablets to improve the bioavailability of Amoxicillin Trihydrate. Amoxicillin Trihydrate is classified as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) Class-I, Class-II and Class-IV Drug according to the dose. Amoxicillin is a hydrophilic drug, 
increase the solubility and permeability improve the bioavailability and onset of action of Amoxicillin Trihydrate has been done. The drug-excipient compatibility studies were conducted to characterize the drug Amoxicillin Trihydrate present in Fast Dissolving Tablets Delivery System FDTs. The objective of this study was to formulate Amoxicillin Fast Dissolving Tablets to ensure the release of the drug at the sites of its absorption, also to develop a  patient-friendly Fast Dissolving Tablets of Amoxicillin to increase the patient’s adherence and compliance to the therapy. Amoxicillin was prepared as a Fast-Dissolving Tablets in 500mg dose. Six formulae containing 
Amoxicillin Trihydrate and various excipients as mannitol, and MCC as diluents, and sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone as superdisintegrants in different ratios. Then, each formula was evaluated for precompression parameters, then prepared by direct compression method. Finally, the compressed tablets of each formulation were evaluated for the post compression parameters. All the formulations showed satisfactory tablet properties. Among the 12 formulations the drug release of formulation F12 was found to be 94.78% at 2 minutes. Formulation F12 was the best formulation as it showed a drug release percentage was 94.78% at 2 minutes, due to rapid disintegration and fine dispersion of particles formed after disintegration within 30 seconds.
KEYWORDS: Amoxicillin Trihydrate, Fast dissolving tablets, Superdisintegrants, Antibiotics.

Wounds affect a large number of patients and can seriously reduce the quality of life. The purpose of this study was designed to investigate the phytochemicals and evaluate the antimicrobial agent for wound healing activity of 
Argemone ochroleuca extracts also to formulate the most active extract as oil in water cream (O/W) and evaluate its wound healing activity. The herbal creams (O/W) were formulated from methanolic Argemone ochroleuca 
extract. Four formulations were prepared with various concentration of excipients. The pH, spreadability and stability of prepared base were investigated. The base B4 was found appropriate for the preparation of cream. Completely cream was evaluated for its physical, chemical and stability parameters. Therefore, formulation of methanolic extract into a suitable herbal cream was aimed. The pH of prepared cream was near to skin pH, and cream was homogeneous, non-greasy and easily removed after application. Also, the best formulation for cream selected which Confirmed all the requirement for quality control tests for product and Argemone ochroleuca have a potential effect of bioactive methanolic extract that can be used in management of bacterial infection and promote 
wound healing activity. It was concluded that the best formulation selected F1 (1%) and F2 (2%) were safe in respect to skin irritation and allergic sensitization and exhibited the desired proprieties of consistency, spreadability, physicochemical stability and appearance may make it cosmetically acceptable.
KEYWORDS: Argemone ochroleuca, Cream Formulation, Antimicrobial agent, Wound Healing Activity, 
Nutraceutical Delivery Systems

Diabetes is a serious health concern in many countries with high blood glucose, obesity, and multiple organ failures in late stages. Treating diabetes with effective drugs is still a challenging issue since most of the available diabetic drugs are not effective in combating diabetes, especially in secondary disease complications like obesity retinopathy, and nephropathy associated diabetes. Hence search for effective anti-diabetic medication, especially from natural sources is mandatory with no adverse side effects. The Plicosepalus acacia plant widely distributed in Yemen. The Plicosepalus acacia is plant widely distributed in Yemen, a large number of medicinal plants have been tested and found to contain active principles with curative properties against a variety of diseases. Liver protective plants contain a variety of chemical constituents like flavonoids, Phenol, Tannins, Steroids, Amino acid and Triterpene glycoside. Therefore, a large number of plants and formulations have been claimed to have antidiabetic medication so the development of plant based diabetic drugs has been given importance in the global market. Plicosepalus acacia is commonly used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments including hepatoprotective activity. A Plicosepalus acacia was formulated as capsules and evaluated for organoleptic properties and other evaluation parameters. It was concluded that the formulation of Plicosepalus acacia extract medicinal herbs capsules delivery system as an advanced phytotherapy approach for controlling diabetes according to the best results of in-vitro dissolution was found to be 76.8% within 45 minutes in acid medium and were evaluated.

ABSTRACT
The main objective of the present study was to the preformulation 
studies were performed to know the development of formulation and 
evaluation of Chloroquine Phosphate antimalarial drugs in formulated 
suppositories Drug Delivery Systems. Chloroquine Phosphate is 
classified as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) Class-I.
Preformulation, formulation and evaluation of Chloroquine Phosphate
to avoid problems associated with conventional delivery system such 
as limited permeation, low dissolution and bioavailability and also to 
improve bioavailability and one of the most antimalarial agents. In the 
present study that the compatibility was assessed by, FTIR 
spectroscopy, and melting point apparatus, precompression parameters. 
Results showed that physical mixtures of antimalarial and various 
excipients as PEG4000 base, Cocoa butter and Witepsol H35 were 
evaluated for preformulation studies parameters. It was concluded that 
the drug Chloroquine Phosphate was found to be compatible with 
various excipients which were selected for the formulation 
development of the Chloroquine Phosphate antimalarial drug in 
formulated suppositories Drug Delivery Systems. Formulation scientist from his experience 
and knowledge have to significantly in the preformulation study stage and is an important 
factor in the ADDS (Advanced Drug Delivery Systems) product development process.
KEYWORDS: Chloroquine Phosphate, Compatibility, Suppositories, Preformulation, 
Formulation, Antimalarial drug

ABSTRACT
Medicated Chewing Gum is a novel drug delivery system containing masticatory gum base with 
pharmacologically active ingredient and intended to use for local treatment of mouth diseases or systemic absorption through oral mucosa. In the recent years, patient convenience-oriented exploration in the area of drug delivery has introduced potential innovative medicine delivery systems as Medicated Chewing Gum. Since it can be taken anywhere, a Medicated Chewing Gum formulation is an excellent choice for acute medication. The advantages for children and for patients who find swallowing tablets difficult are obvious. Over the years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of oral drug delivery systems. The reasons that the oral route achieved such popularity may be primarily due to its ease of administration. Medicated Chewing Gum is one of the very popular oral confectionary products. The Medicated Chewing Gum has through the recent years gained increasing acceptance as a drug delivery system. Medicated chewing gums have a broad range of potential uses that will be identified in the future. New Medicated Chewing Gum 
formulations should be considered by scientists and researchers delivers numerous innovative patented applications employed in order to increase Medicated Chewing Gum variants owing to patient preferences and provide a suitable release pattern for Medicated Chewing Gum containing medications. MCG represents the 
newest system with potential uses in pharmaceuticals, over the counter medicines and nutraceuticals. The potential of Medicated Chewing Gum MCG for buccal delivery, fast onset of action makes it an attractive delivery form. It is considered as vehicle or a drug delivery system to administer active principles that can improve health and pharmaceutical care. Metronidazole benzoate is a derivative of Metronidazole, an antibiotic commonly used for treating bacterial and protozoal infections. The objective of the present study was to formulate Metronidazole benzoate as Medicated Chewing Gum to prove acceptable of patients and enhance its antibiotics as a drug delivery system. It was prepared different Medicated Chewing Gum formulations by different methods such as mixing and direct compression, wet granulation and compression by using tablet compression machine and molding by using cylindrical blister back and evaluation of formulations by using evaluation parameters of Medicated Chewing Gum as a drug delivery system. According to the results it was found to be the difference between formulation at different media and evaluation tests. It was concluded the MCG formulation F20 is the best formulation among the 
all formulations of Metronidazole benzoate Medicated Chewing Gum as a drug Delivery system and confirmed to evaluated limit specification.
KEYWORDS: Metronidazole benzoate, Medicated Chewing Gum, Formulation, Antibiotics, Protozoal 
infections, Patient compliance

The objective of this present study was to produce an ointment formulation containing an Grewia tenax extract and evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Grewia tenax (Family:Tiliacea) represent as one of the selected plants used as treatment. The alcoholic extract of different part of plant (leaves, stems and fruits) were have antimicrobial effects against different tested microorganisms at different concentrations. The results indicated that the alcoholic leaves extract was more efficacy against tested microorganisms (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) with inhibition zones equal (18,19,17and14mm) respectively than other parts extract followed by stem extract then by fruits extract with the inhibition zones (17,18,17, and 13mm) and (17,16,15 and 14mm) against (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) respectively. Generally, the antibacterial activity of Grewia tenax extract appears to be inhibitory to Gram-positive bacteria more than Gram-negative bacteria. The ointment formulations were prepared which are concentrations (12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.5% w/w) and made compare between base and ethanol extract were evaluated. The formulation ointment containing F1(12.5w/w) extract showed better antimicrobial activity, physicochemical characteristics, and pharmacological parameters than the other ointment formulations. The zone of Gentamycin was similarity with a highly concentration ointment formulation F1(12.5w/w) were evaluated. Among the all-ointment formulations the ointment formulation F1(12.5w/w) containing Grewia tenax showed better antimicrobial activity. It was concluded that the extract of Grewia tenax F1(12.5w/w) was a better candidate for nutraceutical delivery systems of antimicrobial agents for eradicating common microbial infections.

The main objective of the present study was to the preformulation studies were performed to know the development of formulation and evaluation of Pyrimethamine antimalarial drugs in formulated suppositories Drug Delivery Systems. Pyrimethamine is classified as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) Class-I. 
Preformulation, formulation and evaluation of Pyrimethamine to avoid problems associated with conventional delivery system such as limited permeation, low dissolution and bioavailability and also to improve bioavailability 
and one of the most antimalarial agents. In the present study that the compatibility was assessed by, FTIR spectroscopy, and melting point apparatus, precompression parameters. Results showed that physical mixtures of antimalarial and various excipients as PEG4000 base, Cocoa butter and Witepsol H35 were evaluated for preformulation studies parameters. It was concluded that the drug Pyrimethamine was found to be compatible with various excipients which were selected for the formulation development of the Pyrimethamine antimalarial drug in 
formulated suppositories Drug Delivery Systems. Formulation scientist from his experience and knowledge have to significantly in the preformulation study stage and is an important factor in the ADDS (Advanced Drug Delivery Systems) product development process. 
KEYWORDS: Pyrimethamine, Compatibility, Suppositories, Preformulation, Formulation, Antimalarial drug.

Herbal or plant products are now used as an alternative to synthetic products due to its local accessebility and non toxic behaviour. The main aim of this study was undertaken to isolate and evaluate the mucilage from Trigonella foenum graecum L. and Linum usitatissimum and explore it as pharmaceutical excipients. Phytochemical characterization of Trigonella foenum graecum L. and Linum usitatissimum such as bulk and tapped densities, pH, swelling index, angle of repose Carr's index and Hausner's ratio were studied. Solubility behaviour of both isolated mucilages and identification tests for carbohydrates, gum, mucilage, fats and oil were also studied.

The AYUSH Portal is designed to promote the incorporation of India's traditional medicinal systems Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy into the nation's healthcare ecosystem. Recognizing the increasing global acceptance of AYUSH practices, the Government of India has initiated Centers of Excellence to support prominent institutions involved in research and education and drug development. Notable initiatives include collaborations with premier institutions such as AIIMS and IIT Jodhpur to explore integrative health research and address key public health challenges. Programs like the Ayurgyan and Ayurswasthya Schemes prioritize research in the AYUSH sector, promoting innovations in preventive and integrative health care. The establishment of the AYUSH-ICMR Advanced Center for Integrative Research seeks to create a vibrant ecosystem for scientific validation of traditional practices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of AYUSH demonstrated the efficacy of traditional medicine by releasing clinical management protocols and guidelines based on Ayurveda and Yoga, highlighting their role in public health emergencies. This paper discusses the methodology adopted in the AYUSH Portal, emphasizing collaborative research efforts, intellectual property rights, and the integration of AYUSH therapies in mainstream healthcare to achieve the goal of "One Nation, One Health.

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This research aims to determine the photostability of one of the commonly used antidiabetic drugs referring to the thiazolidinedione family, pioglitazone hydrochloride, in aqueous solutions at different pH values and UV-radiation treatment. Pioglitazone, a highly PPAR-g agonist, which stimulates insulin sensitivity of liver, adipose, and muscle tissues, has been found to be susceptible to degradation by the ultraviolet radiation-in a basic environment especially (Saltiel & Olefsky, 2001). The study entailed the exposure of a 1000 ug/mL of methanolic solutions of pioglitazone hydrochloride to UV radiation at 254 nm around pH of 1.0 to 12.0. UV-Visible spectrophotometry at 269 nm was used to analyze the process of degradation quantitatively, and the HPLC techniques were used to determine the rate of degradation and the ways of identifying photoproducts of the process (Singh & Gaikwad, 2017). First-order kinetics were observed during degradation and the highest rate of degradation was recorded at a pH value of 12.0 (k = 0.0185 hours-1) indicating that the oxidative and hydrolytic degradation pathways were strong at high pH where the experiment was carried out. On the contrary, pioglitazone showed a significant stability at pH 8.0 (k = 0.0021 h 1), which implies that neutral pH is the best condition of formulating and storing the drug.

This research aims to explore the Pioglitazone which belongs tothethiazolidinedione-class drugs demonstrates broad usage intype2diabetes mellitus treatment through enhancement of insulinsensitivity. The pharmaceutical properties of Pioglitazone suffermajor deterioration because of its high sensitivity to UVlightexposure. This research examined pioglitazone hydrochloridephotostability dynamics using different pH solutions (1.0–12.0)
along with UV treatment. The degradation processes weremonitored at 269 nm with spectrophotometry and analyzedforphotodegradation products through HPLC. Laboratorydataconfirmed that pioglitazone degrades following first-order kineticsyet it shows peak stability when kept at pH 8.0 yet experiencesmaximum decay at pH 12.0. An additional testing phaseinsimulated gastrointestinal solutions confirmed stability of thedrugsubstance under gastric acid but the drug substance experiencedsubstantial degradation in alkaline solutions. Protective polymermatrices shield pharmaceutical materials fromphotodegradationeffects while antioxidant addition of ascorbic acidfurtherstrengthens this protective scheme. The data confirms whyproperpharmaceutical storage practices must include packaging solutionscombined with pH management systems for protectingdrugpotency. Photostability testing remains vital for pharmaceutical
development because the findings point toward future researchopportunities which should focus on enhancing pioglitazone'sstability by examining nanoparticle encapsulation alongsidestabilizing agents. Keywords: Pioglitazone, photostability, degradation kinetics, UV irridation, pharmaceutical stability

Now-a-days, vehicle parking has become a major problem in urban areas with the shortage of parking spaces. It is very difficult and frustrating to find a parking space in most metropolitan areas, especially during the rush hours to solve this problem. The project entitled smart parking system using android application, the major motivation of this project is to reduce the traffic congestion in roads, multi storied buildings and malls due to unavailability of parking spaces. The proposed application provides an easy way for reservation of parking slot. In this application user can view various parking areas and also view whether space is available or not. The project displays the nearest empty slot if present with respect to user location. This system gives a further feature of cancelling the bookings. Users may even make price online primarily based totally at the time taken for the reserved area the quantity might be calculated and the person can make charge. This project provides a good insight into the guidance, monitoring and reservations components of the smart parking and directions to the future development.

Shopping and buying is an integral part of our daily lives. Big mega markets have a wide variety of items and different stores can have different deliveries of goods. It is difficult for many consumers to stand in the long queue for the billing of goods purchased. This causes wastage of money and a poor bill for the wrong customer. Trolleys are used in supermarkets or grocery stores to make shopping simpler. However, it is difficult for customers to control the trolley while shopping. An automated customer following trolley was implemented which calculates the total sum of grocery items carried in the trolley by the customers. This reduces the customer's effort to pull the trolley and keep the line for the payment of the grocery products. The customer who has a specific tag and a web camera installed in front of the trolley will recognize the tag and move the trolley to the customer. Using the RFID tag and the Raspberry Pi receiver, the item bill inserted has been obtained in the trolley. This results in an ideal solution to all these problems.

Intelligent Environments (IEs) represent a paradigm shift in the way we interact with our surroundings, leveraging Ambient Intelligence (AmI) to create responsive and adaptive spaces that seamlessly integrate technology into the built environment. By harnessing sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence, IEs have the potential to enhance human experience, improve efficiency, and promote sustainability across various domains, including smart homes, workplaces, cities, and healthcare facilities. This paper provides an overview of IE concepts, discusses key technologies and applications, explores design considerations, and outlines future directions for research and development in this dynamic field. This paper focuses on the study of the potential use of Extended Reality technologies in order to promote Green Health as well as their use in Smart Hospitals, one of the variants of Smart Environments, incorporating Machine Learning and Computer Vision, as a tool to support and improve healthcare, both from the point of view of the health professional and the patient, through a literature review and analysis of the current situation. Resulting in the elaboration of a conceptual model with the suggestion of technologies that can be used to achieve this scenario selected for their potential, and then the development of prototypes of parts of the conceptual model for Extended Reality Headsets as concept validation.

Lead qualification is a critical process in sales and marketing, determining which leads have the highest potential for conversion into customers. This paper explores the integration of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) with Salesforce Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to automate lead qualification processes. By leveraging the capabilities of RPA bots to extract, process, and analyze data from Salesforce, businesses can achieve faster and more accurate lead qualification, leading to increased sales efficiency and revenue generation. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and implementation considerations of this integration, supported by real-world examples from companies that have successfully implemented automated lead qualification using RPA and Salesforce.

In this study, we have designed and developed a cationic bolaform C 12-(2,3-dihydroxy-N, N-dimethyl-N-(2ureidoethyl)propan-1-aminium chloride) 2 (C 12 (DDUPAC) 2) that is derived from biocompatible molecules. The bolaform C 12 (DDUPAC) 2 has hydroxyl (OH) functionality at both the cationic head groups. The impact of head group structure on the self-assembly and effectiveness of gene transfection and antimicrobial activity was investigated and compared with that of the hydrochloride salt C 12-(N, N-dimethyl-N-(2-ureidoethan-1aminium chloride) 2 (C 12 (DUAC) 2) of its precursor molecule. The formation of spherical as well as rod-like self-assembled structures was found to occur above a relatively low critical aggregation concentration (CAC) by the bolaforms. The results of calorimetric measurements demonstrated thermodynamically favorable aggregation in water. Interaction studies of the cationic bolaforms with the calf thymus DNA revealed stronger binding of C 12 (DDUPAC) 2 in comparison to C 12 (DUAC) 2 , which explained higher in vitro gene transfection efficiency of C 12 (DDUPAC) 2 than C 12 (DUAC) 2. Both bolaforms interact weakly with the bovine serum albumin protein. MTT-based in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed and both bolaforms were found to have marginal cytotoxicity. Further, both bolaforms exhibit advantageous antibacterial activity against E. coli and potent antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum at high dosages.

The rapid digitizati exchange. Safe guarding the confidentiality and integrity of these sensitive E patient privacy. This project proposes a r encryption model. Advanced cryptographic techniques ensure that only authorized personnel can access and decrypt images, minimizing the risk of unauthorized data breaches. The project aim sharing, facilitating improved collaboration among providers while prioritizing patient privacy and data integrity. Keywords-AES The contemporary healthcare landscape is undergoing a significant transformation with the digitization of medical records and the widespread adoption of advanced technologies, particularly evident in the prolific generation and exchange of E Healthcare images. While this digital revolution offers numerous benefits, it also presents substantial challenges, notably concerning the security and confidentiality of sensitive patient data. Healthcare institutions are increasingly transitioning electronic health records and digital imaging modalities, yet this shift raises concerns about unauthorized access and breaches that jeopardize patient privacy and trust. Compliance with regulatory frameworks like HIPAA and GDPR underscores the need for robust This sets the stage by addressing the growing concern over maintaining privacy and confidentiality in healthcare amidst the increasing digitization of medical records and information, especially medical images, from unauthorized access and breaches. The introduction might emphasize the challenges posed by traditional encryption methods in efficientl maintaining their diagnostic quality. This paper presents a novel image encryption solution tailored to the unique requirements of digital healthcare, aiming to enhance privacy and confidentiality without co diagnostic accuracy.

In today's world, food spoilage is a crucial problem as consuming spoiled food is harmful for consumers. Our proposed work aims at detecting spoiled food using appropriate sensors and monitoring gases like carbon monoxide, ammonia and benzene which are released by the particular food item. A micro controller named Arduino that senses this and issues an alert using internet of things, so that appropriate action can be taken. This approach has widespread applications in the food industry, where manual detection methods are prevalent. The preservation of food freshness is critical for ensuring consumer safety and reducing wastage. The proposed machine learning algorithm, Support Vector Machine, has been integrated into this model to estimate the likelihood of food spoilage when purchased from a specific vendor. This will increase competition among retailers to sell more healthy and fresh food and create a safe world for all consumers alike. Through this approach, our project not only enhances food safety but also promotes a culture of freshness and quality in the food supply chain.

This initiative introduces the concept of a fully automated nursery designed specifically for infants. The primary goal of this innovation is to alleviate the burdens on exceptionally occupied parents. In today's fast-paced world, working parents often struggle to find sufficient time for infant care. This automated system is engineered to monitor an infant's actions within the nursery and adjust its operations based on those observations. As a result, parents can conserve both their energy and time, as frequent checks on their child are not necessary unless alerted by the system. The functionality of this room is enabled through the integration of various sensors and a microprocessor. These sensors are adept at detecting environmental conditions and the infant's movements, offering real-time updates and alerts to the parents about their child's status, thereby streamlining childcare.

Smart Tracking System for Packaged Product finds out the available stock of items using barcodes such as soaps, detergents, snacks packets and other packaged items. Each time an item is added or removed, the barcode needs to be scanned to update the inventory database. A threshold level is set for the count of the items such that when the available stock goes below the threshold the system sends a notification to the user through the app. The system waits for the user's response (via app) on whether to place an order for that item or not. If the user replies 'Yes', then it places an order for that item to a designated store through the app. If the system does not get a command from the user, restocking for that item is paused. It updates the database for the product only after the item is replenished by the user. The barcodes with expiry date information are attached on the items. The system can periodically check this information to alert users when items are reaching their expiration dates. The main goal is to avoid the wastage of the products and to keep track of them which helps in easy maintenance of the grocery list.

In the modern landscape of digital work environments, staying focused on tasks amidst a plethora of distractions has become a significant challenge. To address this issue, the "Focus Flow," a desktop application meticulously crafted to optimize productivity by minimizing interruptions from social media, games, and other potential distractions. The core feature, "Focus Mode," empowers users to isolate and prevent access to distracting applications, fostering an environment conducive to concentration. Technical implementation involves the strategic use of file permissions or firewall rules, ensuring a seamless and secure process running in the background. Beyond distraction control, Focus Flow integrates an array of functionalities. From straightforward to-do lists, local task management, and a documents viewer for seamless file accessibility to a unique Test Mode that transforms the system into a secure environment for standardized test-taking, the application aims to provide a holistic solution to enhance productivity. Moreover, the inclusion of an in-app chat feature enables communication within the application, fostering collaboration without external distractions. A central dashboard serves as a command center, offering quick access to Focus Mode, statistics, task management, and other essential features. The application also incorporates progress tracking, allowing users to visualize trends over time and set and monitor productivity goals. In summary, Focus Flow aspires to redefine the way users approach works, providing a comprehensive toolkit to create a distraction-free and productive work environment.

This study presents a novel approach to remote healthcare through a wireless patient monitoring system using LoRa communication. The system consists of two main parts: a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter collects vital health data, such as body temperature, SpO2, accelerometer and gyroscope measurements, electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, air quality and heart rate. This information will be transmitted wirelessly using LoRa technology to the receiver section, which will transmit the data to the IoT cloud server. In addition, the receiver section is equipped with a GSM module to send an SMS alert in the event of abnormal health parameters. The aim of this system is to provide realtime monitoring of patients in remote areas, enabling timely interventions and improving accessibility to healthcare. The efficiency and reliability of the system make it a promising solution for remote patient monitoring in challenging environments.

Face recognition is a personal identification system that uses individual characteristics of a person to recognize the person's identity. The software which is used for face recognition is MATLAB. The project area is image processing. Different types of ordinal measures are derived from magnitude and phase components of Gabor images. Two orientations and two wavelengths are used. Gabor filters are used in the pre-processing step. Array of Gabor filters is called as filter bank. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for face recognition, which outperforms the traditional techniques. It has three layers in which Convolution Layer is used for feature extraction. Pooling Layer is used, which crops the particular part of the image containing the object and then resizes it, because classification requires fixed size of an image. SoftMax Layer is used to normalize the un-normalized vectors and make the predictions into the probabilistic forms. Loss function is used to figure out the error. Finally, the face of a student is recognized by using CNN.

The concept of an innovative drone system designed to revolutionize search and rescue operations in disaster scenarios. This system aims to harness the power of artificial intelligence (AI) for automatic human detection, alongside advanced technologies such as cameras, processors, and payload mechanisms. By integrating these components, the drone system will autonomously survey disaster areas, identifying individuals in need of assistance with precision and speed. Upon detection, the system will generate alarms to alert rescue teams promptly. Furthermore, the drone will be equipped with efficient payload dropping mechanisms, enabling it to deliver essential supplies to remote or inaccessible locations within the disaster zone. Through the seamless integration of AI and advanced technologies, this drone system represents a significant advancement in disaster response capabilities, with the potential to save lives and mitigate the impact of disasters on affected communities.

Microencapsulation can be described as heavy, fluid or gaseous substance packaging engineering with thin polymeric coatings, creating small particles called microcapsules. Microencapsulation is very helpful to increase the solubility of drugs. For the drugs of BCS Class-II we use this techniques which enables us to get more solubility and increase dissolution profile. This is the novel method of drug delivery. In future aspect we can use this technique in food industry, beverages. Microencapsulation approach for the preparation of an intrauterine contraception system was also suggested. This technique is helpful to overcome poor solubility, low Bioavaibility and less stability. This method also give more control over the drawback of conventional dosages form.

In the recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of oral drug delivery systems. The reasons that the oral route achieved such popularity may be primarily due to its ease of administration. Chewing gum is one of the very popular oral confectionary products. It is a potentially useful means of administering drugs either locally or systematically via, the oral cavity. The medicated chewing gum has through the recent years gained increasing acceptance as a drug delivery system. Chewing gum known as gum base (insoluble gum base resin) contains elastomers, emulsifiers, fillers, waxes, antioxidants, softners, sweeteners, food colorings, flavoring agents, and in case of medical chewing gum, active substances. It offers various advantages over conventional drug delivery systems. Unlike chewable tablets, medicated chewing gums are not supposed to be swallowed and may be removed from the site of application without resorting to invasive means. Moreover medicated chewing gums require the active and continuous masticatory activities for activation and continuation of drug release. An In-vitro apparatus was specially designed and constructed for release testing of medicated chewing gums. Medicated chewing gums are excellent mobile drug delivery systems for self-medication as it is convenient and can be administered discretely without water.

Background: Nonsurgical periodontal therapy combined with antimicrobial agents is crucial for effective periodontal care. As local drug delivery systems, hydrogels offer significant advantages for managing periodontal disease. Carrageenan, extracted from red seaweeds, offers anti-inflammatory benefits, while fucoidan provides antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral effects. Titanium oxide nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial activity, synergizing with these agents. Methods: This study was an experimental in-vitro investigation. Carrageenan powder (0.8 g) and fucoidan powder (0.8 g) were dissolved in 100 mL deionized water and boiled at 65 °C for four hours. The resulting supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was double-filtered. This process was repeated twice to obtain the carrageenan and fucoidan extract. Titanium oxide nanoparticles (0.1 g) and Carbopol (50 g) were added to the obtained extract. The prepared product was stored in graded tubes at a cool temperature. The samples underwent degradation analysis, swelling test, contact angle analysis, and anti-inflammatory analysis. Results: The degradation test, conducted on three samples on days 4, 7, and 14, respectively, resulted in complete degradation by day 6. The swelling index demonstrated a significant weight decrease from the first hour to the 24th hour, measuring 0.385 g and 0.330 g, respectively. The contact angles on the left and right sides were 54.07° and 55.2°, respectively, indicating their hydrophilic nature. Anti-inflammatory analysis at 50 μL revealed a standard value of 84 and a hydrogel value of 80. Conclusion: The formulated hydrogel demonstrated complete degradation by day six, supporting its use in controlled drug delivery. The swelling index confirmed its moisture-retention capacity, while the hydrophilic contact angles highlighted its adhesion with periodontal tissues. The anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to the standard demonstrated its potential as an effective therapeutic agent, making it a promising addition to nonsurgical periodontal treatment.

We report in vivo evaluation of a thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan based magnetic nanohydrogel (MNHG) incorporated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in mice models with expandible scope for use in localized delivery of chemotherapeutics. Biocompatibility and biodistribution of the MNHG are studied in normal Swiss mice while efficacy in tumor growth inhibition is studied in a sub-
cutaneous fibrosarcoma tumor. The ex vivo time-dependent pattern of accumulated MNHG into vital organs; lung, liver, spleen, kidney and brain collected at 1 h, 48 h, 7 d and 14 d post intravenous administration are investigated using both a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method. The doses of MNHG (dose I ∼650 and dose II ∼ 325 μg g−1 body wt) used in the study are determined based on induced thermal activation of MNHG under an AC magnetic field (AMF). Fibrosarcoma tumor bearing mice are subjected to hyperthermia with a field of 325 Oe and 265 kHz for 30 min following intratumoral administration of dose I. Tumor size measured at an interval of 72 h for a period of 2 weeks reveals that the NPs mediated therapy decelerated the growth of the transplanted tumor by about three-fold (size, 1545 ± 720 mm3) as compared to the exponential growth of the tumor (size, 4510 ± 735 mm3) in control mice. These results suggest the feasibility of using poly(NIPAAm)-chitosan hydrogels loaded with NPs for combined thermo-chemotherapy where the efficacy may further be improved by temperature dependent release of the drugs from the magneto hydrogels.

Chemotherapy as an adjuvant therapy that has largely failed to significantly improve outcomes for aggressive brain tumors; some reasons include a weak blood brain barrier penetration and tumor heterogeneity. Recently, there has been interest in designing effective ways to deliver chemotherapy to the tumor. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of focused chemotherapies that are currently under investigation. Nanoparticle delivery demonstrates both a superior permeability and retention. However, thus far, it has not demonstrated a therapeutic efficacy for brain tumors. Convection-enhanced delivery is an invasive, yet versatile method, which appears to have the greatest potential. Other vehicles, such as angiopep-2 decorated gold nanoparticles, polyamidoamine dendrimers, and lipid nanostructures have demonstrated efficacy through sustained release of focused chemotherapy and have either improved cell death or survival in humans or animal models. Finally, focused ultrasound is a sa...

In this work a novel synthesis methodology in aqueous medium of semi-interpenetrated nanohydrogels (HGNCs), of polyacrylamide (PAAm) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is presented. The synthesis of the HGNCs/AgNPs was carried out in two phases: in a first stage, the AgNPs were obtained using the polyol method with PVA as a reducing agent and stabilizer of the metal nanoparticles, and in a second stage, the hydrogel semi IPN PAAm/PVA/AgNPs was synthesized in situ. A weight ratio of 2:1 PVA:AgNO3 and 4:1 PAAm:PVA is used. To evaluate the quality of the HGNCs/AgNPs obtained, the morphological and swelling properties of PAAm and PAAm/PVA blank samples are also analyzed. The dispersion in the polymer matrix, polydispersity and particle size of the metallic nanophase is evaluated through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The structure and pore size of the synthesized hydrogels are analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) from lyophilized samples.

The use of topical NSAIDs to complement periodontal therapy could help resolve the inflammatory process and clinical signs of the disease more rapidly. A randomized clinical trial was performed on 59 patients, of whom 33 had chronic periodontitis and 26 were healthy controls. All diseased patients underwent scaling and root planing in one quadrant per week with subgingival application of gel 48 hours after each session. Gel was applied to healthy patients with the same frequency. Four types of gel were used, containing respectively placebo, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 1%, Ketoprofene (KTP) 1% and Ketoprofene 2%. The following clinical variables were studied: probing depth, attachment level, dental mobility, plaque index, gingival index and bleeding on probing; as well as the biochemical variables: bleeding time (Ivy), platelet count in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma, and platelet aggregation induced by different agonists. Regarding clinical results, ASA was the most effective i...