Medical translation

In this article, the author analyzes the terminology of a judgment handed down by a US court in a medical negligence case. Although both medical and legal terms are used, the balance here is clearly tipped toward the legal terminology. The author’s study of this judgment has led her to create a mini-glossary of sixty English legal terms with their proposed equivalents in Spanish and Catalan.

[in Polish]
Titles of clinical trials are a problem for translators not versed in the field of medical translation who come across such labels in legal or economic documents associated with clinical studies. This article presents basic terminology related to clinical trials in English and Polish with a view to facilitating the translation of such short texts by colleagues specialising in other areas. The terms are supplemented with definitions or descriptions, some useful websites are suggested, and sample translations of a few titles are provided at the end.

Bearing in mind the responsibility of translators, which goes beyond merely transferring the meaning and entails them to act as terminologists, cultural transmitters, linguists, editors, and even authors, trainers in undergraduate translation and interpretation departments require to apply a multi-faceted approach. Over the last decade, the importance of creating a constructivist environment in translation classrooms has been foregrounded, and primarily, collaborative learning has been discussed by a vast number of researchers. Theoretical and applied studies shed light on how students can actively participate in classroom activities, achieve deep learning, and get involved in real-life tasks in collaborative learning environments. The collaborative learning approach calls for the interaction and cooperation of learners and instructors pointing to the significance of such methods as teamwork in translation courses, and that the gap between real-life and the courses taught at universities to be fulfilled through such tendencies.

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the collaborative learning tasks on the translation skills of students through a pre-/post-test control group research design. Accordingly, empirical results were obtained regarding the contribution of a collaborative learning project, which was developed and applied by the researchers, to translation skills of the students in medical translation course. Within the scope of this collaborative learning method, the experimental group participated in teamwork and undertook various roles such as terminologists, translators, proof-readers, and peer editors to check the final work. On the other hand, the control group was instructed via the traditional translate-and-read method. The research findings revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the translation performance scores of the experimental group. The noteworthy improvement in the translation
competences of the students, as revealed in the study, reiterates that the teaching and learning methods in undergraduate translation departments should be revised.

Rękopis/Manuscript

Autor omawia w sposób syntetyczny najczęstsze trudności pojawiające się przy tłumaczeniu opisów medycznych badań diagnostycznych (przede wszystkim obrazowych: RTG, USG, tomografia komputerowa itp.) w parze język polski – język angielski. Główny nacisk jest jednak położony na takie elementy zdań jak orzeczenie, podmiot, przymiotniki i przysłówki, dzięki czemu referat może zainteresować wszystkich tłumaczących takie teksty na język polski.
The article reviews the most common problems associated with the translation of reports of diagnostic examinations (mostly imaging studies: x-ray, CT, ultrasound) between English and Polish. As the arrangement is by part of sentence / part of speech, with separate sections on verbs, subjects, adjectives and adverbs, the article may be of interest to everyone who translates medical examination reports into Polish.

[in Polish]
English equivalents of the word “badanie” as used in medical texts.
The article discusses English equivalents of the Polish word “badanie” as used in medical texts and presents difficulties associated with the translation of some related vocabulary.

La doble terminología médica en alemán y sus implicaciones para el traductor: de la Otitis a la Ohrenentzündung por el camino del medio Carmen Quijada Diez* * Traductora autónoma (Oviedo, españa). dirección para correspondencia: carmen.quijada@gmail.com.

This study investigates phonological translation and spelling adjustment as linguistic phenomena in the translation of English medical terms into Indonesian. It aims at identifying the phonological translation and describing spelling adjustment taking place in English-Indonesian medical terms translation. Here, phonological adaptation is specifically discussed to demonstrate the translation of the English terms that are, then, adopted into the Indonesian language through the adjustment of pronunciation. The adjustment can be clearly seen through the comparison of the phonemic transcription of each term. Meanwhile, spelling adjustment presents the adaptation of writing system in accordance with the phonological translation. In Indonesian, the spelling system of the foreign adopted terms is standardized in the Indonesian guidance of term formation. The data are taken from the translation of six selected articles from a medical textbook, General Ophthalmology (2008) that is translated into Oftalmologi Umum (2013). The results demonstrate that phonological translation does occur in the process of translating the English medical terms into Indonesian and the spelling adjustment includes the writing of affix, vowel, vowel combination, vowel-consonant combination as well as consonant combination.

En las últimas décadas los problemas de la terminología han llamado la atención de muchos
investigadores y científicos lo cual se explica por la creciente importancia que adquiere la ciencia
en la vida de las personas. La terminología médica empezó su formación hace siglos y sigue
desarrollándose hasta el momento. Siendo una de las ciencias más antiguas, se divide en varias
ramas de terminología médico-biológica, entre las cuales se puede distinguir varios subsistemas de
términos como, por ejemplo: los términos anatómicos, histológicos, clínicos (que incluyen
terminologías de especializaciones como terapia general, cirugía, oftalmología, oncología,
neurología, ginecología, psiquiatría y otras), además de la terminología farmacéutica.
La traducción en general, y sobre todo la traducción de textos médicos, requiere no
solamente el dominio perfecto de los dos idiomas de trabajo, sino la habilidad de su combinación y
coordinación continua de dos sistemas de lenguas. De ahí podemos deducir que el dominio de la
terminología se hace uno de los elementos claves para la elaboración de una traducción exitosa.
Para poder ofrecer un glosario de la terminología del sistema cardiovascular basada el la
Nómina Anatómica del año 2001 y un análisis exhaustivo de la traducción de términos realizada,
nos parece imprescindible empezar con la investigación de la historia de terminología como
disciplina aparte y su vertiente médica, analizar los principales problemas que surgen a la hora de
trabajar con un texto especializado y destacar las posibles soluciones de los retos descubiertos. El
objetivo principal del presente trabajo consiste en la elaboración de un glosario bilingüe españolruso
sobre el tema “Sistema cardiovascular” y también en la creación de un análisis de datos
recogidos y comentarios que pueden prevenir errores y confusiones entre los traductores y
recipientes de la información traducida, además de la formación de los archivos electrónicos con el
glosario elaborado que se ofrecen al uso para los programas de la traducción automatizada y
apoyada.
Para conseguir los objetivos propuestos hemos optado principalmente por el método de
análisis de textos paralelos acerca del tema elegido en el español y en ruso, lo que nos ha permitido
traducir los términos de la lista representada garantizando el máximo nivel de fidelidad, objetividad,
precisión, equivalencia y adecuación. Además, hemos recurrido a la metodología de visualización
(debido al hecho de que se trata de diferentes elementos del sistema cardiovascular humano para
determinar los cuales muchas veces se hace imprescindible localizar su topografía exacta en el
dicho sistema).
La hipótesis principal del presente trabajo consiste en que, a pesar del origen griego y latín
de la mayoría de los términos seleccionados en castellano y una gran parte de los términos en ruso,
la traducción literal de éstos representa el error más grave y más frecuente de los traductores de los
textos médicos ya que debido a las peculiaridades del desarrollo de los sistemas de lenguajes
médicos en español y en ruso, la terminología de cada idioma ha seguido sus propias pautas de
evolución cuyo sondeo detallado se encuentra en el apartado “Análisis de los resultados obtenidos”.

El presente estudio pretende demostrar la presencia de términos especializados en un texto perteneciente al género audiovisual informativo. El producto audiovisual en cuestión es un webinario elaborado en el marco del mercado científico-divulgativo, que requería un subtitulado para su proyección ante un público compuesto de médicos especialistas y pacientes con epilepsia. Mediante el análisis comparativo de la versión original en inglés y su traducción para subtitulado en español, daremos cuenta de que nos encontramos con un proyecto de traducción audiovisual muy complejo, donde el traductor deberá combinar diferentes técnicas de traducción para un texto audiovisual de temática biosanitaria, cuidando los elementos propios del discurso oral, aplicando los protocolos de subtitulado y desarrollando las competencias requeridas para una traducción especializada.

This article explores the problem of rendering etymological variation of medical terminology. Its findings are based on the
comparative analysis of the original and translated versions of “The Physician” by N. Gordon (translated into Russian by Vladimir
Polyakov). The aim of the present study is to corroborate the hypothesis that the etymology of medical terms’ translation
correspondences is a prerequisite defining the adequacy of the target text. Resorting to the etymological variation, by contrast, denotes
the SL (source language) or TL (target language) bias of the translation strategy. To achieve this aim, we used the following methods:
descriptive statistical analysis of terminological units in order to assess their etymological correspondence to the original units,
distributional analysis of the translation techniques and procedures with a statistical analysis of their frequency. Results of the study
suggest that the medical terminology is rendered by borrowings (34.65%) more often than by terminological variants signaling
communicative translation procedure (28.71%). The footnotes, manifestations of the amplification strategy (22.78%), and calques
(13.86%) are used to ensure understanding of the target audience. This distribution of techniques and procedures reveals a predominant
SL bias of the translation.
Key words: etymological variation, medical terminology, translation strategies, translation procedures, SL bias, TL bias.

Tıp metinlerinin çevirisi, diğer metin türlerinin çevirisine kıyasla çok daha zordur ve çevirmenleri birtakım problemler beklemektedir. Tıp bilimi insan sağlığıyla ilgilidir. Dolayısıyla, tıbbi çeviride meydana gelecek ve basit görünen hatalar insan hayatını olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir ve hatta ölümlere yol açabilir. Tıp, bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmelerin sürekli olarak yaşandığı bir bilim olduğundan, medikal terminolojiye her yıl yeni kelimeler eklenmektedir. Çevirmenler, bu kelimeleri takip etmekte zorlanabilir ve erek dilde uygun karşılıklarını referansların azlığı ve sözlüklerin yenilenmesi zaman alabileceğinden bulamayabilir. Ayrıca, tıbbi terminolojiyi de kapsayan bazı genel sözlükler çevirmenleri yanıltıcı karşılıklar içerebilir. İki dilli bir sözlükte geçen ve özel bir bağlam içeren sözcüklerin karşılıkları dahi yanlış olabilir. Bu, çevirmenler için oldukça sıkıntı veren bir durumdur ve çelişkiler doğurur. O halde denebilir ki, tıp metinlerinin çevirisinde görülen en bariz problem kullanılan özel terminolojidir. Bu özel terminoloji sıradan insanların alışık olmadığı çoğunlukla Yunanca ve Latince terimlerden oluşur ve konu alanı hakkında uzmanlık gerektirir. Tıp çevirisine yeni başlamış çevirmenler bu kelimelere erek dilde karşılık ararken varsayımlardan yola çıkıp, çeviri sürecinde ciddi sorunlara yol açabilir. Üstelik dilbilimciler tıbbi alanda bilgiye sahip olsalar bile terminolojiden kaynaklanan hatalar yüzünden kaynak metne uymayan bir erek metin üretebilir. Bu yüzden, tıbbi çevirmenlerin veya tıp çevirisiyle uğraşanların çeviri sürecinde zamanının büyük bir kısmı terminolojiye dayalı olası problemleri tespit edip çözmeye harcanır. Bazen de tıp terimleri birbiriyle karıştırılabilir. Örneğin, "kardiya" terimi hem "kalp" hem de "mide ağzı" anlamına gelebilir (krş. Erten, 2016). Bu noktada, kaynak metnin iyi anlaşılmış olması herhangi bir yanlış anlaşılmanın önüne geçilmesi için son derece önemlidir. Ayrıca, unutulmamalıdır ki medikal kavramları karşılamak için tek bir terimin kullanılması gereken durumlar ortaya çıkabilir. "Şizofreni" ve "kronik bronşit" gibi terimler çeşitli dillerde farklı anlamlara gelebilir. Bu da, çevirmenler için çeviri süreci boyunca belirsizliklere yol açabilir. Tıp metinlerinin çevirisinde sıklıkla kelimesi kelimesine çeviri yöntemi uygulanmaktadır ancak bazen bu yöntemle yapılan çeviriler yanlışları da beraberinde getirebilir. Şöyle ki İngilizce bir terim olan "suction catheter" Türkçe'de "aspirasyon sondası" terimiyle karşılanmaktadır. Bu kavram kelimesi kelimesine çeviri yöntemiyle "emme kateteri" olarak çevrilirse anlamda sorunlar oluşabilir. Dolayısıyla, çevirmenin erek metinde "aspirasyon sondası" terimini kullanıp, işlevsel eşdeğerlilik yöntemini tercih etmesi daha doğru olur. Bu sorunların yanı sıra, kaynak metinde gramer hataları, yazım noktalama yanlışları, terimlerin hatalı kullanılması, karışık cümle yapıları, metinler ve şekiller arasındaki hatalı ve eksik referanslar, çevirmenlerin kaynak metinde geçen cümleleri dilsel ve konu alanı yetersizliğinden kaynaklanan problemler yüzünden anlayamaması, günlük dilde kullanılan sözcüklerin tıp alanında farklı anlamları olması zorluk teşkil edebilir. Bunların aşılmasında, karar mekanizması öncelikli olarak çevirmenin kendisidir. Ancak, hataların en aza indirgenmesi için bir takım çalışmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Örneğin, düzeltmenler kaynak ve erek metinleri karşılaştırarak, anlamsal ve yazım noktalamaya dayalı hataları tespit edip metnin erek okuyucu tarafından anlaşılabilir hale getirilmesi için uğraşır.

German-Spanish biomedical translation and the teaching-learning process: a didactic proposal
Abstract: In specialized translation classes, the treatment of some subjects is conditioned by factors ranging from the time available
to the language pair in use. When considering the teaching-learning process for specialized German-Spanish translation,
the biomedical field takes on particular importance. Once the significance of this field is identified, a teaching methodology
should be developed to meet both the needs of the market and the requirements of the educational system in question, keeping in
mind the conditions under which this methodology will be implemented. Here we present a comprehensive proposal that meets
these needs based on the reality of the job market for German-Spanish biomedical translation.
Key words: specialized translation, scientific-technical translation, biomedical translation, German-Spanish translation, didactic
proposal.

Запропонована розвідка викриває приховані механізми уподібнення української медичної термінології до російських зразків на матеріалі «медичного термінологічного бюлетеня» 1934 р. та сучасних німецько-українських перекладів у галузі медицини. встановлено, що значна частка уподібнених термінів сьогодні залучена до фахової літератури та чинної анатомічної номенклатури. аби реконструювати питомі українські відповідники та посприяти укладанню фахового медичного словника, у статті зіставляється медична термінологія німецької та української мов.
Ключові слова: медична термінологія, медичний термінологічний бюлетень, анатомічна номенклатура, переклад, нормативність відповідників.

The fght for each term: creating a GermanUkrainian medical dictionary

The proposed article deals with exposing of the hidden assimilation mechanisms of Ukrainian medical terminology to Russian samples on the material of the “Bulletin of medical terminology” (1934) and the modern German Ukrainian translations in the feld of medicine. It is established that a signifcant part of the assimilated terms is nowadays involved in professional literature and the current anatomical nomenclature. In order to reconstruct specifc Ukrainian equivalents and assist in the creation of a professional medical dictionary, the article compares medical terminology of the German and Ukrainian languages.
Key words: medical terminology, Bulletin of medical terminology, anatomical nomenclature, translation, normative equivalents.

5η Συνάντηση Ελληνόφωνων Μεταφρασεολόγων, ΑΠΘ, 21-23/5/2015

In this paper we present a method for term extraction that can be used in classroom with translation students. The terms are extracted from a multilingual parallel corpus with the aid of a parallel concordancer, AntPConc. Our work is focused on English-Greek medical terminology translation, but the method can be transferred to other language pairs and other fields of terminology. In the first part, there is a short presentation of the theoretical framework with due reference to data-driven learning and corpora, followed by a presentation of the corpus used, i.e. the EMEA corpus, as well as the parallel concordancer AntPConc, so that sufficient information is given in order to implement the suggested teaching activity, which is presented in the last part of this paper. Finally, we suggest other uses of AntPConc, and present the advantages of the suggested methodology for translation students.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND TRANSLATION OF PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLETS
Medical information and new discoveries in the medical field are developing rapidly in parallel with the medical terminology. And this terminology requires constant updating. These new developments in the medical world are shared among countries and this can be done through translation. Cross-country circulation of medicines for the treatment of diseases is quite common. Therefore, the translation of patient information leaflets which contain information on the content of medicines, usage areas, usage and dosage etc. is important.
In this study, related information on medical language and terminology, definitions, types of medical texts and translations, patient information leaflets in medical texts has been given. And then the German, English and Turkish patient information leaflets of a drug product of the German pharmaceutical company have been compared.
The similarities and differences of the medical terms in the primary sources and translation texts have been revealed afterwards.

У статті проаналізовано перекладознавчу категорію нормативної еквівалентності, а також виокремлено її основні характеристики. Розвідка провадиться на термінологічній площині, що вможливлює об'єктивацію оцінки адекватности перекладу. Установлено, що нормативна еквівалентність не є абсолютною категорією. Беручи до уваги залежність еквівалентности та адекватности від дотримання мовних норм, запропоновано нову, доцільну для українського перекладознавства, типологію перекладацьких помилок.

Ключові слова: переклад, нормативна еквівалентність, адекватність, анатомічна термінологія, перекладацька помилка, мовна норма.

Many EFL learners resort to Google Translate (GT) to check meanings of difficult words. The aim of the present study is to check the breadth of coverage and accuracy of the Arabic translation equivalents that GT gives to technical terms. It also aims to discuss the semantic, contextual, syntactic, morphological and orthographic deficiencies in the Arabic equivalents to technical terms that GT yields. A random sample of technical terms with different Greek and Latin roots and different prefixes and class-changing suffixes was collected. The Arabic meaning of each word with its derivatives was looked up in Google Translate. It was found that GT gives Arabic equivalents to the full range of meanings of some terms such as 'mobilization' and 'technical', but it is inconsistent in translating terms with varying prefixes, roots combined with the same suffix, compounds and blends. A team of linguists or specialists is needed to revise, add and supervise scientific terms included in the

У запропонованому дослідженні переклад розглядається як симулякр вперше в українському перекладознавстві. Доведено, що переклад є гіперреальністю, себто симулякром третього порядку, для якого підробка (перший порядок) та серійність (другий порядок) є лише початковими формами. Розвідка провадиться на площині спеціяльних текстів (зокрема медичних), що уможливлює вивчення термінів-відповідників крізь призму симулякрів. Встановлено, що в контексті державних процесів термінотворення та стандартизації термінології фахові словники можуть
виступати рушійною силою влади задля очолення «шахівниці перекладу», території суцільного маніпулювання знаками та кодами.

In the proposed research translation is viewed as a simulacrum in the Ukrainian translation studies for the first time. It is proved that translation refers to hyperreality, meaning it is the simulacrum of the third order for which the falsification
(the first order) and mass production (the second order) are only initial forms. The research has been carried out on the basis of special texts (specifically medical ones). This makes it possible to study equivalent terms through the prism of simulacra. It has been established that in the context of state processes of term formation and standardization professional dictionaries can act as a driving force for the authority leadership on the «translation chessboard», the territory of continuous manipulation of signs and codes.

Ineffective intercultural communication can occur due to inaccurate medical interpreting for limited English
proficiency (LEP) patients. Research shows that Hmong patients experience poorer quality interpreter services than
other LEP populations. This study’s purpose is to understand Hmong medical interpreters’ perceptions of the factors that
affect their ability to make accurate medical interpretations during clinical encounters. Method: A qualitative study was
conducted with Hmong-speaking medical interpreters. The interviews were semistructured, audio recorded, and analyzed
using conventional content analysis. Results: 13 interpreters aged 29 to 49 years participated in the study. Three factors
affected the interpreters’ ability to make accurate medical interpretations for Hmong-speaking patients: (a) matched gender
between the interpreter and patient, (b) culturally taboo topics in communicating about reproductive body parts and sexual
health/activity, and (c) culture and generational language differences between interpreters and Hmong patients. Discussion:
Clinical encounters that match patient–interpreter ages, gender, and/or local culture may reduce communication barriers.

В отечественной неврологии широкое распространение получили международные шкалы и опросники. Валидация – приоритет-ная процедура, необходимая перед применением такого рода диагностических инструментов в русскоязычной популяции. В на-стоящей статье описана работа по валидации Бостонского опросника по оценке карпального туннельного синдрома (Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, BCTQ), предназначенного для использования у пациентов с вышеуказанным заболеванием. Примене-ние валидированной русскоязычной версии позволит объективно оценить выраженность клинических проявлений карпального туннельного синдрома (синдрома запястного канала) и отследить динамику состояния пациента. Представлены не только официальная версия BCTQ, рекомендованная для применения в России, но и данные, показавшие высокую чувствительность и надежность этого инструмента клинической оценки карпального туннельного синдрома. Ключевые слова: валидация, опросник, Бостонский опросник по оценке карпального туннельного синдрома, карпальный туннель-ный синдром, синдром запястного канала Для цитирования: Юсупова Д.Г., Супонева Н.А., Зимин А.А. и др. Валидация Бостонского опросника по оценке карпального тун-нельного синдрома (Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire) в России. Нервно-мышечные болезни 2018;8(1):38–45. International scales and questionnaires have become widespread in Russian neurology. Validation is a procedure of top priority necessary before applying this kind of diagnostic instrument in Russian-speaking population. In this article, validation of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) intended for patients with this disease is described. Use of validated Russian version would allow to objectively evaluate severity of clinical manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome and follow patient dynamics. We present the official BCTQ version recommended for use in Russia, as well as data that showed high sensitivity and reliability of this instrument for clinical evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Анотація. У запропонованій розвідці запроваджується категорія епонімної незбіжности, що є вислідом спостереження практики залучення відмінних епонімів до різномовних термінологічних систем, зокрема медичної. Епонімна незбіжність вважається при-роднім з'явищем, що спричинене етноцентризмом, термінологічним патріотизмом, а також різнобічним трактуванням історії розвитку науки. У статті визначені поняття епонімної незбіжности, термінологічного патріотизму, продемонстровано відмінні епонімні терміни у різномовних термінологічних стандартах медичної термінології.
Ключові слова: переклад, медична термінологія, епонімні терміни, епонімна незбіжність, термінологічний стандарт.

Введение. Объективизация характеристик нейропатической боли является важным компонентом дифференциальной диагностики при различных заболеваниях. Шкалы и опросники – актуальные диагностические инструменты оценки субъективных симптомов как для пациентов, так и для медицинских работников. Цель исследования – разработка и валидация русскоязычной версии Лидской шкалы оценки нейропатической боли (LANSS). Материалы и методы. Исследование включало 2 этапа: лингвокультурную ратификацию и оценку психометрических свойств разработанной русскоязычной версии. Результаты. Показан высокий уровень надежности, валидности и чувствительности русскоязычной версии шкалы. Заключение. По результатам проведенного исследования представлена официальная валидированная русскоязычная версия шкалы, рекомендованная для применения при работе с русскоязычными пациентами. Ключевые слова: валидация, опросник, Лидская шкала по оценке нейропатической боли, LANSS, карпальный туннельный синдром, синдром запястного канала Background. Objectivization of the characteristics of neuropathic pain is an important component of differential diagnosis in various diseases. Scales and questionnaires are topical diagnostic tools for assessing subjective symptoms for patients and health professionals. Objective to development and validation of the Russian version of the the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale (LANSS). Materials and methods. The study included two stages: linguocultural ratification and assessment of the psychometric properties of the developed Russian version. Results. The study showed a high level of reliability, validity and sensitivity of the developed Russian-language version of the scale. Conclusion. By the results of the study, the official validated Russian-language version of the scale is presented and recommended for use in work with Russian-speaking patients.

Governments constantly promote different training, work and research plans abroad. They establish links and fraternities and boost relationships with other countries in order to reach a higher international integration and cooperation. Consequently, migratory movements are more and more frequent, and they play a very important role for both development and cultural/communicative enrichment of the population of a country. However, these movements involve a continuous cultural and communicative exchange, and due to these reasons, immigrants can face many problems, the most important one of them being the communicative barrier. In this article, communicative problems that occur in health services are discussed, and a detailed study about the situation of three European cities (London, Düsseldorf and Madrid) is performed. Analyzing the immigrant populations of each country and discovering the measures (organization, requirements, procedures, workers, computing programs, among others) that each hospital uses in order to solve these problems can be very useful for translators, linguistic mediators and hospitals. KEY WORDS: immigration, communicative problems at hospitals, linguistic mediators, translation and interpretation tools at hospitals. RESUMEN Los gobiernos fomentan continuamente diversos planes de formación, trabajo e investigación en el extranjero, a la vez que establecen vínculos y hermandades y potencian las relaciones con otros países para lograr una mayor integración y cooperación en el contexto internacional. Por todo ello, los movimientos migratorios son cada vez más frecuentes, y son decisivos para el desarrollo y el enriquecimiento cultural de la población de un país. No obstante, estos movimientos implican un continuo intercambio cultural y comunicativo y, por este motivo, los inmigrantes pueden tener que enfrentarse a muchas dificultades, en donde la piedra angular es la barrera comunicativa. En este artículo se tratan concretamente los problemas comunicativos que tienen lugar en los servicios de salud, y se lleva a cabo un estudio detallado sobre la situación de tres ciudades europeas (Londres, Düsseldorf y Madrid). Analizar la población inmigrante de cada país así como descubrir las medidas (organización, requisitos, procedimientos, trabajadores, programas informáticos, entre

This book explains and shows how corpora and the web as corpus can be consulted successfully to deliver technical translations in a first and second language. It follows a step-by-step approach and provides insights into term search, collocation retrieval and uses of words in contexts of various technical fields. You will become acquainted with online and offline corpora, the web as corpus and will be able to deliver native-like translations in different sectors. The fields tackled by this book are various and include economics, business, medicine and journalism.

espanolEl presente estudio pretende demostrar la presencia de terminos especializados en un texto perteneciente al genero audiovisual informativo. El producto audiovisual en cuestion es un webinario elaborado en el marco del mercado cientificodivulgativo, que requeria un subtitulado para su proyeccion ante un publico compuesto de medicos especialistas y pacientes con epilepsia. Mediante el analisis comparativo de la version original en ingles y su traduccion para subtitulado en espanol, daremos cuenta de que nos encontramos con un proyecto de traduccion audiovisual muy complejo, donde el traductor debera combinar diferentes tecnicas de traduccion para un texto audiovisual de tematica biosanitaria, cuidando los elementos propios del discurso oral, aplicando los protocolos de subtitulado y desarrollando las competencias requeridas para una traduccion especializada. EnglishThis study aims to demonstrate the presence of specialized terminology in a text belonging to the audiovisual info...

Сайко М. А. Відтворювання і стандартизація медичної термінології в німецько-українських лексикографічних джерелах. – Кваліфікаційна наукова праця на правах рукопису.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора філософії за спеціяльністю 035 «Філологія» (03 – Гуманітарні науки). – Інститут філології Київського національного університету імени Тараса Шевченка, Київ, 2021.

У статті проаналізовано наслідки провадження позамовних суспільно-політичних процесів та їхнє відображення у сучасній медичній термінології. Увагу зосереджено не лише на нормативності вживання активних дієприкметників на -уч-ий, -юч-ий  в українській мові, але й насамперед на відтворенні медичних німецьких активних дієприкметників українською мовою. Встановлено, що їхнє відтворення може становити труднощі для медичних перекладачів. Тому запропоновано перелік найуживаніших нормативних словотвірних способів їхнього відтворення.
Ключові слова: німецько-український переклад, активні дієприкметники, медична термінологія, Медичний термінологічний бюлетень

Translation issues of German participles into Ukrainian in medical texts

The article underlines the political nature of the language and reveals the Ukrainian origin of the active participles with endings -уч-ий, -юч-ий in the context of medical terminology normalization of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the proposed study is to standardize the language tools for medical German-Ukrainian translators on the word-formation level. The novelty of the research is the comparative historical reconstruction of the usage of active participles in medical lexicographic sources as well as in optimizing the terminology system of the Ukrainian medical sublanguage by means of standard word-building models.
Active participles of the German and Ukrainian languages make up the object of the research. The subject of the study is the means of normative translation of German active participles into Ukrainian. Translations of medical certificates from German into Ukrainian as well as lexicographic sources have been used as the material for the research. The chosen methods have been determined by the specifics of the intended purpose. The diachronic sociolinguistic method serves to recreate the evolution of the status of normality of active participles in the Ukrainian language. Equally important are the comparative and empirical methods.
Therefore, taking into account the achievements of Ukrainian scholars as well as the analysis of relevant lexicographic sources, one can safely conclude about the political engagement of the usage of active participles with endings -уч-ий, -юч-ий in the Ukrainian language. Having compared and clearly demonstrated the individual articles from the translation dictionaries of the last century, it can be affirmed that the adoption of the Resolution of the Commission of the People's Commissariat of Education (1933) and the publication of the Bulletin of medical terminology (1934) led to the inclusion of appropriate forms (which are not typical for the Ukrainian language) into the Ukrainian professional language of medicine. In order to facilitate the work of medical translators, the article proposes a list of normative word-building means for translation of German active participles into Ukrainian. In view of their number the primacy and uniqueness of the descriptive translation той, який (що) + дієслово is refuted. There is no doubt that there are significantly more means for translation of German active participles, the research and selection of which can serve as the purpose for the further research.

* Profesor asociado de la UCO y profesor titular de la UGR e intérpretes de conferencia en activo. Dirección para correspondencia: rafael.porlan@ uco.es y ojimene@ugr.es. Medical science has made such tremendous progress that there is hardly a healthy human left. Aldous Huxley Es un gran honor asumir las labores de coordinación de este primer número monográfico de Panace@ que, junto con el número habitual del presente año, inaugura una nueva etapa para la revista. Deseamos felicitar por ello al equipo de redac-ción, que ha trabajado sin descanso para poder materializar tal empresa en un tiempo reducido. Nuestra condición de intér-pretes habituales de congresos de contenido médico y clínico propicia que asumamos la tarea de examinar este campo de especialización en interpretación que, por su enorme difi-cultad y exigencia, genera respeto (y, a veces, hasta aversión) entre los profesionales con enorme interés. Resulta paradójico, a la par que grato, que nuestro mono-gráfico lleve el presente título justo cuando se cumplen dos décadas de la publicación de un volumen pionero dentro del campo (Félix Fernández y Ortega Arjonilla: 1998) que, por primera vez en España, dedicaba el suyo a la interpretación junto con la traducción en el ámbito biosanitario. Más de una decena de contribuciones entre las que se encon-traba la de uno de los editores (Martin y Jiménez Serrano: 1998) se atrevieron entonces a reivindicar la oportunidad de compartir con la traducción una parcela que, hasta ese mo-mento, le había estado casi vedada en el terreno investigador. Hoy nos complace dedicar al mismo tema un número especí-fico de esta prestigiosa revista. El vasto terreno de las ciencias médicas o Life Sciences, como se conocen en el ámbito de la comunicación internacional siempre ha supuesto un doble desafío para el intérprete de conferencias: la dificultad inherente a la inmediatez del proce-so de interpretación, por un lado, y la candente actualidad que tradicionalmente comporta el contenido de los congresos mé-dicos, por otro. Cabe mencionar, asimismo, un elemento más reciente: la incesante mejora del conocimiento que los profe-sionales médicos (un colectivo siempre atento a la calidad del mensaje interpretado que recibía) poseen de las principales lenguas de comunicación. Esto ha conducido, por ejemplo, a que, en la actualidad, la interpretación médica en España sea más demandada desde el español hacia el inglés que a la inversa; o, incluso, a que cada vez se realicen más congresos con el inglés como única lengua de trabajo. El intérprete especializado en medicina vive muy diversas experiencias en los congresos médicos: edificantes y muy sa-tisfactorias algunas, difíciles y comprometidas otras, pero de enorme atractivo en todos los casos. Hoy día, el intérprete si-gue necesitando invertir sus esfuerzos en localizar la informa-ción y la documentación adecuadas para preparar un congreso médico. Afortunadamente, no obstante, han quedado atrás los tiempos en que debía esperar un paquete de ponencias fotoco-piadas enviadas por correo postal, o el momento de respiro que suponía recibir un disco con el que correr hasta el ordenador para realizar lecturas y preparar glosarios. La comunicación digital contemporánea permite, en la mayoría de los casos, encontrar documentación referida a los autores incluidos en el programa de una conferencia y visualizar documentos vi-deográficos con las comunicaciones orales más recientes de los expertos clínicos que participarán en la reunión. Gracias a ello, los intérpretes de medicina ya podemos familiarizar-nos no sólo con los contenidos específicos de un determinado congreso, sino con los usos orales y los modos lingüísticos de los ponentes que figuran en el programa. Han quedado atrás, igualmente, los tiempos en que aguardábamos con paciencia en las recepciones de los hoteles a que los ponentes bajasen de su habitación para compartir con nosotros los contenidos de su ponencia durante unos minutos. Aún así, siguen siendo preciosos para el desarrollo de la labor del intérprete los mo-mentos en que, después de haber repartido la carga del estu-dio entre compañeros, se comparten contenidos e impresiones sobre los procedimientos clínicos y los resultados objetivos obtenidos con los pacientes. Es, asimismo, un tipo de expe-riencia que los autores han trasladado al aula con resultados positivos mediante el uso de técnicas de imprimación cog-nitiva o memory priming (Porlán, 2017). Estas ventajas que reportan las nuevas tecnologías quedan de manifiesto, igual-mente, en virtud de las herramientas de gestión terminológica y de corpus, tal como se manifiesta en dos de los artículos que aquí incluimos. Por otra parte, con cada vez más frecuencia, la interpre-tación en el marco de los temas clínicos no se desarrolla úni-camente en los congresos internacionales. A pesar del revés que para la interpretación en los servicios públicos (ISP) ha supuesto la reducción drástica de la inversión pública en sanidad y servicios sociales, la demanda generada por la población inmigrante en España y el interés de los propios profesionales del sector sanitario por la prestación eficiente de sus servicios han evitado que se estanque la prometedora evolución de la presencia del intérprete en el ámbito sanitario asistencial. Como prueba de ello, este monográfico incluye varias contribuciones que reflejan la evolución tanto del pro-pio sector como del diseño de los servicios de interpretación en la medicina pública y privada. En este entorno, no cabe soslayar la dimensión de la implicación personal del profe