Medical translation

Using the keylogging software Inputlog, this paper compares post-editing and human translation processes based on a recent classroom experiment conducted with four MA students with different language profiles and at various stages of their degree, who rendered a medical text from German into English. In terms of content, the experiment focuses on a short excerpt from a text on contemporary gender medicine published by Alexander Korte in 2022.
During the experiment, half of the participants translated an excerpt form Korte’s text into American English without machine assistance, while the other half post-edited what they considered to be the strongest of four automatic translations. As a first step, the students in the post-editing group ranked the automatic translations. The first two were generated with the DeepL next-generation and classic language model respectively, while the other two were produced with ChatGPT, using an unspecific and an enhanced prompt. Once the students had ranked the four automatic translations, they created a full post-edited version from their preferred English text.
Overall, this experiment highlights the main advantages and disadvantages of post-editing as opposed to human translation, showing that time is saved at the expense of stylistic individuality and, sometimes, quality. Other key aims associated with this experiment include outlining the strengths and weaknesses of DeepL compared to ChatGPT as translation tools and analyzing the positive effects of enhanced prompts on the quality of automatic translation output. When examining how automatic translation transforms our work, we are usually limited to analyzing the products of translation. This group experiment, however, allows us to follow the processes of individual translators as they produce their texts. This sheds new light on both the linguistic and the cognitive impact of automatic translation, which has been drastically changing translators’ work for almost a decade.

Resumen: Oncoterm es un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinar sobre terminología médica cuyo objetivo principal es la elaboración de un sistema de información sobre el subdominio biomédico de la oncología en el que los conceptos están vinculados a una ontología. Dicha estructura conceptual subyace a los demás componentes del sistema y constituye el vínculo entre términos en diferentes lenguas (inglés, español y alemán). Asimismo, la identificación de un marco conceptual facilita la comprensión de textos sobre el cáncer en diferentes lenguas, no sólo por parte de los profesionales de la salud, sino también por parte de los traductores, los periodistas y los pacientes.

La lengua materna (LMA) y la traducción han sido dos recursos minusvalorados en las aulas de lenguas extranjeras (LE) desde el auge de los métodos monolingües. Sin embargo, ya en el siglo XXI, el Consejo de Europa promueve la adopción de enfoques plurales para la enseñanza de lenguas (véase Candelier et al., 2013), en los que el docente podría trabajar con todo el repertorio lingüístico que encuentra dentro del aula, incluyendo la LMA. Por ello, nuestro objetivo en este artículo es revisar y revaluar las críticas que afirmaban que la LMA y la traducción ralentizan el aprendizaje de la nueva lengua con el objetivo de alejarnos de esta postura y defender la importancia de estos dos recursos en las aulas actuales, en las que se recomienda adoptar enfoques plurales para la enseñanza de una LE.

Corpora are argued to enhance language knowledge and improve translation quality. For this reason, they have been increasingly used in academic settings. This paper deals with corpus-driven translation training at tertiary level and investigates the quality of the corpus-based translations of academic abstracts vs non-corpus-based translations. For this purpose, Italian Bachelor students enrolled in the third year of a course in Translation Studies participated in a translation project. The students were divided into two groups. The first group translated an academic abstract from their native language (Italian) into English by consulting the language resources they were familiar with, i.e., online multilingual platforms and online bilingual dictionaries. The second group used a bilingual dictionary indicated by the lecturer and a pre-compiled DIY (do-it-yourself) corpus of academic abstracts addressing translation studies, English as a second language and/or as a lingua franca. The paper finds that the translations performed by the first group of students had some inaccuracies, which were mainly concerned with word order, collocations, redundancies, and grammatical shortcomings. Conversely, the second group of students performed better, although, in some cases, influences from the students’ first language could be noticed. As a whole, the second group outperformed the first group, as their translations contained fewer grammatical and collocational issues.

This paper aims at exploring English-Italian equivalences in the N-grams generated from comparable corpora of online terms of service (ToS). To do so, 5-6-word N-grams composed of the most frequent English and Italian nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are analyzed. The English-Italian nouns focused on are the following ones: “service(s)” and “servizi(o)”, “agreement / contract” and “contratto”, and “customer” and “cliente”. The verbs are “be” and “essere”, and “agree” and "accettare”. The adjectives are “such” and “tale”, and the adverbs are “expressly” and “espressamente”. The analysis brings to the fore similarities across the N-grams. For example, the lemmas “terminate” and “recedere” can be considered as equivalents, as well as, to some extent, the verb phrases “agrees to be bound” and “prende atto ed accetta”. In addition, false semantic equivalences appear, such as the N-grams composed of “such” and “tale”, or those made up by “expressly” and “espressamente”. The findings also report the highly repetitiveness of the language of the Italian corpus and, hence, the resulting high frequency of some Italian N-grams. Conversely, the English corpus features more varied lexical patterning with lower frequency rates per N-gram.

This study aims to evaluate the perceptions and acceptance of artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT for completing writing assignments among ESL and ESP students at two universities in Lithuania and Ukraine. Technology acceptance is understood as users' willingness to employ certain information technologies for tasks they were designed to support. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), developed by Davis in 1986 and validated by Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw in 1989, is one of the most frequently used frameworks for understanding how individuals get to accept new technologies. For decades, it has been employed to assess ESL and ESP students' acceptance of all kinds of technologies used to train different language skills. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence regarding how they accept AI tools, such as ChatGPT. This study tries to address the existing research gap. It employs a quantitative method and a questionnaire based on the TAM to assess various factors influencing acceptance of ChatGPT as a writing assistance tool among ESL and ESP learners within a non-mandatory use context. The outcomes are expected to contribute to the understanding of adopting artificial intelligence tools in educational settings and provide insights for integrating them into ESL and ESP curricula effectively.

Translation strategies have been widely used in translation of
different text types. This study is conducted based on Vinay and
Darbelnet's Model in an effort to investigate whether this model is
applicable to highly specialized medical texts. The medical texts are
mostly extracted from 'The American Journal of Medicine' website and a
translation from English into Arabic is established. The ST (Source Text)
and the TT (Target Text) are analyzed according to Hans Vermeer's
functionalist Skopos theory in relation to the translation strategy. Not
only does this study help translators identify the appropriate translation
strategy used in translating medical texts, but also describes the ways
these strategies are applied. The findings of this study, as the conclusion
draws, indicate that these translation strategies are applicable, though
quite challenging, to translating highly specialized medical texts from English into Arabic.

This study investigates the translation procedures employed by professional M.A. Translation students at Yarmouk University in Jordan when translating specialized medical texts from English into Arabic for laypeople. Medical translation poses unique challenges due to the intricate nature of medical terminology and the necessity for cultural sensitivity. Utilizing qualitative methods, the research involved semi-structured interviews with ten experienced students who provided insights into their translation processes. The findings reveal four key themes: (1) Scanning through Medical Texts, where students emphasized the importance of both macro- and micro-text analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the source material; (2) Determining Translation Theory, highlighting the application of Skopos theory to guide translation decisions based on the intended audience and purpose; (3) Determining Translation Strategies, which showcased a preference for oblique strategies over literal translation to enhance comprehension and adequacy for lay audiences; and (4) Improving Personal Skills and Self-Interest, underscoring the significance of continuous learning and consultation with medical professionals to refine translation quality. The study contributes to the field of medical translation by proposing a cognitive model that outlines effective procedures for translating medical texts, thereby enhancing the competence of novice translators. The results advocate for the integration of specialized translation training in academic curricula to better prepare students for the complexities of medical translation, ultimately fostering improved communication in healthcare contexts.

The purpose of this paper is to provide elements that will help to further understand the clinical practice guideline genre in French and in Spanish, thereby facilitating the work of authors and translators. The study thus focuses on the analysis of the superstructure, with a view to offering guidelines for the construction of a sample prototype. First, we describe and define the genre in question. In the second section, we refer to the materials and methodological framework employed, describing the sub-domain chosen for analysis (rare diseases), the compilation and processing of the corpus and, finally, the research methodology implemented. The final section presents and discusses the results of the corpus analysis, which indicate the importance of advocating a single unique superstructure for the genre in question.

This study focused on comparing the readability and comprehensibility of English-to-Persian translations generated by two prominent AI models: ChatGPT and Gemini. To this end, 140 paragraphs from medical articles published in 2024 were selected from Google Scholar, each averaging 80 words. Both AI models were tasked with translating these paragraphs into Persian. The readability of each translation-defined as the degree to which a text can be effortlessly read based on linguistic features, including number of words, syllables, and sentences-was assessed using the LIX readability index, calculated using the formula: A/B + (C × 100)/A, where A represents the total number of words, B is the number of sentences, and C denotes the number of long words (those containing more than six letters). The analysis revealed that while both AI models produced translations categorized as "Difficult" in terms of readability, Gemini's translations were found to be less readable than those generated by ChatGPT. In the next step, the study assessed comprehensibility-defined as the ease with which readers understand and retain content-through recall tests involving 10 subjects. Participants were divided into two groups of five, with one group reading translations from Gemini and the other reading translations from ChatGPT. Each participant reviewed eight paragraphs translated into Persian by their respective AI model. After reading, they answered multiple-choice questions related to their assigned texts. The results indicated that comprehensibility was similar for both AI models.

Стаття присвячена структурно-семантичній характеристиці термінів автомобільної галузі. Автори розглядають засоби створення термінів та аналізують ті їх ознаки, які є визначальними на морфологічному, семантичному та синтаксичному рівнях мови. У статті також розглядаються особливості перекладу автомобільної лексики. Ключові слова: термін, терміносистема, термінологія автомобільної галузі, структурні особливості терміна, переклад термінології.

The role of the patient's mother tongue in clinical communication is of vital importance and yet it is not always dealt with adequately by healthcare professionals and healthcare systems. Cultural competence should deal with and redress asymmetries in doctor-patient communication, including those having an impact on the patient's mother tongue. The aim of this study was to answer a research question: what are the health professionals' perceptions of the importance and role of the patients' mother tongue in diglossic situations? To answer our research question, we carried out two focus groups, one with doctors and another with nurses working in public hospitals in the Valencian Community (Spain) where two languages share officiality, Catalan and Spanish. Yet, Catalan is a right and Spanish a duty. The results showed that perceptions of professionals in relation to the importance of the patient's mother tongue in situations in which two official languages coexist in an asymmetric relationship vary a great deal and seem to form a continuum of positive and negative judgements. Different values were represented in the participants' perceptions, ranging from respect for and full alignment with the patient's perspective to negative perceptions. More qualitative and quantitative research on health professionals' attitudes and values is needed to understand the role of the patient's mother tongue in clinical communication. Educational and institutional efforts are also needed to redress the linguistic and cultural asymmetries that have a negative impact on patients in terms of inequality, inefficiency, and even exclusion.

espanolLa microbiologia ha contribuido a la sostenibilidad mediante el estudio de los microorganismos y su posible utilizacion para resolver problemas ambientales. No obstante, no existen estudios que traten los problemas, conceptos y ambitos de la microbiologia relevantes cuando se analiza un corpus de estudios de sostenibilidad relacionados con la microbiologia. En esta investigacion se analizaron los microcontextos de investigaciones que versan sobre este tema. Se describieron los problemas de la microbiologia, usos de los microorganismos, conceptos de microbiologia y el significado que, para los investigadores, tiene el concepto de sostenibilidad. El presente trabajo aporta un insumo para formar microbiologos. EnglishMicrobiology has contributed to sustainability through the study of microorganisms and their possible use in solving environmental problems. However, no studies have been reported that explore the problems, concepts, and branches of microbiology that are relevant wh...

The Master?s thesis focuses on instructional texts from the point of view of translation quality assessment. Firstly, a theoretical overview of instructional texts is provided. In the practical part, defective translations of instructions intended for commonly used products are analysed. The TQA model by Brunette is applied in the analysis. The thesis provides a view on various kinds of defects occurring in translations of the analysed instructional texts and their relation to their usability.

This research fundamentally examines how machine-generated translations of veterinary texts might be post-edited. Given the specialized terminology and knowledge required in veterinary texts, their translations must be conducted by an expert translator with a background in translations of veterinary texts or medical science. Proficiency in translation technologies is also essential for an effective post-editing process. Predictably, the primary audience for veterinary texts consists mainly of professionals in veterinary medicine, including academics and veterinarians. Nevertheless, additional target groups, including an intermediate readership, i.e. veterinary students, pet owners or even farmers without veterinary expertise (laymen), still seek information for specific circumstances. In this study, a specialized text from the Merck Veterinary Manual or MCV (Abdul-Aziz et al., 2016) was randomly selected, and the raw translation output was generated using Google Translate. Analysis revealed that Google Translate's initial translations were done in a sophisticated language, primarily targeting professionals. Based on this finding, it can be said that despite utilizing neural MT systems, Google Translate may tend to overlook the potential variability of other target audiences or groups. Therefore, unlike a human translator, who likely possesses contextual knowledge in advance, Google Translate might fail to adapt translations for distinct audience groups. The fact that the raw outputs of the MCV from Google Translate adhere to a semantic or literary translation, primarily targeting professionals, suggests that light post-editing may suffice for this audience most of the time because they possess prior knowledge or experience in veterinary medicine. In contrast, non-experts may require full post-editing to thoroughly comprehend the text.

Two-verbal constructions which implement
the modality of pretending in the modern Turkish language
are analyzed in the article. It was established that the explicit
means of implementing the semantics of comparison have
been sufficiently researched in Turkology, while the implicit
ones have been neglected. The study examines the structure
and specifics of the functioning of two-verbal constructions,
which do not include a comparison indicator, but implicitly
express the meaning of comparison as one of the components
of the modality of pretending. Such constructions show
the action that appears to be unimplemented, although in
fact at the time of speaking it has already taken place, or
the performer of which pretends that he did not perform it.
The studied verb forms stay on the periphery of the functionalsemantic field of comparison in the Turkish language
according to the following characteristics: lack of grammatical
indicator, frequency of use. During the research, we identified
and analyzed six types of constructions which implement
the meaning of the modality of pretending, and established
that they are formed by combining a substantivized
participle on -mış or -maz with a partially grammaticalized
and desemanticized auxiliary verb durmak (to stand),
görünmek (to look ), gelmek (to come), vurmak (to strike). It
is also stated that the constructions have different functioning
frequency in the modern Turkish language; are characteristic
of the colloquial style of the language; some invariants
of the forms are considered to be non-compliant with
the grammatical norms of the modern Turkish language, but,
despite this, are used quite often, including in journalistic
texts. As a result of the research, we established that by means
of the studied verb forms such a stylistic function of comparison
as the creation of a convincing image is implemented.

La traducción de documentos médicos del inglés al español presenta retos únicos cuando se busca evitar marcas de género y suposiciones de roles basados en el género. Este artículo explora las dificultades asociadas con esta práctica y las estrategias que los traductores pueden emplear para abordar el lenguaje inclusivo. También se discuten las implicaciones éticas y prácticas de estas decisiones para garantizar la precisión, inclusión y comprensión en el texto final. Palabras clave: traducción médica; lenguaje inclusivo; neutralidad de género; marcas de género Introducción: el lenguaje como constructor de la realidad

This study addresses the translation and linguistic validation of two questionnaires on quality of life (AneurysmDQoL) and treatment satisfaction (AneurysmTSQ) for Catalan and Spanish-speaking patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process involved several phases, including forward translations, backtranslations, revisions, and cognitive debriefing with patients to ensure equivalence to the original English version, and comprehensibility for individuals without specialized medical knowledge. In this article, we set out the methodology for the linguistic validation of the questionnaire translations and its effectiveness assessment, under the supervision of Health Psychology Research (HPR), United Kingdom, who manage the questionnaires. We analyse the linguistic validation process, highlighting the main challenges and difficulties posed by these texts. The goal of this validation is the implementation of these questionnaires in clinical studies conducted in hospitals across Spain. This will enhance the care provided to patients with aneurysms by improving our understanding of their concerns and difficulties, and provide insight into their opinions of their treatment. However, obtaining clinical data accurately and making meaningful cross-country and cross-linguistic comparisons is only possible with questionnaires that are accurate, equivalent to the original, easily understandable, and free from ambiguities.

Interpersonal competence is the translator"s ability to work with other professionals involved in the translation process (terminologists, translators, proofreaders) and other actors (clients, authors), and includes such qualities as ability to work in a team, negotiation skills and leadership skills (Kelly 2002: 15). This paper focuses on the acquisition of interpersonal competence through collaborative learning during the first stages 1 of translation training in Translation and Interpreting (TI) faculties in Spain. The methodology used for gathering data for this study was based on the form of qualitative research known as focus or discussion groups. This was subsequently complemented by a questionnaire provided to a sample of 191 3 rd year students of TI in Spain. The aim was to obtain information regarding their general notions on teamwork during the first training stage of their translation studies. The questionnaire included questions on the definition of teamwork, advantages and disadvantages of this type of teaching methodology, student"s preferences concerning their work styles and their previous experience in this field as well as its importance in professional environments, among others. This paper will show the initial results obtained.

Las nuevas tecnologías, lejos de ser una amenaza para el traductor, deben ser abordadas como un reto. Sólo representan una amenaza para aquel que vive a espaldas de ellas, sin considerar cómo el mundo de la traducción evoluciona. Para el traductor especializado, la elaboración de sus propios corpus lingüísticos representa una ayuda significativa. A menudo se pierde mucho tiempo en la búsqueda y verificación de posibles traducciones de términos, algo que podría evitarse si se hace una cuidadosa compilación de textos con este fin, lo cual garantiza también la fiabilidad de los resultados. Una vez construido el corpus, el traductor debe utilizar una herramienta informática para trabajar con este. En el presente trabajo se presentará la creación de un corpus comparable, sincrónico y especializado sobre aspectos relacionados con la salud y la enfermedad cardiovascular, que viene a suplir un vacío en esta área, y que se realiza siguiendo la metodología para la creación de corpus lingüísticos especializados. CARDIOCOR (CARDIO que significa corazón y COR de corpus), está dividido en dos subcorpus o categorías que representan dos tipos de textos diferentes. El subcorpus 1 consiste en textos dirigidos al público no especializado y el subcorpus 2 en textos dirigidos a especialistas. La herramienta informática utilizada es el programa dtSearch 7.60, que permite la indexación de documentos y la rápida localización de gran cantidad de textos y palabras. Este corpus representa una ayuda significativa para todos aquellos que traducen textos relacionados con estos temas, en cuanto a la búsqueda de elementos lexicales y terminológicos, así como para el análisis de elementos contextuales y estructurales de textos. Palabras clave: corpus lingüísticos, traducción médica, tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, subcompetencia instrumental. New technologies, far from being a threat to translators, should be faced as a challenge. They are a threat only for those who live with their backs turned to them without considering how the world of translation evolves. For the experts in translation, creating their own linguistic corpora represents a significant support. A lot of time is often spent in searching and verifying possible translations for terms, something that could be avoided if a thorough text compilation is made with this purpose, and what would ensure reliability of results. Once the corpus is created, the translator has to use a computer tool to work on it. This study presents the generation of a comparable, synchronic, and specialized corpus on aspects related to health and cardiovascular disease which intends to fill a vacuum in this area and which is created following the methodology to develop specialized linguistic corpora. CORDIOCOR (CARDIO which means heart and COR taken from corpus) is divided into two sub-corpus or categories that represent two different types of text. Sub-corpus 1 consists of texts intended for a non-specialized audience and sub-corpus 2 consists of texts intended for experts. The computer tool used is called dtSearch 7.60 and it allows indexing documents and fast localization of an important amount of texts and words. This corpus represents a significant support for all those who translate text on these topics in terms of search of lexical and terminological elements as well as the analysis of contextual and structural elements of texts.

Resumen: En la última década, el concepto de medicina gráfica ha ido cobrando relevancia por sus múltiples aplicaciones. Destacan, en particular, su empleo para facilitar la comunicación sobre la salud o su carencia entre pacientes y profesionales, el acceso a la información, la didáctica o para acercar la realidad de determinadas enfermedades al público general. Estas obras, que unen medicina y cómic, podrían ser agrupadas en un género paradigmático cuyas características recurrentes son el carácter autobiográfico y la presencia de lenguajes de especialidad. Muchas de ellas han de ser traducidas, tarea para la cual es imprescindible conocer la naturaleza verboicónica de tales obras, que implica, además, la emulación de la oralidad y la interrelación de códigos.

According to forecasts of the World Health Organization in the future an increase in the incidence of Parkinson's disease is expected, which is explained by the increase in life expectancy as one of the main risk factors for the development of the disease. This article reflects the current views on the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The role of alpha synuclein protein in the development of degenerative changes in various brain structures, such as olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and the substantia nigra is discussed in detail. The authors presented the results of studies explaining the non-motor and motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in accordance with the stages of the pathogenesis of the disease. Also, the article highlights the modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Currently, the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease presents significant difficulties, especially in the early stages of the disease, and is based on a thorough clinical examination. Along with this, radionuclide diagnostic methods are currently used: positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, these additional research methods are not widely used in practical health care due to their high cost and, in general, are used in scientific research. It is known that there are no specific signs of Parkinson's disease with computed and magnetic resonance imaging, these methods are used for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease with other diseases with similar symptoms. To date, for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, an immunohistochemical method for determining alpha synuclein in body tissues is of great interest: salivary glands, sigmoid colon, skin, cerebrospinal fluid. At the same time, the authors note that the most reliable diagnostic method is a comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis with the study of biopsy material from various tissues. The article also addresses the issues of conservative therapy and surgical treatment.

ʿEmād-al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Qoṭb-al-Din Masʿūd b. ʿEmād-al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Fakhr al-Din Aḥmad, known as ʿEmād-al-Dīn Shīrāzī, was the most eminent member of a Shirazi family, that, from the second half of the 9th century to the first half of the 11th century AH, at least four consecutive generations of them had the medical profession. ʿEmād-al-Dīn has gained great fame by writing the most important Persian monograph on Ātashak (syphilis); but despite this reputation, many mistakes have been made about him in contemporary studies, most of which are rooted in the works of Cyril Lloyd Elgood, an English researcher on the history of medicine in Iran. Despite his reputation for mastering Persian and Arabic, Elgood, by misunderstanding ancient Persian texts has made significant mistakes about the content of ʿEmād-al-Dīn’s works, and about his family. Elgood has also wrongly accused ʿEmād-al-Dīn of plagiarizing parts of the Kholāṣat al-Tajārib of Bahā al-Dawlah Ḥusaynī Nūrbakhsh in Treatise on Ātashak. the source of other mistakes about ʿEmād-al-Dīn is also the confusion between ʿEmād-al-Dīn’s Treatise on Bīkh-e Chīnī and a treatise on the same topic by an unknown person named Nūr allāh, known as ʿAlāʾ/ʿAlāʾ al-dīn. Therefore, in addition to examining how and how much ʿEmād-al-Dīn used the Kholāṣat al-Tajārib, an effort has been made to draw a more accurate schema of ʿEmād-al-Dīn life and scientific career.

Introduction: The choice of the method of reconstruction on the carotid arteries (CA) depends on the type of dolichoarteriopathies of the internal carotid artery (DICA) and is selected based on the data of visual research methods. Recent advances in multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) and imaging techniques using the Software enable 3D images to be reconstructed for more accurate analysis.
The purpose of this study is to optimize preoperative planning for DICA based on contrast-enhanced MSCT data.
Methods: The study included 167 patients with clinical signs of cerebrovascular insufficiency (CVD) and hemodynamically significant DICA, who underwent contrast-enhanced MSCT. MSCT with contrast was performed on a Philips Brilliance iCT tomograph, the thickness of the resulting sections was not more than 0.6 mm. Three-dimensional images of CT scans were obtained using RadiAnt DICOM Viewer 2020.2.3 software. Based on the 3D image of MSCT with contrast, before surgical treatment, we compiled a protocol for assessing the state of the deformed area of the ICA. All patients were operated on, 30 patients had a bilateral lesion. They were operated on from the collateral side, as they had a clinic on both sides.
Results: In 137 patients, unilateral DICA was identified, kinking prevailed - 64%, C- and S-shaped tortuosities were less common - 26%, and coiling - 10%; bilateral DICA was much less common than unilateral - in 30 patients. The location of the deformed segment of the ICA relative to the angle of the mandibular (at the level / above / below): at the level - 75 (38%); higher - 94 (48%); below - 28 (14%). In 69 out of 197 cases, the excess of the ICA after its conditional straightening was less than 2 cm, in other cases (162) it was more than 2 cm. Out of 197 reconstructions on the CA for DICA, 69 operations were performed by the 1st method, 105 by the 2nd method, 21 by the 3rd method, 2 by the 4th method.
Conclusions: MSCT with contrasting allows obtaining information about the level of location of the pathologically altered ICA area, the type of deformation, and also allows calculating the excess of the artery after conditional straightening. All these data make it possible to correctly choose the method of reconstruction on the CA in DICA.
Key words: dolichoarteriopathies, internal carotid artery, multispiral computed tomography.

Las nomenclaturas anatómicas: historia y traducción Resumen: Las nomenclaturas anatómicas internacionales datan de finales del siglo xix. Surgieron en un momento en el que la plétora terminológica obstaculizaba la comunicación entre los expertos, por lo que ha resultado difícil implantarlas. La traducción desempeña un papel fundamental en esta dinámica, pero cuesta encontrar el hilo de Ariadna porque la relación entre la nomenclatura internacional y sus adaptaciones o sus rivales nacionales es compleja. Proponemos, pues, una tipología de los principales problemas que entrañan las nomenclaturas internacionales y francesas, y una estrategia de trabajo que podría aplicarse a todos los pares de lenguas.

This study investigates healthcare communication at Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital (YBSH) Gusau in Zamfara state, focusing on the use of the Hausa language. A quantitative approach was employed through a self-administered survey questionnaire distributed to both patients and staff (n=200) at YBSH. The survey explored language preferences, dialect variations, challenges, and communication strategies. Purposive sampling ensured a representative sample of staff (doctors, nurses, etc.) and patients with diverse backgrounds. Data analysis focused on the prevalence of Hausa use, dialect variations, and staff perspectives on communication strategies and medical terminology. The study found Hausa as the dominant language (77% of staff, 64% of patients). However, dialect variations within Hausa (particularly Zamfarci) pose the challenges. The study identified a gap in using Hausa medical terminology. While staff primarily rely on interpreters (50%) and simplified explanations (45%), limited resources and knowledge restrict the use of medical terms in Hausa (5%). To improve communication, the study recommends developing a Hausa medical dictionary (focusing on Standard Hausa and Zamfarci dialects) and staff training programs on medical terminology. Additionally, a multi-pronged approach that includes interpreters, simplified explanations, and Hausa medical terminology is recommended for effective communication.

Rationale: There is a growing demand for qualified translators worldwide and in
India, specifically in the context of National Education Policy.
Course Outcomes: After completing the course by completing all the prescribed course works,
the participants will be able to:
1. Understand the process of translation both in theory and in practice.
2. Choose a career in translation or be able to work as a freelancer.
3. Translate any of the chosen languages.
4. Follow the global standards in translation.
5. Use the selected translation technologies.
6. Innovate translation modules based on the needs of India

By mediating medical knowledge and information across languages, translation plays a crucial role in sustaining and promoting public health. The COVID-19 pandemic made the importance of medical translation more apparent than ever. Translation helped maintain a flow of timely and accurate information across borders as well as supporting researchers’ efforts in disseminating findings on treatment and vaccine development. Due to the life-threatening potential of language errors, accuracy and precision are key elements in medical translation. The consequences of translation mistakes are magnified during a pandemic as these can have global health repercussions. In this light, this paper uses the translation of a peer-reviewed medical article dealing with treatment approaches for cancer patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 to highlight some helpful strategies and techniques that can be deployed when transferring medical language from English to Italian.

A book of original short stories in English centered around the teeming life of the metropolis of Calcutta, India. The stories cut across different classes and sections of society. The common theme is the questioning of normative values which may create a churning in society, leading to a potential transformation.

Language barriers can pose a serious threat to patient safety, so it is of great importance that patients who do not speak the local language receive appropriate language assistance to ensure that communication between them and the healthcare provider is effective and communication breakdowns are avoided. Qualified interpreters and translators play a pivotal role in bridging this communication gap. However, financial and human resource constraints often hinder the translation of every document. Instead, a well-developed strategy is needed to assess which are the vital documents in a nation's healthcare system and into which foreign languages they most need to be translated. Research conducted in Hungary highlights the limited availability of translations in hospitals, underscoring the urgent need for intervention. In response to this pressing challenge, the Language Assistance in Hungarian Health Care: Translations for Effective Communication (LAHTEC) research group has been established. Comprised of language professionals from the four medical universities in Hungary, LAHTEC's objectives include assessing vital documents in Hungarian health care and facilitating the production of high-quality translations. This presentation serves as an introduction to LAHTEC, outlining its purpose, objectives, member composition, and initial achievements. By shedding light on LAHTEC's potential contributions, this initiative seeks to foster dialogue and collaboration in overcoming language barriers in Hungarian health care, ultimately enhancing patient safety and healthcare outcomes.

Collaboration between language professionals and medical universities for language assistance in Hungarian health care It is essential for patients to be fully informed about the medical procedure for their condition. This information should ideally be provided in the patient's native language. If documents are not available in their first or second language, language mediators should be invited to help communication between the healthcare provider and the patient. Previous research has shown that in the Hungarian healthcare system, mostly non-professional translators and interpreters facilitate communication, raising concerns about the quality of language mediation. Language barrier between the patient seeking healthcare in a foreign country and the healthcare provider can result in adverse events, with most of these being preventable through appropriate language assistance. To alleviate the severity of the problem, a research group called Language Assistance in Hungarian Health Care: Translations for Effective Communication (LAHTEC) was formed as a cooperation between language institutes of the four Hungarian medical universities in Budapest, Debrecen, Pécs, and Szeged. The aim is to promote patient safety and assist effective communication via high quality translations. This is done to ensure that patients who do not speak Hungarian receive equal treatment and access to high-quality healthcare services while also upholding their right to information. LAHTEC has conducted various research projects, for instance, identifying vital documents within the Hungarian healthcare system and initiating the development of a medical corpus to serve as a foundation for translation guides.

Language barriers in the healthcare sector are a significant challenge that can result in miscommunication and misunderstandings, ultimately leading to adverse events for patients. Those who do not speak the local language may face difficulties accessing healthcare services, and their mistrust and fear can further complicate their health outcomes. To avoid this, and to ensure that all patients have access to quality care, decision-makers at the national or institutional level need to prioritize the development of a regulatory system, protocol, and communication strategy that address language and cultural barriers and provide clear communication. Knowing the consequences of language barriers for patients' health, the presentation's aim is to give a general overview of the legal background of language assistance for foreign patients in the Hungarian health system and to show how typical it is for hospitals to have translations available. The secondary aim of the presentation is to identify the documents that are vital for quality care and the exercise of patients' right to information and therefore urgently need to be translated. Data was collected through online questionnaires with both health professionals and potential patients. The results show which documents are vital for the Hungarian healthcare system and which languages are most in need of translation. Finally, it is shown how this research can be taken forward to improve the efficiency of patient-provider communication in clinical practice.

Clear communication is essential to ensure patient safety and quality care, and written communication and translated documents play a crucial role in their provision. Therefore, it is critical to create a list of vital documents and to ensure that they are language accessible for patients who do not speak the local language. The purpose of this study is to identify documents created within the Hungarian health sector, which contain health or legal information that may have important implications for patients' health, and are also essential for the provision of safe and high-quality health care, and which would also need to be made accessible to foreign patients. The study involved seven health professionals and a medical lawyer. Data was collected using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire. The data obtained was subjected to basic thematic and frequency analysis. The results show that health professionals consider six documents to be vital for Hungarian health care. In addition to this, a few other non-treatment related documents were identified, whose translation would greatly contribute to effective communication with foreign patients. This study provides a solid basis for the creation of an official list of vital documents for the Hungarian healthcare system and can serve as a guide for other linguistic environments as well.

Purpose: The present work aims to raise awareness of the issue of patient safety communication in multicultural and multilingual healthcare settings and to present strategies on how to overcome emerging cultural and language barriers and enable healthcare providers to reduce the risk of miscommunication, prevent inequalities and disparities, and provide their patients with safe and quality care. It also strives to present the policies and measures the United States and Canada have implemented and the strategies U.S. experts have developed to advance effective communication between provider and patient. Methods: The literature review was conducted on academic works and publications by health associations, institutes of health, and government departments in topics such as adverse events in health care and strategies to reduce cross-cultural miscommunications and on guides for hospitals. Results/Discussion: Cultural diversity in a patient population, language barriers, and a lack of effective communication can impose an increased threat on an individual's health. In order to radically decrease the incidence of adverse events, policies and systems on how to manage multinational and multilingual medical environments should be created at a national level. Cultural competence is also key to delivering care that meets patients' social and cultural needs; furthermore, developing a language access plan and providing language assistance (interpretation, translation) for those in need can greatly contribute to providing quality care. Conclusions: Clear communication is key to quality care and patient safety in multicultural and multilingual healthcare environments, but to significantly reduce the incidence of adverse events, policies and systems should be created at a national level.

Kivonat: Ki fordítson egészségtudományi szövegeket, egészségügyi szakemberek vagy bölcsész hátterű fordítók. Vajon a szakfordítói tanulmányokba kezdett egészségügyi dolgozókból nyelvészeket kell nevelni? Hogyan lehet két év alatt szakfordítókat képezni olyan hallgatókból, akik eddigi tanulmányaikat valamilyen egzakt tudományterületen végezték? A tanulmány azt mutatja be, hogy a Semmelweis Egyetem kétéves posztgraduális programja hogyan képez szakfordítókat többnyire egészségügyi szakemberekből. A tanulmány áttekinti a szakfordítóvá válás szempontjából legjelentősebben tantárgyakat, különös hangsúlyt fektetve a szakfordítás kurzusokra. Érvel a fordításelmélet oktatásának létjogosultsága mellett egy alapvetően gyakorlatorientált képzésben, kiemeli a reflexió szerepét a tanítási és tanulási folyamatban. A szerző bemutatja, hogy a korábbi tapasztalatok alapján hogyan veszi figyelembe a tananyag összeállításakor a hallgatók igényeit és befogadóképességét, valamint hogy hogyan igyekszik maximalizálni a képzés hatékonyságát, melynek végcélja olyan egészségtudományi nyelvi közvetítők képzése, akik önállóan is képesek lesznek tudatos fordítói döntéseket hozni, miközben figyelembe vesznek minden olyan tényezőt, amely a pontos nyelvi közvetítéshez szükséges. Kulcsszavak: fordítóképzés, egészségtudományi szakfordítás, tananyagfejlesztés, tudatosítás, reflexió

Abstract: The question arises - who is better to translate medical documents, healthcare workers turned translators or linguists with specialisation on healthcare and medicine. It is also fascinating whether translator training programmes should convert healthcare specialists into linguists, and how healthcare workers, graduated from exact sciences, succeed in the field of humanities while becoming translators.
The present study aims to introduce Semmelweis University’s two-year post graduate programme in healthcare translator and interpreter training with special attention to the translator branch. The study intends to explain the rationale behind teaching translation theory in a mainly in practice-oriented training and the role of reflexion in the teaching and learning process. It is also explained how the teaching material has been developed through past experiences in order to match the students’ needs and capacity, just like the training’s effort to maximise the efficiency of the programme. The ultimate goal of the training is to raise healthcare mediators who will be able to provide high quality work and make translation decisions taking into account all factors required for accurate language transmission.
Keywords: translator training, medical translation, developing teaching materials, awareness-rising, reflexion

The web as corpus is considered helpful in translation training, although the literature argues that Internet data might be too chaotic and badly organised. For this reason, web concordancers are often resorted to in order to carry out web searches as they are more linguistically oriented and user-friendly. At the same time, machine translation (MT) has made huge strides forward in the last decades, and scholars have increasingly focused on MT in technical translation training. However, so far little has been investigated on the quality of MT vis-à-vis translations via web concordancers. This paper wishes to bridge this gap and aims at exploring whether and to what extent the web-based translation of a medical article carried out by consulting the Leeds web-concordancer is qualitatively more satisfactory than a translation using MT, or vice-versa. To this aim, a classroom observation study is undertaken with 9 Italian final-year bachelor's students. The students' Leeds-driven translations are compared with the automatic translations performed by two MT tools (DeepL and MateCaT). The paper findings highlight the overall correctness of the machine-translated sentence structures as well as of the related grammar. However, MT presents lexical and collocational issues mostly due to infrequent word usages. By contrast, the web-driven students' translations present a wider variety of lexical and collocational choices, despite some grammatical shortcomings. The paper suggests further research to investigate whether more training in translations based on web concordancers can help students feel at ease with online searches and reduce inaccuracies.

espanolCon el objetivo de contribuir a una mejora en la comunicacion linguistica en ingles, frances y espanol entre traductores, investigadores y medicos en el ambito de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas y a facilitar la investigacion y difusion del conocimiento cientifico en esta area y en dichos idiomas, se ha creado NEUDECOR. Esta herramienta consiste en un corpus multilingue de consulta en linea que responde la necesidad de paliar las carencias terminologicas y contextuales de traductores e investigadores en este ambito. NEUDECOR constituye una herramienta fiable y de facil consulta, gracias a la rigurosidad de sus fuentes y a su desarrollo en Joomla! EnglishThis paper presents NEUDECOR, a new tool that has been created to improve scientific communication in English, French and Spanish among translators, researchers and doctors and to facilitate scientific research and knowledge transfer in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. The tool consists of a multilingual online cor...

Резюме Нарушение обоняния-достаточно часто встречающая проблема. Особую актуальность она приобрела в период пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции. Для определения обонятельной дисфункции применяют обонятельные тесты, однако пациенты могут выполнять их только при участии врача или обученного медперсонала. В связи с этим важное значение приобретает возможность использования опросников для самостоятельной оценки обоняния пациентам. Цель исследования. Адаптация корейской версии «Опросника обонятельной дисфункции» (Olfactory Questionnaire (OQ)). Пациенты и методы. В исследование были включены 162 пациента в возрасте 16-37 лет. Оценку факторной структуры русскоязычной версии теста проводили с помощью конфирматорного факторного анализа. Доказательство конвергентной валидности осуществляли на основе корреляционного анализа адаптируемой шкалы ольфакторного теста с бутанолом по определению порогов обоняния (Сниффин Стикс тест (SST)). Надежность теста оценивали на основе расчета коэффициентов Кронбаха и Макдональда. Результаты и заключение. Проведенный анализ показал, что русскоязычная версия опросника (шкалы) обонятельной дисфункции обладает достаточно высокой конструктной и конвергентной валидностью, а также характеризуется высокой внутренней консистентностью. Тест может использоваться в диагностических и исследовательских целях как отдельное средство, так и в составе других методов изучения функции обоняния. На основе результатов проведенного исследования выделены следующие состояния обонятельной функции: 39-44 балла-нормосмия; 31-38-легкая гипосмия; 18-30-гипосмия средней тяжести; 11-17-тяжелая гипосмия; 0-10 баллов-аносмия. Полученные данные могут использоваться для диагностики и оценки выраженности обонятельной дисфункции при применении русскоязычной версии опросника.

.Досліджується багаторівнева структура образів міста і села в поезії Тараса Шевченка. Розглянуто
особливе місце опозиції «місто/село» як смислової моделі, що реалізується у видозмінених версіях «цивілізація/
природа», «центр/провінція», «профанне/сакральне»,
«зло/добро», «пекло/рай». Цей комплекс бінарних блоків
виростає з універсальної опозиції «свій/чужий», що є класичним семантичним кодом європейської культури. Переважно опозиція «місто/село» в поетичному тексті виступає як певна авторська ідейно-естетична оцінна настанова,
яка визначає тип міфосимволічної інтерпретації елементів
міського/сільського простору (фольклорний, фольклорно-історичний, сакральний, культурно-історичний, індивідуально-творчий)