Market Systems

This study examines the historical development of local market systems in Eastern Visayas and their role in sustaining community resilience during periods of crisis. Using archival documents, oral histories, and a survey of 180 respondents across Biliran, Leyte, and Samar, the research uncovers how market systems functioned not only as economic centers but also as hubs of cultural exchange, social solidarity, and disaster response. Findings reveal that pre-colonial barter practices, Spanish colonial market plazas, and American-introduced public market systems evolved into vital institutions of resilience that enabled communities to withstand wars, famines, and natural disasters. The study contributes to the broader understanding of local histories of resilience, highlighting the continuity of indigenous adaptive strategies within colonial and postcolonial systems.

Global food security is a major concern that requires a deep understanding of its complexities and problems. This review brings together current research on global food security, pointing out important trends, gaps, and areas for further study. It looks at how factors like climate change, population growth, economic changes, and geopolitical shifts affect food security worldwide. The review also examines the role of global food security governance, technological progress, and vulnerabilities highlighted by events like the COVID-19 pandemic, stressing the need for sustainable solutions. It highlights the importance of inclusive and collaborative approaches, effective policies, and international cooperation to address the various aspects of food security. Through a detailed methodology involving research, screening, and data analysis, this review provides insights for creating informed policies and practices to address global food security challenges sustainably. The findings stress the crucial need for coordinated efforts across different sectors to ensure food security for all, especially the most vulnerable, in the face of changing global circumstances.

In addition to assessment approaches themselves, the existence of strong 'learning cultures' is crucial for generating rigorous evidence. Practitioners consulted for this piece indicated that more openness about failure needs to exist both internally (i.e. among implementing and evaluating staff), as well as externally (i.e. between programme teams and donors). Without this openness, rigorous evidence about the full effects of a programme may not be generated or acted upon.

Citer ce document / Cite this document : Gentet Didier, Maucourant Jérôme. Une étude critique de la hausse des prix à l'ère ramesside. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 17, n°1, 1991. pp. 13-31

Résumé
La hausse des prix en Égypte ancienne à l'époque Ramesside est étudiée ici avec un regard d'économistes. Les interprétations habituelles de ce phénomène présupposent souvent une prédominance des mécanismes de marché qui reste hypothétique. Cette confrontation entre histoire et économie politique ne débouche pas sur une explication globale du phénomène mais permet de soulever des interrogations que les auteurs espèrent fécondes.

Zusammenfassung
Die Preissteigerungen im Alten Aegypten zur Ramessidenzeit werden hier aus der volkswirtschaftlichen Perspektive untersucht. Die gewöhnlichen wissenschaftlichen Auswertungen solcher Preissteigerungen setzen meist vorherrschende, doch rein Hypothetische Marktmechanismen voraus. Die Gegenüberstellung von Geschichte und Volkswirtschaft führt zwar nicht zu einer Gesamtauslegung dieser Erscheinung, sie ruft aber Fragen hervor, die neue Aussichten eröffnen sollen, so hoffen die Autoren.

Dialogues d'histoire ancienne
Une étude critique de la hausse des prix à l'ère ramesside
Monsieur Didier Gentet, Monsieur Jérôme Maucourant
Résumé
La hausse des prix en Égypte ancienne à l'époque Ramesside est étudiée ici avec un regard d'économistes. Les
interprétations habituelles de ce phénomène présupposent souvent une prédominance des mécanismes de marché qui
reste hypothétique. Cette confrontation entre histoire et économie politique ne débouche pas sur une explication globale
du phénomène mais permet de soulever des interrogations que les auteurs espèrent fécondes.
Zusammenfassung
Die Preissteigerungen im Alten Aegypten zur Ramessidenzeit werden hier aus der volkswirtschaftlichen Perspektive
untersucht. Die gewöhnlichen wissenschaftlichen Auswertungen solcher Preissteigerungen setzen meist vorherrschende,
doch rein Hypothetische Marktmechanismen voraus. Die Gegenüberstellung von Geschichte und Volkswirtschaft führt
zwar nicht zu einer Gesamtauslegung dieser Erscheinung, sie ruft aber Fragen hervor, die neue Aussichten eröffnen
sollen, so hoffen die Autoren.

Cette étude porte sur un poids épigraphe découvert dans le site archéologique de Mactar (l’antique Mactaris, en Tunisie).
C’est un sphéroïde aplati qui affiche une légende au nom du préfet de la Ville du règne conjoint de Marc Aurèle et de Lucius Verus :
Q. Iunius Rusticus. Il vient enrichir le dossier le plus important de jeu de pondera mentionnant des autorités centrales de l’Empire
découverts dans plusieurs endroits de l’Occident romain. Émanant d’une autorité officielle, ces pondera sont destinés à une large diffusion
pour la vérification de l’authenticité des poids mis en circulation.
Cette recherche se termine par un essai d’identification de la salle officielle des poids et des mesures à laquelle se rattache le poids
en question : un édicule situé dans le forum de Trajan, selon une hypothèse proposée par G.-Ch. Picard, ou une pièce particulière du
programme architectural du macellum adjacent.

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The project's overall objective was to contribute to improved coffee production and sales by linking coffee farmers to Primary Coffee Cooperatives and Unions. The project was implemented in three districts in Oromiyaa regional state: Limmu Kossa, Limmu Seka and Chora Botter, by Oxfam in conjunction with Limmu Inara Multipurpose Cooperative Farmers Union. The Union purchased coffee from the farmers via primary coffee cooperatives, supplied coffee seeds, slashers and wire mesh to the farmers, and supported them in coffee seedling production. They also spear headed the Functional Adult Literacy scheme, providing capacity building particularly in the use of modern agricultural practices, with a view to improve the quantity and quality of coffee produced. Farm Organic International promoted marketing of the coffee internationally on behalf of the union, and Oromiyaa cooperative bank provided credit facilities through the cooperative societies. Most activities were implemented in Limmu Seka and Limmu Kosa districts. Consequently, some villages in Chora Botter and other nearby districts acted as a comparison group.

Care is a vital part of the global economy. This significant sector, however, goes largely unrecognised in economic debates and in global policy, and remains undervalued by states and businesses. This invisibility can be explained in part by the huge gender inequality in the provision of care: around the world women perform three times more unpaid care duties than men. 1 The inclusion of a target for the recognition and valuing of unpaid care and domestic work within Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is, therefore, particularly important, and is welcomed by those advocating for a transformation in how care is considered, in patterns of care provision, and in policies for investment in care around the world. The UN High Level Panel (HLP) on Women's Economic Empowerment, established in March 2016 with the aim of progressing work on women's economic empowerment in relation to reaching the SDGs, is a valuable opportunity to explore approaches and experiences of changing how care is understood and how care is provided. Most development actors now recognise the linkages between the ability of women to become economically empowered and women's heavy and unequal responsibility for unpaid care work, especially where public and private care services are inaccessible. In response to this mobilisation, the Institute of Development Studies, UK (IDS), the International Development Research Centre, Canada (IDRC) and Oxfam coordinated a call for evidence on what works on transforming dynamics in the care economy. The call aimed to inform the HLP on successful interventions from across the world that have worked to provide recognition to care services, and to look at ways of reducing the heavy and unequal responsibility for women, and redistributing care work from women and girls to across the household, the state and the private sector. The call was open for over 3 weeks from 16 May to 8 June 2016, and received around 45 responses from researchers, NGOs, women's networks, worker's organisations and national movements across a range of geographical regions. The respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire giving details of the programmes, the strategies used and challenges encountered, and the aims and outcomes in respect of care, with follow up questions to provide more background where necessary.

This case study describes the approach to measuring social norms related to unpaid care work in Oxfam's Household Care Survey (HCS), and discusses benefits and limitations of this approach. The HCS is a quantitative research tool developed through Oxfam's Women's Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme. It measures adults' and children's time spent on unpaid care work (including caring for people and domestic work) and factors that influence this distribution within the household. An important component of the survey is understanding social norms, and in particular gendered social norms, related to care work. Social norms often maintain gendered discrimination and inequality. Oxfam and others have shown that social norms play a crucial role in determining gendered differences in the distribution of care work at the household level. Our approach to measuring care-related social norms in the HCS has been developed and refined since 2014, based on experience from six rounds of data collection in eight low-middle-income countries. These insights/experiences make an important contribution to the measurement of social norms in general, and related to care work in particular, and can be applied by development actors to address women's heavy and unequal unpaid care work. WHY WAS THE RESEARCH NEEDED? Caring for people and domestic work, such as cooking, cleaning and fetching water, is essential for personal wellbeing and survival. Unpaid care work also contributes to the market economy by maintaining a healthy, productive workforce and making all other forms of work possible. Yet across the world, social norms mean that unpaid care work is overwhelmingly provided by women-especially those from racialized, migrant or low-income groups. Women's disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care work limits their opportunities for education, decent paid work, political engagement and leisure, and is a structural barrier to gender equality. Understanding and addressing social norms related to unpaid care work is therefore critical to addressing gender inequality. Development actors are increasingly interested in understanding how to address social norms. However, evidence gaps remain: 1. First, most research on social norms tends to be qualitative; there is a need to further develop tools for quantitatively measuring social norms.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made efforts to address inequalities in unpaid care work even more pressing. Research 7 on care work during the pandemic conducted by Oxfam and partners shows that even though men's care work increased in the crisis, women still do the bulk of this work. Women living in poverty, single mothers, essential workers and those belonging to minority racial and ethnic groups are being pushed furthest to the margins. Oxfam's policy brief argues that care work must be at the heart of a feminist COVID-19 response. (Also see UN Women brief on care and COVID-19. 8) Key care concepts • • • In this section, we briefly explain some of the most common concepts and terminology used in discussions about care. • Unpaid care and domestic work (also called household work, domestic labour, family work or reproductive work): UCDW refers to the provision of services for family and community members outside of the market, where concern for the wellbeing of the care recipients is likely to affect the quality of the service provided. 9 • Paid care and domestic work: While the HCS focuses on unpaid care and domestic work, there are important linkages between unpaid and paid care and domestic work, with women making up the majority of the paid care and domestic workforce. As with UCDW, paid care and domestic work is undervalued, under-invested in, and often considered unskilled. Many jobs in the paid care and domestic work sector are low-paid and precarious, with paid domestic workers among the most exploited workers in the world. 10 • The 'care economy' and valuing care: The concept of the care economy captures the idea that unpaid care requires time and labour to produce goods and services, much like other sectors of the economy. Assigning a price to UCDW can determine a monetary value for the care economy that can be compared to the value of the paid economy measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Our focus is not on putting a monetary value on UCDW but on highlighting the 'currency' of time, which is immensely important in women's lives, and on valuing UCDW by recognizing that it is essential for sustaining life and society.

This paper describes the approach to measuring social norms related to unpaid care work in Oxfam’s Household Care Survey (HCS), and discusses benefits and limitations of this approach. The HCS is a quantitative research tool developed through Oxfam’s Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme. It measures adults’ and children’s time spent on unpaid care work (including caring for people and domestic work) and factors that influence this distribution within the household. An important component of the survey is understanding social norms, and in particular gendered social norms, related to care work.

This toolkit provides guidance on using Oxfam’s Household Care Survey (HCS) methodology, which was developed by Oxfam as part of the WE-Care initiative to transform the provision of unpaid care and domestic work (UCDW). UCDW underpins all our lives yet is overwhelmingly provided by women and girls. Recognising UCDW is essential for any initiative that aims to understand and address gender inequality. The HCS is a quantitative survey tool that generates context-specific evidence on how women, men and children spend their time, how care is provided, by whom, and the main factors that affect people’s responsibilities for UCDW, such as access to care services, infrastructure and social norms. The HCS can be used to generate a baseline, or to measure the impact of a specific policy or programme. The methodology can be integrated into different projects with different objectives and adjusted for use in various contexts. The HCS toolkit is designed to be used by development practitioners, ...

There is the possibility of complete 3D modeling using terrestrial laser scanner. To have a complete coverage of the target region for the scan, the device must be located in various locations and carried out measurement operations. Nevertheless, the movement to increase the deployment requires more field measurements which respectively will increase the cost and time. In this paper, the goal is to provide a tool to assess the selected locations for the deployment of terrestrial laser scanners. In this regard, to achieve this goal, the genetic optimization algorithm is being used. In the proposed method, the total registered point cloud implementation of all stations in the range of scanning devices is used as the search space for the genetic algorithm. The cost function with two goals, one reduction in occlusion areas and the other is to take fewest possible points for placements. By selecting a random set of candidate locations for placement as an initial response, the algorithm will start to obtain optimal layout placement and in the search space, during successive iterations by applying the selection operators, crossover and mutation will be provided. In this process, the optimal choice of device placement is automatic and repetitive and ensure correct alignment will achieve with the minimum number of points required for full measurement. The results show the genetic optimization algorithm to optimize the laser scanner device placements across a large number of the selected candidate. Thereby, it can be created a tool to assess the efficiency of the selected placements. The chance of 99% scanning of the area with absolute certainty using the proposed method with the least possible number of stations was established.

This paper summarises the findings of mixed-methods research that was carried out in Tanzania as part of the ‘Balancing Unpaid Care Work and Paid Work: Successes, Challenges and Lessons for Women’s Economic Empowerment Programmes and Policies’ research project (2015–17).

Market systems programmes are increasingly targeting women’s economic empowerment. However approaches to support women to participate in paid work often assume that women’s time is elastic. They fail to consider roles and responsibilities in the household and the community and this can undermine both development outcomes and market activities. This policy briefing highlights the interactions between market systems programmes and unpaid care responsibilities and the consequences for both programmes and women of not addressing unpaid care work related constraints. It outlines different pathways for programmes to facilitate changes to address problematic aspects of unpaid care work.

The purpose of our article is to propose that compromising is a constitutive characteristic of those marketing systems that entail matters of public interest or concern. In such markets, actors design compromises as they encounter criticisms of and contending justifications for the market’s products, as these refer to price, efficiency in production and use, regulatory compliance or ecological sustainability. Tests and justifications are vital in order to determine what is valuable and by which measure. As a theory framework, the economic sociology of conventions provides a basis for assessing these contests, compromises, and justifications over the issue of worth in a marketing context. Through an ethnographic study of the regulated activities of chemicals service companies supporting the upstream petroleum industry, we assess how actors evaluate and justify the market’s products and services in this environmentally sensitive setting by means of tests drawing from different orders ...

There is the possibility of complete 3D modeling using terrestrial laser scanner. To have a complete coverage of the target region for the scan, the device must be located in various locations and carried out measurement operations. Nevertheless, the movement to increase the deployment requires more field measurements which respectively will increase the cost and time. In this paper, the goal is to provide a tool to assess the selected locations for the deployment of terrestrial laser scanners. In this regard, to achieve this goal, the genetic optimization algorithm is being used. In the proposed method, the total registered point cloud implementation of all stations in the range of scanning devices is used as the search space for the genetic algorithm. The cost function with two goals, one reduction in occlusion areas and the other is to take fewest possible points for placements. By selecting a random set of candidate locations for placement as an initial response, the algorithm will start to obtain optimal layout placement and in the search space, during successive iterations by applying the selection operators, crossover and mutation will be provided. In this process, the optimal choice of device placement is automatic and repetitive and ensure correct alignment will achieve with the minimum number of points required for full measurement. The results show the genetic optimization algorithm to optimize the laser scanner device placements across a large number of the selected candidate. Thereby, it can be created a tool to assess the efficiency of the selected placements. The chance of 99% scanning of the area with absolute certainty using the proposed method with the least possible number of stations was established.

In the fourth industrial revolution, achieving sustainable agricultural
development while feeding a growing world population and maintaining a balanced interrelationship between the economy, society, and the environment has been a significant challenge. However, COVID-19 disrupted agricultural extension and advisory systems, affecting all market participants. The complexity of the pandemic has impacted the private sector, public sector, extension staff, donor funding, education, and research systems, subsequently affecting human nutrition. This paper aims to expertly review COVID-19’s effects on the sustainability of gender specific agricultural extension service systems. Demand and supply market stakeholders in the extension system are thematically discussed. The findings reveal various consequences of COVID-19 for market actors on both the demand and supply sides of the extension system. Private-sector players often support expansion directly or indirectly, with multi-sectorial support and funding strategies existing for sustainability. In many developing nations, the comprehensive extension system was disrupted by COVID-19, impacting household incomes and nutrition. The pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital technologies in many developing nations, transitioning from a centralized to a decentralized and pluralistic extension model. Multi-sector coordination and execution, especially from health and other sectors, are crucial in managing complex crises that disrupt the market system

The Apple iPod is currently the undisputed leading product in the global MP3 player market. This competitive advantage is due to the design, high functionality, and perhaps most importantly, the 'cool factor' which Apple has managed to obtain with its products. This study explores if owning an iPod (as opposed to another brand of MP3 player) makes a difference in the perception of general life satisfaction. Using Diener et al.'s generic satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) to measure the dependent variable life satisfaction, a model with the key concepts usage, benefits, peer influence, design, iPod phenomenon, and iPod bubble has been developed and tested in a variety of ways, including regression analysis. The sample consisted of a multinational sample of 240+ young adults, aged 18-35 years. The demographic profiles of iPod and non-iPod owners were very similar, but for iPod owners, 23 per cent of the variance in overall life satisfaction is explained by the key concepts used in this research. Key influencing variables for iPod owners are peer influence and design. For non-iPod owners, the amount of variance explained by the independent variables was negligible. iPod owners also considered their MP3 players to be much 'cooler' than did non-iPod owners. This article considers the managerial implications of these findings for Apple and for competing brands. The social implications of these findings and their significance are also discussed, and several potential areas for further research are highlighted.

Time use survey is one of the fundamental, and most widely employed, research tools used to bring a gender perspective to project planning. However, narrow interpretations of time use data can distort the understanding of how project-induced time use changes affect women and men's well-being. This paper argues that the application of some of the central concepts of the capability approach can strengthen the scope of time use survey as a gendered planning tool, drawing on the example of the "Alliances" rural economic development project Georgia.

Background and Aim: Bacterial disinfection is considered as the primary etiology of pulpal and periapical lesions and as the result, adequate elimination of such infections is one of the purposes of root canal treatment; But since this purpose is impossible to achieve, reducing the bacterial load seems to be as a rational goal. Diode lasers have made their way into endodontics for better disinfection and penetration into the root canal dentine. This study reports 3 cases of Diode laser assisted endodontic treatments in periapical lesions repair. Case Report: 3 patients referred to an endodontist for root canal treatment and 2 patients were treated with diode laser (wavelength of 940 nm and power output of 1W) and one patient was treated with diode laser (wavelength of 810 nm and power output of 1 W). The follow-up outcomes for all three patients showed the treatment success. Conclusion: Diode laser can be used in root canal treatment of teeth with periapical lesions.

The presentations in this special session represented efforts to
make steps towards fleshing out a cultural resource-based theory of
consumer behavior as envisioned in Vargo and Lusch (2004) and
Arnould and Thompson (2005). The papers call for a more epistemologically viable theory of consumer actorhood, that is, the discursive, ideology-laden folk models of action that organize consumer’s understandings of the possibilities for and limits to purposive consumer action.

This review aims to explore factors that enhance the sustainability of agricultural extension systems in the traditional institution bioecosystem to deliver educational information. The study was based on a purposive sampling criterion for research articles from journal websites. One hundred and eighty-seven articles from 2015 to 2023 were reviewed. One hundred and fifty-three were double-reviewed articles from journals, twenty reports from trusted government and private websites, and fourteen web-based articles were synthesized according to the listed keywords and the overall objective. From the analysis, this study demonstrates that the literature attested to the interconnected relationship between traditional institutions and other market players, although inevitable negative consequences do occur. The findings also show that sustainability, value addition, innovation, collaboration, cooperation, and partnerships are critical factors in the extension bioecosystems in traditional institutions. This review study concludes that traditional institutions can enhance agricultural extension to provide sustainable rural development as long as the service providers harmonize the relationship with the local community to increase buy-in. Win-win commercial relations trigger value addition, innovations, collaborations, and sustainability for policy markets, politicians, researchers, and farmers.

This review aims to explore factors that enhance the sustainability of agricultural extension systems in the traditional institution bioecosystem to deliver educational information. The study was based on a purposive sampling criterion for research articles from journal websites. One hundred and eighty-seven articles from 2015 to 2023 were reviewed. One hundred and fifty-three were double-reviewed articles from journals, twenty reports from trusted government and private websites, and fourteen web-based articles were synthesized according to the listed keywords and the overall objective. From the analysis, this study demonstrates that the literature attested to the interconnected relationship between traditional institutions and other market players, although inevitable negative consequences do occur. The findings also show that sustainability, value addition, innovation, collaboration, cooperation, and partnerships are critical factors in the extension bioecosystems in traditional institutions. This review study concludes that traditional institutions can enhance agricultural extension to provide sustainable rural development as long as the service providers harmonize the relationship with the local community to increase buy-in. Win-win commercial relations trigger value addition, innovations, collaborations, and sustainability for policy markets, politicians, researchers, and farmers.

Background and Aims : Burning mouth (BMs) is a chronic burning sensation involving the mucous membrane of the mouth , usually without associated clinical signs and laboratory findings Present study was under taken to determine the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome in people over 20 years old in city of Zahedan and was done in 2019-2020. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and eighty-four individuals over 20 years old were randomly selected from 20 health centers in Zahedan City, including 229 women and 155 men. Their oral mucosa was examined by a Dentistt and a guestionnaire from was completed for them. Statistical tables and graphs, frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data. Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 0.05 was used to analyze the data in SPSS software version 19. Results: Twenty-nine people reported burning mouth (7.6%). Of these, 13 patients had burning mouth without systemic disease, oral lesion and denture and were considered primary BMS, and 16 patients had systemic disease, oral lesion and denture, and were classified as secondary BMS. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that it seems that age of BMS is lower in Zahedan population than other studies. The females and tongue were the most gender and location and the average age of the patients was lower than the available average.

Nigeria has policies and strategies in place to promote gender equality, participation and empowerment. Nevertheless, women"s socioeconomic remains significantly low. Reasons for all of these are rooted in three major challenges: socio-cultural barriers, gender stereotypes, and illiteracy among the populace. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to evaluate women unpaid domestic work reflecting on the interplay of gender, culture and stereotypes. Unfortunately, unpaid domestic care work is generally perceived to be less valuable than paid work, it is ignored, underestimated and not considered to be "work"; even by the women and men who engage in and benefit directly from these activities. The paper showcases how gender responsive approaches in division of labour can be utilized for women domestic unpaid work to be recognised and its economic value estimated.

was achieved to a moderate degree, where all dimensions came in the direction (achieved to a moderate degree), the level of academic competence among students came in the first place, followed by the level of the social dimension among students, then the level of academic satisfaction among students, and finally the level of services and academic support provided to students. The research recommended that the necessity of paying attention to guidance and counseling services for students to provide appropriate support and assistance to them, organizing periodic meetings with students to discuss their problems and seek to confront them, urging students to participate in various university activities while rewarding the distinguished among them, and organizing periodic meetings with all the college employees to study how to improve quality of Academic life for college students.

There is the possibility of complete 3D modeling using terrestrial laser scanner. To have a complete coverage of the target region for the scan, the device must be located in various locations and carried out measurement operations. Nevertheless, the movement to increase the deployment requires more field measurements which respectively will increase the cost and time. In this paper, the goal is to provide a tool to assess the selected locations for the deployment of terrestrial laser scanners. In this regard, to achieve this goal, the genetic optimization algorithm is being used. In the proposed method, the total registered point cloud implementation of all stations in the range of scanning devices is used as the search space for the genetic algorithm. The cost function with two goals, one reduction in occlusion areas and the other is to take fewest possible points for placements. By selecting a random set of candidate locations for placement as an initial response, the algorithm will start to obtain optimal layout placement and in the search space, during successive iterations by applying the selection operators, crossover and mutation will be provided. In this process, the optimal choice of device placement is automatic and repetitive and ensure correct alignment will achieve with the minimum number of points required for full measurement. The results show the genetic optimization algorithm to optimize the laser scanner device placements across a large number of the selected candidate. Thereby, it can be created a tool to assess the efficiency of the selected placements. The chance of 99% scanning of the area with absolute certainty using the proposed method with the least possible number of stations was established.

Oxfam Research Reports are written to share research results, to contribute to public debate and to invite feedback on development and humanitarian policy and practice. They do not necessarily reflect Oxfam policy positions. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of Oxfam.

The purpose of this essay is to identify factors that constrain customers’ ability to engage in sustainable energy consumption, conceived of as a consumption practice that reduces the moral hazards associated with fossil fuel overconsumption. The authors outline some marketing policy and consumer research issues related to the market system and identify four constraints to sustainable energy consumption: policies and regulation, product accessibility and availability, pricing, and customer knowledge. This topic is important because of changes in the macro context of energy consumption—namely, the growing recognition of a fundamentally resource-constrained environment and the increased salience of various global commons effects to customers. The authors conclude with directions for further research.

Despite abundant evidence about their importance, unpaid care work and unequal division of labour between women and men are largely invisible in development policy and programmes. This case study of a value chain development (VCD) programme in Uganda argues that it is possible to change gender norms and relations that have existed for generations, and that this improves development outcomes significantly – but it takes deliberate effort and planning.

Background and Aims: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that results from the accumulation of plaque and mass around the gingival tissue. Hypertension is one of the main causes of fertility in the world. The present study aimed to compare periodontal parameters' means in people with normal blood pressure and hypertension. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on patients referred to the Dental School of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected from patients referred to the dental school by convenience sampling method. Firstly, the periodontal parameters including periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were assessed in all of the participants. Then, the patient's blood pressure was measured. Results: Participants in this study were 280 subjects including 102 male and 178 female between the ages of 20 to 50 years with a mean age of 33 ± 7.5. However, the increased means of plaque index, gingival index, and periodontal pocket depth in people with high blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) compared to normal blood pressure were not statistically significant. Still, the mean of clinical attachment loss was significantly higher in people with high blood pressure (0.79 ± 0.78) than in people with normal blood pressure (0.53 ± 0.57) (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Considering the changes in periodontal parameters in people with high and normal blood pressure and the possibility of a possible relationship between periodontal tissue loss and high blood pressure as a clinical event, the joint efforts of physicians and dentists can be played an effective role in improving community general health.

Tanzanian women spend more time overall than men on unpaid care work activities, and less on cash-earning work. This report presents the findings of research conducted in Tanzania as part of the ‘Balancing unpaid care work and paid work: successes, challenges and lessons for women’s economic empowerment programmes and policies’ research project.

IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England (No. 877338). The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across seven key themes. Each theme works with partner institutions to co-construct policy-relevant knowledge and engage in policy-influencing processes. This material has been developed under the Empowerment of Women and Girls theme. The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies. AG Level 2 Output ID: 77 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Political economy context of Nepal 3 Unpaid care work and the policy environment in Nepal 4 Building an advocacy strategy in Nepal 4.1 Nepal's advocacy strategy for effective policy involvement 4.2 Stakeholder mapping: Early Child Development Centre 4.3 Critical paths for influencing policies to address unpaid care work 4.4 Programming and messaging 5 Challenges, successes and learnings 5.1 Challenges 5.2 Successes 5.3

IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England (No. 877338). The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across seven key themes. Each theme works with partner institutions to co-construct policy-relevant knowledge and engage in policy-influencing processes. This material has been developed under the Empowerment of Women and Girls theme. The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies. AG Level 2 Output ID: 77 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Political economy context of Nepal 3 Unpaid care work and the policy environment in Nepal 4 Building an advocacy strategy in Nepal 4.1 Nepal's advocacy strategy for effective policy involvement 4.2 Stakeholder mapping: Early Child Development Centre 4.3 Critical paths for influencing policies to address unpaid care work 4.4 Programming and messaging 5 Challenges, successes and learnings 5.1 Challenges 5.2 Successes 5.3