Male Reproduction Health

Male reproductive capacity was examined in 5 lines of mice which differed markedly in mature body weight (30\p=n-\73 g) due to selection for growth and/or substitu- tion of the high growth gene (hg). Testes weight ranged from 0\m=.\75\p=n-\0\m=.\77% of body weight in control lines to 0\m=.\33%in the largest mice which had the hg gene in a growth selected background. Both selection for growth and the hg gene in a control back- ground reduced absolute testes size (0\m=.\200 and 0\m=.\207 g vs 0\m=.\236and 0\m=.\228 g in control lines) as well as relative testes size although body weight was increased by at least 50%. Although the combination of growth background and hg gene reduced sperm produc- tion per g testis compared to the outbred control, the primary cause of reduced sperm production per mouse in lines containing either the growth background or the hg gene alone was reduced absolute testes size. At 24, but not at 11, weeks of age, the hg gene reduced sperm motility. In these lines, high genetic potential for post-weaning growth was associated with decreased male reproductive capacity.

The fish Xiphophorus helleri is a commercially important species. Here we analyze several cultivation variables. We studied them for 120 days in 10-gallon aquaria without aeration; 1 fry per liter, the temperature varied between 26,3 and 26,9°C. The pH ranged from 8,1 to 8,8 and the oxygen concentration from 6,2 to 6,6mg / L. Api-aba balanced fodd with 25% protein was used, three hormones were added: 1) Sten 2) Primoteston and 3) Sostenon 250. Sex reversal was 84,3%, 91,4% and 93,3% correspondingly. A fish with treatment 1 gained an average of 0,55g and total length of 5,4cm, with treatment 2: 0,59g and 5cm; and with treatment 3: 0,55g and 4,1cm. The 8 th fortnight survival was 80%, 90% and 75% correspondingly; these differences are not statistically significant. The three treatments gave the expected results of sex reversal, growth and survival.

The nose or snout is an important anatomical structure of mammals. It is responsible for inspiration and expiration of gases into the lungs, temperature regulation and olfaction, and it is also essential for supporting navigation, foraging and immunological defence in animals. Snouts are also often used to differentiate and classify mammals. This review investigates the critical role of the snout and its accessory structures, and how it supports mammalian survival. We use wombats as a specific example, given their iconic status and that extant species are classified based on the appearance of their rhinarium, to identify gaps in our knowledge of the marsupial snout and its function.

In this publication, the researchers conducted a semen analysis that was independently acquired and volunteered by a subject. The study aims to analyze a human seminal sample at peak age and performance that can be further understood how female partners interpret sexual health and preferences on male partners whether a sexual cue is evident based on semen qualities. This is to aid reproductive health awareness and raise the standard of seminal performance and quality that allow proper care and wellbeing for both partners.

The paper may contain graphic sample photos that may not be suitable for public view.

Aedes aegypti is a vector of medically important viruses including those causing Zika, dengue, and chikungunya. During mating, males transfer a number of proteins and other molecules to the female and these components of the male ejaculate are essential in shifting female post-mating behaviors in a number of insect species. Because these molecules are highly variable by species, and female post-mating behavior by species is also varied, behavioral assays testing the function of the ejaculate are necessary before we can develop control strategies targeting the mating system to reduce mosquito populations. Because increased survival in mosquitoes strongly increases vectorial capacity and can influence population sizes and potential risk we tested the effect of mating on female survival. The ejaculate can either promote or reduce female survival, as both have been shown in multiple insect species, yet this effect has not been directly assessed in mosquitoes. We compared survival of females in four treatment groups: mated females, virgin females, and virgin females injected with either an extract from the male reproductive glands or a saline control. Survival, blood feeding frequency, fecundity and cumulative net reproductive rate (R 0 ) were determined after multiple feedings from a human host. Our results confirm that male reproductive gland substances increase female fecundity and blood feeding frequency, resulting in dramatic increases in fitness (R 0 ). We also demonstrate, for the first time, an effect of male reproductive gland extracts alone on female survival, regardless of whether or not the female ingested a vertebrate blood meal. Thus, the effects of MAG extract on survival are not secondary effects from altered blood feeding. Collectively, we demonstrate a direct role for Ae. aegypti malederived molecules on increasing female fitness, reproductive success and, ultimately, transmission potential for vector borne pathogens.

Although the male reproductive system seems to be enriched in transcripts encoding for both Prominin genes, little is known about their spatial distribution in distinct segments of this organ system. This is especially true for the less-characterized second Prominin paralogue, Prominin-2. The present study, therefore, mainly examines the expression of Prominin-2 in male mice and reveals the existence of some crucial diVerences in the tissue compartmentalization of the two Prominin paralogues in the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate and urinary bladder. Our in situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that the major domains of overlapping expression between the two Prominin genes are those compartments that are derived ontogenetically from the epigonadal mesonephric tubules, i.e. ductuli eVerentes, or from the WolYan-tube/ductus mesonephricus, for instance the corpus epididymidis and vesicula seminalis. In contrast, the sinus urogenitalis derivative urinary bladder epithelium expresses exclusively Prominin-2, but not Prominin-1 (CD133). The testis expresses only Prominin-1, not Prominin-2. In human prostate, we Wnally demonstrate that the expression of Prominin-2 (transcript and protein) is highly enriched in cells located in the basal compartment of the glandular epithelium where only a minute population was recently reported to be Prominin-1 positive. Taken together our data indicate that, except for the gonad, Prominin-2 is widely and abundantly expressed along the epithelia of various segments of the adult male genitourinary tract.

Information on the metabolism of the environmental toxicant, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the male reproductive system is crucial for understanding BaP-induced infertility. Microsomes were isolated from the liver and testes of rat, mouse, hamster, ram, boar, bull, and monkey and incubated with BaP. Post-incubation, samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed for BaP/metabolites by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. A great variation among species to metabolize BaP was observed. The rodent testicular microsomes produced higher proportions of BaP 4,5-diol and 9,10-diol than did boar, ram, bull, and monkey. On the other hand, hepatic microsomes from higher mammals converted a greater proportion of BaP to 3-hydroxy and 9-hydroxy BaP, the detoxification products of BaP. Given the ability of BaP 7-8-diol 9, 10-epoxide, 3-, and 9-hydroxy BaP to bind with DNA and form adducts, there is a likelihood of risk arising from the accumulation of BaP metabolites in testicular tis...

Fertility reduction due to sub-fertile males is a major concern in breeder flocks. Phenotypic traits of broiler breeder males and their relationships with fertility can be used as reliable indicators for identification and removal of sub-fertile males from the breeder flocks. This study was conducted to investigate semen traits (semen volume, sperm motility, sperm viability and sperm count) and testes histomorphometric features including tubule differentiation index (TDI), spermiation index (SPI), Sertoli cell index (SCI) and mitotic index (MI) of broiler breeder males with the same age but different phenotypic traits. According to phenotypic traits, 12 broiler breeder males (Ross-308 strain) were classified into three equal groups. Group 1: roosters with fertile phenotypic traits (fertile), group 2: roosters with the lowest fertile phenotypic traits (sub-fertile) and group 3: roosters with moderate fertile phenotypic traits (moderate). The results confirmed potential relationship b...

Indomethacin is a member of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used for treatment of gout, arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. It has been shown to inhibit ovarian prostaglandins synthesis in mammals, birds, fish and reptiles. However, the effects of its chronic administration on male reproductive functions remain largely unknown. Using rat as a model, we studied the effect of chronic treatment with indomethacin on the male reproductive system. Testosterone was measured in the serum, testicular tissue, and testicular interstitial fluid by radioimmunoassay. Moreover, we also studied the direct effect of indomethacin in vitro on luteinizing hormone stimulated testosterone secretion from the Leydig cells isolated from various treatment groups. Indomethacin treatment for 50 days caused a significant but reversible decrease in prostate weight, epididymal sperm reserves and sperm motility score compared with control rats (p < 0.05). In vitro stimulation o...

Background: Vitamin A and D are both fat-soluble vitamins that are crucial for maintaining overall health and are highly indispensable, despite their minimal daily requirements. Their involvement in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis has linked them to the development of various tumours, particularly those associated with an increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer of the prostate (CAP). Objective: This study aims to assess the levels of vitamin A and D among adult men with BPH and prostate cancers attending the clinic at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, to establish any form of relationship between these vitamins and the disease conditions. Methods: A total of one hundred thirty-eight consenting male subjects 50 years and above diagnosed with prostate enlargement (68) and prostate cancer (70) with Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) above 4ng/ml and attended the urology clinic as well as healthy non-prostate diseased subjects' men (69) attending general clinic all at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba were recruited for the study. A 5 mL venous blood sample was collected from subjects and controls, and the samples were dispensed into specimen containers to determine the total PSA and Vitamins A and D levels using the ELISA method. Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20 with the application of mean, student's test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient, adopting a p-value less than 0.05 (p<0.05) as statistically significant. Results: Vitamin D levels among individuals in the hyperplasia and prostate cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control subjects. In contrast, vitamin A levels showed no significant difference compared to the hyperplasia and prostate cancer group. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between vitamin A and D, as well as between serum total PSA and both disease conditions. However, no correlation was found between the vitamins (A and D) and serum PSA in the control group. Conclusion: Maintaining normal serum vitamin A and D levels among males will not only help to reduce the risk or severity of prostate cancer but also be of great benefit to prostate health.

Unexpected discovery of a median protuber- ance on the tongue of several Colostethus spp.(Dendrobatidae) provides first knowledge of an unusual anatomical structure in New World frogs. The general term median lingual process is suggested for all similarly positioned structures, previously known only in certain Asian and Af- rican frogs of the superfamily Ranoidea. Refer- ences to the process are mostly buried in taxo- nomic descriptions under the term "median pa- pilla," although it is many times larger than the tongue's fungiform papillae (which carry taste re- ceptors) and the still smaller filiform papillae. Scanning electron microscopy shows a cell-sur- face ultrastructure of microridges (and micro- knobs) as is characteristic of certain other epithe- lia. The function of the median process is un- known but conceivably involved in the sophisti- cated anuran chemosensory system. From a survey of museum specimens and lit- erature, the median process is shown to occur in one or more species of at least 16 genera of three nominal families and several subfamilies of Old World ranoids. Considerable variation in the me- dian lingual process was found and is preliminar- ily classified under several morphologies. Type A: Retractile, upright cone-shaped processes oc- cur with a-type retraction in Discodeles, Indirana, Mantidactylus, Rhacophorus, and with 3-type re- traction in Platymantis and possibly Staurois. Type B: Retractile, upright rugose processes with a-type retraction characterize Petropedetes only. Type C: Elongate, longitudinally reclining pro- cesses characterize several genera of the Petro- pedetinae-Arthroleptides with aL-type retraction, Dimorphognathus, Ericabatrachus, and Phryno- don, retraction unknown, Nothophryne, possibly 1997 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Recent issues of the Novitates may be purchased from the Museum. Lists of back issues of the Novitates and Bulletin published during the last five years are available at World Wide Web site . Or address mail orders to: American Museum of Natural History Library, Department D, Central Park West at 79th St.

Unexpected discovery of a median protuber- ance on the tongue of several Colostethus spp.(Dendrobatidae) provides first knowledge of an unusual anatomical structure in New World frogs. The general term median lingual process is suggested for all similarly positioned structures, previously known only in certain Asian and Af- rican frogs of the superfamily Ranoidea. Refer- ences to the process are mostly buried in taxo- nomic descriptions under the term "median pa- pilla," although it is many times larger than the tongue's fungiform papillae (which carry taste re- ceptors) and the still smaller filiform papillae. Scanning electron microscopy shows a cell-sur- face ultrastructure of microridges (and micro- knobs) as is characteristic of certain other epithe- lia. The function of the median process is un- known but conceivably involved in the sophisti- cated anuran chemosensory system. From a survey of museum specimens and lit- erature, the median process is shown to occur in one or more species of at least 16 genera of three nominal families and several subfamilies of Old World ranoids. Considerable variation in the me- dian lingual process was found and is preliminar- ily classified under several morphologies. Type A: Retractile, upright cone-shaped processes oc- cur with a-type retraction in Discodeles, Indirana, Mantidactylus, Rhacophorus, and with 3-type re- traction in Platymantis and possibly Staurois. Type B: Retractile, upright rugose processes with a-type retraction characterize Petropedetes only. Type C: Elongate, longitudinally reclining pro- cesses characterize several genera of the Petro- pedetinae-Arthroleptides with aL-type retraction, Dimorphognathus, Ericabatrachus, and Phryno- don, retraction unknown, Nothophryne, possibly 1997 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Recent issues of the Novitates may be purchased from the Museum. Lists of back issues of the Novitates and Bulletin published during the last five years are available at World Wide Web site . Or address mail orders to: American Museum of Natural History Library, Department D, Central Park West at 79th St.

Fertility variation was studied in two clonal seed orchards (CSO) of teak in four consecutive years (2003-2006). Both orchards were raised in 1976 with grafts of phenotypes selected for growth and form. The seed orchards of CSO I (Topslip, Tamil Nadu State) and CSO II (Walayar, Kerala State) have 15 and 20 clones, respectively, with 13 common clones. The proportion of flowering ramets was generally low ranging from 16 to 53% across years. The best fruit yield during the study period was around 18 kg ha-1 in CSO I and 17 kg ha-1 in CSO II. Highly significant clonal variation and clone by year and clone by site interactions were observed for fertility traits. The clonal contribution was more skewed in poor flowering years than in abundant flowering years and in CSO II than in CSO I. Broad sense heritability for flower and fruit production per tree was low to moderate (0.16 to 0.55). Flower and fruit production by individual ramets in successive years were positively correlated. Correl...

We studied three closely related species of endangered gazelles (Gazella dorcas, Gazella dama and Gazella cuvieri) with di¡erent levels of inbreeding in order to determine at which intensities inbreeding in£uences ejaculate traits. We also examined whether £uctuating asymmetry (FA) is a reliable indicator of genetic as well as reproductive stress. Our results show that, within each population, the individual coe¤cient of inbreeding is inversely related to ejaculate quality only in the species with the highest levels of inbreeding (G. cuvieri). In addition, FA is a reliable indicator of individual levels of inbreeding in both the species with the highest levels of inbreeding (G. cuvieri) and the species with intermediate levels of inbreeding (G. dama). Thus, FA appears in individuals whose levels of inbreeding are still not high enough to a¡ect male reproductive potential and should therefore be considered a sensitive indicator of genetic stress. Finally, FA is also a reliable indicator of male reproductive stress since it is related to individual semen quality in all the species studied.

Juvenile hormone (JH) is a major hormonal regulator in insects. In Aedes aegypti females, JH signals the completion of the ecdysis to the adult stage and initiates reproductive processes. Although the regulation of JH synthesis and titer in Ae. aegypti females has been extensively studied, relatively little is known about changes of JH synthesis and titers in male mosquitoes, as well as on the roles of JH controlling male reproductive biology. A better understanding of male mosquito reproductive biology, including an improved knowledge of the hormonal control of reproduction, could increase the likelihood of success of male-targeting vector control programs. Using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method, we measured JH biosynthesis and hemolymph levels in male mosquitoes during pupal and adult stages. Our results revealed tightly concomitant changes in JH biosynthesis and JH hemolymph titers. Synthesis of JH III was very low i...

The effect of male accessory gland substances on female reproductive physiology has been previously described as "activating" egg development. However, no mechanism has been described that can explain how male mosquitoes are able to influence egg development in female mosquitoes. To investigate how male mosquitoes are able to influence ovarian physiology and reproductive output we explored three main questions: 1) Do mating and male accessory gland substances affect ovarian physiology and alter markers of oocyte quality during the previtellogenic resting stage? 2) Does the male accessory gland contain JH III and is JH III transferred to the female during copulation? 3) Finally, does the nutritional history of the male affect the amount of JH III transferred to the female and alter reproductive output? By answering these questions it is clear that male mosquitoes are able to alter the female's resource allocation priorities towards reproduction by transferring JH III during copulation; reducing the rate of previtellogenic resorption and increasing the amount of stored ovarian lipids. These changes improve an individual follicle's likelihood of development after a blood meal. In addition, males maintained under better nutritional conditions make and transfer more JH III, prevent more follicular resorption and realize higher fecundities than other males. Together these results illustrate one mechanism behind the "activating" effect of mating described as well as the role sugar feeding plays in male mosquitoes.

We employed RT-PCR followed by light microscope immunocytochemistry on St. Marie&#39;s- and Bouin&#39;s-fixed tissues to define the distribution of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms in the male reproductive tract. The data revealed that CA II, III, IV, XII, and XIV were expressed in rat epididymis. Whereas CA III was found in principal cells of all epididymal regions, CA II was localized in narrow cells of the initial segment and principal cells of all regions. CA XII expression was most intense in the corpus and proximal cauda regions, where it appeared over the basolateral plasma membranes of principal cells. Narrow cells of the initial segment also revealed intense reactions, as did basal cells of the corpus and proximal cauda regions. Principal cells of the initial segment and proximal caput regions showed diffuse apical cytosolic reactions and occasional basolateral staining for CA XIV, whereas principal cells of distal regions showed more diffuse cytosolic reactions highlightin...

Antiserum against testis ecdysiotropin isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, reacted with neurons in the protocerebrum, optic and antennal lobes, subesophageal, thoracic and abdominal ganglia, as well as in nerve tracts extending through the optic lobes, tritocerebrum, and interganglionic connectives of the pupal stage of these insects. Testis ecdysiotropin is a peptide required by immature moths to initiate production of testes ecdysteroid, which is necessary for the development of the male reproductive system and initiation of spermatogenesis. Antiserum against testis ecdysiotropin also detected an accumulation of testis ecdysiotripiclike material between the inner and outer testis sheaths of pupae. The localization of this peptide in the imaginal disks of the last larval stage, cells and nerve fibers in the optic and antennal lobes of the pupa of both sexes, as well as in the testes during development of the adult reproductive system indicates that testis ecdysiotropin has a much larger impact on adult metamorphosis than development of the reproductive system and initiation of gametogenesis. Although this peptide may have a modulatory role in the central nervous system (CNS), it may also initiate a cascade of activity required for the development of the adult nervous system, in addition to its role in reproduction.

Thaumatopteris (Goeppert) Nathorst is a typical dipterid fern in the early Mesozoic, showing global significances for palaeoclimate, phytogeography and biostratigraphy. However, the detailed understanding on the relationship between species diversity and the environmental background of this genus is still unclear. Here, we reinvestigated new collections and type specimens of Thaumatopteris contracta Li et Tsao collected from the Upper Triassic of Yunnan Province, and analysed the systematic, diversity variations and tempospatial distribution patterns of Thaumatopteris in China. An emendation was proposed for species diagnosis of Thaumatopteris contracta based on both sterile and fertile pinnae. Our analysis demonstrates that the genus Thaumatopteris reached a higher diversity and differentiation with 11 species during the Late Triassic in China and suffered a severe loss of species diversity across the Triassic-Jurassic transition. Changes in the spatial distribution pattern of Thaumatopteris demonstrate an ecological response to local environment degradation in the Upper Yangtze region. The destruction of habitat and the block of the transport channel of warm moist flow from the Tethys Ocean caused by the Indosinian tectonic movement, especially, the uplift of the Longmen Mountains may represent the potential environmental trigger.

ABSTRACTFollowing spermatogenesis in the testis, mammalian sperm continue to mature over the course of approximately 10 days as they transit a long epithelial tube known as the epididymis. The epididymis is comprised of multiple segments/compartments that, in addition to concentrating sperm and preventing their premature activation, play key roles in remodeling the protein, lipid, and RNA composition of maturing sperm. In order to understand the complex roles for the epididymis in reproductive biology, we generated a single cell atlas of gene expression from the murine epididymis and vas deferens. We recovered all the key cell types of the epididymal epithelium, including principal cells, clear cells, and basal cells, along with associated support cells that include fibroblasts, smooth muscle, macrophages and other immune cells. Moreover, our data illuminate extensive regional specialization of principal cell populations across the length of the epididymis, with a substantial fracti...

Background: Zimbabwe Health Interventions (ZHI) is implementing the Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored and Safe (DREAMS) program to reduce new HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW).  The project conducted a gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) analysis to better understand the gendered dynamics, social norms, and power relations related to AGYW’s HIV and gender-based violence (GBV) risk and access to services.
Methods: We conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study in 2022 in purposively selected DREAMS districts i.e., Mazowe, Gweru, Insiza and Mangwe. Participants included AGYW, adolescent boys and young men (ABYM), community and religious leaders, parents and caregivers, and key informants from implementing partners and government ministries. Qualitative data were collected in Shona, Ndebele, and English using an in-depth interview guide, key informant interview guide and focus group discussion (FGD) guide. FGDs were audio recorded, transcribed, and translated. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data, and assessment received ethical approval from Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ/A/2931).
Results: Thirty-four (34) FGDs and 40 key informant/in-depth interviews were conducted. Gender and generational inequalities characterize social relations between men and women, young and old generations, and people with disabilities. Inequalities are rooted in patriarchal, cultural, and religious values, beliefs, and practices. Inequality manifests in household decision making, access to and control over assets, gender roles and responsibilities, participation in decision making, gender-based violence (GBV) and access and utilization of services. It is also reflected in dreams and aspirations of adolescent girls and boys. The most negatively impacted people are women, especially adolescent girls; male and female youth; and people with disabilities. Increased rates of child marriage, artisanal mining, migration, drug, and alcohol use were HIV risk factors affecting AGYW. Parental communication and support were suboptimal, and there was low uptake and appreciation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by AGYW; this increases risk of HIV infection for AGYW
Conclusions: The DREAMS project will use analysis findings to develop gender mainstreaming strategy, build capacity of service providers, engage cultural and religious gate keepers, develop women and youth agency, and ensure gender and generation equality outcomes and indicators are clearly defined.

Purpose This study sought to compare sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in semen specimens after 3 days and then after 3 h of abstinence in men presenting for initial infertility evaluation. Methods A prospective cohort study of 112 men undergoing their first semen analysis as part of an infertility work-up was conducted. All participants presented with 3 days of abstinence for a semen analysis and DNA-fragmentation test. Both tests were repeated on a second sample collected 3 h after the first ejaculation. DNA-fragmentation was evaluated with the halo test by one of two technicians blinded to duration of abstinence. Variables analyzed include ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and motility, smoking status, cannabis use, initial specimen DNA fragmentation, and use of sperm-directed anti-oxidant formulations. Results Among all subjects, DNA fragmentation improved in the 3-h abstinence specimen (34.6 ± 19.4% vs. 23.7 ± 16.0%, p = 0.0001). Among subjects with high DNA fragmentation (> 35%) on the initial specimen, 55% improved into the normal range. Semen volume and sperm concentration decreased (3.1 ± 3.3 ml vs. 1.9 ± 0.8 ml, p < 0.01 and 41 ± 39 vs. 32 ± 31 (millions/ml), p = 0.01), while progressive motility tended to increase. Fifty-eight subjects demonstrated ≥ 30% improvement in SDF in the second specimen as compared to the first. Factors found to correlate with > 30% improvement in DNA fragmentation in the 3-h abstinence specimen compared to 3 days were younger age and use of anti-oxidants. Conclusion High SDF can often be managed with a second ejaculation 3 h after the first in infertile couples, including in males with abnormal semen analyses per the 2010 WHO guide. Apart from SDF levels, changes in sperm quality were not clinically significant in the second specimen and did not increase rates of ICSI. However, a second ejaculation after 3 h probably may reduce the necessity of costly and/or invasive ART strategies.

Geometric morphometry has been widely used in decapods’ studies for taxonomic needs, and for eco-morphological adaptation and intraspecific variations recordings. Among the 40 species of the genus Hippolyte, the Mediterranean endemic Hippolyte sapphica is the only one with two distinct conspecific morphotypes, without intermediate forms: morph-A with a long, dentate and morph-B with a very short, toothless rostrum. Previous studies have shown that the “rostral loss” in morph-B seems to be controlled by a single pair of alleles, with a complete dominance of allele b, expressed in morph-B. We aim to elucidate morphotypes’ rostral pattern in relation to size, sex, and season. Shrimps were collected during two different (dry/wet) seasons from two sites: s.1 with a mixed (morph-A and B) and s.2 with a pure, unmixed (morph-A) species populations. After morph and sex identification, individuals were photographed and geometric morphometric analysis of rostrum was carried out on a set of lan...

SummaryTesticular cancer is the most frequent malignancy among young men, and there have been steady increases in its incidence in most western countries for many decades. Recently, a decrease was seen in some countries, including Denmark. Here, we report recent trends in testicular cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. We address the hypothesis that the causal factors for testicular cancer in Denmark are related to birth cohort and that non‐seminoma and seminoma tumours have a common aetiology. An overall increase in testicular cancer incidence was found in the Nordic countries, corresponding to increases with each consecutive birth cohort in each country. In Denmark, a decline in incidence was observed during the past 5 years, and men born around 1943 and around 1968 showed lower incidences than men born just before or just after these dates. These birth‐cohort effects were seen both for seminoma and non‐seminoma tumours. This descriptive study confirms the hypothesis that bir...

Farmer, occupational exposure, Mexico, pesticides, rural worker. and 18% lacks of a complete personal protective equipment. The PQUI was statistically significant (Tukey, p≤0.05) for the applicators. It is concluded that occupational exposure to pesticides in the study area is relatively high, level of education has a relevant role in adopting good practices for pesticides use, and that a strong link exists between exposure to pesticides and health problems.

Pollen contamination was evaluated using control-pollinated seedlings pollinated with polymixes of orchard pollen and pure wildstand and wind-pollinated orchard seedlings. At age 7, seedlings pollinated with contaminate pollen were the shortest across all four sites, but had survival levels (83%) similar to open-pollinated (84%) and pure orchard seedlings (86%). Open-pollinated seedlings had intermediate heights while pure orchard seedlings were tallest. The level of pollen contamination in open-pollinated seedlots was estimated to be 26%. Survival for all pollen sources combined was similar at the two high-elevation sites (84%) and low-elevation sites (86%). Using a yield model to compare volume/ha at rotation age for open-pollinated orchard seedlings and pure orchard seedlings, differences were small and increased due to site index (SI; from 3 to 6 m 3 /ha) but not due to planting density. Equivalent discounted benefits at rotation were 27 vs. 54 C$/ha at the two extreme site indices (18 vs. 25), respectively. These projected reductions due to pollen contamination are magnified by the large area that is regenerated annually with orchard seed of coastal Douglas-fir and contamination can cause a reduction in benefits of up to C$748,500 per year at the highest SI at a planting density of 1111 trees/ha.

Seed orchards are the principal delivery method for genetically selected materials to operational reforestation programmes in British Columbia, Canada. Orchard parents are assigned breeding values for the improved trait (e.g. stem volume growth). The genetic quality of orchard seedlots is rated annually by weighting the breeding value of each orchard parent by its proportional gamete contribution (male and female) to the seedlot. Parental gamete contributions are also used to calculate an effective population size to quantify genetic diversity in a seedlot. Adaptation and genetic representation of populations are carefully considered at orchard establishment to ensure minimum seedlot standards are met. The calculation of genetic worth also considers the gamete contribution of non-orchard pollen parents, and is lowered for the negative effects of contaminating pollen and raised for the beneficial effects of supplemental pollen. The protocols for collecting information required to rate seedlots vary by species and location, but the calculations for estimating genetic worth, pollen contamination and genetic diversity are the same. Both the protocols and the formulae used to calculate the genetic quality of orchard seed lots are discussed.

Seed genetic quality affects reforestation success and plantation value. This is recognized in the Silviculture Practices Regulations of the Forest Practices Code Act of British Columbia, which require that available seed sources of the highest genetic quality be used to reforest Crown land. This report describes procedures for rating the genetic quality of seed orchard seedlots. The genetic quality of a seedlot encompasses its genetic worth, adaptation to the target zone, and genetic diversity. Adaptability and diversity are considered during orchard design, and must meet minimum standards. These standards must be set out in the orchard working plan and approved as part of the orchard licensing procedure. Genetic worth is a function of the proportional gametic contribution of individual clones in the seed orchard and of the supplemental pollen used. Different seed orchards require different levels of monitoring and control to produce seedlots of high genetic quality. A system for categorizing orchards based on orchard genetic potential, pollen contamination risk, and the genetic quality of contaminant pollen is presented. Protocols are provided to collect information about clonal gametic contributions, contaminant pollen, phenology of orchard receptivity, start of orchard pollen shed, and effectiveness of supplemental mass pollination. These protocols include formulae for estimating seedlot genetic worth, percent contamination, and effective population size. A method for estimating genetic quality attributes for controlled-cross seedlots is also presented.

Human nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NcoA4) amplifies the activity of several ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and androgen receptor (AR). Because these receptors exert important regulatory effects during development, with AhR ubiquitously expressed after embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) and AR expressed from E12 onward, we examined NcoA4 expression in mouse embryos from E9.5 to E17.5. Full-length NcoA4 transcript was detected by RT-PCR at all embryonic stages and in all adult mouse tissues examined, although a novel splice variant was also detected. Western blot analysis indicated the expression of full-length NcoA4 protein, which was more highly expressed at later (E15.5–E17.5) embryonic stages. NcoA4 protein was also present at varying levels in all adult mouse tissues examined. A dynamic expression profile for NcoA4 during early development was indicated by immunohistochemistry in cardiac, hepatic, and lung tissue. Unlike hum...

espanolEn Mexico se han diagnosticado deficiencias de minerales traza en ovinos en pastoreo, pero hay pocas estrategias para corregirlas y evaluar su respuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, en sementales ovinos (10 Hampshire con PV 80.6 ± 7.6 kg y 8 Suffolk con PV 86.3 ± 9.3 kg), el efecto de un suplemento de selenito de sodio en un bolo intraruminal de liberacion prolongada (500 mg de Se), sobre el PV, condicion corporal, circunferencia escrotal, variables hematicas, actividad de glutation peroxidasa, concentracion de selenio en suero sanguineo y caracteristicas del eyaculado. El diseno experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2x2x3 sin y con Se (bolo intraruminal), razas (Hampshire y Suffolk) y tres meses en la epoca reproductiva (noviembre, diciembre y enero), donde cada semental fue la unidad experimental. Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron en las semanas uno (previo al tratamiento), dos y tres de julio de 2005, y despues, en la cuarta semana de...

The reproduction of small ruminants like goats and sheep managed under extensive range grazing conditions can be affected by nutrients availability and especially by the mineral content of the forages resources on the rangeland. It has been particularly demonstrated that trace elements can have equally, beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on its balance, on reproductive functions in small ruminants. Trace elements as copper, molybdenum, selenium and zinc play key role on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids; however, the mode of action by which these elements affect reproduction in sheep and goats are not completely understood, due to the complexity in the mode of action of the metallobiomolecules and the neuro-hormonal relationship. In this way, their absence or presence of these minerals in several organs, fluids, or tissues of the reproductive tract have allowed obtaining information on the metabolism and the role of these elements on reproduction in sheep and goats. On this regard, the objective of this document is to review the relationships and effects of some trace elements, on reproductive events in sheep and goats.

LINE-1 is a transposable element in the DNA of some organisms and belongs to the group of Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). It consists of about 17% of human genomic DNA. Most of the LINE-1 genes imprinting in the human genome are inactive; despite, some retained the ability to retrotranspose. In the present study, we examine 100 Iraqi patients [(50) Oligozoospermia infertile patients (OZ) and (50) normospermia fertile patients (NP)]. Samples were collected (100) serum blood sample to determine hormone levels using ELISA Kits and (100) seminal fluid samples for microscopic analysis and molecular study to estimate the LINE-1 gene-expression level using the qRT-PCR technique. Levels of mRNA expression were measured by two steps reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Results showed an increase in the expression levels of mRNA gene-expression was an up-regulation in gene expression level for LINE-1 gene in the OZ group, besides, hormonal levels assay we observed that present elevation in serum hormone levels of FSH, LH and testosterone in Oligozoospermia group and this evolution responsible for male infertility and alteration of spermatogenesis.

Advancements in imaging technologies over the last two decades have ushered a quiet revolution in research approaches to the study of ovarian structure and function. The most significant changes in our understanding of the ovary have resulted from the use of ultrasonography which has enabled sequential analyses in live animals. Computer-assisted image analysis and mathematical modeling of the dynamic changes within the ovary has permitted exciting new avenues of research with readily quantifiable endpoints. Spectral, color-flow and power Doppler imaging now facilitate physiologic interpretations of vascular dynamics over time. Similarly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as a research tool in ovarian imaging. New technologies, such as threedimensional ultrasonography and MRI, ultrasound-based biomicroscopy and synchrotron-based techniques each have the potential to enhance our real-time picture of ovarian function to the nearcellular level. Collectively, information available in ultrasonography, MRI, computer-assisted image analysis and mathematical modeling heralds a new era in our understanding of the basic processes of female and male reproduction.

The presence of classical components of the renin-angiotensin system has been demonstrated in the male reproductive tract, mainly in the testes and epididymis. The objective of this study was to verify the localization of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) and its receptor Mas in human testis. The study included 12 men with previously proven fertility submitted to orchiectomy for prostate cancer and 20 infertile men submitted to testicular biopsy for infertility work-up, comprising a subgroup with obstructive azoospermia/normal spermatogenesis (n = 8) and another with non-obstructive azoospermia and severely impaired spermatogenesis (n = 12). Testicular tissue samples were processed by immunohistochemistry and real time polymerase chain reaction. Ang-(1-7) was strongly expressed in the interstitial compartment, mainly in Leydig cells, with similar intensity in all groups evaluated. The peptide was also detected in the seminiferous tubules, but with much less intensity compared to interstitial cells. The receptor Mas was equally distributed between interstitial and tubular compartments and was found in all layers of the normal seminiferous epithelium. However, neither Ang-(1-7) nor Mas were detected in the seminiferous tubules of samples with impaired spermatogenesis. The testicular samples of infertile men with impaired spermatogenesis (non-obstructive azoospermia) expressed Mas and ACE2 mRNA at lower concentrations (fold change = 0.06 and 0.04, respectively, P \ 0.05) than samples with full spermatogenesis (obstructive azoospermia). This shows, for the first time, the immunolocalization of Ang-(1-7) and its receptor Mas in testes of fertile and infertile men, and suggests that this system may be altered when spermatogenesis is severely impaired.

Lasioglossum laevissimum was studied in Calgary, Alberta, where it is eusocial with one worker brood. Estimates of relatedness were obtained among various categories of nestmate based upon four polymorphic enzyme loci, two of which exhibited significant levels of linkage disequilibrium. Relatedness estimates among workers and among reproductive brood females were very close to the expected 0.75 value that obtains when nests are headed by one, singly mated queen. However, relatedness between workers and the reproductive brood females they reared was significantly lower than 0.75. A low frequency of orphaning with subsequent monopolisation of oviposition by one worker brood female in orphaned nests may explain these results. Workers were significantly more and queens significantly less closely related to male reproductives than expected if all males were to have resulted from queen-laid eggs. Orphaning and worker-produced males contribute to this result. The sex investment ratio was 1:2.2 in favour of females, in excellent agreement with the predictions based upon relative relatednesses between workers and reproductive brood males and females. Adaptive intercolony variation in investment ratios was detected: the sex ratio was more heavily female-biased in nests in which the relative relatedness asymmetry between workers and reproductive brood was more female-biased. The study species is the most weakly eusocial hymenopteran for which relatedness estimates and sex ratio data are available. With high relatedness among nestmates and a strongly femalebiased sex ratio, this study suggests the importance of indirect fitness contributions in the early stages of social evolution.

Dibromoacetic acid (DBA) and bromochloroacetic acid (BCA) are prevalent disinfection by-products of drinking water that produce defects in spermatogenesis and fertility in adult rats. Previously we demonstrated that BCA compromises the fertility of cauda epididymal rat sperm and SP22, a sperm membrane protein that is highly correlated with the fertility of these sperm. Herein, we administered DBA and BCA, individually and in combination, to determine whether fertility and levels of SP22 on sperm were diminished in an additive fashion. Moreover, we wished to validate an immunoassay for quantitation of SP22. In a dose finding study, animals were exposed by oral gavage daily for 14 days to: BCA alone at 1.6, 4, and 8 mg/kg; DBA at equimolar levels of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg; and two binary mixtures of 1.6 mg/kg BCA + 2 mg/kg DBA and 4 mg/kg BCA + 5 mg/kg DBA. The ED(50)s for the decrease in SP22 quantified by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE were 7.2 and 4.6 mg/kg for DBA and BCA. The ED(50)s for t...

Lek is a territorial mating strategy which is widely spread amongst males in the fallow deer, Dama dama high density population. A group of fallow deer in Březka park, Czech Republic, was studied where males exhibit a mixed mating system with territorial (single temporary stands, leks) and non-territorial strategies during the rut. Reproductive success was estimated indirectly by counting females/minute held per male both on the lek and single temporary stands. A total of 636 records were analysed (281 on leks and 355 on temporary stands). In contrast to other reports, males on leks were accompanied with significantly less females (LSMEANs ± S.E., 3.80 ± 1.10 does present per minute of observation) compared to those on single temporary stands (6.74 ± 1.10 does present per minute of observation). The results suggest that under specific conditions (over-abundance of adult males compared to females) attracting females on the lek need not be the most effective one.

identifi ed as essential fatty acids that must be consumed in the diet. Once consumed, however, LA and ALA can both be desaturated and elongated into more highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), docosapentaenoic (DPA n-6), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids via the pathway shown in Fig. . Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) performs the fi rst and rate-limiting step in this process, as well as the last step of desaturation for DHA and DPA n-6 synthesis. The D6D gene FADS2 was cloned in 1999 ( 2 ), and subsequently, a human case of D6D deficiency was identifi ed ( 3 ). The patient exhibited growth retardation accompanied by skin abnormalities, corneal ulceration, and feeding intolerance. Treatment with dietary AA and DHA restored normal growth and eliminated most other symptoms, underscoring the importance of the endogenous synthesis of these HUFAs. AA is a precursor to a host of signaling molecules known as eicosanoids, which include thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, and prostaglandins produced from the oxygenation of AA by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. However, the symptoms of classic essential fatty acid defi ciency, growth retardation and dermatitis ( 1 ), are attributed to a loss of LA, not AA or eicosanoids. Because LA is an essential component of skin ceramides, LA defi ciency results in the disruption of the skin's water barrier function ( 4 ) and heat loss from skin ( 5 ). These side effects make investigation of AA defi ciency impossible by dietary manipulation without complications from LA defi ciency. DHA is found in large amounts in the retina, brain, and testes ( 6, 7 ). The role of DHA has been largely thought to be structural, increasing the fl uidity of cellular mem- Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) catalyzes the fi rst step in the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), docosapentaenoic (DPAn-6), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, as well as the last desaturation of DPAn-6 and DHA. We created D6D-null mice ( ؊ / ؊ ), which enabled us to study HUFA defi ciency without depleting their precursors. In ؊ / ؊ , no in vivo AA synthesis was detected after administration of [U-13 C]linoleic acid (LA), indicating absence of D6D isozyme. Unexpectedly, all of the ؊ / ؊ developed ulcerative dermatitis when fed a purifi ed diet lacking D6D products but containing ample LA. The ؊ / ؊ also exhibited splenomegaly and ulceration in duodenum and ileocecal junction. Male ؊ / ؊ lacked normal spermatozoa with a severe impairment of spermiogenesis. Tissue HUFAs in ؊ / ؊ declined differentially: liver AA and DHA by 95%, and a smaller decrease in brain and testes. Dietary AA completely prevented dermatitis and intestinal ulcers in ؊ / ؊ . DPAn-6 was absent in ؊ / ؊ brain under AA supplementation, indicating absence of D6D isozyme for DPAn-6 synthesis from AA. This study demonstrated a distinct advantage of the D6D-null mice ( ؊ / ؊ ) to elucidate (1) AA function without complication of LA deprivation and (2) DHA function in the nervous system without AA depletion or DPAn-6 replacement seen in traditional models.

Dibromoacetic acid (DBA) and bromochloroacetic acid (BCA) are prevalent disinfection by-products of drinking water that produce defects in spermatogenesis and fertility in adult rats. Previously we demonstrated that BCA compromises the fertility of cauda epididymal rat sperm and SP22, a sperm membrane protein that is highly correlated with the fertility of these sperm. Herein, we administered DBA and BCA, individually and in combination, to determine whether fertility and levels of SP22 on sperm were diminished in an additive fashion. Moreover, we wished to validate an immunoassay for quantitation of SP22. In a dose finding study, animals were exposed by oral gavage daily for 14 days to: BCA alone at 1.6, 4, and 8 mg/kg; DBA at equimolar levels of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg; and two binary mixtures of 1.6 mg/kg BCA + 2 mg/kg DBA and 4 mg/kg BCA + 5 mg/kg DBA. The ED(50)s for the decrease in SP22 quantified by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE were 7.2 and 4.6 mg/kg for DBA and BCA. The ED(50)s for t...

There is increasing epidemiologic interest in the role drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may play in adverse reproductive outcomes such as inability to conceive, spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight. Although dozens of DBPs already have been identified, only a few studies have attempted to determine whether DBPs alter male reproductive parameters such as testicular and epididymal histology, testicular and epididymal sperm numbers, and epididymal sperm morphology and motility in laboratory animals. In these studies, alterations in epididymal sperm motility seemed to be predictive of more generalized toxicity of the male reproductive system. Because there is a need to prioritize DBPs for thorough reproductive and develop mental toxicity testing, preliminary screening for the potential of DBPs to alter reproductive function seems warranted. Here, we elected to examine only cauda epididymal sperm motion parameters and testicular and epididymal histopathology. The effects of exposure to two commonly occurring DBPs, bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and chloral hydrate (CH), via drinking water were evaluated in F344 rats at an interim (52 week) necropsy during cancer bioassay studies. Exposure to 22 and 39 mg/kg BDCM and 55 and 188 mg/kg CH did not produce any systemic toxicity. Histopathologic evaluation revealed no gross lesions in the reproductive organs, and no tumors were detected in any tissues. In contrast, exposure to 39 mg/kg BDCM significantly decreased the mean straight-line, average path, and curvilinear velocities of sperm recovered from the cauda epididymidis. This BDCM exposure shifted the average path velocity distribution to a iower modal velocity range. Exposure to 1sS mg/kg CH significantly decreased both the percentage of motile and progressively motile sperm. This CH exposure shifted the straight-line velocity distribution to a lower modal velocity range. These are the first reproductive toxicity data from exposure to BDCM and CH. The observed effects on sperm motion occurred in the absence of carcinogenesis. Because the effects of BDCM on sperm motility occurred at a lower exposure than that of other DBPs that compromise sperm motility, a thorough reproductive evaluation now is underway.

Disparate cultural practices suggest that small foot size may contribute to female attractiveness. Two hypotheses potentially explain such a pattern. Sexual dimorphism in foot size may lead observers to view small feet as feminine and large feet as masculine. Alternately, because small female feet index both youth and nulliparity, evolution may have favored a male preference for this attribute in order to maximize returns on male reproductive investment. Whereas the observational hypothesis predicts symmetrical polarizing preferences, with small feet being preferred in women and large feet being preferred in men, the evolutionary hypothesis predicts asymmetrical preferences, with the average phenotype being preferred in men. Using line drawings that varied only in regard to relative foot size, we examined judgments of attractiveness in nine cultures. Small foot size was generally preferred for females, while average foot size was preferred for males. These results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that humans possess an evolved preference for small feet in females.

Neurobehavioral effects of progesterone are mediated primarily by its interaction with neural progesterone receptors (PRs), expressed as PR-A and PR-B protein isoforms. Whereas the expression of two isoforms in the neural tissues is suggestive of their selective cellular responses and modulation of distinct subsets of PR-induced target genes, the role of individual isoforms in brain and behavior is unknown. We have previously demonstrated a critical role for PRs as transcriptional mediators of progesterone (ligand-dependent), and dopamine (ligand-independent)-facilitated female reproductive behavior in female mice lacking both the isoforms of PR. To further elucidate the selective contribution of the individual PR isoforms in female sexual receptive behavior, we used the recently generated PR-A and PR-B isoform-specific null mutant mice. We present evidence for differential responses of each isoform to progesterone and dopamine agonist, SKF 81297 (SKF), and demonstrate a key role fo...

Historically, most studies of vertebrate central pattern generators (CPGs) have focused on mechanisms for locomotion and respiration. Here, we highlight new results for ectothermic vertebrates, namely teleost fish and amphibians, showing how androgenic steroids can influence the temporal patterning of CPGs for social vocalization. Investigations of vocalizing teleosts show how androgens can rapidly (within minutes) modulate the neurophysiological output of the vocal CPG (fictive vocalizations that mimic the temporal properties of natural vocalizations) inclusive of their divergent actions between species, as well as intraspecific differences between male reproductive morphs. Studies of anuran amphibians (frogs) demonstrate that long-term steroid treatments (wks) can masculinize the fictive vocalizations of females, inclusive of its sensitivity to rapid modulation by serotonin. Given the conserved organization of vocal control systems across vertebrate groups, the vocal CPGs of fish and amphibians provide tractable models for identifying androgen-dependent events that are fundamental to the mechanisms of vocal motor patterning. These basic mechanisms can also inform our understanding of the more complex CPGs for vocalization, and social behaviors in general, that have evolved among birds and mammals.

Metal compounds have been associated with male reproductive toxicity in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of 20 metal compounds using rabbit ejaculated spermatozoa as a study model for spermiotoxicity. Five of the metals tested (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury and vanadium) reduced sperm motility and curvilinear velocity. Ultrastructural analyses revealed three types of damage to sperm head membranes in relation to the metal used: acrosome breakage with formation of various sized microvesicles (arsenic, cadmium, mercury and platinum); a large round hole (arsenic, cadmium and chromium), and numerous folds in the acrosome membrane (vanadium). The vanadium compound, followed by chromium and mercury compounds, determined a higher number of damaged spermatozoa. In conclusion, all the studied metal compounds, at levels higher than 1 M, may reduce sperm kinetic characteristics and probably fertilizing capacity by triggering specific morphological damages to the head and/or by inhibiting motility.