Linguistic synesthesia

This paper offers the use of figurative language found in online blogs and used as source material for the research project Synamet, the aim of which is to create a semantically and grammatically annotated corpus of synaesthetic metaphors for Polish. A particular emphasis of the proposed article is laid upon the verbal synaesthesia found in the corpus. It is argued that the analysis of synaesthetic metaphors found in the material depicts some limitations of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as proposed by Lakoff & Johnson (2008 /1980/) when applied to discourse analysis. Therefore, more efficient methods of describing figurative expressions should be elaborated. ab st ra ct

Recent years have witnessed the development of the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP/VU), a step-by-step protocol designed to identify metaphoricallyused words in discourse. However, MIP(VU)'s merits notwithstanding, the procedure poses a problem to scholars intending to use its output as the basis for a semantic field analysis involving a quantitative component. Depending on the research question, metaphor analysts may be interested in chunks of language situated above the procedure's standardized level of analysis (i.e., the lexical unit or lexeme), including phrases and sentences. Yet, attempts to decenter the method's exclusive focus on metaphor-related words have been the target of critique, among others on the grounds of their lack of clear unit-formation guidelines and, hence, their inconsistent unit of analysis and measurement. Drawing on data derived from a Spanish-language US-based newspaper's coverage of the migration program known as DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), this article describes challenges that analysts can run into when attempting to use a dataset containing atomized metaphor-related words as the input for subsequent quantitative semantic analyses. Its main methodological contribution consists in a proposal and illustration of three possible methods to extend the existing MIP(VU)-protocol in such a way as to allow it to capture metaphorical strings, on top of lexemes, in a reliable and systematic manner. The first two methods are procedural, and entail formulating a-priori grouping-directives based on the research question(s). One departs from semasiological criteria (Method 1) and the other takes an onomasiological approach (Method 2). The third method works bottom-up, involving the ad hoc grouping of lexemes and adding a descriptive parameter meant to keep track of grouping-decisions made by the analyst, thereby safeguarding transparency at all times.

This paper aims to underline the important roles that synaesthesia plays in education, especially in the field of educating designers, as a continuation of the studies conducted on the theme at Politecnico di Milano (in particular see: RICCÒ, 1999; CALABI, 2003). In the paper, there is an analysis of the synaesthetic syllabi from different countries, also organized by target group and disciplines, through the investigation of the structure and content of the courses, in order to provide some suggestions for improving synaesthetic education. The purpose is to summarise didactic activities concerning synaesthesia from all over the world, although mostly focused on undergraduates, through the analysis of educational direction, course content and the purpose of the syllabi, summing up education methods and broad frameworks. Some specific experiences in China (XIONG, DING, LONG, 2015) are also included. A case study, conducted in Nanjing University of Science and Technology, has been used as a trial of "Taste-Vision Synaesthesia". This paper also suggests possible development trends for synaesthesia education.

This paper represents the current state of the research project aimed at modifying the MIPVU protocol for metaphor annotation for usage on Czech-language texts. Three annotators were trained to use metaphor identification procedure MIPVU and annotated 2 short text excerpts of about 600 tokens length, then the reliability of annotation was measured using Fleiss’ kappa. The resultant interannotator agreement of 0.70 was below kappa values reported by annotators of VU Amsterdam Metaphor Corpus (Steen et al., 2010) and very similar to the agreement that researchers (Badryzlova et al., 2013) got in their first reliability test with unmodified MIPVU procedure applied on Russian texts. Some modifications of the annotation procedure are proposed in order for it to be more suitable for Czech language. The modifications are based on the observations made by annotators in error analysis and by authors of similar projects aimed to transfer MIPVU procedure to Slavic/inflected languages. The func...

Starting from the premise that a metaphor is a cognitive mechanism in which one experiential domain is partially mapped onto a different experiential domain, this paper examines the metaphoric conceptualisation of "LOVE IS A PLANT" in Gĩkũyũ from a cognitive-semantics perspective. In order to achieve this objective, the study adopted the fundamental tenets of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). An interview schedule was administered to 48 speakers of Gĩkũyũ by the researcher assisted by two research assistants of different gender. The data collected were subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) to find out whether the lexical items collected were metaphorical or not. Using four annotators, including the researcher, the study identified nine plantosemic metaphors which play a pivotal role in the understanding of love in Gĩkũyũ. The study concludes that plantosemic metaphors are conceptual phenomena which are integral component of the Gĩkũyũ cultural milieu expressed in language. Further, the study also notes that gender is an important variable through which males and females conceptualise love in Gĩkũyũ.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naïve Control Group). The results of these studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as the experimental group (with white numbers as targe...

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naïve Control Group). The results of these studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as the experimental group (with white numbers as targe...

Theoretical and methodological issues relevant for the construction of the Synaesthesia Quotient inventory such as first-person data integration, construct validity, respondents' comprehension, etc. are disentangled and some improvements of the measure based on expert opinion and practical feedback are introduced.

The terms of sensory perception metaphorically used to express love are rather diversified in English and Vietnamese poetry. All five senses are exploited for different purposes of love expression. They contribute to the variety in love and help it easier to understand. In the light of the conceptual metaphor theory, fifteen source domains for love are found underlying 1190 sensory perception expressions (549 English and 641 Vietnamese). All the conceptual metaphors and many of the metaphorical expressions are the same in the two languages. These resemblances may be explained by the universality of metaphor and of the conceptual organization of sensory perception in human brain. However, coming from two different cultures, these terms are not completely similar between English and Vietnamese.

This study aims to explore the effect of learned chromesthesia on one’s musical pitch recognition skills. Participants from a high school music class preformed a simple pitch-recognition task. They were then divided into two groups and received instruction on either learning chromesthesia or relative pitch techniques, depending on which group they were in. After this instruction, they completed the pitch-recognition task again to measure their improvement. A short survey was also administered to provide further insight as to whether the techniques they learned were successful in improving their pitch-recognition skills. Results were mixed. Overall, the group that received relative pitch instruction experienced more improvement than the group that received chromesthesia instruction. However, some students in the chromesthesia group were able to experience significant improvement in their pitch recognition skills, although the level of improvement varied greatly among each individual ...

The continuum of synesthesias is considered in the context of evolution, childhood development, adult creativity, and related states of imaginative absorption, as well as the anthropology and sociology of "collective consciousness". In Part I synesthesias are considered as part of the mid-childhood development of metacognition, based on a Vygotskian model of the internalization of an earlier animism and physiognomic perception, and as the precursor for an adult capacity for imaginative absorption central to creativity, metaphor, and the synesthetically based "higher states of consciousness" in spontaneous mystical experience, meditation, and psychedelic states. Supporting research is presented on childhood precocities of a fundamental synesthetic imagination that expands the current neuroscience of classical synesthetes into a broader, more spontaneous, and open-ended continuum of introspective cross modal processes that constitute the human self referential consciousness of "felt meaning". In Part II Levi-Strauss" analysis of the cross modal and synesthetic lattices underlying the mythologies of native peoples and their traditional animation thereby of surrounding nature as a self reflective metaphoric mirror, is illustrated by its partial survival and simplification in the Chinese I-Ching. Jung"s psychological analysis of the I-Ching, as a device for metaphorically based creative insight and as a prototype for the felt "synchronicities" underlying paranormal experience, is further extended into a model for a synesthetically and metaphorically based "collective consciousness". This metaphorically rooted and coordinated social field is explicit in mythologically centered, shamanic peoples but rendered largely unconscious in modern societies that fail to further educate and train the first spontaneous synesthetic imaginings of mid-childhood.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naïve Control Group). The results of these studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as the experimental group (with white numbers as targe...

This paper offers the use of figurative language found in online blogs and used as source material for the research project Synamet, the aim of which is to create a semantically and grammatically annotated corpus of synaesthetic metaphors for Polish. A particular emphasis of the proposed article is laid upon the verbal synaesthesia found in the corpus. It is argued that the analysis of synaesthetic metaphors found in the material depicts some limitations of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as proposed by Lakoff & Johnson (2008 /1980/) when applied to discourse analysis. Therefore, more efficient methods of describing figurative expressions should be elaborated. ab st ra ct

This paper offers the use of figurative language found in online blogs and used as source material for the research project Synamet, the aim of which is to create a semantically and grammatically annotated corpus of synaesthetic metaphors for Polish. A particular emphasis of the proposed article is laid upon the verbal synaesthesia found in the corpus. It is argued that the analysis of synaesthetic metaphors found in the material depicts some limitations of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as proposed by Lakoff & Johnson (2008 /1980/) when applied to discourse analysis. Therefore, more efficient methods of describing figurative expressions should be elaborated. ab st ra ct

Abstract: While it usually seems to be self-evident that perception of sound is a simple process, carried out within one sensory space, the existence of color hearing points at the fact that hearing includes visual aspects. In fact, not only during individual synesthetic processes, but even under common perceptual conditions sound refers to multi-sensory attributes. Thus, a multi-sensory design must be based on qualitative references between the senses. As an integral part, knowledge of the visual aspects of auditory perception is essential for creation of sounds which fit into a cross-modal environment. Various mechanisms of processing of stimuli ensure coupling of auditory qualia to multi-sensory perceptual objects. In the reality of daily life, even simple events which are heard include several references to those objects. Speech usually contains semantic and associative attributes as well as various analogies, like cross-sensory features (e.g. brightness, sharpness, volume), spa...

Theoretical and methodological issues relevant for the construction of the Synaesthesia Quotient inventory such as first-person data integration, construct validity, respondents' comprehension, etc. are disentangled and some improvements of the measure based on expert opinion and practical feedback are introduced.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digitcolour synesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a colour task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers

While it usually seems to be self-evident that perception of sound is a simple process, carried out within one sensory space, the existence of color hearing points at the fact that hearing includes visual aspects. In fact, not only during individual synesthetic processes, but even under common perceptual conditions sound refers to multi- sensory attributes. Thus, a multi-sensory design must be based on qualitative references between the senses. As an integral part, knowledge of the visual aspects of auditory perception is essential for creation of sounds which fit into a cross-modal environment. Various mechanisms of processing of stimuli ensure coupling of auditory qualia to multi-sensory perceptual objects. In the reality of daily life, even simple events which are heard include several references to those objects. Speech usually contains semantic and associative attributes as well as various analogies, like cross-sensory features (e.g. brightness, sharpness, volume), spatial dist...

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digitcolour synesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a colour task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers

This study contemplates cross-sensory experiences as represented in late eighteenth-century thought, prior to George Sachs's description of synesthesia in 1812. Sachs's medical dissertation is now considered to be the first convincing scientific report of synesthesia in literature. Yet, less objective historical instances of cross-sensory experiences are not new to music, the visual arts, and poetry. Since these instances are difficult to assess on the part of modern disciplines (including musicology) due to their subjective nature, references to cross-sensory experiences prior to this date are either overlooked or simply ignored. The Medieval and Renaissance understandings of multisensory associations, deriving from natural science and cosmology, gradually gave way to rationalized discussions based on mathematics, physics, and practical experimentations as time elapsed. In eighteenth-century literature, allusions to sound-colour parallels enjoy special attention in the writings of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, among others. In discussing the validity of these associations and their mechanisms, some authors extended these correspondences to other senses as well: touch, taste, and smell. This research is rooted in a historical survey of Enlightenment approaches to multisensory experiences-along with their priority for reason-discussing to which extent they are strictly 'scientific,' since the long eighteenth century still witnessed the coexistence of natural, cosmological, and philosophical readings of cross-sensory analogies. It also inquires whether Enlightenment thought established a philosophical foundation for initial investigations on music synesthesia. Finally, this study searches for a place for Sachs's dissertation among Enlightenment debates-the philosophical and historical context that afforded its conception.

Par une analyse lexicale systématique il est possible de reconnaître dans l’œuvre de Nostradamus plusieurs éléments sémiologiques appartenant au registre d’un syndrome obsessionnel associé au domaine autistique. Une étude comparative des Prophéties avec sa Lettre XLI permet aussi de confirmer que cette œuvre est celle d’un personnage mystique souffrant de singularités psycho-linguistiques ayant rendu son expression incompréhensible pendant longtemps. Mais l’exploitation des dernières connaissances scientifiques en neuro-psychiatrie appliquée aux domaines littéraire, historique et religieux autorise maintenant une bien meilleure intelligibilité des obscurités nostradamiennes. Refuser d’emprunter ce chemin escarpé conduit aussi à préfèrer la magie à la science, l’illusion au raisonnement critique et l’erreur à la pertinence. L’auteur démontre aussi que le médecin apothicaire, ayant lui-même déclaré souffrir de comitialité, laisse supposer avoir eu recours à une pharmacopée anxiolytique encore inconnue pour calmer ses troubles obsessionnels avivés par les turbulences d’une époque violemment agitée. Concernant l’astrologie, il appert que l’expression littéraire de cette Lettre adressée à un ami alchimiste s’accorde précisément avec une sémantique allégorique obsessionnelle, et non pas avec un délire matérialiste et profane. Éprouvant l’infernale désunion du lien social spirituel, l’enfant de marranes pronostiquait son évolution selon un schéma déjà scénarisé depuis l’Antiquité par les historiens et les philosophes. De tout cela il apparaît également que les quatrains excessivement redondants des Prophéties n’ont recyclé qu’un très petit nombre de prédictions publiées antérieurement par des auteurs déjà connus.

Arthur Rimbaud, a founding father of symbolism and a pioneer of modernism, was a French poet whose poems and personal life are, to this day, subject to thorough investigation and research by several poets and biographers. He became famous for his influence on modern poetry, on movements such as Symbolism, Dadaism, and Surrealism. His notorious life consisted of drinking, violence and doing drugs, however, that was considered a major inspiration for his philosophical and hardly comprehensible works. His art is known to be a contribution to the “reinvention” of writing. There was an astonishing outpoured talent in Rimbaud’s works. Every poem he wrote would go on to spark debates among authors and challenge even the postmodernist mindsets of the time. The fans of the poet’s works are forever to be hunted by the mystery of his renunciation of poetry. In this paper, I shall try to textually analyze two of his most famous poems and will use this analysis to call attention to the author’s writing style, language, and revolutionary theories on poetry and life. I will first introduce some of the critical moments of his life and crucial parts of his biography, and will then continue with my analysis of his works, with the help of more than four reliable sources.

This paper of fers the use of figurative language found in online blogs and used as source material for the research project Synamet, the aim of which is to create a semantically and grammatically annotated corpus of synaesthetic metaphors for Polish. A particular emphasis of the proposed article is laid upon the verbal synaes- thesia found in the corpus. It is argued that the analysis of synaesthetic metaphors found in the material depicts some limitations of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as proposed by Lakof f & Johnson (2008 /1980/) when applied to discourse analysis. Therefore, more ef ficient methods of describing figurative expressions should be elaborated.

This article describes the preliminary premises of metaphor annotation in SYNAMET — the developing microcorpus of synesthetic metaphors. The analysis is based on the CLST theory (Context-Limited Simulation Theory) put forward by D. Ritchie. According to this theory, the metaphor's vehicle may activate various types of associations between words: semantic relations, perceptual sensations, or emotional simulations. The range of potential associations evoked by the vehicle is limited by the topic, i.e. the lexical context in which the metaphor appears. The relations between the vehicle and the topic may be presented in the form of a semantic frame. To reconstruct the frames within the project, linguistic works devoted to sensory perception-vision, hearing, smell and taste-will be utilized. The corpus annotation will consist of the following stages: 1) metaphor identification 2) indication of the metaphor cluster (CM) — a phrase or a passage of the text, centered around one referent 3) isolation of the metaphorical units (MU) — word forms or phrases combining lexemes primarily belonging to different perceptual frames. The outcome of the MU analysis will include: a general metaphorical scheme of the MU, lexical items activating the frame of the MU (together with their grammatical description), a detailed metaphor scheme of the MU, and the semantic and grammatical categorization of the MU.

The article is devoted to the in-depth analysis of the connection between the words "sound" and "light". The stages of this analysis are as follows: treating the semantic fields of the words "sound" and "light" in terms of their etymology; comparative intralingual analysis, sound-light synaesthesia  in linguistics.

Can women narrate the Nation? Does woman have equal claim over
„historicity‟, and over „being historical‟? Moreover is she allowed the vocabulary to
express her desires for contesting for historicity? Or they are interpreted as not wanting
to be historical in the backdrops of historical events? Or are these denials camouflaged
under garbs of tradition, which is perpetually attributed to women? Or is it the
narrative‟s vocabulary, choice of expression and imagery that exalts and portrays man as
historical and public and the woman as personal and private and willingly hiding behind
constructed social and gendered roles? Or perhaps it is the norms which declare a man
as historical and are mostly attributed to his nationalistic or patriotic inclinations,
including his bravado in wars, revolutionary ideology etc. Could it not be that the
narrative of the history of creation of the Nation eclipses that of the Woman?

The article considers the question of synesthesia taking as a departing point
the meaning of the synesthetic experience, both in a synesthete, in a philosopher who
experiences drug induced synesthesia and some accounts about synesthesia and culture.
It is possible then to pursue a confrontation between the trend towards specialisation of
knowledge and senses which is characteristic of Modernity and a history of synesthesia
in arts, which, even if negotiating with different aesthetic and semiothic circumstances
seems to always follow the opposite direction, always claiming for lost unity. The need for a cultural theory of synesthesia is also suggested.
Keywords: synesthesia, digital perception, art, culture, Modernity, meaning, experience.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digitcolour synesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a colour task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers

This essay describes the results of the author’s projects of studying synaesthesia in Spain (University of Granada). It outlines several surveys of potential synaesthetes and possible relations of synaesthesia, creativity and types
of “sensory representation”/ intelligence. The author provides her own original definition of “natural synaesthesia” as multi-modal thinking actualized through diffuse perception and polyphonic attention. Such an understanding emphasises
the importance of constant philosophical reconsideration of synaesthesia and an interdisciplinary approach to researching the phenomenon. One of the major
conclusions made in this essay is that synaesthesia is embedded in the multiple and multilevel processes of the unconscious that constitute both thinking and creativity.
Which in turn might mean that perception could be explained through synesthesia and not the other way around, with subsequent revision of the theories of cognitive processes in psychology and neurosciences. The described results lay the foundations for the author’s synaesthesia-based applied methodologies in art education that are aimed to raise awareness of unusual perception among potential synaesthetes and enhance holistic creative thinking of the students through the multi-sensory aspects
that they can further include into their own projects.
Keywords: synaesthesia; ideaesthesia; survey; applied methodologies; art education; multi-modal thinking; sensory representations.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm
in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental
Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism
elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the
control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naïve Control Group). The results of these
studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with
an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry
in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as
the experimental group (with white numbers as targets and a second imaginary color task) -Trained Control Group-.
We found no cost for this second control group. This means that the cost of mental set reconfiguration between numbers
(inducers) and their photisms (concurrent sensations) occurs, that there is a specific cost asymmetry (from photisms to
inducers) and that this cost cannot be explained by associative learning. The results are discussed in terms of exogenous
and endogenous components of mental set reconfiguration.
Keywords: synaesthesia, task switching, mental-set reconfiguration, attention, executive functions.

Suffering for one’s art is a stereotype commonly associated with poets, as they are known to delve into the extremes of their emotions in order to express them beautifully in words. But even among such poets, there are still those who go the extra mile, the ones who turn heaven and hell over for that one journey that they believe is worth everything.

This paper focuses on two such poets, namely, Arthur Rimbaud and Jim Morrison. They were known as rebels of their respective times, the epitome of the counter-culture, of the adolescent rebelling against the authority. By immersing themselves in a life of alcoholism, sex, and depravity, they sought novel ways of perceiving reality, to the point of overturning it. Hence, the subsequent discussion will involve an examination of their journeys as poets of the counter-culture.

Through cross-modal architectural portraits we investigate how the fabric of the city can change from a hollow, disembodied shell to one that defies stereotyping, as it constantly morphs and modulates to the inner pulse of the city’s inhabitants.
McSyn is a project that uses synesthesia to multi-sensorially and cognitively map the urban spaces around us, and McDonald’s in particular.  In a world of increasing global standardization we propose an angle of resistance through the singular filter of personal experience.  The synesthete ideates the world through an involuntary crossover of sensory and cognitive inputs, and thus builds a portrait of the surrounding landscape that defies the flattening stamp of corporate hegemony.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digitcolour synesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a colour task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers

La perception synesthésique est la règle, et, si nous ne nous en apercevons pas, c'est parce que le savoir scientifique déplace l'expérience et que nous avons désappris de voir, d'entendre et, en général, de sentir, pour déduire de notre organisation corporelle et du monde tel que le conçoit le physicien ce que nous devons voir, entendre et sentir.

The main purpose of this study is to explore linguistic synaesthesia in Latin poetic language. Through the analysis of a poetic corpus, which consists of works of Catullus, Horace, Lucretius, Ovid, Vergil, all occurrences of twenty Latin synaesthetic adjectives (previously extracted by Aeneid and De Rerum Natura) were retrieved; all lemmas co-occurring with these adjectives in nominal phrases were then classified into the following categories according to their meaning in context: monoaesthetic, synaesthetic (touch, temperature perception, taste, smell, sight, motion perception, hearing), pseudo-synaesthetic (i.e. psycho-moral), abstract. The research not only shows how much linguistic synaesthesia is present in Latin poetry, but also demonstrates that Latin synaesthesias comply with cross-linguistic tendencies, especially with regard to the hypothesis of directional hierarchy.

The growth of the wine industry and the consideration of wine as a cultural sign explain the development of oenology and the emergence of wine schools and courses, publications, online forums and wine-tourist companies worldwide. All these factors have led to the development of a new genre, wine discourse. The language of wine has been the subject of linguistic research in recent years . Some studies have given evidence of the heavy presence of metaphor in English and French wine discourse . The aim of the present article is twofold: first, to explore the French vocabulary of wine; second, to provide a corpus-based analysis of the range of metaphors found in French specialized books and magazines which aim to describe various aspects of wine (colour, aroma, flavor, length). The study is undertaken from the perspective of cognitive linguistics .

: The linguistic research has analyzed different aspects of synesthesia, especially: the rhetoric definition; the semantic valence; the pragmatic implicatures. But we haven't yet a complete cartography of their privileged construals and their syntagmatic configurations in different languages. For a better insight we need to extend the cross-linguistic comparison and the studies of cognitive schemas.

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digitcolour synesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a colour task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers

This text deals about the theme of intersensory correspondences and synesthesia applied to the communication design. In our daily contact with objects and messages we involves the globality of senses, but we must consider also that our multisensorial behaviour and use of objects is often in opposition to a monosensorial projectuality, which gives an exclusive importance to the visual register only, unconsidering the interactions created with others registers. These main factors generated the idea to create a fundamental course of design based on the comprehension and control of interactive sensorial dynamics. Actually we are conducting a didactic and research activity (into the Design Faculty at Politechnic Institute of Milan, Italy), with the main purpose to find the right combination between different factors (as shapes, colours, sounds, rhythms, timbres, etc.) in an audio-visual communication that integrate them, giving to the project new intersubjective values. This poster shows some of these experiences.