Linguistic Anthropolgy

Jorge Suárez (1927-1985) fue un lingüista argentino que se dedicó fundamentalmente al estudio de las lenguas indígenas americanas. Luego de realizar la primera etapa de su carrera en su país de origen, en 1969 se estableció en la Ciudad de México donde continuó su trayectoria académica. Desde la perspectiva de la historiografía lingüística, el presente artículo se propone examinar la primera etapa de su biografía académico-investigativa y sus principales aportes acerca de las lenguas de la Patagonia argentina (mapuzungun, aonekko ’a’ien y selk’nam), entre los que se destacan los relevamientos en terreno de listas léxicas y textos, como así también análisis de lingüística genética. Consideramos su rol en la difusión del estructuralismo norteamericano en Argentina, su inserción en distintas universidades nacionales, su posterior integración al conicet y sus vínculos en el ámbito estadounidense e hispanoamericano.

Parecería que la ontología orientada al objeto de Graham Harman y la teoría psicoanalítica de Jacques Lacan siguen caminos diametralmente opuestos: el primero nos presenta una realidad compuesta de objetos independientes de cualquier subjetividad y el segundo nos habla de un sujeto en falta que desea un objeto imposible. Sin embargo, ambas teorías tienen un encuentro insospechado en sus reflexiones sobre la obra de arte. Así, mientras Harman descubre una teatralidad inherente del espectador (que “actúa” con su interpretación las cualidades de la obra), Lacan reconoce en contemplación artística una teatralización inconsciente de la fantasía (que escenifica las contradicciones entre el orden sociosimbólico y el deseo). Exploraremos las posibilidades de este cruce inesperado para reconocer algunas implicaciones ontológicas, éticas y políticas de la experiencia estética del arte.

El siguiente trabajo continúa presentando la investigación iniciada en la investigación de maestría “La causa del sujeto. Su lugar y función desde la enseñanza media de Jacques Lacan (1960-1966)”, y anticipa los desarrollos de la tesis doctoral “La función clínica en psicoanálisis. Su formalización a partir del modelo del acto en el Seminario 15 de Jacques Lacan”. Retomando una hipótesis en donde propusimos el pasaje de la causalidad psíquica como posición teórica hacia una noción de la “causa del sujeto” como operativa en la cura, nos situaremos en esta ocasión en el Seminario 12, en donde, según nuestra lectura, Lacan eleva su conocida fórmula del significante al estatuto de función, y define al analista como responsable de una conversión ética radical: la introducción del sujeto en el orden del deseo. A partir de esta indicación clínica, delimitamos los operadores que, en su articulación, permiten formalizar la causa del sujeto en la práctica analítica. Estos incluyen la constitución de la división subjetiva, la puesta en forma del síntoma en un análisis y un posicionamiento específico del analista en relación al lugar del deseo.

El psicoanálisis orientado hacia lo Real plantea una ruptura en su lectura canónica sobre el sentido, virando hacia el rastreo de los puntos de goce del sujeto y cambios en su “economía”. La imagen y la escritura han sido un puntal y una evolución del cánon hacia un psicoanálisis implicado en lo estético con preeminencia de lo Real, imbricado con la imagen y la horadación del significante- semblante hasta la aparición de Lalengua como paradigma del inconsciente gozado. En dicho contexto, el cine de Raúl Ruiz -desde una aproximación general- puede plantearse como forma, homóloga, de materialidad del goce de lalengua y coadyuvar en el planteamiento de la pregunta, psicoanalítica, por los modos de saber-hacer con la afectividad de Lalengua, implicados en el construcción del lazo social.

A partir de la pandemia del covid-19 se ha expuesto un disenso en la comunidad de analistas respecto a la clínica a distancia, poniendo de relieve ciertas condiciones formales y fundamentos teóricos que sostienen a un psicoanálisis. Las preguntas posibles se multiplican: ¿qué tan distante es la clínica a distancia?, ¿qué tan ausente una clínica no presencial?, ¿acaso las paredes de un consultorio y la presencia física del analista son imprescindibles? Más allá de las diferencias e incertidumbres, la praxis que nos convoca ha sufrido una mutación técnica que habilita un campo de investigación a ser explorado.

The territory of the Republic of Srpska is well-known for a large number of foreign colonies formed after 1878. Foreigners from all over the Austro-Hungarian Empire were settled in the northern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, today covering the municipalities in the Republic of Srpska. The most dominant group among all national minorities was the Ukrainian. This paper deals with their sacred architecture, which significantly contributes to the image of architecture in the Republic of Srpska. Common properties, the historical context and background ideas are shown, along with selected examples of representative pieces of architecture, followed by a historical and architectural evaluation. Moreover, a note on the number of demolished sacred buildings is given, completing this paper that originally contributes to the historical research and analysis of architecture in this region.

Metaphors are fundamental to human cognition and communication, yet they pose significant challenges for artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Traditional natural language processing (NLP) models often interpret metaphors literally, leading to errors in sentiment analysis, machine translation, and dialogue systems. This paper proposes a Cognitive Linguistics (CL)-informed framework to enhance AI’s metaphor comprehension by integrating Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), Frame Semantics, and Embodied Cognition. We present a fine-tuned transformer model (e.g., RoBERTa) augmented with metaphor-aware attention mechanisms, FrameNet-based embeddings, and prototype-driven disambiguation. Our experiments demonstrate that the CL-informed model outperforms baseline approaches in metaphor detection (+15% F1-score) and contextual interpretation tasks. The findings highlight the potential of CL to bridge the gap between human-like language understanding and machine processing, with applications in chatbots, sentiment analysis, and knowledge representation.

Josiane Boutet is a key figure in French sociolinguistics, known for her pioneering work on language practices and their intersection with power, education, and the workplace. This paper explores the intellectual and historical contexts of her contributions, highlighting her commitment to interdisciplinarity, empirical rigor, and politically engaged sociolinguistics. From her early research in the 1970s to her ongoing work in the 2020s, Josiane Boutet has consistently bridged theoretical innovation with practical applications, addressing issues of social inequality and language policy. This article examines the enduring legacy and contemporary relevance of Josiane Boutet's approach to language as social practice.

We propose a system called MET CL (Metaphor 1 Elaboration in Typicality-Based Compositional 2 Logic) able to generate and identify metaphors by 3 using the T CL reasoning framework, specialized 4 in human-like commonsense concept combination. 5 We show that MET CL is able to improve both state-6 of-the-art Large Language Models (e.g DeepSeek-7 R1, GPT-4o, Qwen2.5-Max) and symbolic ones in 8 the task of metaphor identification. Additionally, 9 we show how the metaphors generated by MET CL 10 are generally well accepted by human subjects. 11 The obtained results are encouraging and pave the 12 way to research in automatic metaphor generation 13 and comprehension based on the assumption that 14 metaphors interpretation can be partially regarded 15 as a categorization problem relying on generative 16 commonsense concept combination.

There is no doubt that the ancient, prehistoric culture of the inhabitants of the twin cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, was the subject matter of several scholarly studies ever since its discovery by Col. Cunningham, during the time of laying a Railway line to Lahore. The period of such a study must have been between 2,500 BCE and 1000 BCE, historically divided into three phases. The main cause for its sudden and mysterious decline and disappearance could be due to It may also be significant to note that the decline of the Harappan urban civilisation coincided with the downfall of several others, such as the Creto-Mycenean Civilisation of Southern Europe. This short paper aims at presenting the archaeological findings and its holistic impact based on the records made available from the three sites namely (1) Mohenjo Daro (= 'The Mound of the Dead' in Sindh: now part of Pakistan); (2) Harappa in Eastern Punjab on the banks of the River Ravi and (3) Lothal (located in Gujarat) Note: The map of the region is not drawn to scale.

El psicoanálisis, al fin, está llegando a su fin. Lacan expresó la razón de su fracaso, para dejar encendida su vislumbre. Como era escuchado, seguido y estudiado por una elite de vanguardia que leía y estudiaba cómo acrecentar la complejidad del pensamiento, no podía decirle a viva voz: no se trata de leer textos como no se trata de pensar (mucho menos aquello que se lee); y luego: trabajen y estudien "mi álgebra" o las matemáticas de la física; por eso, simplemente expresó: "fracasé". ¿Por qué? Porque fracasar es: fallar. En el límite del pensamiento, la elite que lo seguía o las generaciones futuras, notarían ahí, en la falla, cierta vislumbre operativa: si no se trata de pensar, si la elite brillante que lo seguía no reflejaba la vislumbre del fracaso, comienza a hacerse notorio que lo que era brillante era el narcisismo de dicha elite al verse en la imagen de Lacan y al verse en las palabras de Lacan. Por eso Lacan no escribía libros: para que el fracaso de la vislumbre no fuera obturado por completo. Aún. Fracaso operativo del pensamiento para darle sobrevida, luego del límite, a las operaciones requeridas para interpretar o sostener en funciones a su metáfora paterna. ¿De qué se trata? De matemas. El primer problema que se plantea a los pensadores de Lacan es la idea de campo: "es un espacio topológico", "no es un lugar físico sino una red de relaciones significantes", "es un ámbito donde los significantes operan como nodos", "espacio de articulación lógica donde los elementos no son lineales", etc. Algarabía y galimatías decimonónicas, propias de lo que antiguamente (¡ejem! Y aún hoy, aun) se llamó: pensamiento científico. De cualquier manera, situemos el campo, desde una reflexión (pensamiento y reflejo), desde la siguiente imagen ya presentada pero que, a continuación, podrá parecer una rectificación (solo es una ratificación didáctica):

Detección metodológica y clínica por jorge aita 1 psicoanalista El psicoanálisis, al fin, está llegando a su fin. Lacan expresó la razón de su fracaso, para dejar encendida su vislumbre. Como era escuchado, seguido y estudiado por una elite de vanguardia que

Se intentará situar la especificidad del psicoanálisis en relación a los grandes paradigmas de producción de conocimiento científico, el Positivismo Lógico y el Construccionismo, basados en postulados epistemológicos, lógicos y axiológicos diferentes, que van, desde una pretensión de validez universal, a una concepción donde la verdad se restringe a la particularidad de cada nicho social ¿Qué lugar ocupa el psicoanálisis en relación o en disyunción a estos paradigmas de producción de conocimiento?
Para intentar una respuesta, se recurre a desarrollos de Lacan, sobre todo a partir del Seminario 14 La lógica del Fantasma (1964-1965) donde introduce su conocida afirmación no hay metalenguaje, fundamentada en la imposibilidad del significante de significarse a sí mismo, lo que impide la configuración del universal.
Lacan explora en lógica matemática, la teoría de conjuntos para evidenciar en la estructura del lenguaje paradojas que provocan una disimetría entre saber y verdad, consecuencia de la imposibilidad de configurar un Universo del discurso. La falla en el saber determina una imposibilidad lógica del significante que provoca una barradura del Otro, haciéndolo inconsistente.
De esta concepción podrían extraerse algunas consecuencias útiles para ubicar la particularidad del psicoanálisis con respecto a las teorías del conocimiento.

Durante el Seminario 17, El reverso del psicoanálisis, Lacan (1969/70), reformula su conceptualización del discurso estableciendo una serie de matemas que conforman una propuesta estructural sincrónica de relaciones entre cuatro términos y cuatro lugares, y dan por resultado cuatro configuraciones del discurso: discurso del amo, de la universidad, de la histérica y del analista. Este último, propone Lacan, irrumpe a partir del descubrimiento freudiano del inconsciente y adquiere, como es lógico, gran importancia para los analistas.
Pero, en algunos nichos específicos que congregan analistas, esa importancia podría convertirse, en búsqueda de un ideal aspiracional que apunte a caracterizar el discurso del analista por sus congruencias internas.
Contrariamente, un abordaje de estructura concibe los discursos por el funcionamiento de conjunto en relación a las fallas de los discursos, sus fracasos, sus incongruencias. Este último abordaje permitiría cuestionar aquellos nichos específicos que pretendan erigirse con un tipo único de discurso. En ese caso, tal vez, el psicoanálisis podría florecer en la universidad.

This article presents and discusses a theoretical proposition to study social media and their relational dynamics based on the role of language and discourse in communicative interactions that occur in social media. We propose a theoretical foundation that is grounded on the communicative constitution perspective that focuses on the power of communicative acts and practices to create organizational realities. The theoretical proposition suggests that social media are communicatively constituted, just as are relationships; thus, relational dynamics in social media that feature oral or written communications should be analyzed through the study of actors' language and discourses. The article concludes with reflections on the implications of this theoretical proposition for the study of relational dynamics in social media and provides suggestions for future research.

In the paper we describe two resources of Polish data focused on literal and metaphorical meanings of adjective-noun phrases. The first one is FigAN and consists of isolated phrases which are divided into three types: phrases with only literal meaning, with only metaphorical meaning, and phrases which can be interpreted as literal or metaphorical ones depending on a context of use. The second data is the FigSen corpus which consists of 1833 short fragments of texts containing at least one phrase from the FigAN data which may have both meanings. The corpus is annotated in two ways. One approach concerns annotation of all adjective-noun phrases. In the second approach, literal or metaphorical senses are assigned to all adjectives and nouns in the data. The paper addresses statistics of data and compares two types of annotation. The corpora were used in experiments of automatic recognition of Polish non-literal adjective noun phrases.

Ecole normale supérieure, Lyon 1 Cette fin de parcours est aussi l'occasion, sinon d'un retour aux origines, du moins d'un regard rétrospectif sur le point de départ du colloque. Il est alors aisé de constater que tout a été posé, balisé, d'entrée de jeu. Par le texte introduisant aux résumés des communications qui, s'agissant de changement, posait la question des méthodes et des modèles, des niveaux d'analyse, des données et des contextes. Par la conférence d'ouverture de Jeanine Treffers-Daller, rappelant que Labov distingue entre facteurs internes, facteurs externes et facteurs cognitifs du changement et que le même et d'autres proposent un examen du changement linguistique sous cinq aspects: départ et déclenchement du changement, diffusion et transmission, contraintes rencontrées, évaluation, enchâssement. Le titre même de la rencontre, par la mention trilogique «évolution», «variation», «hétérogénéité», ouvrait large le champ des déclinaisons possibles. Au demeurant, le pari de réunir des comparatistes, des historiens de la langue, des sociolinguistes, des acquisitionnistes, des didacticiens et des dialectologues donnait en effet toute ouverture à d'autres formes de «variation» et d'«hétérogénéité» (termes nettement plus mobilisés dans les contributions et les discussions que celui d'«évolution»). L'étonnant dès lors-du moins pour le présent commentateur-reste qu'un certain nombre de lignes de force, de transversalités, voire de convergences soient aussi nettement apparues. On peut les regrouper sous quelques têtes de chapitre.

Human-assigned concreteness ratings for words are commonly used in psycholinguistic and computational linguistic studies. Previous research has shown that such ratings can be modeled and extrapolated by using dense word-embedding representations. However, due to rater disagreement, considerable amounts of human ratings in published datasets are not reliable. We investigate how such unreliable data influences modeling of concreteness with word embeddings. Study 1 compares fourteen embedding models over three datasets of concreteness ratings, showing that most models achieve high correlations with human ratings, and exhibit low error rates on predictions. Study 2 investigates how exclusion of the less reliable ratings influences the modeling results. It indicates that improved results can be achieved when data is cleaned. Study 3 adds additional conditions over those of study 2 and indicates that the improved results hold only for the cleaned data, and that in the general case removing the less reliable data points is not useful.

This article presents a novel automatic method of text analysis aimed at discovering patterns of lexical cohesion in political speech. The unit of analysis are groups of words with related meanings; the software is based on the results of multi-person annotation experiment that captures reliably identified connections between words in a text. We illustrate the advantages of such a representation by juxtaposing results of a detailed handmade analysis of Margaret Thatcher's rhetoric with analysis based on the automatically detected groups of words. We both corroborate previous findings regarding Thatcher's rhetorical tools, and illuminate additional elements thereof. We suggest that lexical cohesion analysis is a promising technique to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative analyses of text as political material, by establishing units that are both robust enough to enable comprehensive coverage and coherent enough to support direct interpretation.

This paper reports a linguistically-enriched method of detecting token-level metaphors for the second shared task on Metaphor Detection. We participate in all four phases of competition with both datasets, i.e. Verbs and All-POS on the VUA and the TOFEL datasets. We use the modality exclusivity and embodiment norms for constructing a conceptual representation of the nodes and the context. Our system obtains an F-score of 0.652 for the VUA Verbs track, which is 5% higher than the strong baselines. The experimental results across models and datasets indicate the salient contribution of using modality exclusivity and modality shift information for predicting metaphoricity.

Automated metaphor detection is a challenging task to identify the metaphorical expression of words in a sentence. To tackle this problem, we adopt pre-trained contextualized models, e.g., BERT and RoBERTa. To this end, we propose a novel metaphor detection model, namely metaphor-aware late interaction over BERT (MelBERT). Our model not only leverages contextualized word representation but also benefits from linguistic metaphor identification theories to detect whether the target word is metaphorical. Our empirical results demonstrate that MelBERT outperforms several strong baselines on four benchmark datasets, i.e., VUA-18, VUA-20, MOH-X, and TroFi.

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Drawing on users’ testimonials we discuss how peripatetic populations
forge ideologies around their use of group-internal special vocabulary.
We identify three recurring themes: The discourse of loss that purports
to account for a language history marked by deprivation and anomaly
and intertwined with a notion of incompleteness of one’s own identity;
contemporary negotiation of identity that draws on external reference
points to set boundaries towards others; and explications of language
function, which reconstruct contexts of use. Our case studies involve
the use of use of special vocabulary derived partly or mainly from
Romani among English Gypsies, Norwegian Travellers, and the travelling
Showpeople of northern Italy. We approach these Romani-based
‘special languages’ (‘Sondersprachen’) as acts of identity performance
and revisit the hypothesis that they emerged through convergence
between Romani speakers and indigenous peripatetic populations.

Peut-on construire des " faits linguistiques " comme chaotiques ? Quelques éléments de réflexion pour amorcer le débat " in Marges Linguistiques (Revue électronique) n° 1, M. Santa-Croce, éd.. pp. 163-204. Paru également dans M. Santa-Croce, éd., Faits de langue-faits de discours. Données, processus et modèles. Qu'est-ce qu'un fait linguistique ?, Marges linguistique n° 1, volume 2, (édition papier), 137-232. page 1 sur 31 Résumé : Cet article tente d'explorer la possibilité que les " faits linguistiques " pourraient bien intégrer, de manière indissociable à une part d'ordre, une composante " désordre ", que les théories dites du chaos permettent d'envisager. L'auteur tente ensuite d'apporter des arguments en faveur de cette hypothèse, en puisant dans l'histoire de la linguistique, dans l'histoire des langues, dans la description de la variation du français. Le secteur d'étude des contacts de langues lui fournit des exemples de choix, dans le cas des continuums / discontinuums français (standard, parlé, " ordinaire ") / français régionaux / créoles. L'auteur essaie, pour conclure, d'évoquer quelques conséquences sur la méthode de cette façon de voir, dont la principale est peut-être de rendre aux langues et aux études de langues une dimension humaine accrue. Mots clés : chaos-créoles-variation-changement-français-sociolinguistique-épistémologie

Summary : This article tries to investigate the hypothesis that " linguistic facts " (" language facts ? ") may be partially made of " disorderly " zones alongside " orderly " ones. The so-called " chaos " theories provide a convenient background for this attempt. The author puts forward arguments towards this hypothesis, borrowing from domains such as the history of linguistics, history of particular languages, and from descriptions of French language. The area covered by contact linguistics provides choice examples, in relation with that of continuua / discontinuua between (standard, everyday spoken French) French / " Overseas " French / French Creoles. The author concludes by an attempt at envisaging the methodological and pratical consequences of this outlook on " linguistic facts ", amongst which the most important is probably that languages and language studies are brought back to a human scale.

En lizje kokê patat ên lizje vej gardjê ? La linguistique peut-elle passer " entre-les-langues ", Exemples de contacts français / créoles à la Réunion ", in Cécile Canut, éd., Cahiers de linguistique africaine, " Langues déliées ", 163-164, XLI-3-4, 2001, pp. 465-496. 1 / 27 Didier de Robillard En lizje kokê patat ên lizje vej gardjê 1 ? La linguistique peut-elle passer « Entre-les-langues 2 », Exemples de contacts français / créoles à la Réunion 3 « Mais le triomphe des écoles structurales va coïncider avec un nouvel étranglement du champ d'étude limitant la linguistique à l'étude de « la langue en elle-même et pour elle-même » (D.Baggioni, 1986 : 519) Un certain nombre de questions se posent, de manière lancinante, au praticien de la linguistique exerçant en milieu de contacts de langues notamment, comme celui de la Réunion (mais existe-t-il beaucoup de situations qui échappent à cette caractéristique ?), et ces terrains suscitent un certain nombre de questions d' »Entre-les-langues » ? 1° où se placer pour décrire les langues / situations où existent des contacts de langues ? 2° ces situations changent-elles quelque chose aux procédures d'une linguistique « classique », bien adaptée aux description de langues prises isolément ? par exemple : 3° la linguistique peut-elle faire l'économie de la notion de « langue » ? 4° (éventuellement) la linguistique doit-elle faire l'économie de la notion de « langue » ? 5° quels sont les critères qui permettent de reconnaître / construire une langue ? N'élaborons pas plus pour le moment ces problématiques qui ont d'évidents prolongements qui ne pourront pas être évoqués ici, et, pour éviter les risques du survol spéculatif et du ressassement théorique, nous nous proposons de partir d'exemples empiriques puisés dans des travaux lexicographiques effectués sur la situation de contact créole-français de la Réunion, soit, chronologiquement 4 : Dictionnaire créole réunionnais / français. Daniel Baggioni. 1990 (2° éd. ; 1° édition 1987).Université de la Réunion, Faculté des lettres, Unité associée au CNRS 04 1041. Dictionnaire illustré de la Réunion. René Robert / Christian Barat, dirs. 1991. Diffusion culturelle de France. 7 vols. " En lizje kokê patat ên lizje vej gardjê ? La linguistique peut-elle passer " entre-les-langues ", Exemples de contacts français / créoles à la Réunion ", in Cécile Canut, éd., Cahiers de linguistique africaine, " Langues déliées ", 163-164, XLI-3-4, 2001, pp. 465-496. 2 / 27 Le français de la Réunion. Inventaire des particularités lexicales. Michel Beniamino. 1996. EDICEF. Ces ouvrages lexicographiques, on le verra, sont comparables sans être identiques dans leurs perspectives, méthodes et approches, les différences ente eux faisant, justement, l'intérêt de la comparaison, puisqu'on peut espérer parcourir une partie de la gamme des attitudes et approches envisageables lorsqu'on se trouve « Entre les langues ». Signalons déjà que l'on trouvera sans doute, après analyse, et sans grande surprise, que les deux premiers ouvrages entretiennent plus d'affinités entre eux que le troisième avec aucun des deux premiers. En effet, alors que les deux premiers pratiquent des approches lexicographiques assez classiques, fondées notamment plus ou moins explicitement sur la notion de (variété de) langue, le troisième innove, comme cela se voit à son titre : il s'agit, si l'on se fie aux titres, non pas d'une approche lexicographique liée à une langue (créole, français) mais d'un Dictionnaire illustré de la Réunion, qui semble donc courtcircuiter la notion de langue, aspect qu'il faudra vérifier bien entendu. On se trouve donc devant une gamme d'attitudes pertinentes pour l'illustration des questions annoncées plus haut, puisqu'on dispose, en plus des approches en définitive assez traditionnelles, d'une description qui se présente comme un dictionnaire (une encyclopédie plutôt en fait, on le verra), tout en semblant se dispenser de la notion de « langue ». Un mot bref en terminant ce préambule, pour rappeler que le statut de la lexicographie se situe sans doute plus du côté de la technologie que de la science : on décrit pour des lecteurs, en fonction d'attentes didactiques, politiques, etc. avec un rapport analogue à la linguistique fondamentale que celui qu'entretient par exemple la médecine par rapport à la physiologie notamment. Cette opposition, on le verra met l'ouvrage de R. Chaudenson à part, par rapport au corpus que nous étudions ici, même si les données de ce travail pionnier sont récupérées par la suite par le corps social, et interprétées comme s'il s'agissait de données lexicographiques par intention. Rétrospection et apparent excursus hors corpus Le socle scientifique sous-jacent à ces ouvrages 5 est une description qui ne peut être placée dans le même paradigme que ceux-ci, et cela pour plusieurs raisons exposées plus bas, celle de Robert Chaudenson, Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion (1974). Pourtant, son auteur entretient une affinité au moins, peu apparente jusqu'ici, avec les auteurs des travaux figurant dans le corpus ci-dessus : comme ces derniers, il est affecté, au moment de la réalisation de son étude, à l'Université de la Réunion 6. Il s'agit donc de travaux universitaires, le Dictionnaire illustré de la Réunion se différenciant parce qu'il s'agit d'une entreprise dirigée par des spécialistes d'autres disciplines que la linguistique (encore que C. Barat a collaboré à l'Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Réunion, avec R. Chaudenson et M. Carayol). Les positions théoriques exprimées dans l' ouvrage de R. Chaudenson sont, au départ pourtant très classiques, et donc en principe compatibles avec celles de D. Baggioni ou celles de M. Beniamino. 5 Des références abondantes et très claires à ce travail figurent dans l'ensemble des ouvrages de notre corpus. 6 Signalons, pour être complet sur ce point que R. Chaudenson, D. Baggioni, et M. Beniamino font partie de la même équipe reconnue par le CNRS, dont l'auteur de ces lignes fait également partie.

La grammaire comparée traditionnelle, notamment dans le domaine des langues indo-européennes, se heurte à la difficulté de concilier deux types d’explication que résument les théories connues sous les noms de Wellentheorie et de Stamm-baumtheorie. La théorie du proto-mondial tente de concilier les deux au sein d’une théorie qui ferait remonter toutes les langues parlées par Homo sapiens à une protolangue originelle. La préhistoire de l’homme permet, grâce à une meil-leure compréhension des processus liés à la sédentarisation et à l’avènement d’agglomérations humaines d’établir à la fois les liens qui ont pu se tisser entre des communautés préhistoriques au sein des différentes aires culturelles et, d’autre part, à une époque plus récente, la constitution de nouvelles zones culturelles correspondant également à des zones sociales et politiques au sens large. Dans ces dernières, les différents parlers ont progressivement adopté des traits grammaticaux semblables, élaborant ainsi peu à...

In this work, we describe a supervised cross-lingual methodology for detecting novel and conventionalized metaphors that derives generalized semantic patterns from a collection of metaphor annotations. For this purpose, we model each metaphor annotation as an abstract tuple – (source, target, relation, metaphoricity) – that packages a metaphoricity judgement with a relational grounding of the source and target lexical units in text. From these annotations, we derive a set of semantic patterns using a three-step process. First, we employ several generalized representations of the target using a variety of WordNet information and representative domain terms. Then, we generalize relations using a rule-based, pseudo-semantic role labeling. Finally, we generalize the source by partitioning a semantic hierarchy (defined by the target and the relation) into metaphoric and non-metaphoric regions so as to optimally account for the evidence in the annotated data. Experiments show that by vary...

Metaphor is a central phenomenon of language, and thus a central problem for natural language understanding. Previous work on the analysis of metaphors has identified which target concepts are being thought of and described in terms of which source concepts, but this is not adequate to explain what motivates the use of particular metaphors. This work proposes the use of conceptual schemas to represent the underspecified scenarios that motivate a metaphoric mapping. To support the creation of systems that can understand metaphors in this way, we have created and are publicly releasing a corpus of manually validated metaphor annotations.

In this work, we present two complementary methods for the expansion of psycholinguistics norms. The first method is a randomtraversal spreading activation approach which transfers existing norms onto semantically related terms using notions of synonymy, hypernymy, and pertainymy to approach full coverage of the English language. The second method makes use of recent advances in distributional similarity representation to transfer existing norms to their closest neighbors in a high-dimensional vector space. These two methods (along with a naive hybrid approach combining the two) have been shown to significantly outperform a state-of-the-art resource expansion system at our pilot task of imageability expansion. We have evaluated these systems in a cross-validation experiment using 8,188 norms found in existing pscholinguistics literature. We have also validated the quality of these combined norms by performing a small study using Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT).

Metaphor is a pervasive feature of human language that enables us to conceptualize and communicate abstract concepts using more concrete terminology. Unfortunately, it is also a feature that serves to confound a computer's ability to comprehend natural human language. We present a method to detect linguistic metaphors by inducing a domainaware semantic signature for a given text and compare this signature against a large index of known metaphors. By training a suite of binary classifiers using the results of several semantic signature-based rankings of the index, we are able to detect linguistic metaphors in unstructured text at a significantly higher precision as compared to several baseline approaches.

We present a tiered-approach to the recognition of metaphor. The first tier is made up of highly precise expert-driven lexico-syntactic patterns which are automatically expended on in the second tier using lexical and dependency transformations. The final tier utilizes an SVM classifier using a variety of syntactic, semantic, and psycholinguistic features to determine if an expression is metaphoric. We focus on the recognition of metaphors in which the target is associated with the concept of "Economic Inequality" and examine the effectiveness of our approach for metaphors expressed in English, Farsi, Russian, and Spanish. Through experimental analysis we show that the proposed approach is capable of achieving 67.4% to 77.8% F-Measure depending on the language. 1. They cannot escape poverty's grasp. 2. The burden of the tax is onerous. 3. Wages have stagnated. In the second example above, "tax" is being described as a "burden" transferring the the heavy weight property associated with a burden to tax.In the third example, "wages" are being described as stagnated invoking a mapping to a body of water or a volume of air which has ceased to move. Automated methodologies for processing metaphor can be broken down into two main categories: recognition and interpretation. Interpretation of metaphor

In this work, we present the Language Computer Corporation (LCC) annotated metaphor datasets, which represent the largest and most comprehensive resource for metaphor research to date. These datasets were produced over the course of three years by a staff of nine annotators working in four languages (English, Spanish, Russian, and Farsi). As part of these datasets, we provide (1) metaphoricity ratings for within-sentence word pairs on a four-point scale, (2) scored links to our repository of 114 source concept domains and 32 target concept domains, and (3) ratings for the affective polarity and intensity of each pair. Altogether, we provide 188,741 annotations in English (for 80,100 pairs), 159,915 annotations in Spanish (for 63,188 pairs), 99,740 annotations in Russian (for 44,632 pairs), and 137,186 annotations in Farsi (for 57,239 pairs). In addition, we are providing a large set of likely metaphors which have been independently extracted by our two state-of-the-art metaphor dete...

In this paper, we outline a preliminary methodology for generating metaphor based on contextual projections of representations built up through a statistical analysis of a large scale linguistic corpus. These projections involve defining subspaces of co-occurrence statistics in which we show that metaphors can be modelled as mappings between congruent regions of semantic representations. We offer this methodology as an empirical implementation pointing towards a resolution of theoretical stances, at times incompatible, construing metaphor as on the one hand an artefact of underlying cognitive processes and on the other hand a product of the environmentally situated generation of ephemeral conceptual schemes.

En los últimos años se ha visto emerger un nuevo marcador de género en español al que se identifica como género inclusivo, lo cual da lugar a sustantivos con tres formas de género –niño, niña, niñe–. El objetivo de este trabajo es alejar esta cuestión de consideraciones políticas o sociales y examinar los rasgos gramaticales internos que tiene esta nueva forma, como una vía para encuadrar cualquier debate social sobre el fenómeno, que consideramos que debe ser posterior a un análisis de sus condiciones lingüísticas internas. Los resultados muestran que, frente a algunas críticas que se han hecho, el género inclusivo no implica una ruptura con las reglas del español y debe ser considerado un fenómeno de variación que posee reglas estrictas que se interiorizan en la gramática de los hablantes.

This essay clarifies the concept of dialogue in public relations. As public relations theory and research move toward a two-way relational communication model, many scholars and practitioners are increasingly using the terms "dialogic" and "dialogue" to describe ethical and practical approaches to public relations. The concept of dialogue is deeply rooted in philosophy and relational communication theory. Its inclusion in the public relations vocabulary is an important step toward understanding how organizations can build relationships that serve both organizational and public interests. This essay traces the roots of dialogue, identifies several over-arching tenets, and provides three ways that organizations can incorporate dialogue into their communication with publics.

This paper presents a metaphor interpretation pipeline based on abductive inference. In this framework following (Hobbs, 1992) metaphor interpretation is modelled as a part of the general discourse processing problem, such that the overall discourse coherence is supported. We present an experimental evaluation of the proposed approach using linguistic data in English and Russian.

Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 20 octobre 2021. La revue TIPA. Travaux interdisciplinaires sur la parole et le langage est mise à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de Modification 4.0 International.

This thesis tackles the problem of the automatic recognition of similes in literary texts written in English or in French and proposes a framework to describe them from a stylistic perspective. For the purpose of this study, a simile has been defined as a syntactic structure that draws a parallel between at least two entities, lacks compositionality and is able to create an image in the receiver’s mind.Three main points differentiate the proposed approach from existing ones: it is strongly influenced by cognitive and linguistic theories on similes and comparisons, it takes into consideration a wide range of markers and it can adapt to diverse syntactic scenarios. Concretely speaking, it relies on three interconnected modules: - a syntactic module, which extracts potential simile candidates and identifies their components using grammatical roles and a set of handcrafted rules, - a semantic module which separates creative similes from both idiomatic similes and literal comparisons bas...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce two perspectives for observing students' activity, taking into account the main elements of their communication and thinking processes: gestures, speech, written words, mathematical signs. These perspectives give origin to two different types of analyses called parallel and serial analysis, in order to distinguish between a research attention to the contemporary production of gestures and words, or to the functions of signs, sequentially introduced during the activity.

While natural language understanding (NLU) is advancing rapidly, today's technology differs from human-like language understanding in fundamental ways, notably in its inferior efficiency, interpretability, and generalization. This work proposes an approach to representation and learning based on the tenets of embodied cognitive linguistics (ECL). According to ECL, natural language is inherently executable (like programming languages), driven by mental simulation and metaphoric mappings over hierarchical compositions of structures and schemata learned through embodied interaction. This position paper argues that the use of grounding by metaphoric inference and simulation will greatly benefit NLU systems, and proposes a system architecture along with a roadmap towards realizing this vision.

This paper represents the current state of the research project aimed at modifying the MIPVU protocol for metaphor annotation for usage on Czech-language texts. Three annotators were trained to use metaphor identification procedure MIPVU and annotated 2 short text excerpts of about 600 tokens length, then the reliability of annotation was measured using Fleiss’ kappa. The resultant interannotator agreement of 0.70 was below kappa values reported by annotators of VU Amsterdam Metaphor Corpus (Steen et al., 2010) and very similar to the agreement that researchers (Badryzlova et al., 2013) got in their first reliability test with unmodified MIPVU procedure applied on Russian texts. Some modifications of the annotation procedure are proposed in order for it to be more suitable for Czech language. The modifications are based on the observations made by annotators in error analysis and by authors of similar projects aimed to transfer MIPVU procedure to Slavic/inflected languages. The func...

This volume explores "performative linguistic space", namely a space which ushers or hinders linguistic practices. Space is made productive as a result of individuals who bring linguistic politics from diverse spaces into new ones. By moving away from the notions of discrete units of language and linguistic communities associated with a specific space, this volume suggests a fluid productive aspect of space. It goes beyond the assumed space-linguistic community association through ethnographic accounts that mediate linguistic anthropology, cultural geography, sociolinguistics, and deaf studies.

The paper herein discusses the significance of metaphor annotation for a resource-scarce Bantu language of South Africa, Southern Sotho. In so doing, the need for development of NLP tools for this language and others like it will be indicated. Some of the challenges that have led to the lack of representation in NLP for this language include the absence of a corpus, and since this project refers to a recently compiled corpus for this language, it has been decided that the corpus needs to be annotated, in order to further prime language processing programs with its linguistic attributes. There are various reasons to annotate a corpus and various ways of annotating it, but this paper has chosen to focus on metaphor annotation. This sort of annotation can be performed at word or phrase/sentence level. For this project, the corpus will be annotated at word level. Another type of annotation that the corpus being worked with would require is word class tagging, which is the classification of word sense into their respective lexical classes. It may seem at first glance that metaphor annotation at word level is somehow the same as word tagging, however, metaphor annotation does not only identify a part-ofspeech in its linguistic category; it includes semantic interpretation as well. This simultaneously disambiguates word senses. In addition, the computational requirements for such annotation will be looked into. There has already been challenges presented with word class tagging using conventional processing tools, and these indicated that this is due to the internal structure of Sesotho. However, metaphor annotation promises to open-up to other forms of language processing for Sesotho, which will in a long run make it untedious to process or for computer programs to recognize.

This study attempts to understand the Attitude of Elementary School Teachers towards the dyslexia Students in East Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh. It determines whether educators' beliefs are situated negatively or positively towards the construct of dyslexia and provides insight into their conception of the disability, the perceived 'helplessness' of a dyslexic student and caregivers' responses to the condition and finally, perceived barriers in terms of supporting these students. The purpose of this study is to assess the attitude of Elementary School Teachers towards the dyslexia Students. Therefore 100 teachers from 20 elementary schools were given sample of the study. The investigator also used a self-developed Likerts-5 point's attitude scale having two sections. This scale includes 20 items (20 each for teachers) related to several dimension on attitude about dyslexia students.