Lifeworld Research

This paper examines the concept of extractive imperialism through the lens of the experiences in the "Lithium Triangle. " Extractive imperialism represents a contemporary iteration of historical colonial practices, characterised by the exploitation of natural resources by transnational corporations in underdeveloped countries, frequently resulting in socio-environmental conflicts. This work concentrates on the Lithium Triangle in South America, comprising Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia, where extensive lithium deposits have attracted considerable foreign investment. The analysis demonstrates how the interplay between global capital and national governments frequently results in the marginalisation of local communities, thereby exacerbating social tensions and environmental degradation. The work elucidates the contrasting definitions of extractivism and neo-extractivism, underscoring the persistent exploitation and centralisation of wealth. By focusing on the socio-political dynamics and ownership structures in these regions, the paper emphasises the necessity for sustainable and equitable resource management practices. The work contributes to a broader understanding of extractive practices in the Global South, advocating for policies that prioritise the rights and livelihoods of indigenous populations and local communities over transnational corporate interests.

In this special issue, we aim to open a debate to critically examine the contradictory roles of lithium in the energy transition at various scales. The articles in this issue emphasize the interrelations between markets and the environmental, social, economic, and geopolitical dimensions of the lithium industry. Through case studies from the Global South and North including Chile, Bolivia, Portugal, Canada, Australia, the United States, the UK and Zimbabwe, the articles highlight the contested landscapes of lithium extraction and production and how these increasingly multiply, become both similar and dissimilar, if not unequal. They reveal both the material realities of lithium's role in decarbonization processes and the expectations and imaginaries that shape its governance and industrial strategies. From tensions arising from environmental imaginaries and notions of green extractivism, this special issue seeks to open a debate about the geographies of power, opportunities, and impacts that characterize lithium's central role in the energy transitions. In doing so, we question the promises of development and sustainability associated with lithium. Ultimately, we present an academic discussion on lithium framed within the broader socio-technical and geopolitical contexts in which it unfolds.

This overview article proposes the concept of Solar Capitalism to contribute to the emerging political economies and ecologies of energy transition. Solar Capitalism is here defined as the diverse set of accumulation strategies responding to the combined challenge of climate change and the progressive decline of fossil fuels globally: a process that implies shifts in the reliance of stock to flows forms of energy; from high to low energy capacities; and from abundant to relatively scarce natural resources and services. What differentiates Solar Capitalism from other solar economies (either historical forms or potential future forms) is the attempt to reproduce and expand circuits of capital accumulation under contemporary biophysical conditions, forcing the spatiotemporal profile of flow and common resources to work in terms of stock and enclosable energy resources. In the making of these shifts, Solar Capitalism pushes for the appropriation of "cheap" nature and labor, setting the stage for renewed forms of exploitation over peripheral geographies, communities, and species. As argued, solar capitalist frontiers are produced over land, minerals, and precarious labor, raising urgent questions for debates on just transitions and alternative solar futures.

The growth in Internet usage has become increasingly important to adolescents who now use it with more frequency to search for health related information. Parallel to this growth, mobile devices have become progressively more flexible and capable of handling an increased range of functionality. They have begun to be viewed as a viable means of improving communication between health practitioners and patients, which could help to alleviate the disease burden by reducing costs through admission reduction and long-term complications in a variety of long-term conditions. This study explores what young people aged between 18 and 21 with type 1 diabetes feel about their use of mobile and web-based technology and whether it might enable them to engage in an improved way with the NHS and their own health to enhance health-related quality of life. It is intended to identify from their views and experiences how they currently make use of web and mobile technology in their day-to-day lives and in relation to their condition and treatment. To then build a small number of prototype mobile phone applications based on ideas collected during qualitative data collection. Four years into the project, this paper disseminates progress to date and provides an innovative example of how patient education can be designed in a way which meets the needs of a particular patient group and values and encourages their input to assist in the creative process -whilst also conforming to clinical guidelines.

This is the Brazilian translation of “Atmospheres of anxiety: The case of Covid-19”, as a chapter written by Prof. Dr. Dylan Trigg in “Atmospheres and Shared Emotions”, published in November 2021. This is one of the author's most recent contributions to studies in phenomenology, atmospheres and emotions.
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Esta é a tradução brasileira de “Atmospheres of anxiety: The case of Covid-19”, conforme capítulo escrito pelo Prof. Dr. Dylan Trigg em “Atmospheres and Shared Emotions”, publicado em novembro de 2021. Esta é uma das contribuições mais recentes do autor aos estudos em fenomenologia, atmosferas e emoções.

Banāras (Vārāṇasī/Kāshī) is commonly perceived as a city of 'vigour and rigour' where traditional culture, people, and society are deeply interconnected; however, the religious landscapes and their associated dramas make the city unique and a model of Indian culture as perceived and exposed by Mark Twain, of course primarily under the guidance of Arthur Parker. As a humorist and keen observer of the landscapes and lifeworlds, Twain has narrated his perceptions of the late 19th century Banāras, especially various sacred sites and the associated sacredscapes, the riverfront, the cosmic circuit of the city, etc. His primary ambition was to see colonial Banāras through the lenses of Rudyard Kipling, but he failed to succeed. Here, an attempt has been made to critically appraise Twain's perceptions and narration while comparing contemporary literature and insiders' images vis-à-vis clarification and extension of his condensed exposition, illustrated with maps and photographs. His description of Shiva Lingam is explained through the purāṇic sources (e.g., Agni Purāṇa). At the end of his journey, Twain experienced spiritual discourses with a Swami.

The term energy transition generally refers to efforts to switch from one energy system to another. In light of the current climate crisis, energy  transition projects have sought to move societies away from their reliance on fossil fuels and toward a renewables-based energy system. Yet such projects have not been easy to undertake. As Marie Forget and Vincent Bos point out, an energy system based on renewables requires a transformation of energy “regulatory frameworks, technical and organizational structures, geographic forms and network practices” (1). More specifically, current energy transition models rely on the expansion of lithium production, accompanying systems of private property rights, and complex logistical and technical strategies. is article examines the interplay between lithium extraction, national development, and Anthropocene imaginaries in Chile’s Atacama Desert, arguing that the green brand of extractivism that characterizes the industry relies on elaborate institutional arrangements aimed at expanding and protecting  extractivist ontological and epistemological regimes in the politically  contested region. As such, struggles over lithium in Chile’s Atacama region demonstrate the extent to which efforts to decolonize the Anthropocene and make possible non-extractive futures of collective survival must unfold on ontological grounds, against the consolidation of the Age of Man.

The theory of the life-world is an important part of Husserl's phenomenology and represents the central theme of the late stage of his philosophical thinking. As an essence science of the structure of the life-world, the ontology of the life-world (Ontologie der Lebenswelt) is an implicit aspect of this theme. This paper explores the origin, structure and function of the ontology of the life-world.

Objective: To examine nursing students' perspectives about experiential learning in a research study (n = 36). Method: Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze student narratives about their 12-week experience participating in an NIH-funded research study. Results: Findings reveal three essential themes: pleasure and personal rewards of research, improving the lives of patients and new interest in research participation. Conclusion: Engaging nursing students in research can enhance their interest in lifelong learning, stimulate their willingness to bring new strategies to the clinical interface and can expose them to diverse populations and settings. Importantly, experiential learning in hands-on clinical research improves student nurses' educational experiences and motivates them to advance nursing research.

In this article I intend to highlight how the relationship between the psychic ego (seelischen Ich) and the spiritual ego (geistige Ich) is fundamental to the understanding of intersubjectivity and the lifeworld (Lebenswelt). In Ideas II, Husserl explains how, from the ego, natural, psychic and spiritual objectivities are constituted. These three strata of objectivity are known, first, in the theoretical attitude and, second, in the spiritual attitude. In this process, the ego becomes explicit. In the theoretical attitude, the constitution of nature takes place, for which the body (Körper/Leib) is fundamental. This is followed by the constitution of objects of psychic nature, human or animal (tierisch), including self-perception. In assuming the spiritual attitude, the other is perceived (Urpräsenz) initially as a body together with things, and alongside this perception there is an apprehension (Appräsenz) of co-given horizons. There is an identity between the body of others and mine; it is the moment of empathy (Einfühlung). The scientific world constituted in the theoretical attitude is a reduction of the surrounding world (Umwelt)-the lifeworld (Lebenswelt). This lifeworld is the world of spiritual attitude and precedes any comprehension or explanation of the world. It is therefore through the spiritual attitude that a community of spiritual subjects is constituted and constitutes the lifeworld.

Resumen: Husserl propone una teoría sobre la intersubjetividad que parte de la conciencia trascendental como inserta en el mundo de la vida donde están los otros y donde la comunidad se construye bajo una estructura de esencias que garantiza la comunalidad. El mundo de la vida es dado y compartido por todas las conciencias intencionales y trascendentales, es condición para intuiciones empíricas y eidéticas, la epoché y las reducciones eidética y trascendental. Cada momento del método fenomenológico se basa en la existencia de un mundo de la vida independiente de la subjetividad. En este mundo, hay objetos reales y, entre estos, los otros, reconocidos por analogía a través de la empatía. Desde una perspectiva metodológico-epistemológico, el yo es anterior al mundo y a los otros yos. El yo constituye, en sentido fenomenológico, la realidad. La conciencia es el lugar de evidenciación de la realidad. No obstante, en la perspectiva ontológica, es lo contrario. El mundo de la vida es anterior a la conciencia individual. El mundo de la vida está ahí, disponible, existente, independiente del sujeto, funcionando con su propio orden, con sus leyes y reglas. Es el yo el que esta insertado en el mundo de la vida y que se esfuerza por desvendarlo. La realidad se impone y el yo es, sobre todo, miembro de una comunidad de otros yos. Aun así, ¿cómo compartir las experiencias? Las vivencias pueden ser diferentes, pero hay un límite en las variaciones, un límite dado por la esencia del objeto vivido y por las leyes que rigen las relaciones de tal objeto. Así, la constitución del mundo y de sus objetos está permanentemente en progreso. Es posible donarles nuevos sentidos, en los límites de su esencia. Para Husserl, la constitución comunal del mundo es la condición de posibilidad para la existencia de sujetos separados unos de los otros, y este entendimiento recíproco solo es posible a través de la constitución trascendental de la objetividad. Así, no hay una separación entre la intersubjetividad y la constitución del mundo, es la comunidad de yos la que dona sentidos a las objetividades. En el mundo de la vida con los otros en comunidad. Abstract: Husserl proposes a theory on intersubjectivity that starts from transcendental consciousness as inserted in the lifeworld where the others and where the community are built under a structure of essences that guarantees communality. The lifeworld is given and shared by all intentional and transcendental consciousnesses, it is a condition for empirical and eidetic intuitions, the epoché and the eidetic and transcendental reductions. Every moment of the phenomenological method is based on the existence of a lifeworld independent of subjectivity. In this world, there are real objects and, among these, the others, recognized by analogy through empathy. From a methodologicalepistemological perspective, the self is prior to the world and the other selves. The self constitutes, in a phenomenological sense, reality. Consciousness is the locus of evidence of reality. However, from the ontological perspective, it is the opposite. The lifeworld is prior to individual consciousness. The lifeworld is there, available, existing, independent of subjectivity, functioning with its own order, with its laws and rules. It is the self that is inserted in the lifeworld and that strives to unveil it. Reality prevails and the self is, above all, a member of a community of other selves. Even so, how to share the experiences? The experiences can be different, but there is a limit in variations, a limit given by the essence of the lived object and by the laws that govern the relation of the object. Thus, the constitution of the world and its objects is permanently in progress. It is possible to give them new meanings, within the limits of their essence. For Husserl, the communal constitution of the world is the condition of possibility for the existence of subjects separated from each other, and this reciprocal understanding is only possible through the transcendental constitution of objectivity. therefore, there is no separation between intersubjectivity and the constitution of the world, it is the community of selves that gives meaning to objectivities.

Аннотация. В статье раскрывается смысловое содержание концепции «ресентимента» Макса Шелера, изложенное им в ряде работ. Отмечается, что эта концепция является продолжением и развитием его аксиологической доктрины, образует фундамент его социологии знания и философской антропологии. Анализ идей Шелера, посвященных «ресентименту», в трудах зарубежных и отечественных авторов позволил определить области возможного применения концепции в различных сферах исследований. Автор приходит к выводу, что изучение творческого наследия Шелера способно не только философски углубить социологическое исследование общества, но и наметить актуальные направления поиска в различных отраслях социально-гуманитарного знания. Теоретико-методологический потенциал актуального применения концепции «ресентимента» автор демонстрирует на примере анализа изменений в современных представлениях о человеческой телесности вообще и красоте человеческого тела в частности. Вводится в оборот понятие «телесный ресентимент», выявляются особенности механизма «переворота в ценностях», который проявляется в стремлении изменить собственное тело. Объектом пилотажного исследования стали люди с обильным татуированием кожи. Интерпретация результатов глубинных интервью с ними позволили выявить возможности эмпирического применения концепции «ресентимента» М. Шелера. Хотя сопутствующие ресентименту внутренне-душевные, психологические проявления были замечены не у всех, кто наносит на свое тело большое количество татуировок, можно тем не менее констатировать наличие связи между переживаемым (пережитым) ресентиментом и склонностью к постоянному нанесению татуировок. Отметим, что в данном исследовании автор не ставил перед собой задачу определить степень распространенности «телесного ресентимента», но стремился выявить внешние признаки и состояния сознания людей, которые с большой степенью вероятности могут свидетельствовать о возникновении и развитии ресентимента, связанного с собственным телом.

Learning in caring contexts could be illustrated as an encounter between the scientific knowledge of caring and the learner's lifeworld. This encounter needs a support that has the potential to bring caring science to life and to start an intertwining process with the lifeworld that creates embodied knowledge. The aim of this article is to illustrate the meaning of this encounter with help of a theoretical foundation and two examples of research projects with a reflective lifeworld research approach (RLR) founded on phenomenology. Both examples describe the student nurses' perspective. One illustrates promoting learning through lifeworld-led supervision in pairs of students. The other illustrates learning environments that bridges the gap between theory and practice. These two examples show how the intertwining of caring science theory with lived experience required a certain learning and caring atmosphere that is open and sensitive for the lifeworld. In conclusion, lifeworld-led learning is more than learning per se. Lifeworld theory as a basis for supporting students' learning could provide both a broadened and deepened understanding of the meaning of learning and also a greater understanding of how to support students' learning.

Changing role of women in the Irish society: an overview of the female consumer INTRODUCTION The role of women in the Irish society has changed more dramatically in the twentieth century, in particular over the last three decades, than in any other period of Irish history, with the majority of these changes attributed to changes in the economic and labour structures of the country. In fact, one of the most dramatic changes in the Irish society has been the substantial increase in the number of women participating in the paid workforce and the concomitant change in gender roles (O'Sullivan, 2012). Traditionally, the Irish society has been strongly influenced by male patriarchal structures, with males having a strong influence over economic, legal, political and societal structures in Ireland, thus making gender crucial to understanding Irish society (O'Connor, 1998, 2000). According to O'Connor (1998), discussions on the role of women in the Irish society tend to elicit two contrasting views: (1) it has changed completely and (2) it has not changed at all. Those endorsing the first view note that the changes in the role of women in the Irish society can be attributed to the abolishment of wage scales and the 'marriage bar', the diminishing inequalities in the welfare system, the introduction of legal maternity leave and divorce and finally, the increase in extramarital births. On the other hand, those eliciting the opposing view argue that the role of women has not changed at all. Such advocates highlight that women remain under-represented in the political system, male dominance continues in the higher echelon of the economic system and the institutional church structure, lower wages scale remain in place for women, women remain confined to a small range of paid occupations and women continue to assume the main responsibility for domestic and childcare activities. While many of these analyses and discussions have taken place within the sociology literature, there has been little by way of similar discussions within the context of the role of Irish women in the marketing and more specifically consumer behaviour literature. The aim of this paper was not to develop new theoretical perspectives on women as consumers in Ireland but to synthesise the literature up to 2014 and empirical data on Irish female consumers. In doing so, we wished to provide a research trajectory for researchers and a comprehensive view of the current context to practitioners. This research is particularly timely, given the changing role of women in the

Гаврилова Юлия Викторовна кандидат философских наук, доцент кафедры философии Забайкальского государственного университета СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КАК ФАКТОР СИНКРЕТИЗМА РЕЛИГИЙ [1] Аннотация: Синкретизм сопровождает эволюцию религий на протяжении всей многовековой истории их существования. Зарождение религий, их гибель либо трансформации во многом объясняются синкретизмом. Под синкретизмом религий в статье понимается объективный процесс слияния элементов различных религий и религиозных систем в целостную, единую, активно функционирующую культовую систему. Отмечая ведущую роль синкретизма в процессах эволюции религий, необходимо исследовать особенности синкретизма, закономерности его возникновения и протекания. Это возможно в ходе изучения факторов и причин синкретизации религий. В системе факторов синкретизма религий особое место принадлежит социокультурным факторам, среди которых важнейшими являются социальные изменения. Для определенного исторического периода характерно наличие своеобразного спектра социальных отношений, которые находятся в постоянной динамике и накладывают отпечаток на формирование особого рода религиозных идей, учений, ритуалов, лежащих в основе различных форм и видов религий. Однако синкретизм религий не только зависит от социальных условий, но также способен приводить к возникновению некоторых социальных практик и влиять на их изменение. Поэтому участие индивидов в социальных практиках, формируемых синкретическими религиями, вызывает трансформации некоторых компонентов социальной реальности.

In this study, we highlight the importance of methodological creativity when researching existential phenomena in caring science. Our intention is to provide epistemological and methodological support that would encourage researchers to be creative when collecting data. One fruitful way to approach creativity involves basing one's research on the epistemological and methodological ideas of lifeworld research. We will illustrate the usefulness of lifeworld research via examples from empirical caring science research and show how creativity may contribute to a profound understanding of patients' experiences. Hopefully, this article will help help other researchers be creative without losing epistemological foundations and scientific validity.

We, Susanne Froehlich and Veronika Egetenmeyr, are planning an international conference entitled "Lebenswelt/Lifeworld reconsidered: Approaches and Concepts to the Reconstruction of Ancient Lifeworlds from Augustus to Late Antiquity" at the Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg in Greifswald/Germany from 13th to the 15th of March 2024.

The term lifeworld is often used in cultural studies works without further explanation. Our idea is to spend two days intensively engaging with the concept of lifeworld and its conception in historiography (from Husserl to Vierhaus) and to test its applicability for classical studies. The conference aims to gain a new perspective on ancient lifeworlds in the Roman Empire (from the Imperial period to Late Antiquity). Questions about the usefulness and added value of the concept will be as important as questions about its methodological applicability. Therefore, we welcome both contributions with a conceptual orientation and those that explore in a very practical way how ancient lifeworlds can be investigated and presented. Anja Klöckner (Frankfurt) has already agreed to give our keynote lecture.

This article is devoted to reflections on how to prevent pre-understanding from influencing the research process and jeopardizing the validity of a study. Influences from preunderstanding are exemplified from empirical lifeworld-led caring science research. Finally, there is a discussion of preunderstanding as a natural attitude and therefore also an important part of the lifeworld. It is concluded that validity requires a self-critical approach. It is suggested that a descriptive analysis, where the findings are fairly close to the data, involves a less problematic approach than research, which requires special attention to pre-understanding in connection with different levels of interpretation.

This article is devoted to reflections on how to prevent pre-understanding from influencing the research process and jeopardizing the validity of a study. Influences from preunderstanding are exemplified from empirical lifeworld-led caring science research. Finally, there is a discussion of preunderstanding as a natural attitude and therefore also an important part of the lifeworld. It is concluded that validity requires a self-critical approach. It is suggested that a descriptive analysis, where the findings are fairly close to the data, involves a less problematic approach than research, which requires special attention to pre-understanding in connection with different levels of interpretation.

Background and objective: Learning to become a humanistic and caring practitioner is expected by nursing regulatory bodies. Previous investigations revealed that several pedagogical activities used in nursing education programs could facilitate this learning process. There are also studies that underscored the contributions of non-academical experiences to humanistic caring practices. This paper describes nursing students’ and nurses’ lived experiences prior to nursing that contribute to the development of humanistic caring.Methods: The study drew on interpretive phenomenology and 26 participants were individually interviewed. Benner’s (1994) method was adapted and concretized into five iterative phases of phenomenological analysis that cooccurred with data collection.Results: Six themes emerged from the interpretation process, describing how humanistic caring is developed before enrolling in nursing. First, there are natural humanistic and caring dispositions. Second, there are exp...

The shift from hospital-based nursing care to municipal home healthcare has led to the provision of more diverse, complex and advanced nursing care in this context. This poses challenges for undergraduate nursing students’ clinical education. The aim of this study was to describe nursing students’ experiences of learning nursing care through peer learning in a dedicated educational unit in municipal home healthcare. Data were collected through interviews with seven nursing students. The analysis was based on a reflective lifeworld research approach. The study followed the COREQ checklist. Strong cooperation and feelings of safety were found to boost learning and encourage the students to challenge themselves. Alternating between an observational and an active role during independent home visits was beneficial for intertwining caring and learning. Further, being trusted to work independently increased their ethical orientation, knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence.

The paper presents a phenomenological approach to the study of socio-cultural subject matters, which are viewed as the transcendental foundations of the social and ontological status of the objects of culture – in post-Husserlian Phenomenology (in the works of such followers of E. Husserl’s as A. Schutz and R. Ingarden). The authors show that in the process of elaboration of the ideas of “late” Husserl Schutz and Ingraden introduce origi­nal principles of socio-cultural analysis for phenomenological sociology, phenomenologi­cal ontology and aesthetics. In its analysis of the meaningful structure of the social world, social phenomenology develops analytical tools that can be used in an investigation of the transcendental foundations of sociality as well as cognitive background of commu­nicative practices. Furthermore, within his “phenomenological ontology” R. Ingarden creates an original system of categories for socio-cultural objects investigations and re­veals the specific characte...

Background: A Developing and Learning Care Unit (DLCU) is a model used in the clinical practice of student nurses that aims at bridging the gap between theory and praxis, by supporting nursing students’ learning through supervision in pairs. The aim of this study is to describe how patients experience being cared for by pairs of student nurses.Methods: The study is based on a reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenological traditions. Data was collected in lifeworld interviews of 17 patients cared for by pairs of student nurses. The data was explored and analysed for meaning.Results: To be cared for by student nurses, supervised in pairs entails being involved in the students’ learning and being met with responsibility and a willingness to care and learn. This means being made the centre of attention, being seen, taken seriously and being listened to as a valuable human being. The students’ care is shown to be more flexible and has a more open approach, in c...

Gated residential communities are commonly portrayed as a negative phenomenon, leading to social segregation. However, given gated condominiums are commonly located in older residential areas of cities, it has been argued they have greater potential for social-tenurial mix. Bangkok is now seeing a proliferation of condominium building by transit in such areas. The aim of this research is to establish the extent to which this development results in social segregation. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with gated and non-gated residents in a case study area and the theories of Schutz and the lifeworld were drawn upon to understand the data collected. Findings reveal limited social interactions between the populations and significant physical, social, and symbolic divisions, accentuated by the transient character of the condominiums. Thus, condominiums built in residential areas do not appear to encourage social-tenurial mix. Exploring the subjects' lifeworlds has also revealed how subjective meanings are constructed and embedded within a particular culture, which is critical to understanding social segregation.

Objective: To examine nursing students' perspectives about experiential learning in a research study (n = 36). Method: Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze student narratives about their 12-week experience participating in an NIH-funded research study. Results: Findings reveal three essential themes: pleasure and personal rewards of research, improving the lives of patients and new interest in research participation. Conclusion: Engaging nursing students in research can enhance their interest in lifelong learning, stimulate their willingness to bring new strategies to the clinical interface and can expose them to diverse populations and settings. Importantly, experiential learning in hands-on clinical research improves student nurses' educational experiences and motivates them to advance nursing research.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: коммуникативные компетенции; межкультурные коммуникации; межкультурное взаимодействие; русские студенты; методика преподавания китайского языка; китайский язык как иностранный; сравнительный анализ. АННОТАЦИЯ. Статья посвящена исследованию понятия «межкультурная коммуникативная компетенция» при обучении иностранным языкам. В статье не только подчеркнута важность коммуникативного и межкультурного подходов в языковом обучении, но и представлено исследование обучения языку и культуре в Китае, выделены культурные аспекты в языковом обучении. Приведены примеры, показывающие различия в русской и китайской культурах. В статье аргументировано доказано, что процесс формирования межкультурной коммуникативной компетенции у русских студентов-лингвистов уже на начальном этапе обучения китайскому языку как иностранному становится более эффективным, если с самого начала в процессе обучения всем языковым аспектам китайского языка знакомить студентов с традициями, обычаями и культурой китайского народа. Таким образом, при обучении китайскому языку как иностранному языку у студентов формируется практико-ориентированная иноязычная компетенция в действии. На основе коммуникативных упражнений, направленных на познание культуры китайского народа, формируется также межкультурная компетенция. В статье, с точки зрения русских и китайских ученых, рассматриваются основополагающие понятия компетентностного подхода: «компетенция», «коммуникативная компетенция», «коммуникативная иноязычная компетенция» и «межкультурная коммуникативная компетенция», а также «межкультурная коммуникация» и дается их сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ. Исследование понятия «межкультурная коммуникативная компетенция» основано на сравнительносопоставительном анализе особенностей коммуникации, принятых в России и Китае, а также на сравнении дефиниций, данных этому понятию русскими и китайскими учеными. Результаты исследования, приведенные в данной статье, могут быть использованы преподавателями при обучении китайскому языку как иностранному.

What children count as their favourite things tell us not only about children but also about their social and cultural experiences. This study,* based on the outcomes of a children’s drawing competition organised by the Estonian National Museum and applying a combined framework of visual sociology and participa-tory research, proposes an innovative angle to using the museum’s experimental approach to contemporary collecting of cultural heritage. This large-sample (n=926) content-analytical study of children’s favourite gifts gives a rich ethno-graphic and sociological perspective on children’s life-worlds. On the one hand, the children’s wishes reflected contemporary global trends in technology and commercialisation. On the other hand, the children’s prevailing dream of having a pet shows loneliness shaped by societal changes, including urbanisation and changing family models and time regimes.

Background: Clinical studies have an important position in Nursing Education, it is thus important to develop the learning strategies of students in order to facilitate their learning process during the clinical practice. The aim of the study is to describe the process of students' learning towards their profession, when supported by supervision in pairs. Methods: Data has been collected through interviews of students during their clinical studies. The study has been carried out with a Reflective Lifeworld Research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenological traditions. The clinical settings are based on the model of the Developing and Learning Care Unit that has a structure that supports students in their learning towards becoming nurses. Results: Results show that structured supervision is favourable for students learning, where pair of students, space and time play a significant role. The results are illustrated in following themes: The significance of responsibility for learning, the strength and sensitivity in pairs of students, the focus on doing, the significance of the attitude of the supervisor, the vulnerability and potential of the learning environment and Reflection as a possibility and a prerequisite. Conclusions: The study shows that the conduct of supervising in pair of students is of great importance for students' learning and it is thus important to develop a reflective supervising approach and also knowledge of how to support students' learning.

An individual's "lifeworld" guides perceptions, the attachment of meaning and in sum, the interpretation of reality in everyday life. Yet the lifeworld (Ger. Lebenswelt) has been an undertheorized concept within interdisciplinary marine research. Through a two-stage analysis, we critically engage with the philosophical foundations, heuristic value and the methodological versatility that the interpretivist concept of the lifeworld stands to offer, drawing from contemporary marine scholarship. With two illustrative case studies exploring the lived realities of vastly different waterworlds in rural Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka, we further engage with the strengths and limitations of integrating a lifeworlds analysis into interdisciplinary work on localized perceptions. As a second step, we analyze the efficacy of adopting a phenomenological-lifeworlds approach in order to inductively explore diverse realities of coastal and sea-based peoples, while acknowledging the terrestrially-bound and anthropocentric genesis of the lifeworld as a concept. Therefore, in order to enliven hybrid thematic currents, conceptual debates and methodologies on "marine lifeworlds" on its own terms, we propose two thematic vantage points for interdisciplinary intervention by: (a) critically engaging with cognitive-material meanings and lived interpretations of "saltwater" realities; (b) tracing multiple modes of sociality and being with/in-the-world that go beyond human entanglements. In sum, we argue that while the lifeworlds concept affords spaces through which to study the complexities and ambivalences rife in surface-level perceptions, it promises the means with which to sidestep over-simplistic inferences to the vague and embattled notion of "culture," while widening horizons for reflective and experimental-experiential lines of inquiry.

Background: A Developing and Learning Care Unit (DLCU) is a model used in the clinical practice of student nurses that aims at bridging the gap between theory and praxis, by supporting nursing students’ learning through supervision in pairs. The aim of this study is to describe how patients experience being cared for by pairs of student nurses.Methods: The study is based on a reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenological traditions. Data was collected in lifeworld interviews of 17 patients cared for by pairs of student nurses. The data was explored and analysed for meaning.Results: To be cared for by student nurses, supervised in pairs entails being involved in the students’ learning and being met with responsibility and a willingness to care and learn. This means being made the centre of attention, being seen, taken seriously and being listened to as a valuable human being. The students’ care is shown to be more flexible and has a more open approach, in c...

It is an old, yet, accurate observation that the ‘newness’ of media is and most probably will continue to be a catalyst for research in media and communication studies. At the same time, there are numerous academic voices who stress that studying media change demands an awareness of the complexities at play interweaving the new with the old and the changes with the continuities. Over the last decades, compelling theoretical approaches and conceptualizations were introduced that aimed at grasping what defines old and new media under the conditions of complex, disruptive media change. Drawing from this theoretical work, we propose an empirical approach that departs from the perception of media users and how they make sense of media in their everyday affairs. The article argues that an inquiry of media change has to ground the construction of media as old or new in the context of lifeworlds in which media deeply affect users on a daily basis from early on. The concept of media ideology...

In this article, we identify some worrying problems in the contemporary practice of qualitative research, such as the confusion regarding content and meaning in content analysis, the frequent use of standardized methods that avoids philosophy, as well as the description/ interpretation dichotomy in empirical research. Since they all arise from a failure to understand the concept of meaning, we return to the question of meaning as the axis that qualitative research pivots around. We examine the meaning of meaning, and how meaning differs from content, and we then ask what consequences this has for research. Even though our analysis is rooted in phenomenological philosophy, we argue that that the ideas that we present are valid for any qualitative research approach. The question of understanding and relating to meaning, we argue, is a momentous issue for qualitative research, where we either continue safeguarding the very essence of qualitative research as dealing with human phenomena, or give it up in favor of more pragmatic and clear-cut methods that seemingly does away with the question of meaning.

The article is devoted to the formation of the problem field of social phenomenology. The author analyzed the works of the phenomenological and socio-constructivist directions of research and identified a common conceptual core. The authors (T. Luckman, M. Merleau-Ponty, M. Eldred) distinguish a previously undifferentiated communicative horizon in the field of interaction. The communicative horizon belongs to the primordial sphere of the subject and is the result of the demarcation of the homogeneous world according to the criterion of ability to communicate. The line of demarcation is determined by the behavior of beings and does not necessarily cover only the zone of human embodiment. It was established that the communicative aspect and the aspect of asking about oneself as a human being are closely related. The mobility of the boundaries of the meanings of the world objects, the subjectivity of judgment, the possibility of correlating with the help of socio-historical reality com...

What children count as their favourite things tell us not only about children but also about their social and cultural experiences. This study,* based on the outcomes of a children’s drawing competition organised by the Estonian National Museum and applying a combined framework of visual sociology and participa-tory research, proposes an innovative angle to using the museum’s experimental approach to contemporary collecting of cultural heritage. This large-sample (n=926) content-analytical study of children’s favourite gifts gives a rich ethno-graphic and sociological perspective on children’s life-worlds. On the one hand, the children’s wishes reflected contemporary global trends in technology and commercialisation. On the other hand, the children’s prevailing dream of having a pet shows loneliness shaped by societal changes, including urbanisation and changing family models and time regimes.

И.Л. Козлова, ст. преподаватель кафедры политологии, государственно-религиозных отношений и социологии религии Православного института святого Иоанна Богослова * СОЦИОЛОГИЯ РЕЛИГИИ ИОАХИМА ВАХА I.L. Kozlova Иоахим Вах (1898-1955), один из классиков религиоведения, посвятил значительную часть своей научной жизни изучению социологических аспектов религиозного опыта, социальных функций религии, разработке социологических задач систематического религиоведения и методологии исследования социологических импликаций религии. В статье представлены основные положения социологии религии германо-американского религиоведа. Ключевые слова: социология религии, религиоведение, религиозный опыт, социальные аспекты религиозного опыта, религия и общество, социальные функции и социологические импликации религии. Joachim Wach (1898-1955), one of classics of religious studies, devoted much of his scientific life to the study of sociological aspects of religious experience, the social functions of religion, the development of sociological challenges of systematic religious and sociological implications of the research methodology of religion. The article presents basic concept of the sociology of religion German-American religious scholar.

The growth in Internet usage has become increasingly important to adolescents who now use it with more frequency to search for health related information. Parallel to this growth, mobile devices have become progressively more flexible and capable of handling an increased range of functionality. They have begun to be viewed as a viable means of improving communication between health practitioners and patients, which could help to alleviate the disease burden by reducing costs through admission reduction and long-term complications in a variety of long-term conditions. This study explores what young people aged between 18 and 21 with type 1 diabetes feel about their use of mobile and web-based technology and whether it might enable them to engage in an improved way with the NHS and their own health to enhance health-related quality of life. It is intended to identify from their views and experiences how they currently make use of web and mobile technology in their day-to-day lives and...

This paper highlights the role of single case methods in focussing on the learning needs of a marginalised group-family caregivers. It analyses the role of carer agency to help healthcare professionals view key incidents as inclusive learning opportunities for professionals, patients and carers. Through circumstance, one of the authors found himself to be in the position of primary carer for his elderly father whilst simultaneously engaged professionally in dialogue about clinical pedagogy. The paper presents a post hoc research design, using participant observational data of a single-case study, triangulated with reference to professional practice and current research literature. The primary data source for this paper is a carer's autoethnographic narrative that was constructed during, and then reflecting back on a period of extended participant observation. The importance of carer agency in sustaining patient care is discussed as a factor in shared decision-making, facilitating a deliberative model of physician-patient relationships. The paper showcases the high degree of resonance with the research literature that can be generated from a single case study whose teaching value goes beyond its clinical generalizeability.

Introduction Limited access to nurse supervisors, insufficient learning support and staff with high workloads are well documented in the research literature as barriers to nursing students´ learning in clinical practice in nursing homes. Due to these barriers nursing students may benefit from additional learning support from nurse educators during their clinical practice period. Objective The study aimed to explore nursing students’ experiences of supplementary simulation training as a tool to support learning during clinical practice in nursing homes. Methods A descriptive qualitative design was used. Twenty-seven first-year nursing students from a university college in Norway were interviewed after attending a seven-week practice period in nursing homes with supplementary simulation training. Three semi-structured focus group interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using systematic text condensation. Findings Three categories of student experiences were identifie...

Background and objective: Learning to become a humanistic and caring practitioner is expected by nursing regulatory bodies. Previous investigations revealed that several pedagogical activities used in nursing education programs could facilitate this learning process. There are also studies that underscored the contributions of non-academical experiences to humanistic caring practices. This paper describes nursing students’ and nurses’ lived experiences prior to nursing that contribute to the development of humanistic caring.Methods: The study drew on interpretive phenomenology and 26 participants were individually interviewed. Benner’s (1994) method was adapted and concretized into five iterative phases of phenomenological analysis that cooccurred with data collection.Results: Six themes emerged from the interpretation process, describing how humanistic caring is developed before enrolling in nursing. First, there are natural humanistic and caring dispositions. Second, there are exp...

Introduction: Young men may struggle in life with challenges of various concerns about their identity and who they want to be in life. Many health issues arise from social norms and wider societal determinations and for today's young men, following such norms poses a risk of losing oneself. An essential part of health are connected to the existential dimensions in life and concerns who you are, and how well you know and understand yourself. However; little is known about what it means for young men to live a life with existential concerns. Purpose and method: The purpose of this phenomenological study, based on reflective lifeworld research (RLR), is to describe young men's experiences of living with existential concerns for which they have sought support. Eight lifeworld interviews were conducted. Results: The results essentially show that young men living with existential concerns describe their situations as living close to a bottomless darkness. This is further described according to four constituents: enduring everyday life, striving for a solution, hearing an inner self-critical voice, and wearing a hard shell. Conclusion: We conclude that strengthening young men's health processes requires healthcare professionals to create an atmosphere where young men feel safe talking about existential concerns without feeling exposed and vulnerable.

Introduction: Young men may struggle in life with challenges of various concerns about their identity and who they want to be in life. Many health issues arise from social norms and wider societal determinations and for today's young men, following such norms poses a risk of losing oneself. An essential part of health are connected to the existential dimensions in life and concerns who you are, and how well you know and understand yourself. However; little is known about what it means for young men to live a life with existential concerns. Purpose and method: The purpose of this phenomenological study, based on reflective lifeworld research (RLR), is to describe young men's experiences of living with existential concerns for which they have sought support. Eight lifeworld interviews were conducted. Results: The results essentially show that young men living with existential concerns describe their situations as living close to a bottomless darkness. This is further described according to four constituents: enduring everyday life, striving for a solution, hearing an inner self-critical voice, and wearing a hard shell. Conclusion: We conclude that strengthening young men's health processes requires healthcare professionals to create an atmosphere where young men feel safe talking about existential concerns without feeling exposed and vulnerable.

This article aims to describe the phenomenon of learning at a university-based nursing student-run health clinic, as experienced by student nurses and lecturers. The study is based on a reflective lifeworld research approach founded on continental philosophy. Eight group interviews were conducted with 38 student nurses and 5 lecturers. The data were explored and analysed for meaning. The results show that learning is supported by a permissive learning environment that builds on both individual and common learning as well as equal relationships within the student group, in relation to the visitors at the health clinic and, to a certain extent, in relation to the lecturers. The most significant finding is that reflective, development-oriented learning takes place when the students, supported by each other and their lecturers, reflect on how to relate to problems and situations. A situation-based learning approach is thus shown to create the prerequisites for lecturers being nearby, reflective dialogue partners but also supervisors in situations where the students ask for support and guidance.

Background: A Developing and Learning Care Unit (DLCU) is a model used in the clinical practice of student nurses that aims at bridging the gap between theory and praxis, by supporting nursing students' learning through supervision in pairs. The aim of this study is to describe how patients experience being cared for by pairs of student nurses. Methods: The study is based on a reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenological traditions. Data was collected in lifeworld interviews of 17 patients cared for by pairs of student nurses. The data was explored and analysed for meaning. Results: To be cared for by student nurses, supervised in pairs entails being involved in the students' learning and being met with responsibility and a willingness to care and learn. This means being made the centre of attention, being seen, taken seriously and being listened to as a valuable human being. The students' care is shown to be more flexible and has a more open ...