Latex Technology

Background: Latex has been documented as causing immediate hypersensitivity reactions ranging from contact urticaria to severe anaphylaxis. The prevalence of latex allergy appears to be higher in certain risk groups due to increased exposure or to an increased intrinsic predilection for atopy.

In this paper, we present our contribution to the FinTOC-2022 Shared Task "Financial Document Structure Extraction". We participated in the three tracks dedicated to English, French and Spanish document processing. Our main contribution consists in considering financial prospectus as a bundle of documents, i.e., a set of merged documents, each with their own layout and structure. Therefore, Document Layout and Structure Analysis (DLSA) first starts with the boundary detection of each document using general layout features. Then, the process applies inside each single document, taking advantage of the local properties. DLSA is achieved considering simultaneously text content, vectorial shapes and images embedded in the native PDF document. For the Title Detection task in English and French, we observed a significant improvement of the F-measures for Title Detection compared with those obtained during our previous participation.

Industrial hoses are designed for diverse applications, and their performance heavily depends on the material used in their construction. Each material offers distinct properties, making it suitable for specific environments and Industrial Hoses requirements. Here's an overview of the key differences between commonly used materials like rubber, PVC, and stainless steel:

Short fiber reinforced rubber composites have gained great importance due to their advantages in processing and low cost, coupled with high strength. Reinforcement with short fibers offers attractive features such as design flexibility, high modulus, tear strength, etc. The degree of reinforcement depends upon many parameters, such as: the nature of the rubber matrix, the type of fiber, the concentration and orientation of the fibers, fiber to rubber adhesion to generate a strong interface, fiber length distribution and aspect ratio of the fibers. In the present research polyaramid fibers are investigated because of their significantly higher modulus and strength, compared to other commercial fibers. Compounds based on different types of rubbers: NR and EPDM have been made to investigate the use of these fibers in different applications, in particular in tire treads for an improved balance in properties. Fibers with different kinds of surface treatments are investigated. The reinfor...

Highlights  •Rubbers suitable for wave energy dielectric elastomer transducers are taken in study  •The chosen elastomers are studied for assessing their hazard risk on marine environment  •A sequence of techniques is applied to analyze salt water in which rubbers were immersed  •Chemicals released by rubbers for half a year of immersion in salt water are assessed  • The activity of the rubber releases in salt water on the microbial flora was assessed

The interface between either Micronised Rubber Powder (MRP) or Crumb Rubber Powder (CRP) fillers in either Natural Rubber (NR) or Butadiene Rubber (BR) matrices has been studied using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 'network visualisation'. The convoluted structure of CRP provides better interfacial adhesion than MRP. The weak interface between the MRP networks and the rubber matrix was confirmed by the lower physical bonding. The crescent tear strength test was able to characterise the possible weak interaction of MRP in unfilled NR or NR/BR blend matrix. The Akron test was used for carbon black-filled matrix.

The dynamic mechanical analysis of short nylon-6 fibre/nanosilica-reinforced elastomeric hybrid composites was carried out over the frequency range 1–50 Hz at 70 °C. The storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) increased linearly with frequency for all the composites, irrespective of the matrix used. With the incorporation of short fibre, E′ improved uniformly over the frequency range studied. The storage modulus of the composite was greatly influenced by the incorporation of nanosilica for all the mixes. In the case of gum compound, E′ and E″ increased marginally up to 30 Hz, and beyond this the rate was high. The samples with higher fibre content showed a two-step increase in E′ and E″ with frequency. The rate of increase in E′ and E″ with silica for different samples showed that the rate was higher for samples containing nanosilica than for samples containing commercial silica. The E″ was also found to increase with increasing silica content.

Physical properties of surface modified synthetic elastomers were studied to understand the factors that reduce friction and provide advantages in practical use. Bromination, iodination, sulfonation, and chlorination were investigated. The coefficient of friction p was measured using a modified version of the pin-on-disc apparatus. The surface energy, morphology, mechanical properties, and extent of chemical modification were also measured. An increased stiffness and microroughness were found to correlate with changes in the coefficient of friction. Sulfonation (100% H,SO,) was found to be the most effective and universally acceptable method of chemical treatment from a tribological point of view. 0 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

he present study aims to explore the impact of different types of powder on the latex dispersibility index and pigment binding capacity in Acrylic-Styrene latexes. The methodology employed in this study involves investigating the latex dispersibility index by monitoring the Brookfield viscosity of pre-wetted powder when added to latex. Furthermore, the pigment binding capacity of the powders was evaluated through the wet scrub resistance of the latex paint. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of the size, shape, hydrophobicity, and hydrophilicity of powders in influencing the dispersibility of latex. Additionally, the physical and chemical properties of the powder also influence the binding strength between the powder and latex in the dried film. The implications of this study are discussed in terms of the ability to predict the powder-latex dispersion behavior using the viscosity-latex content curve for each type of powder. The results revealed that the maximum viscosity for the latex mixtures containing talc powder and calcium carbonate occurs at the amount of latex lower than 5 g. In contrast, the mixtures with titanium dioxide powder reach their maximum viscosity in the presence of higher than 10 g latex. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the characteristics of powders and their impact on the latex dispersibility index and pigment binding capacity in Acrylic-Styrene-based latexes. Prog. Color Colorants Coat. 17 (2024), 381-391© Institute for Color Science and Technology.

Dissimilar are the methods used to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against to Toxoplasma gondii in different samples. In this research were compared to Indirect Immunofluorescence and Toxoplasma Latex by Brunelli to prove which of them is the most sensitive and specific to determine seroprevalence of IgG antiToxoplasma gondii in newborn in Neonatology Service at Lenin Hospital of Holguin Province, Cuba is the main objective. Thirty samples were analyzed of newborns treated in Neonatology Service using these methods, besides two working groups

Scheduling and sequencing compounds on banbury mixers is a daily production planning function in a tyre company. The current scheduling procedures are based on experience. A number of factors, such as, capacity, cost, time, speed, setup of mixers, compound changeovers, density and demand of compound, have to be considered during planning. In this paper, we propose a two-stage approach to this problem. This approach can be easily computerised to aid the personnel in the planning function. An example, considering actual data obtained from the company, is used to illustrate the approach. The current scheduling practice by company personnel, as inferred from past record, is also reported.

The inner linear & tube of a pneumatic tire assembly must fulfil several performance requirements like retention of air pressure during the tire and inner tube service life (i.e., low air permeability), durability (from oxidation, ozonolysis, heat, and aging), tear resistance, low growth (i.e., low tension set) during service and non-stickiness of the inner tube to the

The purpose of this study was to identify a characteristic elemental tyre fingerprint that can be utilised in atmospheric source apportionment calculations. Currently zinc is widely used as a single element tracer to quantify tyre wear, however several authors have highlighted issues with this approach. To overcome this, tyre rubber tread was digested and has been analysed for 25 elements by ICP-MS to generate a multielement profile. Additionally, to estimate the percentage of the tyre made up of inert fillers, thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a subset. Comparisons were made between passenger car and heavy goods vehicle tyre composition, and a subset of tyres had both tread and sidewall sampled for further comparison. Finds showed 19 of the 25 elements were detected in the analysis. The mean mass fraction of zinc detected was 11.17 g/kg, consistent with previous estimates of 1% of the tyre mass. Aluminium, iron, and magnesium were found to be the next most abundant elemen...

Nitrile gloves are widely used in the medical and automobile field due to its superiority in hypo-allergic component and chemical resistance over natural latex gloves. However, poor elastic recovery of nitrile glove to compressive force also creates an aesthetic issue for customers with high levels of wrinkling after removing from glove box. This paper demonstrates the preliminary study on the varies chemical composition such as crosslinking agents, sulphur and zinc oxide, the accelerator agent added during curing process, and the rubber filler Titanium Dioxide, on the elastic recovery and stress relaxation in nitrile gloves manufacturing. These chemical were studied at different concentration level comparing the high and low level versus the normal production range. Due to the inconsistency in the analysis technique on the surface imaging, the elastic recovery result was unable to be quantified and was not conclusive at this point. The cross linking agents, sulphur and zinc oxide, and the accelerator agent, played a significant role in the mechanical strength of the gloves. Increment of these chemicals result in higher tensile strength, but a reduction in the elasticity of the materials in which causes a lesser elongation at break percentage for the gloves. Both cross-linkers demonstrate different behaviour where higher sulphur content, provide higher stress relaxation (SR%) yet zinc oxide shows otherwise.

As an effort to minimize the amount of solvent used in de-linking of waste ground rubber tire (WGRT) for economic benefit, impact of water dilution on devulcanization study with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was studied. Three different ammonium-based eutectic mixtures were prepared and examination on their water content, degradation temperature and freezing point were conducted. WGRT were mixed with DESs synthesized and diluted at 0, 10, 20 and 30% at fixed sonication and heat treatment conditions. Devulcanized vulcanizates were studied in terms of their density of cross-linkages (CLD), soluble content and devulcanization efficiency (%dev). Additionally, optimized samples underwent further analysis by thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and Horikx fitting. Analysis shows that increase in water content decreases the %dev and chances of sonoluminescence occurrence is probable due to Zn 2+ cation, low frequency sonication as well as water, causing sudden spike in %dev. However, negligible amount of polymeric scission was experienced.

This work studied the effects of hydrogenated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) and precipitated silica (PSi) loadings in acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) filled with 60 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) of carbon black (CB) for oil‐resistant seal applications in contact with gasohol fuel. The cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and swelling behavior of HNBR/NBR blends reinforced with PSi before and after immersion in ethanol‐based oils (E10, E20, and E85) were then monitored. This work studied the effects of PSi loading in rubber compounds on the mechanical properties of the rubber blends. The results suggested that the scorch time of CB‐filled NBR/HNBR was not affected by HNBR loading, but the cure time, Mooney viscosity, and torque difference increased with HNBR content. The swelling of the blends in E85 oil were relatively low compared with those in E10 and E20 oils. The recommended NBR/HNBR blend ratio for oil‐resistant applications was 50/50. Tensile strength ...

Rubber and rubber-metal vibration isolators are widely used vibration isolation systems in marine applications. For naval application, shock absorber mounting systems must fulfil two functions. The first one supports the suspended mass in the absence of waving or detonation while providing isolation from vibrations and shock impact. In the second case, during the machine operation, it reduces the force of movement to an acceptable value. Moreover, it returns the insulated mass to the position output without plastic deformation or residual buckling after removing shock stresses or harmonic vibrations. The environment in which marine vibration isolators are to be used strongly influences the selection of a shock absorber. The main environmental problem is the temperature range in marine power plants, which ranges from 20 °C to 55 °C. Temperature fluctuations may cause changes in the physical properties of typical vibration/shock insulators. Both rubbers and elastomers used for shock a...

Cushion gum is a type of rubber composite material used as adhesive in the manufacture of retread tires. Therefore, cushion gum should have good processability and mechanical characteristics, particularly tensile property, and adhesion strength. The effect of hybrid filler and curing system on the performance of green cushion gum composite was investigated to determine the appropriate green cushion gum formula designed at a laboratory scale. The content of CB N330/lignin in hybrid filler was arranged at 40/10 phr and 50/10 phr. Meanwhile, the curing system was performed semi-efficient (CBS/S 1.6/1.6 phr) and conventional (CBS/S 1.6/2.2 phr). Green cushion gum composite was also formulated using pine tar oil as a bio plasticizer. Referred to the curing characteristic and mechanical property test result, it showed that green cushion gum composite formula coded by RF1 which composed of CB N330/lignin as 50/10 phr and applied conventional curing system which ratio of CBS/S as 1.6/2.2 ph...

Lignin has high potential to be used as rubber cushion gum compound ingredient due to its unique properties. Cushion gum is an adhesive used to bind a new tread to the surface of used tires in a retread tire factory. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of hybrid filler consisting of carbon black and lignin in affecting the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) based cushion gum composite. The composition of carbon black/lignin was arranged at 40/10 phr and 35/15 phr. Carbon black grade N220, N330, and N550 were used in this research. Meanwhile, the lignin was specifically in the form of sodium lignosulfonate. The cushion gum compound was also formulated with the addition of pine tar oil as bio-based plasticizer. Commercial cushion gum was used as a comparison. The result showed that the hybrid filled NR cushion gum composite with N330/lignin at 40/10 (coded as SP2) was the most appropriate formula. Compared to commercial cushion gum, the SP2...

Typically, natural rubber (NR) offers a wide range of applications because of its exceptional mechanical properties, particularly elasticity. However, due to its unique mechanism of vulcanization, 3D fabrication techniques with NR is still to be explored. Vulcanization is necessary to form crosslinks between the NR chains and greatly improve its elasticity and tensile strength. In this study, the pre-vulcanized NR latex was prepared for the stereolithography (SLA) process to additively manufacture highly elastic parts. Process parameters were studied to investigate the feasibility of the fabrication. The parameters include laser power, scan speed, and layer thickness. This work demonstrates a promising 3D fabrication technique using the NR latex that achieves mechanical properties and crosslink density comparable to those from the conventional processes.

Typically, natural rubber (NR) offers a wide range of applications because of its exceptional mechanical properties, particularly elasticity. However, due to its unique mechanism of vulcanization, 3D fabrication techniques with NR is still to be explored. Vulcanization is necessary to form crosslinks between the NR chains and greatly improve its elasticity and tensile strength. In this study, the pre-vulcanized NR latex was prepared for the stereolithography (SLA) process to additively manufacture highly elastic parts. Process parameters were studied to investigate the feasibility of the fabrication. The parameters include laser power, scan speed, and layer thickness. This work demonstrates a promising 3D fabrication technique using the NR latex that achieves mechanical properties and crosslink density comparable to those from the conventional processes.

Scheduling and sequencing compounds on banbury mixers is a daily production planning function in a tyre company. The current scheduling procedures are based on experience. A number of factors, such as, capacity, cost, time, speed, setup of mixers, compound changeovers, density and demand of compound, have to be considered during planning. In this paper, we propose a two-stage approach to this problem. This approach can be easily computerised to aid the personnel in the planning function. An example, considering actual data obtained from the company, is used to illustrate the approach. The current scheduling practice by company personnel, as inferred from past record, is also reported.

End-of-life tires constitute one of the biggest environmental concerns in terms of environmental pollution and resources conservation. This study aims to determine the best proportion of reclaimed rubber and crumb rubber to be added as part of the constituents used in the manufacturing of three different tire parts (tread, side wall, and inner liner) in order to produce standard products from a mix of both recycled and original ingredients. Batches were prepared into which reclaimed rubber and crumb rubber were added to the formulation of three different tire parts, in addition to one batch as reference according to the original formulation. Batches were analyzed according to national and international standards to select the optimum percentage that can be introduced in new tire formulation preparations. Results revealed that reclaimed rubber could be used as 15 parts per hundred rubber (phr) in radial tread compound and as 25 phr in either radial side wall or radial inner liner compounds. As for crumb rubber, results showed that it could be used as 10, 20 and 25 phr in radial tread, radial side wall or radial inner liner compounds respectively. Incorporating higher amounts of either reclaimed or crumb rubber would lead to violating the standards specified in vulcanized rubber tension property test and in oscillating disk cure meter test. Savings in raw material and in energy resulting from the use of reclaimed rubber was calculated: As concerns raw materials, adding 15 phr reclaimed rubber to the tread formulation would save about 7.7% of each of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Polybutadiene and carbon black. Adding 25 phr reclaimed rubber to the side wall formulation would save about 12.8% of each of natural rubber, Polybutadiene and carbon black. Adding 25 phr reclaimed rubber to the inner liner formulation would save about 13% of each of natural rubber, SBR and carbon black. Regarding energy conservation, use of reclaimed rubber in new tires would result in a total energy conservation of 6393GJ/year. In addition to the raw material and energy conservation, the process was found to be cost-effective.

Coal power plants are the major contributor of electricity but these power plants are also producing waste in the form of coal fly ash (CFA). However, it can cause high risk of environmental pollution and pulmonary diseases in humans. Plastic waste is also a problematic waste for many countries in terms of its reuse and recycling. Therefore, this study aims to reuse the waste product (CFA) of coal power plants in rubber conveyer belt instead of calcium carbonate or talcum powder and in recycling of plastic propylene as bonding filler material instead of barium sulfate to increase the durability of plastic products and reduce cost, CFA waste and plastic waste. For this purpose, CFA was treated by different pulverization techniques for the production of conveyor belt. The study found that the most favorable technique was shear based pulverization technique. Application of CFA with rubber was compared with two different chemicals (calcium carbonate and talcum powder) and found that the...

Background: By and large Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) allergy is remarked in individuals after exposure to the material. Since NRL is usually found in various materials used in clinical and surgical practices, so NRL allergy can be manifested at day to day basis. The clinical manifestations of latex allergies can range from mild to severe, but it is important to diagnose these allergic reactions and tackle them in a proper way. Conclusion: Severe anaphylactic shocks have been reported because of Natural rubber latex. Chances of wrong diagnosis or mis-diagnosis are more when it comes to latex allergy there by risking the lives of patients. Therefore, precautions must always be taken while carrying out clinical and surgical procedures in order to achieve satisfactory therapeutic approaches and avoiding inflammatory dermatitis and anaphylactic shocks.

The handover process is one of the most critical functions in a cellular network, and is in charge of maintaining seamless connectivity of user equipments across multiple cells. The handover process is driven by signal measurements from the neighboring base stations (BSs), and it is adversely affected by the time and frequency selectivity of the radio propagation channel. In this paper, we introduce a new model for analyzing handover performance in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) as a function of vehicular user velocity, cell size, and mobility management parameters. In order to investigate the impact of shadowing and fading on handover performance, we extract relevant statistics obtained from a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)compliant HetNet simulator, and subsequently, we integrate these statistics into our analytical model to analyze both handover failure and ping-pong probabilities under fluctuating channel conditions. Computer simulations validate the analytical findings, which show that fading can significantly degrade the handover performance in HetNets with vehicular users.

Sebagian besar orang membeli sepatu melalui toko sepatu atau distributor sepatu di pertokoan atau pun pusat perbelanjaan. Namun sistem pembelian di toko sepatu kebanyakan masih belum efektif, karena penjual masih menghitung harga sepasang sepatu dengan cara manual, sehingga di saat terjadi pembelian sepatu dengan model yang berbeda-beda dan jumlah yang banyak, maka sering terjadi salah perhitungan sehingga mengakibatkan pembeli sering kebingungan. Untuk itu maka diperlukan sistem informasi. Selain itu untuk memudahkan dalam mengetahui jumlah sepatu yang terjual dan stock di gudang.

This article addresses the role of glove powder in facilitating allergic reactions to natural rubber latex (NRL) and to the chemical additives in synthetic and NRL gloves as well as its role in eliciting postsurgical complications. Various dusting powders have been used historically to prevent gloves from sticking to each other and to facilitate donning. All have manifested adverse consequences for health care professionals and patients. Manufacturing methods for powder reduction and elimination are presented. The recently developed ASTM methods for the quantitation of powder on powder-free and powdered gloves are reviewed along with the new ASTM maximum powder limits for all medical gloves. Caution must be exercised when methods of protein and powder reduction are implemented to minimize the possibility of creating other adverse consequences.

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The router is the main gateway from the end user's computer to the internet and vice versa. With a router, users can surf easily, send electronic mail to the target address, and vice versa, along with other activities related to the internet world. But behind all these functions and conveniences, Routers are also the main target for hackers on the one hand and a means for users to do things that exceed their authority and rights on the other. This paper will discuss the creation of computer security systems and office networks engaged in shipping, export-import and logistics. System design by building a PC Router that is installed with the Linux operating system along with Firewall and Proxy devices for network security and limiting access for each user according to provisions made by management.

The study of regional boundary stakes is rarely explored, even though this concerns the sovereignty of a country or nation. The research that has been done so far has involved the creation of prototypes of boundary stakes using GPS and GSM. This research has limitations because not all regions in Indonesia have a good and stable GSM signal. Regarding this matter, the research on making boundary stake prototypes was carried out using Wemos D1. The prototype of the boundary stakes does not use GPS or GSM but uses the dbm/RSSI signal as a monitoring tool. The method used in this study uses the Triangulation method, which proves useful for finding Wemos D1 positions in open spaces without using GPS or GSM devices.

Scrap tyre and waste leather products are major environmental problem for disposal. To overcome this problem, it is needed to reuse into another purpose. Therefore in this research, waste tyre and waste leather were used as filler in rubber compounding which also reduced the cost of production. Waste tyre and waste chrome tanning leather sample (neutralized with ammonia) were collected from tyre shop and leather mill. In this research 6 types of rubber composites RLC I – VI were made by using different amounts of waste tyre and fixed amount of waste leather. All these composites were investigated their physicochemical and physicomechanical properties. In the series of RLC I – VI, RLC VI (100 phr of NR, 100 phr of waste chrome leather neutralized with NH3 and 600 phr of waste tyre) had the highest tensile strength 6.63MPa, elongation at break 232 %, tear strength 62.0 N/mm and 100 % modulus 6.63 %. RLC VI was more resist to strain and stress. Among the prepared flooring RLC VI was se...

Ground rubber from waste tyres may be added to elastomers with economic and environmental benefits. The untreated or treated fillers have been investigated in different types of virgin rubber matrix. A principal concern is their crosslinked structure and large particle sizes. These additives introduce flaws leading to micro-crack initiation especially under dynamic loading. The incorporation of smaller particles at a suitable concentration may avoid deterioration in the key properties. The present work studies the effect of commercial cryogenic micronised rubber particle (MRP) (apparent particle size diameter less than 100 µm) as filler at either 10 or 30 parts per hundred rubber (pphr) on the fatigue properties of natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR) or NR/BR blends (without carbon black in the host matrix). In non-crystallising rubber, BR compound containing MRP shows an enhancement in the fatigue properties. However, in NR and NR/BR blends the fatigue properties are reduced. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations have been used to correlate the fatigue properties with the morphology of the fracture surfaces. For NR or higher ratio of NR matrix, a scale-like texture dominated the fatigue behaviour of the compound. The fracture surface of MRP-filled compound had increased surface roughness compared to their control compound.

Dissimilar are the methods used to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against to Toxoplasma gondii in different samples. In this research were compared to Indirect Immunofluorescence and Toxoplasma Latex by Brunelli to prove which of them is the most sensitive and specific to determine seroprevalence of IgG antiToxoplasma gondii in newborn in Neonatology Service at Lenin Hospital of Holguin Province, Cuba is the main objective. Thirty samples were analyzed of newborns treated in Neonatology Service using these methods, besides two working groups

Este estudio comparó dos métodos serológicos para detectar anticuerpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii en muestras de suero de neonatos asistidos en un hospital. Los métodos analizados fueron la Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta y el Toxoplasma látex por Brunella. Se concluyó que la prueba de Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta es la más útil para este diagnóstico.

The purpose of this study was to identify a characteristic elemental tyre fingerprint that can be utilised in atmospheric source apportionment calculations. Currently zinc is widely used as a single element tracer to quantify tyre wear, however several authors have highlighted issues with this approach. To overcome this, tyre rubber tread was digested and has been analysed for 25 elements by ICP-MS to generate a multielement profile. Additionally, to estimate the percentage of the tyre made up of inert fillers, thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a subset. Comparisons were made between passenger car and heavy goods vehicle tyre composition, and a subset of tyres had both tread and sidewall sampled for further comparison. Finds showed 19 of the 25 elements were detected in the analysis. The mean mass fraction of zinc detected was 11.17 g/kg, consistent with previous estimates of 1% of the tyre mass. Aluminium, iron, and magnesium were found to be the next most abundant elemen...

Scrap tyre and waste leather products are major environmental problem for disposal. To overcome this problem, it is needed to reuse into another purpose. Therefore in this research, waste tyre and waste leather were used as filler in rubber compounding which also reduced the cost of production. Waste tyre and waste chrome tanning leather sample (neutralized with ammonia) were collected from tyre shop and leather mill. In this research 6 types of rubber composites RLC I – VI were made by using different amounts of waste tyre and fixed amount of waste leather. All these composites were investigated their physicochemical and physicomechanical properties. In the series of RLC I – VI, RLC VI (100 phr of NR, 100 phr of waste chrome leather neutralized with NH3 and 600 phr of waste tyre) had the highest tensile strength 6.63MPa, elongation at break 232 %, tear strength 62.0 N/mm and 100 % modulus 6.63 %. RLC VI was more resist to strain and stress. Among the prepared flooring RLC VI was se...

A proceedings volume of the 10th Conference of the IFCS (IFCS06) in Ljubljana will be published as a special volume in the Series "Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization" by Springer-Verlag. In these guidelines we describe the format instructions and the submission procedure both to be followed seriously. The text of these guidelines is written in the prescribed L A T E X format and can be used as a specimen.

Scrap tyre and waste leather products are major environmental problem for disposal. To overcome this problem, it is needed to reuse into another purpose. Therefore in this research, waste tyre and waste leather were used as filler in rubber compounding which also reduced the cost of production. Waste tyre and waste chrome tanning leather sample (neutralized with ammonia) were collected from tyre shop and leather mill. In this research 6 types of rubber composites RLC I – VI were made by using different amounts of waste tyre and fixed amount of waste leather. All these composites were investigated their physicochemical and physicomechanical properties. In the series of RLC I – VI, RLC VI (100 phr of NR, 100 phr of waste chrome leather neutralized with NH3 and 600 phr of waste tyre) had the highest tensile strength 6.63MPa, elongation at break 232 %, tear strength 62.0 N/mm and 100 % modulus 6.63 %. RLC VI was more resist to strain and stress. Among the prepared flooring RLC VI was se...

Natural rubber is an essential raw material used in the creation of more than 40,000 products. It is used in medical devices, surgical gloves, aircraft and car tires, pacifiers, clothes, toys, etc. The automotive industry (tire & tube) along with V-Belt is the major segment which consumes largest share of natural rubber. In actual, physical as well as mechanical properties of each product made up of natural rubber depends mostly on its composition. This paper appraises the study of two distinguish materials made of rubber i.e. simple tyre rubber and vee-belt rubber in terms of their composition and its mechanical properties.

Leather shavings wastes from the chrome tanning process were used as filler in natural rubber soles. The main purpose of leather shavings was for reinforcement of silicon dioxide. The shavings were ground to a powder and used as filler in rubber compounding. Particle size, zeta potential before and after adding zinc oxide was determined. The soles produced were then characterized by standards tests such as rheological properties, tensile strength, and elongation at break, abrasion resistance, shore hardness, acid resistance and short term aging. The results showed that the formulation containing 8% (w/w) leather shavings could be satisfactorily used to make certain types of soles that are light weight, comfortable and flexible.

We developed a method involving air-drying of a rubber suspension after fixation in glutaraldehyde-tannic acid and postfixation in osmium tetroxide for SEM observation. For TEM immunolabeling the suspension was air-dried after osmium-only fixation. Whereas conventional methods failed to satisfactorily stabilize rubber particles, the methods described here proved successful in preserving their integrity.

Most of commercial latex products originated from natural rubber produced by Hevea brasiliensis. Hevea latex contained of rubber particles that are linked with numerous allergens protein. The allergens protein associates with rubber particles can cause allergic reaction that range from contact and systemic urticarial to asthma, anaplyaxis and even death. Although allergen proteins are well known to be involved in rubber synthesis of H. brasiliensis, their presence in this species as well as other Hevea species is still need to be determined. For sustainability production of high demanding commercial latex, this study is conducted to investigate the protein profiling of two allergens on eight Hevea species obtained from the 1995 germplasm collection. Latex collected from eight Hevea species were prepared to detect allergens protein of Hevb1 and Hevb3 using SDS Polyacrylamide Gel (SDS-PAGE). Immunoblotting technique was used to evaluate compatibility of allergens protein to bind with ...