Language rights

Ciceró védjegye

A „Ciceró védjegye” kifejezés a védjegyjog szempontjából különleges jelentőséggel bír. A védjegy alapvető funkciói közé tartozik a megkülönböztetőképesség, az eredetjelzés és a fogyasztóvédelem. A Ciceró névhez kötött megjelölés ugyanakkor kulturális örökségi dimenzióval is rendelkezik: a latin retorikai hagyomány részeként a közösségi emlékezetben rögzült.

A jogi probléma kettős:

Monopólium tilalma – a jogrendnek biztosítania kell, hogy a közkinccsé vált kulturális jelek ne kerüljenek egyetlen piaci szereplő kizárólagos rendelkezése alá.

Megfelelő védelem – ugyanakkor indokolt a kereskedelmi visszaélések elleni fellépés, amikor a megjelölést olyan módon használják, amely sérti a kulturális identitást vagy megtéveszti a fogyasztókat.

A „Ciceró védjegye” így példát ad arra, hogyan kell a védjegyjogot a kulturális örökség megőrzésének szempontjával összeegyeztetni.

This book is the result of several years of research into the languages of Japan as part of Japan' s history of thought. My interest in this topic began with a study of the reception of western linguistics in modern Japan for my PhD thesis, through which I came to understand that linguistics did not evolve in a vacuum but sought to provide solutions to problems exceeding those of language tout court. In Japan, there is a small branch of linguistics dedicated to what is called kokugo mondai (problems of national language). Having dealt with the very broad topic of the reception of western linguistics, I decided to restrict my research to kokugo mondai for a while. I can still remember the first time I came across the small section on kokugo mondai at the library of the National Institute for Japanese Language in Tokyo. At the time, I was due to take a position at Duisburg University as an assistant to Florian Coulmas, and so I quickly wrote down the titles of all the books on kokugo mondai on the shelves there, with the intention of writing something on this issue during my time at Duisburg. I have long since left Duisburg, and so I can safely say that the topic demanded far more attention than the few books on the shelves at the National Institute for Japanese Language suggested. For this is more than just a book about the problems of a national language in Japan -it is about the problems caused by the idea of a national language too. In writing this book, it was not finding material that proved difficult, but deciding on how best to present what material. Undoing ideology demands the conscious questioning of ontological knowledge, but it is not easy to produce academic work on such shaky ground. Many people have helped me in forming the ideas behind this book. Above all, I am most indebted to my teachers Florian Coulmas, J.V. Neustupný and Josef Kreiner, and their influence is written all over the book. Inoue Fumio, Takaesu Yoriko, Miyara Shinsho and Ishihara Masahide were my hosts during prolonged research visits to Japan, during which times I studied matters that found their way into this book. In Duisburg, Sugita Yuko and Imai Jun discussed many of the issues presented here with me, 2159_FM.

This research aims to explore the relationship between language policy and national identity formation through a macro-linguistic lens. By employing qualitative case study methodology, the study analyzes the language policies of Canada, Belgium, and India, examining their impacts on social cohesion, cultural identity, and political stability. The research investigates specific language policies, such as bilingualism in Canada, collaborative language programs in Belgium, and multilingual education in India, assessing their effects on various communities within these nations. The findings indicate that inclusive language policies significantly enhance social cohesion and foster national pride, while exclusive policies can lead to division and marginalization. In Canada, continued support for bilingual education strengthens ties between linguistic groups. In Belgium, fostering mutual respect among linguistic communities mitigates political tensions. In India, promoting multilingual education protecs regional languages and cultivates a sense of unity. By focusing on the interplay between language and identity, this study highlights the critical importance of inclusive language policies in fostering social harmony and national unity. Ultimately, the findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for frameworks that recognize linguistic diversity while promoting dialogue and integration among different language communities. This research contributes to the understanding of effective strategies for strengthening national identity in an increasingly globalized world, reinforcing the idea that language can serve as a bridge rather than a barrier.

La Guía para la incorporación de la lengua de signos española en la Administración pública ofrece orientaciones y estrategias a las Administraciones públicas para incorporar la LSE en sus ámbitos de actuación. Su finalidad es garantizar los derechos lingüísticos de las personas sordas y las personas sordociegas como ciudadanas, empleadas y agentes activos. Se fundamenta en la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, la Constitución española, la Ley 27/2007, el Real Decreto 674/2023, el Marco Estratégico para la Protección, Promoción y Revitalización de la Lengua de Signos Española 2023-2030, y el Estudio sobre la accesibilidad de la lengua de signos española en la Administración pública.

Spain and the United States and uses examples from the mass media, popular culture, and politics to address the challenges these and other countries face in their democratic institutions. The eminent authors of this important book show how we can educate for critical citizenry in the ever-increasing multicultural and multiracial world of the twenty-first century.

Interest in learning Arabic as a foreign language has increased significantly, which sets new challenges for researchers involved in the study of the Arabic language and problems of teaching Arabic. This study is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic situation in the Arab world, which is characterized by the phenomenon of diglossia, which causes certain difficulties not only for native speakers of Arabic in situations of interethnic communication, but also for students of Arabic as a foreign language. This study examines the phenomenon of diglossia, as well as its characteristics. In addition, the variants of the Arabic language that exist today in the Arab world are considered. The study also presents the results of research on the language of interethnic communication as well as discusses the prospects for applying the results in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa; 2. La fluidità (ed adattabilità) del concetto di minoranza linguistica; 3. L'applicabilità della definizione di minoranza alle comunità formate da non-cittadini; 4. La tutela delle "nuove minoranze": tra salvaguardia della identità e bisogno di integrazione; 5. Nell'art. 6 Cost. c'è spazio per le "nuove minoranze"?; 6. Conclusioni: l'insegnamento di Alessandro Pizzorusso per affrontare le prossime sfide. * Contributo sottoposto a double blind peer review.

The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, the only comprehensive international minority rights treaty, was adopted in 1995 to counter ethnocentric exclusionary tendencies characteristic of newly emerging democracies in East-Central Europe. It has been evaluated as largely successful in developing progressive standards on minority rights, while judged less efficient in implementing them across member states. This article shows on the example of Slovakia that this traditional narrative conceals another important one: while the Framework Convention's monitoring body, the Advisory Committee, maintains formally progressive positions, in substance it is becoming more accommodating of exclusionary practices. By comparing the Advisory Committee's standards expressed in its periodic opinions on Slovakia to developments on the ground, the article demonstrates that the international standards are in fact deteriorating. The Advisory Committee's recent opinions are much more favourable to the Slovak government's policies on minority rights. Yet, a detailed analysis shows that those policies have not become more minority-friendly in practice. In fact, in several ways they have regressed. The current acceptance of practices it criticized in the past is an important shift in the Advisory Committee's position. Yet this shift is not reflected in its formal standards, which remain progressive. The analysis shows that the Advisory Committee's lack of transparency in its monitoring procedures leads to a misrepresentation of the situation of minority rights, which provides cover for anti-minority practices. This makes it difficult for international journal on minority and group rights (2024) 1-33 2 outside observers to evaluate the true state of minority rights and the effectiveness of international standards. In closing, the article engages with the normative assumptions behind the Advisory Committee's approach. The Framework Convention does not have a strong enforcement mechanism, therefore cooperation with governments is essential to ensure compliance. However, by accommodating exclusionary practices, the Committee also legitimizes them. While valid arguments can be raised both for and against this approach, it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of this trade-off because of its clandestine nature. More transparent monitoring would give legitimacy to an objective international standard, which the current approach risks undermining.

Language policy plays a crucial role in examining the problems of nation-building in the post-Soviet space. Despite this role, only a few local scholars have explored the topic for their countries. Besides, most top-down decisions and studies have overlooked regional minorities. In light of such deficiency, this publication comes in time, because it analyzes the effect of language policy on the integration processes of minorities in Ukraine, which is common in other emerging countries as well. Moreover, this study approaches the topic from the perspectives of insider experts who represent minorities. Therefore, it is a useful piece of handy information with a well-organized reference system, and as such, highly recommended to researchers interested in the language policy of emerging nations.

La producción y reproducción del idioma legítimo La economía de los intercambios lingüísticos. São Paulo, EDUSP, 1998 PIERRE BOURDIEU Revisión El lenguaje es un espacio de lucha social. El idioma oficial es una forma de imposición de capital lingüístico. Es una forma de dominación.

The Arbëreshë minority in Calabria, identity issues and institutional consequences: 'the world as will and representation'-Covid-19 pandemic has imposed a rethinking of minorities'role in the political-institutional context, giving new input to suspended issues and highlighting critical aspects. The assay focus on how the recently foundation of an Arbëreshë political movement-unheard circumstance in the Calabrian history-affects the Calabrian regionalism. This paper analyses connections between minority cultural identity and representation. In this respect, takes the argument that is necessary to support a protection and promotion system by models of participation, representation and pluralism.

Il presente contributo si propone di riflettere sull'attuale ruolo dei processi di democrazia partecipativa nel sistema delle autonomie locali, con particolare riferimento all'ambito comunale e regionale in cui è radicata la minoranza linguistica "storica" arbëreshë. Nevralgico risulta il nesso tra identità culturale minoritaria e radicamento territoriale, al fine di comprendere come gli strumenti di democrazia partecipativa contribuiscono ad implementare la valorizzazione della minoranza nel prisma del pluralismo. The aim of the paper is to reflect on the current role of participatory democracy processes in the system of local autonomies with particular reference to the mucipal and regional context in which the Arbëreshë "historical" linguistic minority is rooted. The starting point is the link between minority cultural identity and territorial roots in order to understand how the tools of participatory democracy contribute to implementing promotion of the minority in the prism of pluralism.

In the first half of the 13th century, Europe feared the conquering invasion of the Mongol Empire. The key to an empire’s strength undoubtedly
lies in its organized state and legal structure. The first remarkable stage of the development of the legal system of the Mongolian nation took place
during the formation of the Great Mongol Empire with the establishment of Genghis Khan’s so-called Yassa Law, as the first, integrated, written
code. The legal source compiled the customary law of the time by Šigi Qutuqu, chief judge of the great khan. The original text of the code has not
survived, but we can indirectly deduce its content through the study of historical sources and traditions. Despite the fact that many literary works
have been published on the Great Mongol Empire, representing various disciplines, no one has yet undertaken a legal history- and legal theory-based
examination of The Secret History of the Mongols - which, unlike Yassa, is the oldest surviving contemporary document in Mongolian history. The
present paper collects the customary law elements found in the source work by branch of law and attempts to capture the moment in legal history
when codification and the separation of powers, as the first steps of legal modernization, appeared on the Mongolian steppe as early as the 13th
century. The research method used is source analysis.

The chapter deals with the recent translation into Icelandic of one of the most well-known
short stories by M.Zoschenko. The main difficulty for translators of works by Zoschenko are
their stylistics. In Icelandic, there are similiar styles of speech, but they refer to some historical
and cultural phemonenae, which are not the same, as in the original text. Does the comical
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element of the style of speech survive in translation? The syntax, stylistics and vocabulary of the
Icelandic translation have been thoroughly analyzed by means of translation studies. In the
Icelandic text the comic element of the narrative manner remains, but is presented in other ways,
also the ways, which have been absent in the Russian text, but are common in original Icelandic
humorous stories of the 20th century.

La etnografía (y la etnografía del lenguaje en particular) constituye un enfoque creativo que se adapta a las nuevas condiciones que encuentra, como es el caso de la mediación digital. Si bien en los entornos digitales las premisas metodológicas del estudio etnográfico del lenguaje se van redefiniendo a partir de ciertos desafíos, también aparecen nuevas posibilidades, siempre en el marco de un compromiso teórico y analítico que supone estudiar densamente la acción social desde el entramado en línea/fuera de línea. Ilustraré lo anterior a partir de dos casos de mis propias investigaciones. El primero remite a una escena glotopolítica producida en la interacción entre medios tradicionales peruanos y redes sociales durante la pandemia, en la que estuve directamente involucrada como observadora participante. El segundo aborda cómo los datos en espacios digitales son fundamentales para enriquecer el estudio etnográfico fuera de línea, cuando se trata de comprender procesos sociales en curso que trascienden estudios localizados. El foco en ambos casos estará en las prácticas del lenguaje como acciones que se van desplegando en trayectorias de eventos, y no como textos, con el objetivo de entender la producción semiótica de la diferencia y la consecuencia que esto tiene en materia de desigualdad.

A Linguística Forense (LF) une as áreas da Linguagem e do Direito
em função de reparar problemas de uso da linguagem no ambiente jurídico,
criminal e investigativo e toma como alicerce a Linguística Aplicada. Este artigo
se debruçou sobre a análise pioneira em LF realizada pelo linguista Jan Svartvik
em 1968 intitulada “The Evans Statements: A Case for Forensic Linguistics”.
Buscamos reconstituir a narrativa do caso Timothy Evans através de quatro
depoimentos dados por Timothy a Delegacia de Polícia, também buscamos
resgatar o legado da análise de Svartvik, sendo ela tão importante para origem
da LF, mas pouco acessada no Brasil, seja pela linguagem complexa, seja pelo
acesso ao texto original. Além disso, visamos uma reflexão sobre as mudanças
metodológicas que guiaram o desenvolvimento da LF enquanto campo de
estudo, ressaltando a formação acadêmica de Svartvik que impactou esta
primeira análise. Por fim, esta pesquisa contribui na divulgação científica da
Linguística Forense como campo de expansão dos estudos voltados para a
compreensão da linguagem como forma de interação nas diferentes esferas
sociais da vida cotidiana e na construção de diferentes discursos.

1980’den beri Zazacayı gerçek bir yazınsal dile dönüştürmek için harcanan bütün çabalara rağmen sonuçlar tatmin edici değildir. Yalnızca izole olan üç ana lehçenin yerel ağızları bu yüzden yazıya geçirildi, bunların pek çoğu yeni karakterize edildi (Paul 1998; Keskin 2009), fakat bunların çok azı metin haline getirildi.
Çeşitli lehçe konuşanları kendi aralarında oldukça iyi anlaşmaktadırlar, en azından yazılı dilin anlaşılmasından daha iyi anlaştıkları kesin: Zazaca konuşanlar arasında anadilinde yazabilme oranı yaygın değildir ve bunlar genellikle kendi çevreleri ve lehçeleri arasında sınırlı kalmıştır.
Bu tebliğde; farklı lehçelerle ilgili artalandan olan Zaza konuşanları tarafından kabul edilebilir yazınsal dilin gelişimi ve gerekliliği üzerine olan son çalışmamı sunmak istiyorum. İlave olarak bazı ön sonuçlar sunulacaktır.

I convey gratitude to the Native researchers who have become before me, those who contributed to changes in perceptions to more positive ones, and those who catalogued the often difficult and painful stories of our ancestors. My friends at OSU, whom I have long referred to as my PhD buddies, have provided ongoing support without which I would not have finished this project. Thank you to Kelli Carney, Sherri Been, Valarie Farrow, LaKrisa Walker, and others who have been there for suggestions, as sounding boards, and for the occasional kick in the butt when needed. I also appreciate Oklahoma State University for providing me with a summer fellowship, assisting me so that I could make one last trip to North Carolina for data collection and allowing me time to focus on this project. While many other friends have been supportive, and I thank them, I would like to express my particular gratitude to Rita Bunch, who was my wonderful boss during much of the doctoral journey, and Sherry Holcomb, my friend upon whom I could always depend to answer any questions related to Cherokee language or tradition. My colleagues with whom I now work have also provided much-needed support and encouragement; I am fortunate to work with such amazing and dedicated educators. Although there are many more whom I should show appreciation, I conclude with my family. My husband, Brian, has been incredibly patient throughout this lengthy process, and my kids, Cassandra, Alysa, and Colton, did not give up on me. My mother expressed her pride and support for what I was doing. I love and appreciate them all, as v Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. well as my many other family members, both via blood and via marriage, who have supported me throughout my educational odyssey.

The purpose of this master's thesis is to show how Great Zimbabwe was politically used during the period 1980-2020. This work was also carried out with the aim to examine and nuance how archaeology is used within the framework of nationalism, and how cultural heritage is used by political organizations for different purposes. The essay applies a theoretical perspective based on critical cultural heritage studies. The essay's material consists of archaeological texts which deal with Great Zimbabwe, the material also consists of news articles, political speeches, and interviews with Zimbabwean archaeologists. This material is studied through an in-depth literature study. What is made clear in this thesis is that the Great Zimbabwe monument has different purposes during different periods. The thesis concludes that initially between 1980 and 2000, Great Zimbabwe was used in the creation of a new Zimbabwean identity, but at the onset of the 21 st century this role changes towards a more active one. The study suggests that Zimbabwe´s severe economic downturn over the last two decades has resulted in an increase in the political usage of Great Zimbabwe.

The paper explores the availability and access to information in minority languages across the Western Balkans. It identifies systemic, legal, and practical barriers that hinder inclusive communication, and highlights best practices and policy recommendations for improving media pluralism and language rights.

El modelo español de pluralismo lingüístico 2.1 El marco Constitucional 2.2 El marco estatutario 2.3 El marco europeo: la Carta europea de lenguas regionales o minoritarias Las problemáticas del modelo español de pluralismo lingüístico 3.1 La educación 3.2 La administración 3.3 Los consumidores Las lenguas no cooficiales 4.1 Protección estatutaria sin declaración de oficialidad 4.2 Las Comunidades Autónomas con lenguas no cooficiales 4.3 Aragón y Asturias: ejemplos paradigmáticos 4.4 Problemáticas particulares Conclusión

L'article analyse les fondements logiques et culturelles des défenseurs modernes de la langue française contre certains "dangers" menaçant d’en finir une fois pour toutes avec sa pureté, sa beauté et sa clarté. Dans le cadre de ces problématiques, nous tenterons d'identifier les caractéristiques clés de l'idéologie de la langue chez les grammairiens français. Cela nous permettra de voir la force de leur enseignement langagier et de comprendre pourquoi la linguistique scientifique n'a pas été en mesure de démystifier leurs erreurs. Les principales caractéristiques de l'idéologie de la langue moderne des grammairiens français ont été décrites, ainsi que la base idéologique de divers mouvements de “protection et de défense” de la langue. Leurs liens généalogiques ainsi que leurs prédécesseurs ont aussi été identifiés. Les postulats des grammairiens sur la langue forment, à notre avis, une sorte de religion laïque. Pour eux, la langue n'est pas seulement un moyen de communiquer et d'exprimer sous forme verbale sa pensée, mais aussi une expression de l'esprit et de l'unité nationaux, un objet d'admiration esthétique dans les chefs-d'œuvre littéraires. Pour les grammairiens français, le postulat de F. de Saussure affirmant la non observabilité de la langue est inacceptable en principe. La langue française peut et, historiquement, doit non seulement être observée mais aussi réglementée et fixée (par l'Académie française).

One of the main challenges still facing the European participatory democracy is the equality and universality of suffrage. The law in the books – the right to vote for all citizens without discrimination – does not necessarily equate to the law in practice, particularly in the case of minority groups. Ethnic and linguistic minorities in the EU continue to face challenges – whether legal, institutional, or societal – to achieving full exercise of their electoral rights.

Sommario: Introduzione. .......................................................................................................................... ...........................................................2 1. La banca dati......... ... ... Corrispondenza: Daniele Checchi Facoltà di Economia Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca Polo Bicocca - U6-356 viale ...

The trial implementation of virtual foreign language court interpreting in South Africa has raised significant concerns regarding constitutional rights, procedural fairness and labour protections. While proponents argue that virtual interpreting enhances efficiency and reduces costs, critics highlight its potential to undermine fair trial principles, interpreter welfare and evidentiary integrity. This study examines the legal, procedural and labour implications of virtual interpreting, assessing its impact on linguistic accessibility, employment structures and judicial processes. Using a qualitative approach, the study evaluates statutory provisions, scholarly perspectives and empirical data to determine whether virtual interpreting aligns with constitutional mandates and labour regulations.

Sign languages are well researched autochthonous, bio-culturally diverse, visiospatial languages, both linguistically and neurologically. They confer identity and form new minorities within complex social systems. The continuity of their ethnolinguistic heritages are endangered as replacement levels fall due to the fact that sign languages are not traditionally considered to be mother tongue languages, since most deaf children are born to hearing parents who do not sign, although theoretically they are. A longstanding international discourse since 1880 when sign language was banned in education was due to the supposed effect sign languages have on spoken language acquisition for deaf children. This ethos continues to modern day, with few parents of deaf children being informed about sign language or offered instruction, or it being used as a teaching medium for their child. This signifies the linguistic imperialism that stems from ignorance of modern research, and surdism (in which deaf people are normalised to be as hearing as possible). All the countries which have implemented sign language legislation fall short of revitalisation since there is no promotion to all parents of deaf children. This study demonstrates that the resulting extremely low number of new learners means British Sign Language (BSL) can be categorised as a severely endangered language. This paper applies spoken language planning theory and methodology to British Sign Language, taking into account the discrete political environments in the UK and history of spoken language revival. It is a rationale view of BSL, and other sign languages, as requiring immediate intervention, against the backdrop of English (and spoken language generally) being the language of oppression.

Resumo: Neste trabalho acadêmico, procura-se explicitar e explicar o conceito de “direitos linguísticos”, conforme ele vem sendo desenvolvido no espaço das práticas normativas dos Estados nacionais e da sociedade internacional, no campo teórico dos estudos de Direito Linguístico. O artigo está dividido em três partes: inicialmente, aborda-se o reconhecimento dos direitos linguísticos por meio de normas jurídicas positivas com ênfase em instrumentos internacionais de direitos humanos e documentos constitucionais dos Estados nacionais; depois, trata-se da delimitação conceitual dos “direitos linguísticos” no que diz respeito ao seu conteúdo essencial e definidor, bem como à sua relação com os direitos humanos e fundamentais; por fim, elencam-se as classificações propostas para esse grupo ou classe de direitos, com destaque àquelas relacionadas ao conteúdo e à finalidade dos direitos, aos beneficiários e ao âmbito de aplicação. Palavras-chave: direitos linguísticos, discurso jurídico, política linguística.
Resumen: En este trabajo académico se busca exponer y explicar el concepto de “derechos linguísticos” tal como se ha desarrollado en las prácticas normativas de los Estados nacionales y de la sociedad internacional, en el ámbito teórico de los estudios de Derecho Lingüístico. El artículo se divide en tres partes: en primer lugar, se aborda el reconocimiento de los derechos lingüísticos a través de normas jurídicas positivas, haciendo hincapié en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y en los documentos constitucionales de los Estados nacionales; a continuación, se trata la delimitación conceptual de los “derechos linguísticos” en cuanto a su contenido esencial y definitorio, así como su relación con los derechos humanos y fundamentales; por último, se enumeran las clasificaciones propuestas para este grupo o clase de derechos, con énfasis en las relativas al contenido y la finalidad de los derechos, los beneficiarios y el ámbito de aplicación. Palabras clave: derechos lingüísticos, discurso jurídico, política lingüística.
Abstract: This academic paper seeks to expound and explain the concept of “linguistic rights” as it has been developed in the normative practices of national states and international society, in the theoretical field of Linguistic Law studies. The article is divided into three parts: firstly, the recognition of linguistic rights through positive legal norms is discussed, with emphasis on international human rights instruments and constitutional documents of national states; subsequently, the conceptual delimitation of “linguistic rights” is dealt with in terms of their essential and defining content, as well as their relationship with human and fundamental rights; finally, the classifications proposed for this group or class of rights are enumerated, with emphasis on those related to the content and purpose of the rights, the beneficiaries and the scope of application. Keywords: linguistic rights, legal discourse, linguistic policy.

Resumo: Este artigo teórico analisa o desenvolvimento do conceito de “direitos linguísticos” no discurso jurídico brasileiro, destacando sua evolução teórica, defesa política e incorporação na legislação nacional, a partir da noção de “arquivo” proposta pela análise de discurso da tradição francesa. O texto está estruturado em três partes: inicialmente, aborda a contribuição de Francisco Gomes de Matos, cujas listas de direitos e apelos por reconhecimento foram cruciais para a discussão teórica e a mobilização política em prol desses direitos, especialmente no contexto internacional. Em seguida, examina a assimilação dos direitos linguísticos pelas normas jurídicas brasileiras, com ênfase na proteção das comunidades minoritárias (pessoas surdas, indígenas, quilombolas, descendentes de imigrantes e estrangeiras) e na importância da Constituição de 1988 nesse processo. Por fim, discute a proposição de uma disciplina jurídica geral para os direitos linguísticos, representada pelo Projeto de Lei nº 489/2019, que pode constituir um quadro significativo para sua tutela no país. A análise mostra a complexidade e os desafios na efetivação dos direitos linguísticos no Brasil, ao mesmo tempo que reconhece a rica memória de lutas e avanços que sustentam essa causa. Palavras-chave: direitos linguísticos, arquivo jurídico, línguas minoritárias, cooficialização de línguas.
Resumen: Este artículo analiza el desarrollo del concepto de “derechos lingüísticos” en el discurso jurídico brasileño, destacando su evolución teórica, su defensa política y su incorporación a la legislación nacional, a partir de la noción de “archivo” propuesta por la escuela francesa de análisis del discurso. El texto se estructura en tres partes: en primer lugar, se examina la contribución de Francisco Gomes de Matos, cuyas listas de derechos y llamadas al reconocimiento fueron cruciales para la discusión teórica y la movilización política en favor de estos derechos, especialmente en el contexto internacional. A continuación, se examina la asimilación de los derechos lingüísticos en las normas jurídicas brasileñas, con énfasis en la protección de las comunidades minoritarias (sordos, indígenas, quilombolas, descendientes de inmigrantes y extranjeros) y la importancia de la Constitución de 1988 en este proceso. Finalmente, se discute la propuesta de una disciplina jurídica general para los derechos lingüísticos, representada por el Proyecto de Ley 489/2019, que podría constituir un marco significativo para su protección en el país. El análisis muestra la complejidad y los desafíos para la aplicación de los derechos lingüísticos en Brasil, sin dejar de reconocer la rica memoria de luchas y avances que sustentan esta causa. Palabras clave: derechos lingüísticos, archivos jurídicos, lenguas minoritarias, cooficialización lingüística.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the development of the concept of “linguistic rights” in Brazilian legal discourse, highlighting its theoretical evolution, political advocacy and incorporation into national legislation, based on the notion of “archive” proposed by the French school of discourse analysis. The text is structured in three parts: firstly, it looks at the contribution of Francisco Gomes de Matos, whose lists of rights and calls for recognition were crucial to the theoretical discussion and political mobilization in favor of these rights, especially in the international context. Next, the assimilation of language rights into Brazilian legal norms is examined, with emphasis on the protection of minority communities (deaf people, indigenous people, quilombolas, descendants of immigrants and foreigners) and the importance of the 1988 Constitution in this process. Finally, we discuss the proposal for a general legal discipline for language rights, represented by Bill 489/2019, which could constitute a significant framework for their protection in the country. The analysis shows the complexity and challenges in making language rights effective in Brazil, while recognizing the rich memory of struggles and advances that support this cause. Keywords: linguistic rights, legal archives, minority languages, language co-officialization.
Résumé : Cet article analyse le développement du concept de « droits linguistiques  » dans le discours juridique brésilien, en soulignant son évolution théorique, sa défense politique et son incorporation dans la législation nationale, sur la base de la notion d’« archive » proposée par l’école française d’analyse de discours. Le texte est structuré en trois parties : tout d’abord, il examine la contribution de Francisco Gomes de Matos, dont les listes de droits et les appels à la reconnaissance ont été cruciaux pour la discussion théorique et la mobilisation politique en faveur de ces droits, en particulier dans le contexte international. Ensuite, l’assimilation des droits linguistiques dans les normes juridiques brésiliennes est examinée, en mettant l’accent sur la protection des communautés minoritaires (sourds, indigènes, quilombolas, descendants d’immigrés et d’étrangers) et sur l’importance de la Constitution de 1988 dans ce processus. Enfin, nous discutons de la proposition de discipline juridique générale pour les droits linguistiques, représentée par le Projet de loi 489/2019, qui pourrait constituer un cadre significatif pour leur protection dans le pays. L’analyse montre la complexité et les défis de la réalisation des droits linguistiques au Brésil, tout en reconnaissant la riche mémoire des luttes et des avancées qui soutiennent cette cause. Mots-clés : droits linguistiques, archives juridiques, langues minoritaires, co-officialisation des langues.

Pina Scotto di Carlo, in Chapter 1, focuses some of the basic diachronic aspects of LE which lead to modern Legal English. The assumption is that the diachronic dimension of LE, seen as a Sub-Branch of ESP, gives us the opportunity to derive the origin of some terms and items, phrases and clauses. The inferential and deep understanding of diachronic studies implies that languages and cultures are strictly interdependent and, what is more, refer to a particular historical period. Just to conclude this brief Preface, I think that the book is devoted not only to reseachers of ESP-LE at a first level of investigation, but it should be of great interest for university students whose aim is to be introduced into the fascinating world of Historic Linguistics, through which it is possible to deeply understand the close interdependence of language and culture.

Dos son los principales cauces de relación entre las lenguas y la justicia. El primero se produce cuando la justicia se pronuncia sobre regulaciones o controversias jurídicas surgidas en asuntos relativos al conocimiento y uso de las lenguas. La falta en España de una política lingüística común y la inexistencia de órganos públicos estatales que faciliten el encuentro entre las diversas lenguas oficiales, así como la reflexión sobre cómo mejorar su convivencia y favorecer su reconocimiento y uso, ha implicado, en la práctica, que todos los conflictos lingüísticos terminen siempre ante el juez. Además, con carácter general, la justicia se ha pronunciado sobre este asunto sin que se incorporasen al proceso, mediante informes y pericias, la realidad sociológica de las lenguas o su estado de situación, elementos, sin duda, imprescindibles para ponderar la proporcionalidad de las medidas de protección aprobadas a favor de una lengua oficial minoritaria. La segunda conexión se produce, en nuestro país, como consecuencia de la doble oficialidad lingüística existente en algunos territorios. De todas las Administraciones Públicas, la de justicia es, con mucho, la que menos ha avanzado en el uso de lenguas oficiales distintas del castellano. No es casualidad. El artículo 231.1 de la LOPJ, una interpretación corporativa de la reserva de ley orgánica en materia judicial y una utilización interesada del deber de conocimiento del castellano y el derecho de las partes a no padecer indefensión explica, en cierto modo, ese marcado desequilibrio. Por otra parte, la aplicación estricta del principio de territorialidad, sin modulación alguna, ha llevado a que tanto el Tribunal Supremo como el Tribunal Constitucional no hayan podido colaborar en la tarea institucional de prestigiar todas las lenguas de España. El autor defiende y propone otra opción interpretativa que permita una acción estatal conjunta y, por tanto, la existencia una política pública estatal de reconocimiento y valorización de todas las lenguas oficiales, dentro del marco constitucional y estatutario vigente. Palabras clave: derecho a la libre elección de lengua; principio de territorialidad y lengua oficial; justicia del reconocimiento; ausencia de una política pública estatal en materia de lenguas; Tribunal Constitucional; Tribunal Supremo; lengua oficial/lengua de trabajo.

A noção de direitos linguísticos adquiriu força internacional a partir de meados do século XX e têm ganhado cada vez mais espaço acadêmico-científico em diferentes áreas. A aproximação das ciências jurídicas e dos estudos da linguagem têm apontado não só para a um rol de direitos linguísticos a ser garantido, mas para a emergência do “Direito Linguístico” como campo que se constitui por diversos elementos, sendo os “direitos linguísticos” em espécie um de seus objetos. Sendo assim, neste artigo, verificamos como as pesquisas realizadas em pós-graduações abordam estas concepções de direito(s) linguístico(s) voltados a Libras, uma das línguas que compõe a diversidade linguística brasileira, alvo de políticas e normas que regulam seu uso e difusão. Para tanto, realizamos um mapeamento de teses e dissertações voltadas a essa temática e encontramos dezessete publicações desde 2017. Estes trabalhos, distribuídos em nove eixos temáticos e sustentados por diferentes abordagens teórico-metodológicas, apontam para a concepção dos direitos linguísticos em espécie, abordando a sua garantia (ou não) para a efetivação de outros. Por fim, sugerimos que investigações futuras se debrucem sobre demais elementos constitutivos do Direito Linguístico para guiar com mais precisão a concepção, efetivação e fruição das políticas geradas por normas de direito linguístico.

Departement Kommunikasiewetenskap aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika (Unisa). Sy het 'n doktorsgraad in Sosiale Sielkunde van Unisa en was voorheen werksaam by die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing (RGN). Sy is die outeur/ mede-outeur van verskeie boeke, hoofstukke in boeke, artikels in nasionale en internasionale vaktydskrifte, kon greslesings en navorsingsverslae. PEtrus H PotgiEtEr voltooi in 1992 die graad MA (Math) aan die Kent State-universiteit in die VSA en keer terug na Suid-Afrika in dieselfde jaar vir doktorale studie by die Universiteit van Pretoria waar die graad PhD (Wiskunde) aan hom toegeken word in 1996. In 1995-1996 is hy werksaam aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Sedert 1997 is hy by die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika in Pretoria, in die Departement Besluitkunde. JC (Koos) Pauw is buitengewone professor in Publieke Administrasie aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika. Hy promoveer by die Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit in die Filosofie onder Professor PGW du Plessis op grond van 'n proefskrif, Die filosofie en die bewerking van

Anti-immigrant rhetoric has intensified under the Trump 2025 administration, reinforcing linguistic discrimination and fostering a climate of fear for Spanish speakers in public spaces. In this essay, I examine the linguistic and historical relevance of Spanish in the U.S., the consequences of linguistic profiling on minority language speakers, and the implications of the 2025 executive order designating English as the official language. I argue that such policies erode linguistic rights and deepen social inequalities. Additionally, I consider the role of schools and churches, which are critical spaces for language preservation and cultural expression and are being increasingly threatened by immigration enforcement. In advocating for sociolinguistic justice, this essay calls for policies that recognize and protect the linguistic rights of Spanish and other minority language speakers, framing multilingualism as a societal strength rather than a threat.

This study aims to address the critical need for cultural preservation among Sama youth on Samal Island. A general observation reveals a concerning trend: many Sama youth are losing fluency in their traditional language, failing to embrace traditional clothing styles, and demonstrating limited knowledge of traditional arts and dances. This erosion of cultural practices threatens the continuity of a rich and unique heritage. This problem is rooted in several interconnected concepts. The rapid pace of globalization and modernization exposes Sama youth to dominant cultural influences, often overshadowing the value and relevance of their own traditions. Furthermore, the lack of consistent and engaging opportunities to learn and practice traditional skills contributes to a decline in cultural knowledge and participation. The absence of strong intergenerational transmission of cultural knowledge, where elders pass down traditions to younger generations, further exacerbates the issue. The lack of formal educational programs and community initiatives focused on Sama cultural preservation creates a void that needs to be filled. Addressing these interconnected concepts is crucial for effective cultural preservation efforts.

Cet article se penche sur la politique linguistique conçue puis mise en oeuvre afin de revitaliser la langue corse. Il défend l'hypothèse selon laquelle, après des décennies de revendications issues de la société civile organisée et des partis politiques nationalistes puis également des formations d'obédience nationale française de gauche comme de droite, s'est progressivement mise en place une politique linguistique, donnant la priorité à l'éducation, aux médias et à la présence du corse dans l'espace public, qui commence à porter ses fruits, malgré un cadre législatif peu favorable, ce qui a conduit la Collectivité de Corse à élaborer, de manière concertée, une nouvelle politique linguistique plus ambitieuse s'articulant autour de deux axes: obtenir la coofficialité du corse et oeuvrer à une officialité de fait. Nonobstant, les résultats sont mitigés, puisque cette politique publique ne permet pas, à elle seule, de garantir la revitalisation de la langue corse, comme en témoignent les résultats de la dernière enquête sociolinguistique réalisée en 2021.

The sociolinguistic modernization of Japan differs from European experiences as it had to overcome the belief that only Western languages could be carriers of modern thought. Despite this pessimistic outlook, language modernization in Japan is generally seen as a success if widespread competence in the standard language and translatability
into other modern languages is a yardstick of evaluation. This achievement would not have been possible without language planning and policy. This chapter presents LPP in Japan in historical order and discusses modernization, modernization maintenance, and late modern society. All three parts first outline LPP, then discuss the consequences of language policy on the margins of society. Due to the lack of space, discussions are limited to LPP at the state level, and discussions of English language education in Japan and Japanese as a second language are absent.

In accordance with Law No. 13445/2017, Article 5 of Ordinance No. 623/2020 addresses the ways of proving the “ability to communicate in Portuguese”, a linguistic duty imposed on those who wish to acquire Brazilian nationality through ordinary or special naturalization. Given the obstacles faced by migrants and refugees in proving this ability, the Brazilian Linguistics Association (ABRALIN) led a process intended to intervene in this article, culminating in the submission of a Technical Note to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, including
a draft of a new ordinance. This paper aims to present this process and the resulting Technical Note. The proposals include: (i) expanding the possibilities for proving the required communication ability, including the creation of a national Portuguese language exam to be developed by a Working Group; (ii) determining that Federal Police due diligence be based on the technical report of a professional with experience in the field of Portuguese as an Additional Language; (iii) accepting certificates from Brazilian Sign Language courses for deaf individuals or those with hearing impairments. In light of this experience, the paper also aims to propose recommendations to support the intervention of professionals in the field of language studies in the construction of official language policies. These recommendations include advocating for the very wording of normative texts, as well as developing strategies for collaboration between academia and the Public Authority. We hope that the discussion will contribute to an increasingly strong and consistent participation of these professionals in the development of official language policies.

Keywords: Migration and Refuge. Language Policy. Linguistic right. Naturalization. Portuguese as a Welcoming Language.