Jewish Communities

This study deals with Jewish intracommunity conflicts in Italy during the 18th century by linking them to the specific dynamics of Jewish communities as local institutions, and to the political and legal procedures organizing Jewish relationship with State authorities. The article examines, at first, the political nature of internal conflicts in Jewish communities in order to clarify the multiplicity of situations and the complexity of discourses condensed in the Jewish fact. Secondly, it analyses conflicts within the Jewish community of Pitigliano, in the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, during the Tuscan reformist period from 1744 to 1796. The multiplicity and recurrence of Jewish intracommunity conflicts in Pitigliano reflect social tendencies related to the crisis of traditional normativity and to early assimilation processes. Following the impossibility of obtaining an agreement with the leaders of the community, Jewish addresses to State judicial authorities proved to be a transitory instrument to try to shift the internal power system and envision a possible change in community hierarchies.

O Desaparecimento espacial das judia-rias nos núcleos urbanos portugueses de finais da Idade Média: o caso de Lisboa 1 Resumo A expulsão das comunidades judaicas determinada pelo rei D. Manuel em 1496 veio criar nos centros urbanos portugueses uma situação nova, resultante do desapareci-mento das judiarias como espaços de características sociais, urbanísticas e adminis-trativas específicas no contexto mais global da paisagem urbana. Assim, nos anos subsequentes à expulsão foi necessário empreender não apenas a reocupação desses espaços agora vazios mas também a sua melhor inserção na topografia urbana, uma vez que o seu isolamento deixara de fazer sentido. O texto a apresentar pretende, utilizando o caso de Lisboa para o qual a informação é mais pormenorizada, esclare-cer alguns dos parâmetros do processo transformação social, administrativa e urbanística das antigas judiarias. Abstract The expulsion of the Jewish communities ordained by King D. Manuel in 1496 created a new situation in the Portuguese urban centres, resulting from the disappearance of the Judiarias (Jewish quarters), as spaces of specific social, urbanisation and administrative characteristics integrated in a more global urban landscape. In the years following the expulsion, these now empty areas had to be reoccupied and also better integrated within the urban fabric, since there were no longer reasons for their isolation. Based on the well-documented case of Lisbon, this paper seeks to analyse certain aspects of the processes of social, urban and administrative transformation of the old Judiarias. 1 Uma versão francesa deste texto com o título «La disparition spatiale des " judiarias " dans les villes portugaises à la fin du Moyen Âge» foi apresentada no Colóquio Minorités au Portugal & Diasporas por-tugaises (VIIIe-XXe siècles) Identités, pratiques, répresentations, organizado pela École Pratique des Hautes Études –IVe Section Sciences Historiques et Philologiques e pela Société Française d'Histoire du Portugal que teve lugar na Université Paris I-Patheon/Sorbonne em 28 e 29 de Março de 2003 e cuja pu-blicação das respectivas Actas se prevê para 2005. Na versão portuguesa foram feitas várias alterações e desenvolveram-se alguns aspectos específicos pelo que os dois textos não são idênticos.

For several reasons, most authors who have worked on the subject of the territories occupied by the Italian army during the Second World War have characterized this army as occupying a less violent position than that of the Germans against the Jews. This article analyses the Italian army’s relations with Jews in Tunisia, comparing these relations with those in Yugoslavia, in order to stress how the attitude of the army in Tunisia toward the Jewish community was influenced by the weight that the entire Italian community (including both Jews and non-Jews) had before and during the Second World War. Specifically, where in Yugoslavia (as in Greece and in South France), the army had a generally collaborative attitude with the general local Jewish community, in Tunisia the army only worked to preserve the Italian Jewish community; this conduct was due to the fact that the defence of the Italian Jews contributed to the wider defence of Italian interests in the region, and therefore into the dispute between Italy and France to control Tunisia.