Islamic Sciences

Artikel ini membahas analisis hermeneutik terhadap gagasan English Islami dalam pemikiran Ismail R. al-Faruqi, seorang filsuf Muslim terkemuka yang menaruh perhatian besar pada isu bahasa, epistemologi, dan Islamisasi ilmu pengetahuan. Latar belakang penelitian ini berangkat dari kebutuhan mendesak umat Islam untuk menjaga otentisitas konsep-konsep Islam dalam bahasa Inggris, mengingat bahasa tersebut telah menjadi lingua franca global yang kerap membawa bias sekuler dan hegemoni Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap makna, relevansi, serta implikasi epistemologis dari gagasan English Islami dengan menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutik sebagai alat analisis untuk memahami teks-teks al-Faruqi secara mendalam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research), di mana peneliti menelaah dan menafsirkan karya-karya utama al-Faruqi serta literatur pendukung yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa English Islami dalam perspektif al-Faruqi bukan sekadar instrumen linguistik, melainkan juga medium epistemologis yang berfungsi menjaga makna asli istilah-istilah Islam dari distorsi, sekaligus menjadi sarana membangun worldview Islam dalam ranah akademik dan sosial. Dengan menekankan pentingnya bahasa sebagai fondasi cara pandang hidup, al-Faruqi menegaskan bahwa penguasaan Islamic English sangat diperlukan agar umat Islam mampu berpartisipasi aktif dalam percaturan ilmu pengetahuan global tanpa kehilangan identitas epistemologisnya. Kesimpulannya, gagasan English Islami merupakan strategi integral dalam proyek Islamisasi ilmu pengetahuan yang berperan melindungi warisan intelektual Islam sekaligus memperkuat posisi umat Islam di era globalisasi

Findings in the area of philosophy cannot be separated from the educational field. Specifically, findings in philosophy are the basis for the establishment of the educationalaims and objective, curriculum design, methodology in teaching and learning, methods of teaching evaluation and learning and all the elements that develop the education process. Education philosophy which refers to the component of metaphysic, epistemology and axiology cannot be borrowed or based on other disciplines. It must be designed from the existing, religions, cultures, associations and variations, weaknesses and strengths of our society. Therefore, this study aims to explore and identify Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah‟s thought (691H/1292M-751H/ 1350M) in the field of education based on the book Miftah Dar al-Sa‘adah Wa Mansyur Walayah al-‘Ilmi wa al-Iradah. This study is qualitative in nature and utilizes the documentation method which consists of primary sources and secondary sources. The main primary source ...

Family protection means protecting women, children and men together, so protection here is for the human being regardless of age, health, mental and physical condition, and a title with this comprehensiveness required for research and writing to review several laws such as the Civil Code, Personal Status Law, Penal Code, Juvenile Law and Minor Care Law to identify the provisions that preserve all the rights of the natural person, and certainly the individual is most in need of support and protection due to customs, religious laws and prevailing laws in addition to traditions that violate the rights of the individual, especially women and children, provided that the laws prevailing in Iraq and its surroundings include general provisions that do not take into account the gender and age of the individual, whether in rights or duties. This required that we make the research into two requirements, the first of which we devoted to reviewing the provisions related to family members in Iraqi laws. The second requirement was devoted to the provisions for protecting the family in general as the nucleus of society. We concluded in the results and recommendations that it is important to enact a law to protect the family and reduce domestic violence so that it would be an addition and complete the deficiencies that the legislator should stipulate in laws such as the Penal Code, Personal Status Code, and other laws.

Ice cream is a frozen dessert that consists of ice crystals, air cells, fat globules, and liquid syrup. Stabilizers are added to reduce meltdown, increase viscosity, and add smoothness to the ice cream. Gelatin is an important stabilizer used in ice cream manufacture, which is produced from animal origin. Thus, consumers of lacto-vegetarian are highly affected. This study was conducted to find out the most suitable grams of leaf gel from the Cyclea peltata plant to produce a gelatin substitute and investigate the physico-chemical properties and storage of ice cream incorporated with Cyclea peltata leaf gel with 8.0 g (T1), 9.6 g (T2), 11.2 g (T3), 12.8 g (T4), and 14.4 g (T5) and a control sample with 8 g of gelatin. The results of this study revealed that the pH and melting rate were significantly decreased with the increasing of leaf gel content in ice cream. Titratable acidity, overrun, and fat were increased significantly. According to the study, it could be concluded that the 11.2 gL⁻¹ of Cyclea peltata leaf gel can be used as a substitute for gelatin used in ice cream manufacture.

The desacralization of politics is linked to the desacralization of religion in social reality, which is then eliminated because it cannot provide rational arguments for finding solutions to human life's problems. Political desacralization does not characterize tyranny and democracy as the same thing, and it does not function to strengthen the power base and maintain the continuity of collective identity. This inverse phenomenon is characterized by the emergence of political appearances that resemble religion, or what can be called the politicization of religion. Populism can take various forms, such as political movements that use religion as justification to realize their political ideals. The modern Western worldview, which later became a philosophical program, resulted in the ideology of secularism, which is certainly a product of the Western intellectual and cultural tradition, which means that the development of science will be highly dependent on a human view of the world, emptied of belief in a supernatural power that maintains it. This doctrine relegates religion to an individual matter that is no longer permitted to enter the public sphere. This paper illustrates the problem of the desacralization of Western politics and the sacralization of politics within Islam. This paper describes the political concepts of Islamic figures and al-Attas's concept of Islamization as an attempt to critique political desacralization and integrate the concepts of political sacralization in the West with Islam.

بحث مشترك مع ذ/حسن القصاب، منشور بأشغال المؤتمر  الدولي: نظام الأوقاف في التجربة المغربية والدولية، (ص: 37-65). المنظم بكلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية بأكادير، وبكلية الشريعة، وبالمركب الإداري لهيئة المحامين بمدينة أكادير. بدعم من المركز الوطني للبحث العلمي والتقني، وهيئة المحامين بأكادير، ومؤسسة هانس زايدل الألمانية. أيام 14 – 15 -16 أكتوبر 2024. منشورات مختبر القانون والمجتمع (6)، الطبعة الأولى 2025.

This study explored the information-seeking behavior of art researchers while searching for information online, employing a semi-experimental design that included observation, interviews, and statistical analysis. The research involved 48 art researchers selected through purposive sampling, with data collected using Camtasia software to record search processes, semi-structured interviews to assess cognitive strategies, and a standardized questionnaire to evaluate related variables. Participants were assigned two search tasks: an easy task of finding a Latin article about Iranian art and a difficult task of locating a job opportunity abroad. The analysis utilized the Chi-square test to evaluate the data. Findings revealed that during easy searches, participants predominantly employed quicker, more superficial strategies, heavily relying on the Google search engine and transitioning from general to specific search terms. Conversely, in difficult searches, researchers adopted more sophisticated analytical techniques, including iterative modifications of search terms, the use of Boolean operators, and consulting specialized databases. Statistical analysis indicated that the total number of strategies used in the easy task was 976, while in the difficult task, it was 959, culminating in a total of 1,935 strategies. This suggests that the complexity of search tasks significantly influences the strategies employed by researchers. The study underscores the importance of optimizing information retrieval systems to align with user needs and the complexity of their search tasks.

Scientists from the nation took the lead of scientific interface, and they were the axis for those who came after them, and among those scholars (the Imam Al-Nasafi) whose book (Al-Manar) is the axis of explanation, comment, commentary, abbreviation and systems .. from the eighth century AH to the present day, where he wrote more than fifty books, and many of the scientific theses that discussed his views and his way of presenting the origins of the Hanaf. Among the explanations of the book Al-Manar is (elaborating the lights) by Hasakfi, and this explanation received a great attention; and it was taken as a curriculum in some legal colleges. Imam al-Hasakfi had comments on his explanation of Al-Manar, which it was, explained, and commented on. It was intended that scholars throughout history have been reviewing their statements, scrutinizing their consideration, and correcting each other, with a scientific method fraught with the highest methods of research etiquette and debate; Le...

∴ Introduction ∴ ‌
Social justice represents a foundational pillar in the pursuit of a fair and equitable society, concerning itself with the just allocation of scarce resources among individuals with diverse and often conflicting needs and claims. In contemporary discourse, social justice extends beyond mere distribution; it encompasses the state's proactive role in ensuring that every individual attains a certain minimum standard of living. This involves deliberation on the extent of resources that should be guaranteed to individuals and the degree of governmental intervention necessary to achieve such equity.
    Theoretical explorations of social justice operate on three distinct yet interconnected levels: foundational principles, theoretical frameworks, and institutional structures. The foundational level delves into the underlying values, ethical considerations, and societal objectives that justify and motivate the pursuit of justice. It raises fundamental questions about the nature of justice, its role in society, and the values that underpin it.
    In the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Constitution serves as a critical document that embodies Islamic thought and principles. The infusion of Islamic jurisprudence, theology, and beliefs into the Constitution signifies the importance of exploring its theological foundations to fully understand its approach to social justice. Several scholars assert that the Constitution's primary economic principle is the establishment of an economy grounded in an Islamic worldview, which inherently includes notions of justice derived from Islamic theology.
    This study aims to examine the theological foundations of social justice theory as embedded in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. By focusing on elements such as the sovereignty of Sharia, anthropological aspects of justice theory, and the interaction between the people and the state in realizing justice, the research seeks to uncover how Islamic theological principles inform and shape the nation's conception of social justice.

‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌
The central research question guiding this study is:
    What are the theological foundations of the theory of social justice as articulated in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and how do these foundations influence the interpretation and implementation of social justice within the country's legal and economic systems?
    To address this overarching question, the study explores several sub-questions:
    How does the sovereignty of Sharia law manifest within the Constitution, and what impact does it have on social justice policies?
    In what ways do Islamic anthropological views on human nature and society inform the Constitution's approach to justice and equity?
    What is the nature of the interaction between the people and the state as prescribed by the Constitution, and how does this relationship facilitate the realization of social justice according to Islamic theological principles?

‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌
The study is predicated on the following hypothesis:
    The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is fundamentally grounded in Islamic theological principles, which profoundly shape its theory and practice of social justice. Specifically, the sovereignty of Sharia, Islamic anthropological conceptions of justice, and the defined interaction between the people and the state constitute the core theological foundations that influence the nation's approach to equitable resource distribution and societal welfare.
    This hypothesis suggests that an in-depth examination of the Constitution through the lens of Islamic theology will reveal a deliberate integration of religious principles aimed at achieving social justice. It posits that these theological underpinnings are not merely symbolic but actively guide legislative processes and policy implementations related to justice and equity.

‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌
To investigate the theological foundations of social justice theory within Iran's Constitution, the study employs a doctrinal research methodology. This method involves a systematic analysis of legal documents and texts to interpret and extract underlying principles and doctrines. The research process is structured as follows:
    Textual Analysis of the Constitution: A comprehensive examination of the constitutional text, including the preamble and relevant articles, to identify explicit references to social justice, Sharia law, and Islamic principles.
    Interpretative Approach: Utilizing principles of Islamic jurisprudence [Fiqh] and theology [Kalam] to interpret constitutional provisions. This approach allows for an understanding of how Islamic legal and theological concepts are integrated into the constitutional framework.
    Theoretical Framework: The study is anchored in Islamic legal theory and theological doctrines, providing a lens through which constitutional provisions are analyzed. Key concepts include:
    Sovereignty of Sharia: Investigating how Sharia law is positioned as the supreme legal authority in the Constitution and its implications for social justice legislation and enforcement.
    Anthropological Aspects of Justice Theory: Exploring Islamic views on human nature, societal roles, and the purpose of justice, and how these views are reflected in constitutional principles.
    Interaction Between the People and the State: Analyzing the prescribed relationship between citizens and the government in Islamic theology and how this dynamic is institutionalized within the Constitution to achieve social justice.
    Critical Analysis: Assessing the extent to which theological foundations influence practical implementations of social justice. This involves examining case studies, legislative developments, and policy outcomes related to social justice in Iran.

‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌
The examination of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran reveals that its theory of social justice is anchored in three fundamental principles. These principles act as the core values and foundational stances that shape the equitable distribution mechanisms and the establishment of justice-oriented social institutions within the country.
    A. Governance by a Just Jurist Based on Islamic Laws
    A central finding is that the realization of social justice is closely tied to the governance structure led by a just jurist who administers Islamic laws. This concept emphasizes that the enforcement of Sharia law, under appropriate conditions, is pivotal for achieving justice. The Constitution positions a just jurist as the key figure in interpreting and applying Islamic principles to governance, ensuring that laws are implemented fairly and align with the ethical and moral teachings of Islam. This governance model is believed to foster social balance and equity, as it bases the legal and social framework on divine guidance and justice.
    B. The Nature and Status of Humans in Creation
    Another significant principle is the Islamic perspective on human nature and the status of individuals in the universe. The Constitution reflects the belief that humans possess an inherent dignity and occupy a unique position in creation, which necessitates a fundamental equality in accessing life's resources. This perspective is supported by three interconnected arguments:
    Argument from Origin: Humans are considered the vicegerents of God on Earth, implying that they have an equal right to utilize the resources necessary for fulfilling their divine purpose. This equality is rooted in the shared origin and the collective responsibility bestowed upon humanity.
    Argument from Purpose: The ultimate goal for individuals is to achieve happiness and spiritual growth. Access to a minimum level of material resources is essential for pursuing this goal. The Constitution suggests that the right to seek personal development and happiness is universal and non-discriminatory, warranting equal access to basic provisions for all.
    Argument from Dignity: Preserving human dignity requires that individuals have sufficient material means and that society avoids significant class disparities. The Constitution implies that large economic gaps undermine social cohesion and the inherent worth of individuals, necessitating measures to ensure a more equitable distribution of wealth.
    C. Justice as an Interactive System Between State and People
    The third principle highlights justice as a dynamic and reciprocal relationship between the state and its citizens. The Islamic Republic of Iran is portrayed as a perfection-oriented state that is not neutral but committed to a specific theory of justice derived from Islamic theology. This commitment imposes dual obligations:
    Governmental Responsibility: The state is tasked with designing fair processes within the economic and social order. This includes establishing laws and institutions that promote equity, prevent exploitation, and facilitate the redistribution of resources to eradicate absolute poverty. Social insurance and welfare policies are integral components of this responsibility.
    Citizen Participation: The populace is expected to play an active and direct role in realizing social justice. Citizens are viewed as primary agents in shaping political, social, and economic power structures. Mechanisms such as a consultative political system, the promotion of broad ownership models, cooperative economies, and the right to demand justice empower individuals to contribute to and influence the pursuit of justice.

‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌
The study concludes that the theory of social justice within the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is fundamentally based on Islamic theological foundations. These foundations are manifested through three core principles: governance by a just jurist [Faqih] applying I...

This paper explores the development of chemistry within Islamic civilization during the Golden Age (8th–13th centuries), a period when scholars transformed speculative alchemy into an empirical science. Building on translated Greek, Persian, and Indian works, Muslim scientists such as Jabir ibn Hayyan, al-Razi, and Ibn Sina pioneered systematic experimentation, precise documentation, and innovative laboratory techniques. Their refinements of distillation, crystallization, sublimation, and filtration advanced medicine, metallurgy, perfumery, and other industries. The invention of apparatus such as the alembic and the use of high-temperature furnaces reflected a practical as well as theoretical engagement with matter and its transformations. These contributions not only shaped the scientific methodology of their time but also influenced European scholars through the translation of Arabic texts into Latin, laying essential groundwork for modern chemistry. By emphasizing empirical rigor, interdisciplinary applications, and the universal pursuit of knowledge, Islamic chemists established a legacy that continues to resonate in contemporary scientific practice.

The paper aims to study the ideas and influence of Abu'l-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd (1126-1198) in inspiring the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. His philosophical works and doctrine written in early 6-12th centuries has manifested dramatic influence in the making of Western civilization as recognized in the late 18th century renaissance. The phenomenal impact of this highly Muslim contribution was seen in the cultural worldview that constitute the cornerstone of Western Europe. The study is based on qualitative approaches in the form of literature review and content analysis. The data were obtained from primary and secondary sources and analyzed by way of descriptive, analytical, thematic, hermeneutic, synthetic and historical technique. The finding shows that the works and thought of Ibn Rushd as presented in Fasl al-Maqal (The Decisive Treatise) has inspired radical intellectual transformation in European society. This paper contributes to highlight historical influence of his scientific works that constitute the cornerstone of his worldview and discuss the monumental socio-religious reform initiated by this great giant, Ibn Rushd in the political landscape of al-Andalus and the history of Western Europe.

این مقاله ایمان را به‌گونه‌ای بازتعریف می‌کند که هم عقلانی، هم اخلاقی و هم عرفانی باشد. نویسنده چهار مرحله به‌هم‌پیوسته را برای شکل‌گیری ایمانی سالم پیشنهاد می‌دهد: ۱. فهم خدا از طریق عقل یا شهود، ۲. کشف اصول اخلاقی مستقل از دین، ۳. بازخوانی دین با معیارهای عقل و اخلاق، ۴. تجربه عرفانی و زیستن معنای ایمان. این چارچوب بر سه اصل کلیدی استوار است: کرامت ذاتی انسان، آزادی وجدان، و سنجش اخلاقی ادعاهای دینی. ایمان سالم، نه پرشی کورکورانه، بلکه سفری روشن و تدریجی است که از درک عقلانی آغاز شده و به تجربه عرفانی می‌رسد. این مقاله همچنین با تحلیل شخصیت‌های ادبی مانند برادران کارامازوف و ژان والژان، کاربرد عملی این مراحل را در زندگی واقعی نشان می‌دهد. این رویکرد می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز پلورالیسم دینی، همزیستی عقل‌محور، و صلح پایدار شود.

Lot of scholars had an amnesia interest in "Al-Shanfray" to the extent that it was called " The Arab Lameeyah " as it got a privilege from all other Al-Lameeyah poems in the Arabic literature and got higher linguistic value from literature point of view in all what it had described. No doubt that the Arabic literature is very much rich in Al-Lameeyah poems from the Pre-Islamic era till the modern period, but all these poems could not reach to what Al-Shanfray's Lameeyah had reached in its importance as most of the Arab scholars developed a test to keep their researches Al-Shanfray's one, because it reflects all the Arabic language values and from linguistics and literature importance aspects. The nature of these studies differs from each other and it reached to almost fifty one research and studies. This shows its importance as some of it came in the form of manuscripts some of it published more than once. This research came as; The First chapter: life of Al-Shanfray The Second chapter: Lameeyahtu Al-Shanfray and all the researches and studies of it.

Professor Fuad Sezgin has shown the contributions of the Islamic world to science for both Muslims and non-Muslims. Fuad Sezgin, who reminded the existence of the Islamic world on the basis of today's development in the Western world, has created a revival and excitement effect in the Muslim world which is experiencing a stagnation of civilization.
Fuad Sezgin, one of the greatest scholars of Islamic scientific historiography, led to the opening of many scientific institutions and the copyrighting and printing of hundreds of scientific works of different branches. His work (History of Arab-Islamic Science / GAS Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums) is considered as the most comprehensive work on biography-catalog-bibliography in the Islamic world. In this article, Professor Fuad Sezgin's work has been introduced and criticisms and additions have been examined.


Prof. Dr. Fuad Sezgin, hem Müslümanlara hem de Müslüman olmayanlara İslam dünyasının bilime yapmış olduğu katkıları göstermeyi başarmıştır. Bunun ile Batı dünyasına bugünkü gelişmişliklerinin temelinde İslam dünyasının var olduğunu hatırlatan Fuad Sezgin, bir medeniyet durgunluğu yaşayan Müslüman dünyada ise yeniden bir canlanma ve heyecan etkisi yaratmıştır. İslam bilim tarihçiliğinin son dönemlerdeki en büyük âlimlerinden sayılan Fuad Sezgin, birçok ilmi kurumun açılmasına ve farklı dallara ait yüzlerce ilmi eserin telif edilmesine ve basılmasına öncülük etmiştir. Bizzat onun telif ettiği Arap-İslam Bilim Tarihi / GAS Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums adlı eser, İslam dünyasında biyografi-katalog-bibliyografi alanında bugüne kadar telif edilmiş en kapsamlı eser olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu makalede Fuad Sezgin'in sözkonusu eseri tanıtılmış ve ona getirilen eleştiriler ve yapılan eklemeler ele alınmıştır.

This study presents an alternative approach to ideal body maintenance based on the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), particularly through the dietary combination of fresh dates (rutab) and cucumber within the framework of hot-cold temperament balance. In the context of Tibb al-Nabawi, foods are classified according to their thermal properties hot or cold as reflected in the Hadiths and the practices of the Prophet (PBUH). The core issue addressed in this study is the lack of a systematic scientific model that explains how this Sunnah-based dietary combination contributes to the regulation of bodily homeostasis and the attainment of an ideal physique. The main objective of this study is to formulate a holistic dietary model rooted in the Prophet's Sunnah by integrating physiological, nutritional and spiritual dimensions. This research adopts a qualitative-descriptive methodology grounded in critical literature analysis of authentic Hadiths, classical medical texts and contemporary scientific findings in nutrition. The findings indicate that consuming seven fresh dates and seven slices of cucumber daily has the potential to support metabolic functions and regulate internal body temperature, though it does not serve as a primary source of calories. The proposed model emphasizes that dietary applications based on hot-cold principles should be adapted to individual physiological conditions whether hot, cold, thin, or overweight thus contributing to systemic bodily balance. The implications of this study extend beyond the scientific validation of prophetic dietary practices it offers a new discourse in Islamic health sciences and promotes the integration of tradition and science in shaping a spiritually rooted and culturally relevant healthy lifestyle.

We are introducing in this research an analytic scientific study for important book about Optic science called " kitab Al-Istibsar fi ma Tudrikuhu al-Absar " for Al-Qarafi Arabic scientist, relying on two photocopy of the manuscript of the book, which is available in our hands. Al-Qarafi had in his book fifty questions of the optic science, wrote in it .the question and the answer to easy to deal with and understand. This is the best method of teaching methods This research as a work shop in a series of research that we have already made in study the history of the optic science. although the book was not the subject of study until.

Al-Quran dan al-Sunnah merupakan penggerak dan pencetus serta pendorong terawal umat Islam agar memperkembangkan ilmu budaya Islam dalam pelbagai bidang. Ia juga berperanan dalam memotivasikan umat Islam agar berusaha meneroka dan membongkar pelbagai lapangan keilmuan yang merangkumi ilmu berteraskan akal, sains tabii dan sains berbentuk teknikal yang pada peringkat awal perkembangannya. Perkembangan pesat ketamadunan Islam terbukti telah menyaingi tamadun-tamadun lain yang terdahulu. Di sini penulis menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan yang meneliti kerangka epistemologi sains dalam Islam. Selain itu, kaedah pensejarahan dan perbandingan yang meneliti asal usul ilmu sains Islam serta perkaitannya. Melalui kaedah penelitian sosiologi yang digunakan, penulis meneliti latar belakang masyarakat yang mempengaruhi perkembangan ilmu sains Islam. Keunikan sains Islam terletak pada sumber primer ilmunya dan penggunaan pelbagai kaedah saintifik yang telah mencorakkan bentuk dan ciri utama s...

حاز الإمام الأشعري قصب السبق في التأليف في علم مقالات الفرق سبقا زمانيا وعلميا، فكتاب (مقالات الإسلاميين) من أقدم الكتب المؤلفة في هذا الفن، ومنهجه متفرد سار عليه من أتى بعده، حيث يجمع بين طريقتي المصنفين في هذا العلم، فهو سجل تاريخي جامع صادق للفرق الإسلامية والآراء الكلامية ونسبة هذه الآراء إلى قائليها، وقد ظهرت براعته وعبقريته في المصادر التي اعتمدها في كتابه، والتي تنوعت بين المصادر المكتوبة والشفهية وغيرها، مما يقطع بصحة توثيق الأقوال ونسبتها، مع دقة في اختيار الألفاظ، وأمانة في عرضها، مع عدم عنايته بحديث الافتراق لأنه قرر أن هذه الفرق جميعها من جملة المسلمين، وقد ظهرت موضوعية الإمام الأشعري المتناهية في عرض أقوال الفرق ومذاهب الرجال دون تحيز أو تحامل، ولم يعتن بالرد على الأقوال المخالفة، بل كان مقصده رصد هذه الأقوال وإثباتها، مما يجعل (مقالات الإسلاميين) في أسمى درجات إنصاف الخصوم، وعرض آرائهم دون زيادة أو نقصان، وهو إلى جانب ذلك قد اعتنى بالفرق التي كان لها قدر من التأثير في محيط العالم الإسلامي، ومزيد اهتمامه بعرض آرائهم واختلافاتهم بكل دقة وإنصاف، حتى تظهر آراؤهم على الحقيقة، ويطلع المسلمون على المقارنة بينها وبين آراء أهل السنة.

Praise be to Allah, The Lord of the universe and May Allah, the All Mighty, raise the rank of the best of all His Messengers, Prophet Muhammad, and raise the rank of the blessed and virtuous kins and companions of our dear Messenger. God  has  destined,  for  this  Umma,  those  who  will  protect  Islam,  defend  its  beliefs,  and  refute  its opponents  with the  proofs of  the  Noble  Qur'an, the  Sunnah  of the  trustworthy  Prophet,  may  Allah raise  his rank, and the evidence of sound intellect.Sheikh  Abu  al-Hasan  al-Ash'ari  was  among  those  who  supported  the  religion  accepted  by  God  by teaching,  debating,  and  authoring.  God  tested  him with  those  who  bore  him  enmity  during  his  life  and  after his death, as they fabricated false and baseless claims against him and his followers, including the claim that "he reverted from the belief of the People of the Sunnah, which is based on God's absolute uniqueness, to the belief of the Anthropomorphist's, which is based on anthropomorphism"And  those  who  slander  this  noble  doctrine  claim  that,  after  deviating  towards  the  doctrine  of anthropomorphism  (tajsim),  he  authored  a  book  titled  'Al-Ibana  an  Usul  al-Diyana'  which  means  ‘The Clarification of the Principles of Religion). However, their claim is baseless and falls apart from several angles. The  students  of  Sheikh  Abu  al-Hasan  refute  them,  and  history  exposes  their  falsehood.  The  rest  of  the Sheikh's works clearly demonstrate that he remained steadfast on the truth until his death, and their contents align with what his students narrated and what millions of Ash'aris have adhered to from his time until ours .
Keywords: Al-Ash'ari; anthropomorphism; Al-Ibana  an  Usul  al-Diyana; Ahl  al-Sunnah  wa  al-Jama'ah; Anthropomorphists

يمتاز أدب السجون بأنَّه يعكس تجارب السجناء وآلامهم وآمالهم وتحدياتهم داخل السجن وخاصة في زمن الحُروب، ويُعدُّ وسيلة مهمة للتعبير عن القضايا الاجتماعيَّة والسياسيَّة والإنسانيَّة التي يواجهها السُجناء في فترة معينة، ويمكن لهذا الأدب أيضًا أن يُلقي الضوء على صور الظُلم والقمع الـمُمارس من قِبل بعض الأنظمة، ويُساهم في نشر الوعي والحقيقة من أجل التغيير، وهو أيضًا وسيلة للتغلب على العزلة التي يعاني منها السجين، وإلهام للآخرين من أجل تحسين الوعي الاجتماعي. وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في تتبُّع مدى تأثر أدب السجون بالحراك الثوري في زمن الحروب، وخاصة في الروايات التي تُعبِّر عن وقائع حقيقيَّة في فترة ما، وبناء عليه كان السؤال البحثي حول مدى هذا التأثر وعلاقته بالحرب. ومن الروايات التي كانت تُعبِّر بصورة صادقة عن أدب السجون والمعاناة الحقيقية في فترة الحرب السورية، هي رواية غيابات الجب، فهي كما جاء على لسان شخصياتها كانت تعدُّ وثيقة تاريخيَّة باسم "مذكرات معتقل"، كتبها الدكتور شهم في الفترة التي كان فيها سجينًا في أقبية النظام السوري، لتشرح لنا ما حدث معه في تلك الفترة، وتصور لنا بعض الأحداث خارج السجن وطبيعة البلد التي عاش فيها الروائي وبطل الرواية، وهي أيضًا تنقلنا إلى عوالم مختلفة بين المعاناة، وزمن الحرب، وتصوير الواقع في أدق تفاصيله. وقد هدفت الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على عنصر الحراك والحرب في هذه الرواية من خلال تحليلها وفق المنهج الكمي: من أجل الوصول إلى نتائج إحصائيَّة تظهر لنا مدى تأثر الرواية بالحرب والحراك الثوري عبر برنامج SPSS، والمنهج النوعي: من أجل تحليل الأحداث وآليات السرد ونمط العنف السائد من أجل الوصول إلى النتائج والتوصيات. ومن أهم نتائج الدراسة تأثر العمل الروائي بالحراك الثوري وما نتج عنه من مفرزات الحرب السورية، فكانت الدلالة على الحراك الثوري 73 بالمئة من الرواية و 27 بالمئة من الحرب السورية.

Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin yalnızca bir bilim insanı değildi; adanmışlığın, sabrın ve sessizce inşa edilen bir özgüvenin ilimle şekillenen bir direnişin simgesiydi. 1960 yılında askerî darbeyle İstanbul Üniversitesi'ndeki görevinden uzaklaştırıldığında, arkadaşı Prof. Dr. Salih Tuğ'un anlattığına göre, "Karaköy'den eve dönerken, günbatımında Süleymaniye Camii'nin arka fonunda güneşin batışını izleyerek başlıyor ağlamaya." Üsküdar yönüne dönüp, Galata Köprüsü'nden son kez o muhteşem manzaraya bakarak hüzünle ayrıldığı İstanbul'da yalnızca bir kürsüyü değil, bir milletin bilimle olan bağlarını da derin bir sızıyla ardında bırakmıştı.

The author (may Allah have mercy on him) extrapolated the legal  Intentions  in the total provisions of worship and transactions, which came in the book The Philosophy of Sharia.  The comprehensive view - theoretical and applied - in which the author, may Allah have mercy on him, distinguished in understanding the  Intentions  through his book (The Philosophy of Sharia), as he, may Allah have mercy on him, explained the legal meaning of the term philosophy, then said: What concerns us in this book is philosophy in its legal sense, which is about necessary interests, necessity and perfectionism, and Kemalism, which is called the  Intentions  for the legislator, which supports his approach in his book The Philosophy of Sharia, where we find him issuing his words with legal texts that clarify the  Intentions  of the topic he deals with under the title of the philosophy of marriage, for example, divorce or other topics that the Holy Qur’an or the Sunnah of the Prophet assured on its  In...

The practice of medicine in Muslim nations dates to the millennia before the advent of the religion of Islam. As far as the pre-Islamic period is concerned, what evidence is available indicates the medical evolution began nearly 6000 years ago in Mesopotamia, where medicine for the first time in history became a recognised profession. In ancient Egypt, it was practised by priest-physicians who demonstrated astonishing knowledge in various medical subjects. The origins of medicine in ancient Persia (Afghanistan, Iran, and parts of Central Asia) span the 6 th century B.C. and to the Zoroastrian religious book of Avesta, which delved into such topics as preventive and clinical medicine. In reference to the account of medicine in the Arab peninsula, limited information exists. In terms of post-Islamic ages, the foundations of Islamic science were laid during the reign of the second Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur, and the establishment of Baghdad as its capital in 762 A.D., when the Arabic translation movement commenced. During the next six centuries, medicine and other fields of science flourished, and prominent physicians such as the Bukht Yishu family, Râzī, Majūsī, Avicenna, Jorjânī, Al-Zahrāwī, and other scientists emerged. In both the pre-and post-Islamic ages, Islamic medicine was heavily influenced by Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and, predominantly, Greek medicine. Nevertheless, the advancements and innovations in

In our era, digital transformation technologies are widespread, including: artificial intelligence, cloud computing, 3D printing, virtual reality, the Internet of Things, robotics, and recently, metaverse technologies, among others. A thorough review of these technologies and their applications is essential, as there may be no field without their significant role. Digitalization refers to converting information from written forms on paper into digital formats stored on electronic devices and the global information network. Artificial intelligence is one of the digital transformation technologies that have entered various aspects of our lives, including education, healthcare, finance, and others. Some applications are permissible (halal), while others are impermissible (haram) under the guise of innovation and development. The use of artificial intelligence has led to numerous benefits, as well as several harms, particularly concerning the ethics of artificial intelligence. Therefore, it is necessary to establish Islamic legal guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence, along with preparing a draft resolution on the rulings regarding its use. This research consists of an introduction and four main sections as follows: 1. Introduction: Definition and emergence of artificial intelligence. 2. Section One: The consequences of using artificial intelligence, balancing benefits and harms. 3. Section Two: Contemporary fields of artificial intelligence applications with their Islamic legal rulings. 4. Section Three: Islamic legal guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence. 5. Section Four: Recommendations and preparation of a draft resolution for the Islamic Fiqh Academy.

İslami ilimlerin klasik dönemde farklı kültürlerden etkilendiğine dair iddialar söz konusudur. Bu iddialarda temel amaç, İslami ilimlerin gelişim döneminde orijinallikten yoksun olduğunu kanıtlamaktır. Buna karşı İslam düşüncesini savunanlar gelişim döneminde her ne kadar etkileşimler olsa bile İslami ilimlerin kendi iç dinamikleri üzerinden gelişimini sürdürdüğünü iddia etmektedirler. Bu tartışmayı somut veriler üzerinden neticeye bağlamak üzere İskenderiye Okuluna bakılabilir. İskenderiye Okulu, tarihsel olarak İslami ilimlerin teşekkül döneminden önce varlığını büyük oranda kaybetmiştir. Bununla birlikte, İskenderiye Okulunda temsil edilen düşünce ve kültürel birikim, farklı şekillerde etkisini sürdürmüştür. Bu çalışma, bir taraftan İslami ilimlerin farklı kültürel çevreden ne oranda etkilenmiş olabileceğini İskenderiye Okulu örneğinden hareketle ortaya koymayı hedeflerken, diğer taraftan İskenderiye Okulunun bu etkiyi nasıl oluşturduğunu analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the history of Malaystudent involvement in campus politics of public institutions of higher education beginning from the 1960s known as 'the golden age of students' and their involvement after the Universities and University Colleges Act (UUCA)was introduced in the year 1971 as well as student involvement inthis new millineum.The research methodology adopted in this article isqualitative,namely through a literature review of books, theses, journals, newspapers and local magazines related to the topic. The researchers find that there are significant differences between former students and present students, especially on issues raised and championed. Indeed, student involvement in campus politics has continued since the beginning to the present time despite UUCA 1971 being in force.This Act has also undergone changes because of current developments in campus politics in this country.

Bilim tarihine yönelik kapsamlı bir analiz, bir kavramın kökeni, kapsamı, uygulama alanı, etkisi ve ayırt edici özelliklerinin dikkatle ele alınmasını gerektirir. Bu konuda sistematik bir tarihsel araştırma yapılmaksızın ortaya konacak her yorum, bilim tarihinin yanlış anlaşılmasına yol açabilecek hatalı bir yorumlama ile sonuçlanabilir. Bu çalışmada, bilim tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olan impetus kavramını; gelişimi, kullanımı, etkileri ve kuramsal temelleri açısından ele alıyoruz. Impetus ve ayrık zorunlu hareket kavramları, Aristoteles’in doğa felsefesi içinde kavramsal sorunlar olarak ortaya çıkmış ve özellikle Geç Antik Çağ ile Orta Çağ boyunca açıklığa kavuşturulması gereken meseleler hâline gelmiştir. Bu sorunları aydınlatmaya yönelik çabalar yüzyıllar boyunca sürmüş olsa da hâkim tarih yazımı bu kavramların nihai açıklamasını 14. yüzyılda Buridan’a atfetmektedir. Bu görüşün yaygın kabulüne rağmen, biz İbn Sînâ’nın bu bağlamda hayati önemde bir figür olduğunu ancak yeterince takdir edilmediğini savunuyoruz. Buridan’dan çok önce İbn Sînâ ayrık zorunlu hareketin işleyişine dair bir açıklama sunmuş ve bu sorunu kendi geliştirdiği kavramsal çerçeveyle çözmüştür. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma -bilim tarih yazımındaki hâkim anlatılara karşı olarak ve bilim tarihi ile bilim felsefesinin ortak bakış açısından hareketle- İbn Sînâ’nın hem ayrık zorunlu hareketi hem de impetus sorununu Buridan’dan çok önce tutarlı ve kapsamlı bir biçimde ele aldığını; dolayısıyla impetus kavramı tartışılırken başlangıç noktasının Buridan değil, İbn Sînâ olması gerektiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

هذه الدراسة التحليلية، بعنوان "داود وسليمان في ميزان التاريخ والقرآن"، تتحدى الروايات التقليدية حول النبيين داود وسليمان، من خلال فحص نقدي للأدلة التاريخية والأثرية إلى جانب الآيات القرآنية.  فالاعتماد المفرط على "الإسرائيليات" أدى إلى تشوهات تاريخية، خاصة فيما يتعلق بالتصور الشائع لعظمة المملكة الإسرائيلية الموحدة في فلسطين خلال القرن العاشر قبل الميلاد.
بدلاً من ذلك، تقترح الدراسة أن المكتشفات الأثرية تناقض هذا التصور التقليدي، وتشير إلى أن القدس لم تكن عاصمة قوية كما يُصوَّر، بل مجرد قرية صغيرة في ذلك الوقت. وتذهب الدراسة إلى فرضية جريئة ترى أن النبيين داود وسليمان قد يتطابقان مع ملكين آشوريين عظيمين هما أداد-نيراري الثاني وشلمنصر الثالث، حيث أن إمبراطورياتهما تتفق بدرجة أكبر مع الوصف القرآني لقوة الملكين ونفوذهما، الذي امتدّ إلى ما هو أبعد من الحدود التقليدية لما يُعرف بإسرائيل.
ومن خلال تحليل السجلات التاريخية، والاكتشافات الأثرية، والدلالات اللغوية في القرآن الكريم، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إعادة بناء فهم أكثر رسوخًا وواقعية لهاتين الشخصيتين، متحرر من الروايات التي قد تكون قد أعيدت صياغتها لاحقًا في إطار إعادة تفسير يهودي.

The development of the Islamic astronomy is the work of the scholars return from Makkah to Indonesia and the Middle East. From that point were born some of the figures in his work with the model calculations diverse and continues to grow until now. One of which is still known scholars of Aceh was Shekh Abbas Kutakarang. He is the best known as an expert in the world of astronomy and astrology Malay. The work of Syekh Abbas is a phenomenal book Taj al-Mulūk, in which there is a unique concept of hisāb urfi different with hisāb aboge in the initial determination of the Hijri month. All the time, hisāb urfi like Aboge only known in Java. In fact, Syekh Abbas Kutakarang also use it but with a different concept. He also uses the rules of astronomy not only for worship, but to calculate the good and bad days, to agriculture and counting season. Departing from this, the authors wanted to explore how background, typology, and the contribution of Syekh Abbas Kutakarang thinking about computation preliminary determination Hijri month. This study uses a historical approach. The author uses research type of library research to collect data about the thought of Shaykh Abbas Kutakarang with his Taj al-Muluk. With content analysis, the authors analyzed the thought of Syekh Abbas Kutakarang based on internal and external background. Comparative method I use to compare Sheikh Abbas Kutakarang thinking about reckoning with the initial determination of the Hijri month of reckoning urfi Aboge system. This study produce that At the time of Syekh Abbas Kutakarang, the use of Islamic astronomy generally is oriented fiqh, but Syekh Abbas Kutakarang have a different paradigm in the use of the rules of Islamic astronomy. His thoughts acculturated with Acehnese culture that developed at that time. Therefore, Syekh Abbas Kutakarang thinking in the study of Islamic astronomy is classified to etnomatematik oriented. Syekh Abbas Kutakarang thoughtful contributions in the initial determination of a Hijri month is a different concept (the leap year lies in 2, 5 and 7) that can add to the legacy of Islamic astronomy in hisāb urfi. Key word : Syekh Abbas Kutakarang, determination of a Hijri month Ilmu falak masuk ke Indonesia tentu saja tidak lepas dari penyebaran agama Islam yang datang dari Hujarat Arab dan interaksi kedua belah pihak. 1 Adanya ahli falak di Indonesia merupakan dampak dari adanya jaringan ulama yang ada di Arab. 2 Salah satu tempat untuk menuntut ilmu guna meningkatkan nilai pengetahuan yaitu Makkah dan Madinah sering juga disebut -dua haram‖. Haramain adalah pusat intelektual dunia Muslim, ulama, sufi, filosof, penyair, pengusaha, dan sejarawan Muslim bertemu dan saling menukar ilmu dan informasi.

The development of the Islamic astronomy is the work of the scholars return from Makkah to Indonesia and the Middle East. From that point were born some of the figures in his work with the model calculations diverse and continues to grow until now. One of which is still known scholars of Aceh was Shekh Abbas Kutakarang. He is the best known as an expert in the world of astronomy and astrology Malay. The work of Syekh Abbas is a phenomenal book Taj al-Mulūk, in which there is a unique concept of hisāb urfi different with hisāb aboge in the initial determination of the Hijri month. All the time, hisāb urfi like Aboge only known in Java. In fact, Syekh Abbas Kutakarang also use it but with a different concept. He also uses the rules of astronomy not only for worship, but to calculate the good and bad days, to agriculture and counting season. Departing from this, the authors wanted to explore how background, typology, and the contribution of Syekh Abbas Kutakarang thinking about computation preliminary determination Hijri month. This study uses a historical approach. The author uses research type of library research to collect data about the thought of Shaykh Abbas Kutakarang with his Taj al-Muluk. With content analysis, the authors analyzed the thought of Syekh Abbas Kutakarang based on internal and external background. Comparative method I use to compare Sheikh Abbas Kutakarang thinking about reckoning with the initial determination of the Hijri month of reckoning urfi Aboge system. This study produce that At the time of Syekh Abbas Kutakarang, the use of Islamic astronomy generally is oriented fiqh, but Syekh Abbas Kutakarang have a different paradigm in the use of the rules of Islamic astronomy. His thoughts acculturated with Acehnese culture that developed at that time. Therefore, Syekh Abbas Kutakarang thinking in the study of Islamic astronomy is classified to etnomatematik oriented. Syekh Abbas Kutakarang thoughtful contributions in the initial determination of a Hijri month is a different concept (the leap year lies in 2, 5 and 7) that can add to the legacy of Islamic astronomy in hisāb urfi. Key word : Syekh Abbas Kutakarang, determination of a Hijri month Ilmu falak masuk ke Indonesia tentu saja tidak lepas dari penyebaran agama Islam yang datang dari Hujarat Arab dan interaksi kedua belah pihak. 1 Adanya ahli falak di Indonesia merupakan dampak dari adanya jaringan ulama yang ada di Arab. 2 Salah satu tempat untuk menuntut ilmu guna meningkatkan nilai pengetahuan yaitu Makkah dan Madinah sering juga disebut -dua haram‖. Haramain adalah pusat intelektual dunia Muslim, ulama, sufi, filosof, penyair, pengusaha, dan sejarawan Muslim bertemu dan saling menukar ilmu dan informasi.

يحتوي الكتاب في جنباته
قواعد اللغة الانكليزية الخاصة بالتحكم والأجهزة الدقيقة في صناعة النفط
مئة سؤال خيار متعدد باللغة الإنكليزية يحتوي مصطلحات التحكم والأجهزة الدقيقة مع الأجوبة
ترجمة عدد من النصوص الفنية الخاصة بالتحكم والأجهزة الدقيقة مع ترجمتها للغة العربية

Horasan’ın dört büyük kentinden bir tanesi ve ilk merkezi olan Merv şehri, fethinden itibaren içinde yer aldığı bölgenin tarihî seyrine de tesir eden siyasî, askerî, sosyal, kültürel ve ilmî bir takım köklü değişimler yaşamıştır. Bu bağlamda makale kapsamında, Müslümanlar tarafından nihâî olarak fethedilmesinden sonra Merv’de İslâmî ilimlerin doğuşu ve hicrî ilk iki asırdaki durumu ele alınacak, bu ilim dallarında öne çıkan birtakım şahsiyetlere yer verilecektir.

The main thrust of the present study was to improve Iraqi EFL learners' speaking. To this end, 30 EFL learners were selected as the participants of the study. All participants took the pretest followed by 25 ninety-minute sessions in which the learners presented their lectures (totally 9 lectures) followed by the challenging questions that they had to answer and the correction feedback in terms of vocabulary, structure, collocation, etc. Moreover, every three lectures followed by taking a progressive test, the posttest and the delayed posttest. Having followed the repeated measure ANOVA, the researcher put the data into SPSS 22 and analyzed it in terms of both descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that teaching speaking through the tenets of sociocultural theory is influential and equally effective for all participants irrespective to their level or age. The results of the study indicated that presenting lecture improves the learners' speaking development, consciousness-raring regarding learning processes and learning linguistic items, collaboration, autonomy and motivation. It was also pointed out that learning is not a straightforward transmission of knowledge provided by the teacher but a transformative and complex process for which learner's agency, engagement and their co-construction of knowledge are crucial.

در این ترجمه، سه بخش از کتاب التوحید به فارسی برگردان شده اند: (1) معرفت‌شناسی، (2) اثبات حکمت و نفی دوگانه‌گرایی، و (3) تنزیه پروردگار از جسمانیت و تشبیه.

بخش اول، دربرگیرندۀ فصل‌های آغازین کتاب و چند فصل دیگر از میانۀ کتاب است که در باب معرفت‌شناسی و مدارک علوم چون عقل و خبر آمده اند. در بخش دوم، فصل‌هایی که در اثبات حکمت، نقدِ نظریۀ ثنویت و زردشتی‌ها، مسائل حُسن و قُبح، و آفرینش شر بحث دارند، از لابلای کتاب برگزیده شده و ترجمه گردیده اند. در بخش سوم، فصل‌هایی در باب تنزیه الهی و نقد بر آرای تجسیم و تشبیه به ترجمه گرفته شده اند.

Islamisasi ilmu pengetahuan kontemporer khususnya psikologi lahir dari pemikiran adanya dikotomi antara ilmu-ilmu agama dan ilmu-ilmu umum karena perbedaan tataran epistemologis, ontologis dan aksiologis dari keduanya. Penelitian ini membahas paradigma integrasi antara Al-Qur'an dengan Psikologi dan implikasinya di ranah pendidikan Indonesia. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kepustakaan dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitif. Tujuannya untuk melihat perkembangan psikologi Islam pasca integrasi dengan dibukanya program studi psikologi Islam di berbagai perguruan tinggi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa psikologi Islam di Indonesia diprakarsai oleh intelektual muslim yang sebagian besar berlatar belakang pendidikan psikologi kontemporer dan sebagian kecil lainnya berlatar belakang pendidikan dasar Islam. Psikologi Islam kurang berkembang karena ilmuwan psikologi Islam tidak memiliki pendidikan dasar keislaman yang memadai terutama kemampuan menafsirkan ayat-ayat Al-Quran dan hadis.

The rapid developments in medical science including genetic engineering and CRISPR technology bring opportunities as well as challenges pertaining to legal, social, and ethical frameworks. This paper is aimed at exploration of the implications of the usage of these new technologies in the light of Quranic verses, prophetic traditions and principles of Islamic jurisprudence. Genetic modification in humans, animals, and plants has raised concerns due to legal, social, ethical consequences such as manipulation and issues related to equity, access to technology, and potential societal divisions based on genetic privilege. This study addresses these concerns considering Islamic principles such as the sanctity of life, the concept of nature and the responsibilities of stewardship (Khilafah) over creation. The method used in this study is qualitative. This research suggests that to better address the complex ethical, legal, and societal challenges in the field of CRISPR gene editing a collaborative strategy should be adopted by scholars, scientists, policy makers, and stakeholders of relevant authorities. A holistic, pragmatic, and comprehensive approach based on foundational principles of Islam can help us reap the benefits CRISPR technology and navigate the unavoidable challenges appropriately.

kami jadikan malam dan siang sebagai dua tanda, lalu kami hapuskan tanda malam dan kami jadikan tanda siang itu terang, agar kamu mencari karunia dari Tuhanmu dan supaya kamu mengetahui bilangan tahun dan perhitungan. Dan segala sesuatu telah kami terangkan dengan jelas vi PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi yang penuh perjuangan dan menempuh perjalanan panjang ini saya persembahkan untuk: AYAH dan IBUNDA TERCINTA Bpk. T.Raiful, dan Ibu Marlina Dua sayapku yang mampu membawaku terbang hingga sampai sekarang ini, selalu menjadi alasan untuk tetap tersenyum, dua insan mulia yang do"a-do"anya selalu mengiringi setiap langkah perjuangan. Terima kasih tiada tara atas segala pengorbanan yang tak kan pernah terbalas TIGA ADIKKU TERCINTA Cut Nadya Riska, T. M. Alvin Rahmadshah, dan Cut Rania Addyna malaikat-malaikat kecil yang sedang menuntut ilmu di jalan Allah, semoga keberkahan selalu menyertai kalian bertiga DAYAH TERCINTA Darul Ulum dan Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa beserta seluruh guru-guru yang telah menuntun langkahku dengan samudera ilmunya, jazakumullahu khairul jaza Keluarga Besar KANF4S yang telah mengenalkanku arti perjuangan, persahabatan, cerita, cita-cita, dan perbedaan KEMENTERIAN AGAMA REPUBLIK INDONESIA yang telah membiayai studiku dari awal hingga akhir juga untuk orang-orang yang sedang belajar ataupun mengajarkan Ilmu Falak, semoga keberkahan dan kemuliaan Ilmu Falak dapat memberkahi dan memuliakan kita di dunia dan di akhirat vii viii